Who lives well in Russia in our time? Who lives well in Russia read online - nikolay Nekrasov There who live well in Russia

Nikolay Alekseevich Nekrasov

Who lives well in Russia

PART ONE

In what year - count
In which land - guess
On a pole track
Seven men came together:
Seven temporarily liable
Tightened province,
Terpigorev County,
Empty parish,
From adjacent villages:
Zaplatova, Dyryavina,
Razutova, Znobishina,
Gorelova, Neelova -
Bad harvest too,
Agreed - and argued:
Who has fun
Is it at ease in Russia?

The novel said: to the landowner,
Demyan said: to the official,
Luke said: ass.
To the fat-bellied merchant! -
The brothers Gubins said,
Ivan and Metrodor.
Old man Pakhom strained
And he said, looking into the ground:
To the noble boyar,
To the Sovereign Minister.
And Prov said: to the king ...

A man that is a bull: will be blown
What a whim in the head -
Colom her from there
You can't knock it out: they rest,
Everyone stands their ground!
Was such a dispute started,
What do passers-by think -
To know, the guys found the treasure
And divide among themselves ...
On the case, everyone in their own way
I left the house before noon:
I kept that path to the forge,
He went to the village of Ivankovo
Call Father Prokofy
To christen the child.
Groin honeycomb
Carried to the market in Velikoye,
And the two bros of Gubin
So easy with a halter
To catch a stubborn horse
They went to their own herd.
It would be high time for everyone
Return on your own path -
They go side by side!
They walk as if they are chasing
Behind them are gray wolves,
What is far away is sooner.
They go - they reproach!
They shout - they will not come to their senses!
And time does not wait.

They did not notice the dispute,
As the sun went down red
As the evening came.
Probably a whole night
So they walked - where they did not know,
Whenever they meet a woman,
Gnarled Durandikha,
She did not shout: “Honorable ones!
Where are you looking at night
Have you thought of going? .. "

She asked, laughed,
Whipped, witch, gelding
And galloped off ...

"Where? .." - exchanged glances
Here are our men
They are standing, silent, looking down ...
The night is long gone
Frequent stars lit up
In the high skies
A month has surfaced, shadows are black
The road was cut
Zealous walkers.
Oops shadows! shadows are black!
Who won't you catch up?
Whom won't you overtake?
Only you, black shadows,
You can't catch - hug!

To the forest, to the path-path
Pakhom looked, was silent,
He looked - scattered with his mind
And finally he said:

"Well! devil is a nice joke
He made fun of us!
After all, we are almost
We have gone thirty versts!
Home now toss and turn -
Tired - we won't get there
Let's sit down - there's nothing to do.
We'll rest until the sun! .. "

Dumping trouble on the devil,
Under the forest by the path
The men sat down.
We lit a fire, folded up,
Two ran for vodka,
And the others are pokudova
The glass was made,
The birch barks are folded.
Vodka came soon.
Has come and a snack -
The peasants are feasting!

The kosushki drank three at a time,
Have eaten - and argued
Again: to whom it is fun to live,
Is it at ease in Russia?
The novel shouts: to the landowner,
Demian shouts: to the official,
Luka shouts: ass;
To the fat-bellied merchant, -
Brothers are shouting Gubins,
Ivan and Metrodor;
Groin shouts: to the most luminous
To the noble boyar,
To the Minister of the Tsar,
And Prov shouts: to the king!

Visor more than ever
Playful men
Swearing swearing
No wonder they will grab onto
In each other's hair ...

Look - we’ve already clung to it!
Roman plays with Pakhomushka,
Demian plays with Luka.
And the two bros of Gubin
Iron Prova hefty, -
And everyone shouts his own!

A resounding echo woke up,
I went for a walk, for a walk,
I went to shout, shout,
As if to provoke
Stubborn men.
To the king! - to the right is heard,
Responds to the left:
Pop! ass! ass!
The whole forest was alarmed,
With flying birds
By swift beasts
And creeping reptiles, -
And moan, and roar, and hum!

Before everyone is a gray hare
From a nearby bush
Suddenly jumped out, as if disheveled,
And he ran away!
Behind him the little ones grumble
At the top of the birch trees raised
Disgusting, sharp squeak.
And then there is the chiffchaff
With fright, a tiny chick
I fell from the nest;
Chirping, crying chiffchaff,
Where is the chick? - will not find!
Then the old cuckoo
Woke up and made up my mind
Cuckoo for someone;
It was taken ten times,
Yes, every time I got confused
And she started again ...
Cuckoo, cuckoo, cuckoo!
Bread will be pricked
You choke on an ear -
You will not cuckoo!
Seven owls flew together,
Admire the carnage
From seven big trees
Laughing, night owls!
And their eyes are yellow
They burn like an ardent wax
Fourteen candles!
And the raven, the smart bird,
Is in a pinch, sits on a tree
By the fire itself.
Sits and prays to the devil
To be smacked to death
Someone!
A cow with a bell
That fought back in the evening
From the herd, I barely heard
Human voices -
I came to the fire, set
Eyes on the men
I listened to crazy speeches
And the beginning, heart,
Moo, moo, moo!

The stupid cow hums,
The little ones are squealing.
The violent guys are shouting,
And the echo echoes to everyone.
He has one concern -
To tease honest people
Scare guys and women!
Nobody saw him
And everyone has heard
Without a body - but it lives,
Without a tongue - screams!

Owl - zamoskvoretskaya
The princess is mooing right there,
Flies over the peasants
Shuffling on the ground,
That about the bushes with a wing ...

The fox itself is cunning,
By the curiosity of a woman,
Sneaked up to the men
Listened, listened
And she walked away, thinking:
"And the devil won't understand them!"
Indeed: the debaters themselves
We hardly knew, remembered -
What are they making noise about ...

