The negative characters of the Caverin novel are two captains. Two captains: the main characters of the novel by Benjamin Kaverin. Kaverin two captains main characters

A boy named Sanya Grigoriev lives in a small town called Ensk with his parents and sister. Once, not far from the bank of the river, a deceased postman and a bag filled with letters are found, which the neighbor of the Grigorievs, Daria, willingly reads aloud. At the same time, Sani's father is mistakenly charged with murder, and the boy knows the truth, but he cannot reveal it to others due to his dumbness.

Somewhat later, a kind-hearted doctor, who met on the way of Sani, helps him master speech, but the elder Grigoriev dies in prison without waiting for justice. The mother immediately remarries, the stepfather turns out to be a shameless and heartless person, mocking members of his new family.

Sanya's mother, unable to withstand the terrible existence with her second husband, also soon dies. The neighbors intend to send the boy and his sister Sasha to an orphanage, but Sanya and his closest friend Petka manage to escape to Moscow. The guys are there for some time without supervision, but then Sanya is detained, and thus he finds himself in a recently opened school, intended for children who have lost their parents.

The boy enthusiastically takes up his studies and finds a common language with his classmates. One day, by coincidence, he ends up in the apartment where Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov lives, who is the head of the school. Sanya's life includes his age-old Katya, an active, emotional and well-read girl, and her mother Marya Vasilievna, who is almost constantly in a dull and depressed state.

The boy begins to constantly visit the Tatarinovs, he has long known that Nikolai Antonovich's cousin was the husband of Marya Vasilievna and the father of young Catherine. Having sailed on an expedition to the distant northern lands, the captain Tatarinov disappeared forever, and the head of the school never tired of emphasizing how much he managed to do for his late brother, although there is no exact information about the fate of Katya's father even now, his wife and daughter do not know if he is alive or died long ago.

At the age of seventeen, Sanya again meets Katya, before that he did not appear at the Tatarinovs' for several years, Nikolai Antonovich, who was angry with the teenager, categorically forbade him to come to them. The girl tells a childhood friend the story of her father, it turns out that in 1912 he said goodbye to his family living in Ensk, and sailed to Vladivostok on the schooner "Holy Mary". In the future, relatives never met with him again, and all requests from Marya Vasilyevna for help in the search for the captain addressed to the king remained unanswered.

One of Alexander's comrades, the cunning and quirky Romashov or Daisy, as he was called at school, who, moreover, is not indifferent to Katya, reports to her cousin uncle that the girl often communicates with Grigoriev. Catherine is immediately sent to Ensk to her aunt, Sanya leaves for the same city, after having severely beaten Camomile.

Arriving home, after a long break, Grigoriev again sees his matured sister Sasha, from whom he learns that his old friend Petka is also in Moscow and is going to study fine arts. The young man once again reads the old letters that made such a huge impression on him in his childhood, and suddenly realizes that they are talking about the expedition led by the missing Tatarinov.

Carefully reading every line, Sanya understands that it was Katya's father who gave the Northern Land the name Maria in honor of his wife, and almost all the equipment for the expedition turned out to be completely unusable thanks to his cousin, who took responsibility for the household part. The guy immediately tells Catherine about everything, and the girl believes his words without hesitation.

Sanya tells the truth to Marya Vasilievna, insisting that she blame Nikolai Antonovich for the murder of his cousin and members of his crew. Only later does the young man realize that the truth literally killed Katya's mother, because by this time she had already become the wife of Nikolai Antonovich. A woman who did not have enough mental strength for such a monstrous discovery commits suicide.

After the funeral, Nikolai Antonovich skillfully convinces people, including his niece, that the letters of his deceased relative were about a completely different person. The guy sees that everyone around him considers him to be the culprit of the tragic death of Marya Vasilyevna, and he is going to certainly find the expedition and prove that he did not lie and did not slander about the head of the school.

Grigoriev is studying at a flight school located in Leningrad, while his sister Sasha and her husband Petya are preparing to become artists. Upon graduation, Sanya becomes a polar pilot, and when he meets his old friend Valya Zhukov, he learns that Romashka now regularly visits the Tatarinovs and, apparently, plans to marry Catherine.

Sanya does not stop thinking about this girl and decides to go to Moscow. But first he manages to find the remains of the schooner on which the captain Tatarinov sailed, and the young pilot is going to make a report and reveal the whole truth about the disappeared expedition.

However, Nikolai Antonovich manages to get ahead of Sanya, he himself publishes an article in the press dedicated to the late Tatarinov and his discovery, and at the same time publishes slander against Grigoriev everywhere, as a result of which the planned report is canceled. Korablev, who teaches geography at the school where Sanya previously studied, comes to the aid of the young man, and it is thanks to him that the guy again reaches understanding with Katya and trust on her part. The girl flatly refuses to marry Chamomile, as her relatives wish, and leaves home, because she acquired the profession of a geologist and becomes the leader of the expedition.

Chamomile does not give up, he tells Sana that he has some materials that incriminate Nikolai Antonovich, but in return he must break off relations with Katya. But Grigoriev still manages to get permission to travel, dedicated to the disclosure of the secret of Catherine's father. Young people, experiencing reckless mutual love, feel happy, but at this time Grigoriev's sister Sasha gives birth to a son, but she soon dies due to complications.