Humping the sides decently
Each other, come to their senses
The peasants finally
Drank from a puddle
We washed ourselves, freshened up,
The dream began to roll them ...
At that time, a tiny chick,
Little by little, half a plant,
Low flying,
I got close to the fire.

Pakhomushka caught him,
Brought it to the fire, looked
And he said: “Little bird,
And the marigold is awesome!
I breathe - you will roll off the palm,
I sneeze - you will roll into the fire,
I click - you roll dead,
And all the same, you, little bird,
Stronger than a man!
The wings will get stronger soon,
Huh! wherever you want
You will fly there!
Oh you, little birdie!
Give us your wings
We will fly around the whole kingdom,
Let's see, taste,
We will ask - and we will find out:
Who lives happily
Is it at ease in Russia? "

"Wouldn't even need wings,
If only we had bread
Half a day, -
And so we would be Mother Russia
We measured it with our feet! " -
Said the gloomy Prov.

"Yes, a bucket of vodka", -
Have increased the desire
Before the vodka, the Gubin brothers,
Ivan and Metrodor.

"Yes, in the morning there would be cucumbers
There are ten salty ones ", -
The men were joking.
"And at noon I would have a jug
Cold kvass ".

"And in the evening for a teapot
Hot seagull ... "

While they grumbled
The warbler whirled, whirled
Above them: listened to everything
And she sat down by the fire.
Chiviknula, jumped
And with a human voice
Pahomu says:

“Let the chick free!
For a chick for a small
I will give a large ransom. "

- What will you give? -
"I'll give you some bread
Half a day a day
I'll give you a bucket of vodka,
In the morning I will give cucumbers,
And at noon sour kvass,
And in the evening a seagull! "

- And where, small bird, -
The Gubin brothers asked, -
You will find wine and bread
Are you seven men? -

“Find - you will find yourself.
And I, little birdie,
I'll tell you how to find it. "

- Tell! -
“Go through the woods,
Against the thirtieth pillar
Just a mile away:
You will come to the clearing
Are standing in that meadow
Two old pines
Under these under the pines
The box is buried.
Get her, -
The box is that magic:
There is a self-assembled tablecloth in it,
Whenever you want
Feed, give water!
Just say quietly:
"Hey! self-assembled tablecloth!
Treat the peasants! "
According to your desire,
At my behest
Everything will appear immediately.
Now - let the chick go! "

- Wait! we are poor people
We go on a long road, -
Pakhom answered her. -
I see you are a wise bird
Respect - old clothes
Bewitch us!

- So that the Armenians are peasants
Was worn, not worn! -
Roman demanded.

- So that linden lapotts
They served, did not break, -
Demian demanded.

- So that a louse, a foul flea
In shirts did not multiply, -
Luke demanded.

- Wouldn't they be deceived by the girls ... -
Gubina demanded ...

And the bird answered them:
“All the tablecloth is self-assembled
Repair, wash, dry
You will ... Well, let it go! .. "

Opening a wide palm,
I let the chick go through the groin.
Let it go - and a tiny chick,
Little by little, half a plant,
Low flying,
He went to the hollow.
A chiffchaff soared behind him
And on the fly she added:
“Look, mind you, one!
How much edible it will endure
Womb - then ask
And you can demand vodka
One bucket a day.
If you ask more,
And one and two - it will come true
According to your desire,
And in the third there will be trouble! "
And the warbler flew away
With my dear chick,
And the men in single file
Stretched to the road
Search for the thirtieth pillar.
Found! - Walk silently
Directly, rightly
Through the dense forest,
Each step is counted.
And how the mile was measured,
We saw a clearing -
Are standing in that meadow
Two old pines ...
The peasants dug
We got that box
Opened - and found
That self-assembled tablecloth!
They found it and cried out at once:
“Hey, self-assembled tablecloth!
Treat the peasants! "
Lo and behold - the tablecloth unfolded,
From where it came from
Two hefty hands
They put a bucket of wine,
A mountain of bread was laid
And they hid again.
"Why aren't there cucumbers?"
"What's not hot seagull?"
"That there is no cold kvask?"
Everything appeared suddenly ...
The peasants unbelted,
We sat down by the tablecloth.
Let's go to the feast like a mountain!
They kiss for joy
A friend to a friend is promised
Do not fight in vain forward,
But the matter is really controversial
According to reason, in a divine way,
On the honor of the story -
Do not toss and turn in the houses,
Not see any wives,
Not with little guys
Not with the old people,
As long as the matter is controversial
No solution will be found
Until they bring
As it may be for certain:
Who lives happily
Is it at ease in Russia?
Having set such a zarok,
In the morning like the dead
The men fell asleep ...

Who lives well in Russia? This issue still worries many people, and this fact explains the increased attention to the legendary poem by Nekrasov. The author was able to raise a topic that has become eternal in Russia - the topic of selflessness, voluntary self-denial in the name of saving the fatherland. It is serving a lofty goal that makes a Russian person happy, as the writer proved with the example of Grisha Dobrosklonov.

"Who Lives Well in Russia" is one of the last works of Nekrasov. When he wrote it, he was already seriously ill: he was struck by cancer. That is why it is not finished. It was collected bit by bit by the poet's close friends and arranged the fragments in no particular order, barely catching the confused logic of the creator, broken by a mortal illness and endless pain. He was dying in agony and yet he was able to answer the question posed at the very beginning: Who is living well in Russia? He himself turned out to be lucky in a broad sense, because he devotedly and selflessly served the interests of the people. It was this ministry that supported him in the fight against the fatal illness. Thus, the history of the poem began in the first half of the 1860s, around 1863 (serfdom was abolished in 1861), and the first part was ready in 1865.

The book was published in fragments. The prologue was published already in the January issue of Sovremennik in 1866. Other chapters came out later. All this time, the work attracted the attention of censors and was mercilessly criticized. In the 70s, the author wrote the main parts of the poem: "The Last One", "The Peasant Woman", "A Feast for the Whole World." He planned to write much more, but due to the rapid development of the disease, he could not and settled on "Feast ...", where he expressed his main idea about the future of Russia. He believed that such holy people as Dobrosklonov could help his homeland, mired in poverty and injustice. Despite the fierce attacks of reviewers, he found the strength to stand for a just cause to the end.

Genre, genre, direction

ON THE. Nekrasov called his creation "the epic of modern peasant life" and was accurate in his formulation: the genre of the work "Who Lives Well in Russia?" - epic poem. That is, at the base of the book, not one kind of literature coexists, but two: lyrics and epic:

Epic component. There was a turning point in the history of the development of Russian society in the 1860s, when people learned to live in new conditions after the abolition of serfdom and other fundamental transformations of the usual way of life. This difficult historical period was described by the writer, reflecting the realities of that time without embellishment and falsity. In addition, the poem has a clear linear plot and many distinctive characters, which speaks of the scale of the work, comparable only to a novel (epic genre). Also, the book has absorbed the folklore elements of heroic songs telling about the military campaigns of heroes against enemy camps. All these are generic characteristics of the epic.
Lyrical component. The work is written in verse - this is the main property of lyrics, as a kind. The book also contains a place for the author's digressions and typically poetic symbols, means of artistic expression, and the peculiarities of the heroes' confessions.

The direction within which the poem "Who lives well in Russia" was written is realism. However, the author significantly expanded its boundaries, adding fantastic and folklore elements (prologue, inception, symbolism of numbers, fragments and heroes from folk legends). The poet chose the form of travel for his idea, as a metaphor for the search for truth and happiness that each of us carries out. Many researchers of Nekrasov's work compare the plot structure with the structure of the folk epic.

Composition

The laws of the genre determined the composition and plot of the poem. Nekrasov finished the book in terrible agony, but still did not have time to finish it. This explains the chaotic composition and many branches from the plot, because the works were formed and restored from drafts by his friends. He himself in the last months of his life was not able to clearly adhere to the original concept of creation. Thus, the composition "Who lives well in Russia?", Comparable only to the folk epic, is unique. It was developed as a result of the creative assimilation of world literature, and not direct borrowing of some well-known model.

Exposition (Prologue). Meeting of seven peasants - the heroes of the poem: "On the pillar path / Seven peasants got together."
The plot is the oath of the heroes not to return home until they find the answer to their question.
The main part consists of many autonomous parts: the reader meets a soldier, happy that he was not beaten, a slave who prides himself on his privilege of eating out of the master's bowls, a grandmother whose turnip has been disfigured for her joy in the garden ... While the search for happiness stands still, depicts a slow but steady growth of national self-awareness, which the author wanted to show even more than the declared happiness in Russia. From random episodes, a general picture of Russia emerges: poor, drunk, but not hopeless, striving for a better life. In addition, the poem contains several large and independent inserted episodes, some of which are even included in autonomous chapters ("The Last One", "The Peasant Woman").
The climax. The writer names Grisha Dobrosklonov, a fighter for national happiness, as a happy man in Russia.
Interchange. A serious illness prevented the author from completing his grand design. Even the chapters that he managed to write were sorted and designated by his confidants after his death. It must be understood that the poem is not finished, it was written by a very sick person, therefore this work is the most complex and confusing of the entire literary heritage of Nekrasov.
The final chapter is called "A Feast for the Whole World." All night long peasants sing about old and new times. Good and hopeful songs are sung by Grisha Dobrosklonov.

What is the poem about?

Seven men got together on the road and argued about who lives well in Russia? The essence of the poem is that they were looking for an answer to this question on the way, talking with representatives of different classes. The revelation of each of them is a separate plot. So, the heroes went for a walk in order to resolve the dispute, but only quarreled, starting a fight. In the night forest, at the time of a fight, a chick fell from the nest of a bird, and one of the men picked it up. The interlocutors sat down by the fire and began to dream to also acquire wings and everything necessary to travel in search of the truth. The warbler bird turns out to be magical and, as a ransom for its chick, tells people how to find a self-assembled tablecloth that will provide them with food and clothing. They find her and feast, and during the feast they vow to find the answer to their question together, but until then they will not see any of their relatives and return home.

On the way, they meet a priest, a peasant woman, a farcical Petrushka, beggars, an overstrained worker and a paralyzed former courtyard, an honest man Yermila Girin, landowner Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, the out-of-mind Last-Utyatin and his family, Yakov the faithful servant, God-wanderer Lonuyapushka but none of them were happy people. A story of suffering and misfortune full of genuine tragedy is associated with each of them. The goal of the journey is achieved only when the pilgrims stumbled upon the seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, who is happy with his selfless service to his homeland. With good songs, he instills hope in the people, and this ends the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". Nekrasov wanted to continue the story, but did not have time, but gave his characters a chance to gain faith in the future of Russia.

The main characters and their characteristics

It is safe to say about the heroes "Who Lives Well in Russia" that they represent a complete system of images that orders and structures the text. For example, the work emphasizes the unity of the seven pilgrims. They do not show individuality, character, they express the common features of national self-awareness. These characters are a single whole, their dialogues, in fact, are collective speech, which originates from oral folk art. This feature makes Nekrasov's poem related to Russian folklore tradition.