It takes about five years. Alexander and Ekaterina, who became his wife, constantly move between the Far Eastern region, Moscow and the Crimea. Then they decide to settle in Leningrad, but soon Sanya is forced to go to war on Spanish territory, and then to fight the enemy in the air after the German attack on the USSR.

When meeting with Romashka, he tells Katya how he allegedly tried to save the wounded Alexander, but failed. The young woman absolutely does not believe him, and in reality he really left the helpless Grigoriev to the mercy of fate, depriving him of his documents and the weapons he had with him. But Sanya still survives and after treatment in the hospital hurries to starving Leningrad, intending to find Katya.

Grigoriev's wife is no longer in this city, and all searches for Alexander are in vain. But during one of the combat missions, his crew discovers traces of Tatarinov's expedition in these places, the body of the captain himself, as well as all his letters to relatives and reports. Soon Sanya discovers his wife at his longtime acquaintance Dr. Pavlov, who once taught him to speak.

In 1944, the Grigorievs returned to Moscow, where they met many of their dear friends, whom they had already considered dead. Sanya reveals all the meanness and unscrupulousness of Daisy, who is on trial, and then makes a detailed report for scientists-geographers, where he exposes all the secrets concerning Tatarinov's travel.

After the words of Grigoriev, no one has any doubts as to whose fault the entire crew of the "St. Mary" died. Nikolai Antonovich is forced to leave the hall in shame where the ceremonial meeting is taking place, and it is clear to everyone that his career is over forever and he will never be able to restore his good name.

Sanya and Katya go to Ensk, and the elderly judge Skovorodnikov, the father of Peter, Alexander's friend since childhood, in his speech draws an equal sign between the deceased Tatarinov and Grigoriev. He argues that it is precisely such captains that become the source of forward movement both for scientific thought and for all of humanity.

Yurin Vladimir

The research work carried out by the pupils of the Tambov Cadet Corps has one peculiarity - we are trying to find a practical basis for conducting science-intensive analysis: to reach the level of expeditions, to receive support and advice from experts of the All-Russian level, to become participants in real educational events. Because of this, research work often goes to the implementation of projects.

The leading educational event of the last academic year was the project to create the Northern Lights Club for young polar explorers in the cadet corps. The partners of our project are the Association of Russian Polar Explorers (President - Artur Nikolaevich Chilingarov, Special Representative of the President of Russia for International Cooperation in the Arctic and Antarctic, an honorary cadet of our corps), the charitable foundation of the All-Russian Club "Adventure" (Dmitry and Matvey Shparo), territorial offices of the FSB of Russia , society "Dynamo", physical culture, sports and tourism of the Tambov region, the regional administration, educational institutions of Moscow and Pushkino, Moscow region and many others.

But the practical component of the project must have a solid foundation of scientific research work of cadets in a variety of areas: geographic, environmental, ethnographic and others.

Thus, the relevance of my work is that it is part of a systemic project of the cadet corps dedicated to the North.

In this case, the presented research work is part of a team work on the analysis of one of the key literary works devoted to the problems of discovering and studying the territories of the Far North.

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Tambov Regional State Budgetary Educational Institution Cadet Boarding School "Multidisciplinary Cadet Corps"

Research work on the topic:

"Development of the epistolary genre in the letters of Captain Tatarinov

in the work of V. Kaverin "Two Captains" "

Completed by: Yurin Vladimir Yurievich,
class 10a cadet

Head: Gutarina Svetlana Viktorovna,

Russian language and literature teacher

Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 3 - 7

Chapter 1. Theory of the epistolary genre.

1.1 From the history of the epistolary genre …………………………………… 7 - 12

1.2 The question of the genre definition of letters ...................... 12 - 13

1.3 Etiquette speech formulas in letters …………………………… 13 - 14

Chapter 2. Composition of the letter.

2.1 Starting a letter ……………………………………………………… 14 - 17

2.2 Information part …………………………………………… 17

2.3 Ending of the letter ……………………………………………… 17 - 19

Chapter 3. Letters from Captain Tatarinov in the plot organization of the novel

V. Kaverin "Two Captains".

3.1 Review of the substantive component of V. Kaverin's novel “Two Kapit-na” ………………………………………………………………………… 19 - 20

3.2 Analysis of the "first" excerpt from the letter …………………………… 20 - 23

3.3 Analysis of the "second" excerpt from the letter …………………………… 23 - 27

3.4 Analysis of the "third" excerpt from the letter …………………………… 27 - 28

Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 28 - 30

Literature ……………………………………………………… 30 - 31

Appendix …………………………………………………………… 32 - 37

INTRODUCTION

Please write me letters!
In our loud age, they have no value ...
N. Kuzovleva.

Today, most people have forgotten how to write letters. In this regard, epistolary art fell sharply, replaced by the ease of telephone communication, the rhythms and pace of modernity, to the detriment of future historians, biographers, literary critics and linguists. You can only wonder when you look at the former monuments of the frantic industriousness of people seeking communication. We admire, rereading the published volumes of letters from A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov. And earlier - the times of Ancient Rome. They are attracted by their form, content, and the design itself - clear, verified, accurate, in which you can feel respect for the addressee.
Letters recreate destiny. No sources, documents, guesses, constructions of the mind or insight of the soul will return what a person (or the hero of a literary work) told about himself in his letters. In them, he opened up to his contemporaries and descendants, taking everything else with him, which no one will ever guess, resurrect or recognize.
“What do you look for and find in letters? Personal intonations, lively voice. " Letter- it is one of the most ancient types of written text, with the help of which people at all times exchanged information, thoughts and feelings. How many concepts does this truly rich, magic word include! What could be more intriguing, mysterious than a letter that has not yet been opened, which you hold in your hand, regardless of who it is: from relatives, friends or acquaintances. It can please, and upset, and turn the whole life. It is not for nothing that artists of the word often choose letters as a form of romance narration, for example, Goethe's The Suffering of Young Werther, Julia or the New Eloise by Rousseau. The epistolary genre was used in Russian classics (I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, F. M. Dostoevsky) and in the literature of a later period (V. Kaverin "Two Captains", D. Granin " Bison "). Notes and diaries in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time". The genre of "writing" was also popular in the work of wartime poets. These are letters-promises, letters-confessions, letters-oaths: “In the dugout” by A. Surkov, “Wait for me” by K. Simonov, “Dark night” by V. Agatov.

Among the main tasks of the Club:

preservation and development of the traditions of Russian polar explorers;

popularization of the best achievements in the study and development of the Northern Territories;

attracting public attention to the problems of the Russian North;

vocational training of cadets for future military and civilian service in the regions of the North;

expanding the research work of cadets related to the sociocultural and scientific study of the North;

practical development of the northern territories through participation in expeditions, excursion trips, tourist trips, the organization of specialized camp shifts.

Practical tasks are being actively solved: 2 cadets were trained in the Republic of Karelia to participate in the ski crossing from the drifting station "Barneo" to the North Pole, 15 cadets are being selected for the expedition to Franz Josef Land.

But the practical component of the project must have a solid foundation of scientific research work of cadets in a variety of areas: geographic, environmental, ethnographic and others.

Thus, the relevance of my work is that it is part of a systemic project of the cadet corps dedicated to the North.

In this case, the presented research work is part of a team work on the analysis of one of the key literary works devoted to the problems of discovering and studying the territories of the Far North.

The theme of my work:“Development of the epistolary genre in the letters of Captain Tatarinov in the work of V. Kaverin“ Two Captains ”.

Rereading the letters of Captain Tatarinov, you catch yourself thinking that even today some can be copied almost exactly. This is all the more important because many of us, taking up the pen, feel confused, unable to find linguistic means of etiquette and it is advisable to apply them in recommendations or in expressing condolences. Such linguistic means are epistolary units - situationally conditioned, communicatively directed, thematically linked, interrelated and interdependent stable communication formulas. The true culture and etiquette of communication can be traced precisely in the letters of the past. Therefore, for us, people of the electronic age, a good example does not hurt either.
Research objectwere the letters of Captain I. L. Tatarinov to Maria Vasilievna, his wife.

Research subjectare the epistolary units.

The purpose of this work - to reveal the peculiarities of the epistolary units in the letters of the captain Tatarinov to the above mentioned addressee.

The purpose of the study identified the followingtasks: - familiarize yourself with the selected literature on the topic; - to study and analyze the epistolary heritage of Captain Tatarinov to his wife;

Systematize the analyzed material by letters; - to identify and reveal the features of the epistolary units in the letters of Captain Tatarinov to the addressee.

Novelty of this work lies in the fact that letters in general are a little studied phenomenon. Their research is at the intersection of several disciplines, they are the object of history, literary criticism, linguistics and other sciences. Linguists have studied only some of the features of certain types of letters, therefore, an integral picture of this type of literary activity in science, one might say, is absent. It should be noted that the letters were almost not subjected to linguistic research, either in linguistic or speech terms.

In the process of working on this topic, the following methods were used:

Biographical (used to clarify the relationship between the intensity of correspondence, the use of special etiquette-epistolary units (address, farewell, etc.) with elements of the hero's biography; - comparative (used when comparing the requirements for personal correspondence at different times);

Analytical (used in the direct study of epistolary units).
The theoretical significance lies in the fact that the work carries out a systematic analysis of the epistolary units of etiquette; the features of their functioning are highlighted depending on the addressee and the nature of the letter.
The practical significance is determined by the fact that the theoretical and practical material of the work can be used by teachers, students of general education institutions when studying, for example, a novel

F. M. Dostoevsky "Poor people", letters of Onegin and Tatiana in the novel

A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".
Structurally, the work consists of an introduction, which provides a rationale for the chosen topic, determines the relevance and novelty, the object and subject of research, outlines the main stages of work, determines the theoretical and practical significance, three chapters: the first chapter examines the history of the issue under study, the theory of epistolary creativity , in the second chapter there is an acquaintance with the composition of the letter, in the third chapter the analysis of the epistolary units is carried out, their features are revealed on the basis of the letters of captain Tatarinov, the conclusion, the list of used literature (26 sources)and the appendix, which contains the texts of the letters of Captain Tatarinov to his wife, allowing to visualize the peculiarities of the epistolary units in V. Kaverin's novel "Two Captains", photographs of the geographical objects of the North mentioned in the letters, a list of the islands of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and a letter to captain Tatarinov.