Seven Wanderers represent the former serfs "from adjacent villages - Zaplatov, Dyryavin, Razutov, Znobishin, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayka, too." All of them put forward their versions of who lives well in Russia: a landowner, an official, a priest, a merchant, a noble boyar, a sovereign minister or a tsar. Perseverance is expressed in their character: they all demonstrate a reluctance to take the other side. Strength, courage and striving for truth are what unites them. They are passionate, easily give in to anger, but appeasement compensates for these shortcomings. Kindness and compassion make them pleasant conversationalists, even though they are a little meticulous. Their temper is stern and tough, but life did not indulge them with luxury either: the former serfs all the time bent their backs, working for the master, and after the reform, no one bothered to attach them in a proper way. So they wandered in Russia in search of truth and justice. The search itself characterizes them as serious, thoughtful and thorough people. The symbolic number "7" means a hint of good luck that awaited them at the end of the journey.
Main character- Grisha Dobrosklonov, a seminarian, the son of a sexton. By nature, he is a dreamer, romantic, loves to compose songs and delight people. In them, he talks about the fate of Russia, about her misfortunes, and at the same time about her mighty strength, which one day will come out and crush injustice. Although he is an idealist, his character is firm, as are his convictions to devote his life to serving the truth. The character feels in himself a vocation to be the people's leader and singer of Russia. He is happy to sacrifice himself to a high idea and help his homeland. However, the author hints that a difficult fate awaits him: prison, exile, hard labor. The authorities do not want to hear the voice of the people, they will try to shut them up, and then Grisha will be doomed to torment. But Nekrasov makes it clear with all his might that happiness is a state of spiritual euphoria, and one can only cognize it by being inspired by a lofty idea.
Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina- the main character, a peasant woman, whom the neighbors call a lucky woman because she begged the wife of the military leader for her husband (he, the only breadwinner of the family, should have been recruited for 25 years). However, the life story of a woman reveals not luck or good fortune, but grief and humiliation. She knew the loss of her only child, the anger of her mother-in-law, the daily, exhausting work. Detailed and its fate is described in an essay on our website, be sure to take a look.
Savely Korchagin- the grandfather of Matryona's husband, a real Russian hero. At one time, he killed a German manager who mercilessly mocked the peasants entrusted to him. For this, a strong and proud man paid for decades in hard labor. Upon his return, he was no longer good for anything, years of imprisonment trampled on his body, but did not break his will, because, as before, he stood up for justice. About the Russian peasant, the hero always said: "And bends, but does not break." However, without knowing it, the grandfather turns out to be the executioner of his own great-grandson. He did not look after the child, and the pigs ate it.
Ermil Girin- a man of exceptional honesty, the steward in the patrimony of Prince Yurlov. When he needed to buy out the mill, he stood in the square and asked people to chip in to help him. After the hero got to his feet, he returned all the borrowed money to the people. For this he earned respect and honor. But he was unhappy, because he paid for his authority with freedom: after the peasant revolt, suspicion of his organization fell on him, and he was imprisoned in prison.
Landowners in the poem"Who lives well in Russia" is presented in abundance. The author portrays them objectively and even gives some images a positive character. For example, the governor Elena Aleksandrovna, who helped Matryona, appears as the people's benefactor. Also, with a note of compassion, the writer portrays Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, who also treated the peasants tolerably well, even arranged holidays for them, and with the abolition of serfdom he lost his footing: he was too used to the old order. In contrast to these characters, the image of the Last Duck and his treacherous, calculating family was created. The relatives of the old cruel serf-owner decided to deceive him and persuaded the former slaves to participate in the performance in exchange for profitable territories. However, when the old man died, the wealthy heirs brazenly deceived the common people and drove him out with nothing. The apogee of the noble insignificance is the landowner Polivanov, who beats his faithful servant and gives his son to recruits for trying to marry his girlfriend. Thus, the writer is far from denigrating the nobility everywhere, he tries to show both sides of the coin.
Serf Jacob- a representative figure of a serf peasant, the antagonist of the hero Savely. Jacob absorbed all the slavish essence of the oppressed class, downtrodden by lawlessness and ignorance. When the master beats him and even sends his son to certain death, the servant humbly and meekly endures the offense. His revenge matched this obedience: he hanged himself in the forest right in front of the master, who was a cripple and could not get home without his help.
Iona Lyapushkin- God's wanderer who told the peasants several stories about the life of people in Russia. It tells about the epiphany of the ataman Kudeyara, who decided to forgive his sins with murder for the good, and about the cunning of Gleb the elder, who violated the will of the late master and did not release the serfs on his order.
Pop- a representative of the clergy who laments the difficult life of a priest. The constant encounter with grief and poverty grieves the heart, not to mention the popular witticisms about his dignity.

The characters in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" are diverse and make it possible to compose a picture of the customs and life of that time.

Topic

The main theme of the work is Liberty- rests on the problem that the Russian peasant did not know what to do with it, and how to adapt to the new realities. The national character is also "problematic": people-thinkers, people-seekers of truth drink anyway, live in oblivion and empty talk. They are not able to squeeze the slaves out of themselves until their poverty acquires at least the modest dignity of poverty, until they stop living drunken illusions, until they realize their strength and pride, trampled by centuries of humiliating state of affairs that have been sold, lost and bought.
Happiness theme... The poet believes that a person can get the highest satisfaction from life only by helping other people. The real value of being is to feel needed by society, to bring good, love and justice to the world. Selfless and selfless service to a good cause fills every moment with a sublime meaning, an idea, without which time loses its color, becomes dull from inaction or selfishness. Grisha Dobrosklonov is happy not with wealth and not with his position in the world, but with the fact that he leads Russia and his people to a brighter future.
Homeland theme... Although Russia appears in the eyes of readers as a poor and tortured, but still a wonderful country with a great future and heroic past. Nekrasov takes pity on his homeland, devoting himself entirely to its correction and improvement. The homeland for him is the people, the people are his muse. All these concepts are closely intertwined in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". The author's patriotism is especially vividly expressed at the end of the book, when wanderers find a lucky man living in the interests of society. In a strong and patient Russian woman, in justice and honor of a hero-peasant, in the sincere kind-heartedness of a folk singer, the creator sees the true image of his state, full of dignity and spirituality.
Labor theme. Useful activity raises the poor heroes of Nekrasov above the vanity and depravity of the nobility. It is idleness that destroys the Russian master, turning him into a smug and arrogant insignificance. But the common people have skills that are really important for society and genuine virtue, without him there will be no Russia, but the country will do without noble tyrants, revelers and greedy seekers of wealth. So the writer comes to the conclusion that the value of each citizen is determined only by his contribution to the common cause - the prosperity of the homeland.
Mystical motive... Fantastic elements appear already in the Prologue and immerse the reader in the fabulous atmosphere of the epic, where it is necessary to follow the development of the idea, and not the realism of the circumstances. Seven eagle owls on seven trees is the magic number 7, which bodes well. The raven praying to the devil is another face of the devil, because the raven symbolizes death, grave decay and infernal forces. He is opposed by a good force in the form of a bird-warbler, which equips the men for the journey. The self-assembled tablecloth is a poetic symbol of happiness and contentment. "The wide path" is a symbol of the open ending of the poem and the basis of the plot, because on both sides of the road, travelers have a multifaceted and genuine panorama of Russian life. The image of an unknown fish in unknown seas, which swallowed up "the keys to women's happiness", is symbolic. A crying she-wolf with bloody breasts also clearly demonstrates the difficult fate of a Russian peasant woman. One of the most striking images of the reform is the "great chain", which, breaking, "scattered one end over the master, the second over the peasant!" Seven wanderers are a symbol of all the people of Russia, restless, waiting for change and looking for happiness.