. Chapter 1. Theory of the epistolary genre

1.1 From the history of the genre.
"Letter" as a literary genre has spread since antiquity in Greek and especially in Roman literature. The letters of Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the Younger are examples of early epistolary literature. In the East, in Greece, Rome, Ancient Russia, medieval Europe, the art of writing letters reached a high development. The Romans ranked this art as elegant and free, it was part of education.
In ancient epistolary theories, writing was called “half of the dialogue” (that is, a dialogue without an interlocutor), but at the same time they emphasized the difference between writing as a written form of speech and colloquial speech: “... writing needs more careful processing than dialogue: after all, dialogue imitates speech , said without preparation, impromptu, the letter is written and sent as a gift. "

Ancient rhetoric and "scribes" gave rules for correspondence and examples of the art of writing letters and insisted that the task of writing was to call things by their proper names, to remain documents, everyday phenomena with all the skillful design. The general plot of the letter may be missing. There is nothing obligatory in the composition of the letter, it all depends on the intentions of the writer, he has the power to interrupt the narration in mid-sentence and return to the topic touched upon at the beginning. In the end, it may not be signed.

For comparison with the requirements that were made by ancient rhetoric and "writers" for personal correspondence, let us give the requirements that were presented in the 19th century. From the book "Life in the Light, at Home and at Court", published in 1890, it is clear that in many respects there was a society that strictly followed the rules of decency, and in many respects our predecessors, observing etiquette, were right. The authors of this work believe that “... you should write about the person to whom the letter is intended, and touch objects that may interest him, then you can already inform about yourself, describe your situation and the passing of time, in conclusion, again turn to the personality of the correspondent, ask about various circumstances related to him, and then express a desire to see you soon. "

The first examples of the epistolary novel appeared in Europe in the 17th century. The first such work was the novel Portuguese Letters by Gabriel Joseph Guilleraga, written in 1669. The work is a collection of love letters from the Portuguese nun Marianna Alcoforado. Another novel in letters from the 17th century is Afra Ben's Love Correspondence of a Nobleman and His Sister, which was written

in 1684.

In the 18th century, the genre of the novel in letters became very popular, especially among sentimentalist writers. The popularity of this genre has been fueled by the success of the novels Pamela, or the Reborn Virtue, Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady, which embody the most important issues of private life and show, in particular, the disasters that can arise from the wrong behavior of both parents and children. in relation to marriage, The Story of Sir Charles Grandison, by Samuel Richardson.

In 18th century France, novels in letters were written by Charles Louis de Montesquieu "Persian Letters", Philippe Bridard de la Garde "Letters of Teresa", Jean-Jacques Rousseau "Julia, or New Héloise", Chauderlos de Laclos "Dangerous Liaisons". In Germany, at the same time, Johann Wolfgang Goethe turned to the genre of the novel in letters. His "The Suffering of Young Werther" is one of the classics of the epistolary genre.

In the literature of romanticism, the development of the genre continued. The novel by Julia Credener "Valerie", Etienne de Senancourt "Obermann", Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin "Hyperion" were created in the form of letters. Epistolary techniques were also used in the novel "Lady Susan" by Jane Austen. In neo-romantic literature, the techniques of the genre were developed by Bram Stoker in his novel Dracula.

In Russian literature, one cannot fail to mention the first novel by F. M. Dostoevsky, Poor People, written between 1844 and 1846, when the author was twenty-five years old. The novel depicts the correspondence between Makar Devushkin and Varvara Dobrosyolova.

"Letters were invented to communicate their thoughts to those who are absent," says the "New and complete writer, or general secretary, containing letters: informing, giving advice, denouncing ..." 1829. And further: “They serve instead of oral conversation and, as it were, present people who are far from each other. The art of writing letters is the way in which almost all connections in society are contained. "

The writers of the writer compare a person's letter to his own portrait, which is easy to spoil even with one wrong feature. They believe that "the written syllable should not be too high, but not too clownish, it should look like an ordinary conversation."

In the 19th century, letters were given no less importance than they are now. This is evidenced by the earlier, published in 1881, the collection "Good Tone" by Hermann Hoppe. It makes sense to adopt some of the rules that existed then. Since a significant part of good manners is not a tribute to fashion, not momentary trends, but rules polished by time, following which relieves us of inconvenience, bringing joy from communication.

For example, The Collection of Advice and Advice, published in 1889, was at one time literally a reference book. The main provisions are acceptable even now, they are being revived (rules of circulation, registration of letters). The book tells us that “in the art of writing letters, the ability to distinguish the person to whom we are writing plays a very important role, to give the right tone to our writing, that is, a tone that would quite correctly agree with those feelings and attitudes towards to whom we write ”. And further: “Any letter, no matter who it is, reflects the moral character of the writer, the measure of his education. That is why one should be refined and witty in correspondence and firmly remember the sacred truth that people aptly conclude from letters about moral dignity. "

The letter is adapted to convey the greatest and most varied information in the smallest possible volume of the message. Such "frugality" of the message has been entrenched historically: after all, private correspondence reflects the entire daily life of people outside their official relations, and this is a huge complex of emotions, thoughts, actions.

The importance of private letters is greater, since an intimate conversation allows you to speak openly about many things, to raise issues that cannot be raised publicly - political, philosophical, historical. That is, the epistolary literature opened up an opportunity for an exchange of views on issues that were considered non-controversial.

Cultural and artistic figures raised the language of letters to the level of the language of works of art. They even published some of their letters as fiction and journalistic works. For example, Nikolai Gogol's articles in Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends are excerpts from the author's personal letters. The personal letters of A.S. Pushkin, P.A.Vyazemsky, V.A.Zhukovsky and many other writers were read in their time in circles and salons as literary works. And the authors themselves wrote letters with no less diligence than their works of art. Preserved drafts of some letters of famous figures of culture and art, which testify to the careful work on their content and syllable.

Therefore, speaking of the careful attitude to creating your own letters, you can see the same scrupulousness in the writing of letters by the heroes of the works. These are mostly friendly letters. It is in them, the characteristic feature of which are "relaxedness", meaningful freedom, trust-friendly relations between the participants in communication, that the "secret" of using the language is revealed, the system of speech preferences is revealed.

At different times, the epistolary genre attracted writers with its great potential. AI Herzen wrote: "I for digressions and for parentheses most of all love the form of letters ... - you can not hesitate to write what comes to mind." And also: “I always looked at the letters with some trepidation, with some kind of painful pleasure, nervous, thick and, perhaps, close to fear. ... As dry sheets that have wintered under the snow, letters remind of another summer, its heat , its warm nights, and the fact that it is gone forever, from them you can guess about the branchy oak from which the wind blew them, but it does not rustle overhead and does not press with all its strength, as it does in the book. " The correspondence becomes "some kind of moving, open confession ... everything is fixed, everything is marked in letters ... without blush and embellishment."

In this case, a letter is defined as a private informal written communication of persons (addressee and addressee), characterized by sufficient content freedom, the presence of standard epistolary elements (appeal, signature, as well as the date, place of writing), which usually involves receiving an answer and not intended for -rom letters for publication. For a friendly letter, the constant sense of the addressee's personality by the author of the letter, the “homeliness” of the material, his autobiography are of great importance.

In the last decade, thanks to the Internet, novels based on e-mail have also appeared. The first significant novel, written in Spanish and describing correspondence exclusively by means of email, is "The Heart of Voltaire" by Puerto Rican writer Luis López Nieves. The novel was written in 2005. Unlike the traditional epistolary novel, the use of e-mail in the novel makes the plot more dynamic, since the Internet allows messages to be delivered anywhere in the world in a matter of seconds.
1.2 The issue of genre definition of letters

In modern science, there are practically no works in which the theory of this genre would be deeply developed.

Some scholars believe that the most striking feature of letters is their focus on a particular reader. And since the addressee may not be one person, but a group of persons, the content of the letter may touch upon issues not only of a personal nature, but also social and state problems.

All letters can be classified from several points of view. One of the types of classification is from the point of view of the permanent addressee, that is, how many letters were addressed to a specific person and what is the general tone of these letters. You can classify letters and in terms of content and its purpose. Conventionally, the following groups are distinguished in this classification: private letters, business letters, journalistic letters and philosophical ones. Most often we talk about business and personal letters. The main features of a business (official) letter are persuasiveness, strict consistency, conciseness, information content. Business correspondence is in many ways close to the official business style by the presence of a special stock of official, clerical vocabulary and phraseology. A personal letter is distinguished by emotionality, ease, the transmission of one's own impressions, a rather large coverage of events and information from the life of the author of the letter and the addressee. Through the language of the hero, we can determine not only his mood, character, but also the attitude towards the addressee. And this is very important! After all, composing the text of the letter with special care, we hope to receive an answer to it.

Different literary genres, to varying degrees, reflect the linguistic specificity of the personality. The epistolary genre can be called universal, since it is especially favorable for the study of a linguistic personality in all the richness of its manifestation.

1.3 Etiquette speech formulas in letters

Writing is a special (epistolary) genre of speech. It is drawn up and sent to the addressee in order to inform him of something, notify him of something, and maintain communication with him. The writing genre dictates a greater stereotyped expression than oral communication, hence the special set of etiquette expressions characteristic of the epistolary genre.

Writing etiquette is part of speech etiquette in general, but a special part of it, since the contact between communicants does not occur directly, but in time and space in writing. Both the temporal-spatial feature and the written form presuppose a special genre of writing and dictate the choice of certain linguistic means that differ from the means of oral speech etiquette. The distance of "interlocutors" in space excludes facial expressions, gestures, intonation, what can be called understanding from a half-word, the possibility of re-asking, situational reinforcement, therefore it presupposes a comparative completeness of constructions, development, sequence of presentation, that is, those features that are characteristic of monologue speech. However, the letter cannot be called a monologue in the full sense, since the presence of a specific addressee, and most importantly, his intended response, also causes dialog forms of communication (greeting, farewell, address, etc.). The distance of the "interlocutors" in space may necessitate a description of a gesture, for example: hugging, kissing, shaking hands. The distance of the “interlocutors” in time makes it necessary to remind the addressee of the questions posed in his letter, of returning to the topics already mentioned earlier (You ask how I live ...), that is, again, the letter stands out as a special genre of dialogic-monological text.