Problematic

In the epic poem, Nekrasov raised a large number of acute and topical issues of that time. The main problem is "Who lives well in Russia?" - the problem of happiness, both socially and philosophically. It is connected with the social theme of the abolition of serfdom, which greatly changed (and not for the better) the traditional way of life of all segments of the population. It would seem that here it is, freedom, what else do people need? Isn't this happiness? However, in reality it turned out that the people, who, due to long-term slavery, do not know how to live independently, were thrown to the mercy of fate. Pop, landowner, peasant woman, Grisha Dobrosklonov and seven peasants are real Russian characters and destinies. The author described them, relying on the rich experience of communication with people from the common people. The problems of the work are also taken from life: the disorder and confusion after the reform to abolish serfdom really affected all estates. No one organized jobs for yesterday's slaves or even land plots, no one provided the landowner with competent instructions and laws regulating his new relations with workers.
The problem of alcoholism. Wanderers come to an unpleasant conclusion: life in Russia is so hard that without drunkenness the peasant will completely die. Oblivion and fog are necessary for him in order to somehow pull the strap of hopeless existence and hard labor.
The problem of social inequality. The landowners have been torturing the peasants with impunity for years, and Savelya has been mutilated for the murder of such an oppressor all his life. For deception, nothing will happen to the relatives of the Follower, and their servants will again be left with nothing.
The philosophical problem of the search for truth, which each of us encounters, is allegorically expressed in the campaign of seven pilgrims who understand that without this find their life is devalued.

The idea of the work

A road skirmish between peasants is not an everyday quarrel, but an eternal, great dispute, in which, to one degree or another, all strata of Russian society of that time appear. All its main representatives (priest, landowner, merchant, official, tsar) are summoned to the peasant court. For the first time, men can and have the right to judge. For all the years of slavery and poverty, they are looking not for retribution, but for the answer: how to live? This is the meaning of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia?" - the growth of national consciousness on the ruins of the old system. The author's point of view is expressed by Grisha Dobrosklonov in his songs: “And your burden was made easier by fate, a companion of the days of the Slav! You are still a slave in the family, but the mother is already a free son! .. ". Despite the negative consequences of the 1861 reform, the creator believes that there is a happy future for the fatherland behind it. It is always difficult at the beginning of change, but this work will be rewarded a hundredfold.

The most important condition for further prosperity is overcoming internal slavery:

Enough! Completed with the past calculation,
Completed settlement with the master!
The Russian people are gathering strength
And learns to be a citizen

Despite the fact that the poem is not finished, the main idea of Nekrasov was voiced. Already the first of the songs "A Feast to the Whole World" gives an answer to the question posed in the title: "The share of the people, their happiness, light and freedom, above all!"

End

In the finale, the author expresses his point of view on the changes that have taken place in Russia in connection with the abolition of serfdom and, finally, sums up the results of the search: Grisha Dobrosklonov is recognized as the lucky one. It is he who is the bearer of Nekrasov's opinion, and in his songs the true attitude of Nikolai Alekseevich to what he described is hidden. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" ends with a feast for the whole world in the truest sense of the word: this is the name of the last chapter, where the characters celebrate and rejoice at the happy end of the search.

Conclusion

In Russia, the hero of Nekrasov Grisha Dobrosklonov is good, since he serves people, and, therefore, lives with meaning. Grisha is a fighter for truth, a prototype of a revolutionary. The conclusion that can be drawn on the basis of the work is simple: a lucky man is found, Russia is embarking on the path of reforms, the people through thorns are reaching for the title of citizen. This bright omen is the great significance of the poem. It is not the first century that it has been teaching people altruism, the ability to serve high ideals, and not vulgar and passing cults. From the point of view of literary skill, the book is also of great importance: it is truly a folk epic, reflecting a contradictory, complex, and at the same time a very important historical era.

Of course, the poem would not be so valuable if it only gave lessons in history and literature. She gives life lessons, and this is her most important property. The moral of the work "Who Lives Well in Russia" is that it is necessary to work for the good of your homeland, not to scold it, but to help it with deeds, because it is easier to push around with a word, but in reality not everyone can and wants to change something. Here it is, happiness - to be in your place, to be needed not only for yourself, but also for the people. Only together can a significant result be achieved, only together can the problems and hardships of this overcoming be overcome. Grisha Dobrosklonov tried to unite, unite people with his songs so that they would meet the changes shoulder to shoulder. This is his holy purpose, and everyone has it, it is important not to be too lazy to go out on the road and look for him, as the seven pilgrims did.