Chapter 2. Composition of the letter

Compositionally, writing consists of three parts: 1) the beginning (address, greeting, etc.), 2) the informational part, and 3) the ending.

2.1 The origin of the letter

Each type of writing assumes its own characteristic types of beginnings, which are determined by the degree of standardization of the letter. Naturally, in a business letter the standardization is the highest, in a friendly letter it is the lowest.

This kind of inception, such as an indication of the place where the letter is sent from, and the dates of writing at the beginning of the letter may not be present in unofficial letters.

The beginning of the Russian letter also includes addresses and greetings. The sequence of parts in the beginning of the unofficial letters is as follows:

Place and date of writing the letter;

Greeting;

Appeal.

The place of writing the letter is a geographical name: from the widest - the name of the state (Russia, France), to the narrow - the name of the city (Moscow, St. Petersburg), village (village Vyazniki), village (settlement Oktyabrsky) ... In addition, these can be the conventional names of the place from which the letter is written: the Anapa sanatorium, the board of the Georgia motor ship. As can be seen from the examples, a combination of a generic name with a conditional one is more often used, which is typical for unofficial letters.

The date of writing the letter most often includes the day, month and year. All these three elements are formatted in different ways: the number can be enclosed in quotation marks, the word "years" is written in abbreviated form. In other types of letters, the month can be denoted by a Roman or Arabic number, for example: 8 / X-1978, 8.X.78, 8-X-78, 8.10.78. The letter may not indicate the year, but sometimes time of day and day of the week can be marked. For example: 8.X, morning; 7 / VIII, Sunday; 11:00 am, Saturday.

Letter of appeal

The choice of etiquette forms of address is determined by the norms of Russian speech etiquette.

The choice of a name and patronymic, full or diminutive form of the name, as well as the name and name of kinship with affectionate suffixes (for example: Valya, mommy) are determined by the relationship between the addressee and the sender, the degree of their closeness, the nature of the relationship at the moment, the content of the letter.

The form of handling the word "dear" is widespread. Moreover, the word expensive in this case is neutral. As a neutral word, it is opposed, on the one hand, to such “affectionate”, “intimate” words as dear, dear, etc., and on the other hand, to such “official” words as respected, respected. It should also be noted that the address "dear" is accompanied by the pronoun "my (mine)", and also has an intimate character (for example: My dear mommy!). The order of the words "my", "dear", "beloved" can be different. For example: My dear! Lovely my! Or My dear! My lovely! Among close people, the use of a large number of individual, occasional affectionate appeals is common.

Greetings in a letter

A typical opening element is a greeting, which can begin private formal and informal letters. Letters can begin: 1) with an appeal; 2) with a greeting and address; 3) from the address and greetings; 4) with a greeting.

The most commonly used stylistically neutral greetings are “Hello (those)!”, “Good afternoon!”, Which can appear both before and after the address, for example: Hello, dear Ekaterina Ivanovna! Dear Semyon Vasilievich, hello! Good afternoon, my dear Olenka! My dear son, good afternoon!

The word "greet" forms various greetings. For example: Let me greet you, dear Alexey Nikolaevich! Such greetings are found in unofficial letters of people of the older and middle generation, for example: Dear Victor, I cordially greet you.

In a greeting, the formula "send (helmet) hello" is often used. This formula is typical for informal letters. For example: I am sending warm greetings, dear Klava!

Greetings often contain an indication of the place from which the letter is sent, for example: Greetings from the Crimea! I am sending you greetings from the ship! Greetings, made out with the words "welcome", "hello", are often accompanied by wishes and congratulations, if the subject of the letter provides for this. For example: Kostya! Greetings from Crimea and best wishes! I cordially greet the participants of the International Scientific Conference.

2.2 Information part

To go directly to the informational part, there are stereotyped phrases. They harmoniously introduce messages (for example: In a few words I will tell you about things or I hasten to tell you the news ... etc.). There are also stereotypical phrases containing informational information (for example: This is where I end. Or Well, that's all the news, etc.).

The elements of the informational part of the letter also include clamps - formulas that allow you to enter a new, meaningful segment of the letter. The transition from paragraph to paragraph, from one thought to another, as a rule, is realized with the help of an attachment clip, an opposition clip, a generalization clip.

Skrepa-attachment introduces an additional message, for example: In addition to what has been said, we inform ...; Yes, I also want to add that ...

Skrepa-opposition introduces a message containing a restriction or opposition to what was said, for example: Thus, we basically agree with your condition. However, I must make a number of clarifications.

Skrepa-generalization, as a rule, introduces a final message to what was said earlier, for example: Based on the above, you can come to the following conclusion ...

2.3 Ending a letter

The ending of the letter, like the opening, has a normalized sequence of parts.

At the end of the unofficial letter are the following parts: 1) final phrases; 2) repeated apologies, thanks, congratulations; 3) assumptions that the correspondence will be regular; 4) a request to write and answer questions (often these questions are listed); 5) greetings and a request to send greetings; 6) farewell; 7) PS - (post scriptum - literally: after what was written) - where is added what was accidentally missed in the text of the letter.

The sequence of parts at the end of the letter is as follows:

Final phrases;

Requests to write;

Assumptions that the correspondence will be normal;

Repeated apologies, congratulations, wishes;

Thanks;

Greetings and requests to convey greetings;

Parting and expressions accompanying parting;

Assurances of respect, friendship, love;

Signature;

Postscripts.

Moreover, not all elements of the scheme must be present in the letter.

Signature at the end of the letter

The signature at the end of the letter corresponds to the forms of appeal accepted between correspondents. If the correspondents call each other by name and patronymic, then the sender writes his first name and patronymic at the end of the letter, and if they call each other by name or by the name of relationship, then they sign the name or name of relationship, and the diminutive form often corresponds to the one that familiar to correspondents.

Non-standard addressee signatures in a friendly letter also express the attitude of the author of the letter to the addressee, serve to establish and maintain communication, "increase" the pragmatic effect of communication. For example: Your Coconut (K.S.Stanislavsky - N.K.Shlesinger; December 12, 1886).

Stereotypical postscript entry at the end of the letter Postscript - the text that is located after the signature. The first postscript can be entered with the sign P.S. (postscript), and the secondary postscript is P.S.S. (post-postscript), after which the phrases may follow: Additionally I inform ..., One more news ... etc.

In private letters, postscripts without the P.S. sign are possible.

Chapter 3. Letters from Captain Tatarinov in the plot organization of V. Kaverin's novel "Two Captains".

3.1 Review of the content of V. Kaverin's novel “Two Capitans”.

Before starting to study the letters of Captain Tatarinov, I would like to say about the plot of the work. It is based on the letters of Captain Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov, whose expedition was lost in the north in the region of Novaya Zemlya. It was not by chance that the author chose this type of storytelling. These letters run through the entire novel, largely determining the future of the main character - Sanka Grigoriev. They are a kind of connecting link in the novel: the past haunts the hero in the present and pushes him towards future discoveries.

From the pages of the novel, we learn that Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov is the captain of the schooner "Holy Mary", who in the fall of 1912 set off on a northern expedition. At first, he thought to go on a schooner along the coast of Siberia from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. Then he changed the route and went along the Northern Sea Route as far as possible to the North Pole. For a long time, the expedition was considered lost, the fate of Tatarinov was unknown. And only by chance and the insistence of Alexander Grigoriev it became known that important geographical discoveries were made by Tatarinov. A new land was discovered, which he called "The Land of Mary" and which was later discovered by Vilkitsky and named Severnaya Zemlya. Formulas were derived by which it was possible to calculate the speed and direction of ice movement in any region of the Arctic Ocean. Scientific information about the existence of Peterman Land was refuted. From the letters of the captain it became known that the schooner was covered with ice in the Kara Sea. 13 people, led by the navigator Klimov, on his order went to the mainland to deliver information about the discoveries to the Hydrographic Department. Tatarinov himself with the rest of the expedition stayed for the winter in the new land discovered by him, and then moved towards the mainland. The remains of his expedition were discovered by Grigoriev on the northern coast of Taimyr.

3.2. Analysis of the "first" excerpt from the letter.

Starting to study one of the letters of Captain Tatarinov, I want to conditionally give them a numbering, since I will note that the exact date is not indicated in them. In addition, the novel does not give a clear boundary at the end of the first letter and the beginning of the next. The work says: “Here the first sheet ended. I turned it over, but on the other side nothing could be read, except for a few incoherent words, barely preserved among the smudges and smudges. " Therefore, I will call them the "first", "second" and "third" excerpts from the letter, based on their following in the novel.

“My friend, my dear, dear Mashenka!

About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through a telegraphic expedition to the Yugorsk Shar. But how much has changed since then, I cannot tell you! To begin with, then we walked freely along the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention - to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining! A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as some of my companions - "childish" or "reckless" ...

Place of writing and date in the letter

There is no date in the letter. Captain Tatarinov only points to a fairly long period of sending the letter: "... about two years have passed since I sent you a letter ...". V. Kaverin used this technique in order to show that time has no power over a person's desire to live and create, and in the case of the hero of the novel, to open something new for others.

The place of departure of the letter is Yugorsky Shar.From the encyclopedia we learn that it isstrait between the shores of the islandVaygach and mainland Eurasia, connects the southern parts of the Barents andKarsky seas. The length is about 40 km, the width is from 2.5 to 12 km. The maximum depth is 36 m. Most of the year it is covered with ice. There are several islands in the strait, of which the main ones are Sentorovoy and Sokoliy. Straitsprecipitous, cliffs and rocky. There is no woody vegetation on the banks, there is scarce grass, slate,moss and reindeer moss... For the first time among the navigators of Western Europe passed the Yugorsky Shar in1580 Englishmen Arthur Peet and Charles Jackman, calling this strait Nassau. Later, a Russian version appeared - the Vaygach Strait. At present, the strait is called the Yugorsky Shar. FROM17th century Russian travelers used the strait on their way toMangazeya... A more accurate survey of the Yugorsky Shara was carried out in and 1898 years expeditions L. F. Dobrotvorsky and A. I. Vilkitsky.