Criticism

The reviewers were attentive to the work of Nekrasov, because he himself was an important person in literary circles and had great authority. Whole monographs were devoted to his phenomenal civic lyrics with a detailed analysis of the creative methodology and ideological and thematic originality of his poetry. For example, here's how the writer S.A. Andreevsky:

He brought from oblivion the anapest, abandoned on Olympus, and for many years made this heavy, but flexible meter as walking as from the time of Pushkin to Nekrasov, only airy and melodious iambic remained. This rhythm, chosen by the poet, reminiscent of the rotational movement of a barrel organ, allowed him to keep on the boundaries of poetry and prose, joke with the crowd, speak fluently and vulgarly, insert a funny and cruel joke, express bitter truths and imperceptibly, slowing down the beat, with more solemn words, go into flowery.

Korney Chukovsky spoke with inspiration about the thorough preparation of Nikolai Alekseevich for work, citing this example of writing as a standard:

Nekrasov himself constantly "visited Russian huts", thanks to which both the soldier's and the peasant's speech became thoroughly known to him from childhood: not only from books, but also in practice he studied the common language and from his youth became a great connoisseur of folk-poetic images, folk forms thinking, folk aesthetics.

The death of the poet came as a surprise and shock to many of his friends and colleagues. As you know, F.M. Dostoevsky with a heartfelt speech, inspired by the impressions of a recently read poem. Specifically, among other things, he said:

He, indeed, was extremely peculiar and, indeed, came with a "new word."

A new word, first of all, was his poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". No one before him was so deeply aware of the peasant, simple, everyday grief. His colleague noted in his speech that Nekrasov was dear to him precisely because he worshiped "the truth of the people with all his being, which he testified to in his best creations." However, Fyodor Mikhailovich did not support his radical views on the reconstruction of Russia, however, like many thinkers of that time. Therefore, the criticism reacted to the publication violently, and in some cases even aggressively. In this situation, the honor of a friend was defended by the famous reviewer, master of words Vissarion Belinsky:

N. Nekrasov in his last work remained true to his idea: to arouse the sympathy of the upper classes of society for the common people, their needs and requirements.

Quite tartly, recalling, apparently, professional disagreements, I.S.Turgenev spoke about the work:

Nekrasov's poems, collected in one focus, are burned.

The liberal writer was not a supporter of his former editor and openly expressed his doubts about his talent as an artist:

In white threads, sewn with all sorts of absurdities, painfully hatched fabrications of the mournful muse of Mr. Nekrasov - her, poetry, is not even for a penny "

He really was a man of very high nobility of soul and a man of great mind. And as a poet, he is, of course, superior to all poets.

Interesting? Keep it on your wall!
The poem by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov "Who lives well in Russia" has its own unique feature. All the names of the villages and the names of the heroes clearly reflect the essence of what is happening. In the first chapter, the reader can get acquainted with seven peasants from the villages Zaplatovo, Dyryaevo, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhaiko, who argue who lives well in Russia, and nothing cannot agree. No one is even going to concede to another ... This is how unusual the work begins, which Nikolai Nekrasov conceived in order, as he writes, "to set out in a coherent story everything that he knows about the people, everything that happened to hear from his lips ..."

The history of the creation of the poem

Nikolai Nekrasov began working on his work in the early 1860s and finished the first part five years later. The prologue was published in the January book of the Sovremennik magazine for 1866. Then painstaking work began on the second part, which was called "The Last One" and was published in 1972. The third part, entitled "The Peasant Woman", was published in 1973, and the fourth "A Feast for the Whole World" - in the fall of 1976, that is, three years later. It is a pity that the author of the legendary epic did not manage to completely finish his plan - the writing of the poem was interrupted by an untimely death - in 1877. However, even after 140 years, this work remains important for people, it is read and studied by both children and adults. The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is included in the compulsory school curriculum.

Part 1. Prologue: who is the happiest in Russia

So, the prologue tells how seven men meet on the high road, and then go on a journey to find a happy person. Who in Russia lives freely, happily and cheerfully - this is the main question of curious travelers. Each, arguing with the other, believes that it is he who is right. The novel shouts that the landowner has the best life, Demyan claims that the official is living remarkably, Luka proves that he is a priest after all, the others also express their opinion: to the “noble boyar”, “the merchant's fat-bellied man”, “the sovereign's minister” or the tsar ...

This disagreement leads to the ridiculous fight that birds and animals witness. It is interesting to read how the author reflects their surprise at what is happening. Even a cow "came to the fire, stared at the peasants, listened to crazy speeches and, heart, began to hum, hum, hum! .."

Finally, having nailed each other's sides, the men came to their senses. They saw a tiny chick of a warbler flying up to the fire, and Pakhom took it in his hands. The travelers began to envy the little birdie, which can fly wherever it wants. We were talking about what everyone wants, when suddenly ... the bird spoke in a human voice, asking to release the chick and promising a large ransom for it.

The bird showed the peasants the way to where the real self-assembled tablecloth was buried. Blimey! Now you can certainly live without grieving. But the quick-witted wanderers also asked that they should not wear clothes. “And a self-assembled tablecloth will do it,” said the warbler. And she kept her promise.

The men began to live well-fed and cheerful. Here are just the main question they have not yet resolved: who, after all, lives well in Russia. And the friends decided not to return to their families until they find the answer to it.

Chapter 1. Pop

On the way, the peasants met the priest and, bowing low, asked him to answer “in good conscience, without laughter and without cunning,” whether he was really doing well in Russia. What the pop told me dispelled the notions of seven curious about his happy life. No matter how harsh the circumstances are - a deep autumn night, or a severe frost, or spring floods - the priest has to go where his name is, without arguing or contradicting. The work is not easy, besides, the groans of people leaving for another world, the crying of orphans and the sobbing of widows completely upset the peace of the priest's soul. And only outwardly it seems that pop is held in high esteem. In fact, he is often a target for the ridicule of the common people.

Chapter 2. Country Fair

Further, the road leads purposeful wanderers to other villages, which for some reason turn out to be empty. The reason is that all the people are at the fair, in the village of Kuzminskoye. And it was decided to go there to ask people about happiness.

The life of the village aroused not very pleasant feelings among the peasants: there were a lot of drunks around, everywhere it was dirty, sad, uncomfortable. Books are also sold at the fair, but low-quality books, Belinsky and Gogol cannot be found here.

By evening, everyone is so drunk that even the church with the bell tower seems to be staggering.

Chapter 3. Drunken night

At night, the men are on the road again. They hear drunk people talking. Suddenly Pavlusha Veretennikov attracts attention, making notes in a notebook. He collects peasant songs and sayings, as well as their stories. After everything that has been said is recorded on paper, Veretennikov begins to reproach the assembled people for drunkenness, to which he hears objections: “the peasant drinks mainly because he has grief, and therefore it is impossible, even a sin, to reproach for it.

Chapter 4. Happy

The men do not retreat from their goal - to find a happy person by all means. They promise to reward with a bucket of vodka the one who will tell what it is for him to freely and happily live in Russia. Those who like to drink peck at such a "tempting" offer. But no matter how they try to colorfully paint gloomy everyday life who want to get drunk for free, nothing comes of them. The story of an old woman who had up to a thousand turnips, a sexton, rejoicing when he was poured with a kosushchka; the paralyzed former courtyard, who licked dishes with the best French truffle at the master's for forty years, does not impress the stubborn seekers of happiness on the Russian land.

Chapter 5. Landlord.

Maybe here they will be lucky - the seekers of a happy Russian person assumed when they met the landowner Gavrila Afanasyich Obolt-Obolduev on the road. At first he was frightened, thinking that he had seen the robbers, but upon learning about the unusual desire of the seven men who blocked his path, he calmed down, laughed and told his story.

Perhaps the landowner had previously considered himself happy, but not now. Indeed, in the old days, Gavriil Afanasyevich was the owner of the entire district, a whole regiment of servants and organized holidays with theatrical performances and dances. He did not hesitate to invite even peasants to pray in the manor house on holidays. Now everything has changed: the family estate of Obolt-Obolduev was sold for debts, because, being left without peasants who knew how to cultivate the land, the landowner who was not used to working suffered great losses, which led to a disastrous outcome.

Part 2. The last

The next day, the travelers went to the banks of the Volga, where they saw a large hay meadow. Before they had time to talk with the locals, they noticed three boats at the pier. It turns out that this is a noble family: two gentlemen with their wives, their children, a servant and a gray-haired old gentleman by the name of Utyatin. Everything in this family, to the surprise of the travelers, happens according to such a scenario, as if there was no abolition of serfdom. It turns out that Utyatin became very angry when he learned that the peasants were given free rein and fell ill with a blow, threatening to deprive their sons of the inheritance. To prevent this from happening, they came up with a cunning plan: they persuaded the peasants to play along with the landowner, posing as serfs. As a reward, after the death of the master, they promised the best meadows.

Utyatin, hearing that the peasants were staying with him, perked up, and a comedy began. Some even liked the role of serfs, but Agap Petrov could not come to terms with the shameful fate and expressed everything to the landowner in person. For this, the prince sentenced him to flogging. The peasants played a role here too: they took the “rebellious” to the stable, put wine in front of him and asked him to shout louder, for the sake of visibility. Alas, Agap could not bear such humiliation, drank heavily and died that very night.

Further, the Last One (Prince Utyatin) arranges a feast, where, barely moving his tongue, he makes a speech about the advantages and benefits of serfdom. After that, he lies down in the boat and gives up the spirit. Everyone is glad that they finally got rid of the old tyrant, however, the heirs are not even going to fulfill their promise to those who played the role of serfs. The peasants' hopes were not justified: no one gave them meadows.

Part 3. Peasant woman.

No longer hoping to find a happy man among the men, the pilgrims decided to ask the women. And from the lips of a peasant woman named Korchagina Matryona Timofeevna they hear a very sad and, one might say, terrible story. Only in her parents' house was she happy, and then, when she married Philip, a ruddy and strong guy, a hard life began. Love did not last long, because the husband left to work, leaving his young wife with his family. Matryona works tirelessly and does not see any support from anyone except the old man Savely, who lives a century after the hard labor that lasted twenty years. Only one joy appears in her difficult fate - the son of Demushka. But suddenly a terrible misfortune fell upon the woman: it is impossible even to imagine what happened to the child due to the fact that the mother-in-law did not allow her daughter-in-law to take him with her to the field. Through an oversight of the grandfather, the boy is eaten by pigs. What a grief to a mother! She mourns Demushka all the time, although other children were born in the family. For their sake, a woman sacrifices herself, for example, takes on the punishment when they want to flog Fedot's son for the sheep that the wolves carried away. When Matryona was carrying another son, Lidor, in her womb, her husband was unjustly taken as a soldier, and her wife had to go to the city to seek the truth. It's good that the governor, Elena Aleksandrovna, helped her then. By the way, Matryona gave birth to a son in the waiting room.

Yes, life was not easy for the one who in the village was called "the lucky woman": she constantly had to fight for herself, and for children, and for her husband.

Part 4. A feast for the whole world.

At the end of the village of Valakhchina, a feast was held, where everyone was gathered: the peasants, pilgrims, and Vlas the headman, and Klim Yakovlevich. Among the celebrants there are two seminarians, simple, kind guys - Savvushka and Grisha Dobrosklonov. They sing funny songs and tell different stories. They do this because ordinary people ask so. From the age of fifteen, Grisha firmly knows that he will devote his life to the happiness of the Russian people. He sings a song about a great and mighty country called Rus. Isn't this the lucky man whom the travelers were so persistently looking for? After all, he clearly sees the purpose of his life - in serving a disadvantaged people. Unfortunately, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov died prematurely, not having time to finish the poem (according to the author's plan, the peasants were to go to Petersburg). But the thoughts of the seven pilgrims coincide with the thought of Dobrosklonov, who thinks that every peasant should live freely and cheerfully in Russia. This was the main idea of the author.

The poem by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov became legendary, a symbol of the struggle for the happy everyday life of ordinary people, and also the result of the author's reflections on the fate of the peasantry.

History of creation

Nekrasov devoted many years of his life to working on a poem, which he called his "favorite child". “I conceived,” said Nekrasov, “to present in a coherent story everything I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started“ Who lives well in Russia ”. It will be the epic of modern peasant life. " The writer accumulated material for the poem, according to him, "by word of mouth for twenty years." Death interrupted this gigantic labor. The poem remained unfinished. Shortly before his death, the poet said: “One thing that I deeply regret is that I did not finish my poem“ Who Lives Well in Russia ”. N. A. Nekrasov began work on the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" in the first half of the 1860s. The mention of the exiled Poles in the first part, in the chapter "Landowner", suggests that work on the poem was begun no earlier than 1863. But sketches of the work could have appeared earlier, since Nekrasov had been collecting material for a long time. The manuscript of the first part of the poem is dated 1865, however, it is possible that this is the date of completion of work on this part.

Soon after finishing work on the first part, the prologue of the poem was published in the January issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1866. The printing lasted for four years and was accompanied, like the entire publishing activity of Nekrasov, by censorship persecution.

The writer began to continue working on the poem only in the 1870s, having written three more parts of the work: "The Last One" (1872), "Peasant Woman" (1873), "A Feast for the Whole World" (1876). The poet was not going to limit himself to the written chapters, he thought about three or four more parts. However, the developing disease interfered with the author's ideas. Nekrasov, sensing the approach of death, tried to give some "completeness" to the last part, "Feast for the whole world."

In the last lifetime edition of Poems (-), the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" was printed in the following sequence: "Prologue. Part One ”,“ The Last One ”,“ The Peasant Woman ”.

The plot and structure of the poem

Nekrasov assumed that the poem would have seven or eight parts, but managed to write only four, which, perhaps, did not follow one after the other.

Part one

The only one has no name. It was written shortly after the abolition of serfdom ().

Prologue

"In what year - count,
In which land - guess
On a pole track
Seven men came together ... "

They got into an argument:

Who has fun
Is it at ease in Russia?

They offered six answers to this question:

Novel: to the landowner
Demyan: to the official
the Gubin brothers - Ivan and Mitrodor: to the merchant;
Groin (old man): to the minister

The villagers decide not to return home until they find the right answer. They find a self-assembled tablecloth that will feed them, and hit the road.

Peasant woman (from the third part)

The last one (from the second part)

A feast for the whole world (from the second part)

The chapter "A Feast for the Whole World" is a continuation of "The Last One". It depicts a fundamentally different state of the world. This is the people's Russia, already awakened and speaking at once. New heroes are involved in the festive feast of spiritual awakening. The whole people sings songs of liberation, adjudicates the past, evaluates the present, begins to think about the future. Sometimes these songs are in contrast to each other. For example, the story “About an exemplary servant - Jacob the faithful” and the legend “About two great sinners”. Jacob takes revenge on the master for all the servile bullying, committing suicide in front of him. The robber Kudeyar expiates his sins, murders and violence not by humility, but by the murder of the villain - Pan Glukhovsky. This is how popular morality justifies righteous anger against oppressors and even violence against them.

List of heroes

Temporarily liable peasants who went to look for someone who lives happily at ease in Russia(Main characters)

novel
Demyan
Ivan and Metrodor Gubin
Old Man Pakhom

Peasants and slaves

Ermil Girin
Yakim Nagoy
Sidor
Egorka Shutov
Klim Lavigne
Agap Petrov
Ipat - sensitive slave
Jacob is a faithful servant
Proshka
Matryona
Savely

Landlords

Utyatin
Obolt-Obolduev
Prince Peremetyev
Glukhovskoy

Other heroes

Altynnikov
Vogel
Shalashnikov

Who lives well in Russia in our time? Who lives well in Russia read online - nikolay Nekrasov There who live well in Russia

Genre, genre, direction

Composition

What is the poem about?

The main characters and their characteristics

Topic

Problematic

The idea of the work

End

Conclusion

Criticism

The history of the creation of the poem

Part 1. Prologue: who is the happiest in Russia

Chapter 1. Pop

Chapter 2. Country Fair

Chapter 3. Drunken night

Chapter 4. Happy

Chapter 5. Landlord.

Part 2. The last

Part 3. Peasant woman.

Part 4. A feast for the whole world.

History of creation

The plot and structure of the poem

Part one

Prologue

Peasant woman (from the third part)

The last one (from the second part)

A feast for the whole world (from the second part)

List of heroes

see also

Links

Genre, genre, direction

Composition

What is the poem about?

The main characters and their characteristics

Topic

Problematic

The idea of ​​the work

End

Conclusion

Criticism

The history of the creation of the poem

Part 1. Prologue: who is the happiest in Russia

Chapter 1. Pop

Chapter 2. Country Fair

Chapter 3. Drunken night

Chapter 4. Happy

Chapter 5. Landlord.

Part 2. The last

Part 3. Peasant woman.

Part 4. A feast for the whole world.

History of creation

The plot and structure of the poem

Part one

Prologue

Peasant woman (from the third part)

The last one (from the second part)

A feast for the whole world (from the second part)

List of heroes

see also

Links

The idea of the work