The letter uses the combination "via a telegraphic expedition to the Yugorsk Shara". It also has a historical and geographical basis. The marine hydrometeorological (polar) station Yugorskiy Shar was opened in 1913 under the II category program; it was located on the coast at the eastern mouth of the Yugorskiy Shar Strait, 3 km from its outlet to the Kara Sea, between the capes Lakorsali and Yarossel. On August 3, 1989, the station was moved 500 m northeast of its former location. Observations were stopped and the station was closed on May 17, 1993.

Letter of appeal

"My friend, my dear, dear Mashenka!" - with these words captain Tatarinov begins his letter to his wife. Neutral forms of the standard etiquette address “dear, dear” acquire a different color in this context: they show the spiritual qualities of a person, and the use of the possessive pronoun “mine” gives an intimate character. In addition, the phrase-address "my friend" is used - a symbol of reliability and loyalty. The word order is used direct, and in the address "my friend" an inversion is observed, which performs an accent and semantic function, serves to highlight the necessary words. According to these speech structures, we can conclude: Captain Tatarinov sees in his wife a reliable comrade and a devoted friend whom he loves and values.

Greetings in a letter

There is no greeting in the letter. This speaks, on the one hand, about the feelings that overwhelm the hero, and on the other, about the transience of time, or rather, about its lack. There is so much to say and express. Or maybe Captain Tatarinov doesn’t want to even think about those huge kilometers that separate him with his family. Therefore, it avoids the standard "hello". It seems to him that he sees Maria Vasilievna, and the cliches are inappropriate here.

Information part

In the informational part, Captain Tatarinov talks about past events, but in his descriptions I see the hero as more romantic than the discoverer of the northern endless latitudes. Rhetorical exclamation "But how much has changed since then, I can not tell you!" fascinates: the hero is overwhelmed with streams of information that he wants to convey to the addressee. This formula has already shown the importance of those events that will be described later. The hero sets out the route with the utmost accuracy, using professional words: expedition, course, north, polar ice. Ivan Lvovich begins the informational part with the standard phrase: "start with that ...". This suggests that the hero has something to tell, but thoughts are in a hurry, you need to take the most important thing. Therefore, Captain Tatarinov, fearing to interrupt the clear composition of the narrative, begins with the dates: "since October 1913, we are slowly moving north along with the polar ice." The letter uses the phraseologism "no silver lining", in which notes of optimism are heard. Even in the current difficult, or rather, hopeless situation, Tatarinov finds advantages. Most of all in this letter I was attracted by the last lines: “A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as some of my companions - "childish" or "reckless."Here the hero's syllable is original, full of peculiar turns. Used epithets: the thought is called "childish, reckless." They describe to us the character of a true polar explorer, a man full of hopes and unfulfilled dreams. Summing up the analysis of this passage from the letter of Captain Tatarinov to his wife, it should be noted that the two styles of spoken (beginning of writing, phraseological unit, adverb “willy-nilly”) and scientific (exact geographical names, dates) are mixed. Regarding the epistolary units, a certain compositional completeness can be noted: the beginning “start with that ...” and a fragment of the conclusion of the statement “in this way”.

The ending of the letter

The ending of the letter is missing.

3.3 Analysis of the "second" excerpt from the letter.

The second passage began with a description of the schooner Holy Mary:“Among one such field is our 'St. Maria “, up to the gunwale covered with snow. From time to time, garlands of frost are torn off the rigging and with a quiet rustle crumble down "... And then follows: “As you can see, Mashenka, out of grief I became a poet. However, we also have a real poet - our cook Kolpakov. Cheerful soul! He sings his poem all day long. Here are four lines to remember:
Under the flag of Mother Russia
The captain and I will go
And we will round the coast of Siberia
With your handsome ship.

I write and reread my endless letter and write again and see that I am just chatting with you, and there is so much more important to say. I am sending a packet with Klimov addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Department. These are my observations, letters of service and a report that describes the history of our drift. But just in case, I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula on the maps. Meanwhile, being at latitude 79 ° 35 "between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silver stripe, slightly convex, extending from the horizon. On April 3rd, the strip turned into a matte lunar shield, and the next day we saw very strange in shape clouds, like fog that enveloped distant mountains. I am convinced that this is the earth. Unfortunately, I could not leave the ship in a difficult position to explore it. But everything is ahead. As long as I called it by your name, so that on any geographical map you will now find heartfelt greetings from your Mongotimo Hawkclaw, as you once called me. How long ago, my God! However, I'm not complaining. We will see you and everything will be fine. But one thought, one thought torments me! "

Place of writing and date in the letter

Letter of appeal

In the letter we see the appeal "Mashenka". In addition, it should be noted the use of the diminutive-affectionate suffix -ENK- in this word, which indicates a positive, kind attitude of the writer to his addressee. Yes, Ivan Lvovich loves his Mashenka, otherwise how can the following phrase be explained: “I write and reread my endless letter and write again and see that I’m just chatting with you, and there are so many important things to say”. These words are consonant with Pushkin's intimate lyrics.

Greetings in a letter

Information part

In the informational part, the hero notes: "I became a poet out of grief." The description lines do not leave indifferent either: "From time to time garlands of frost are torn from the rigging and with a quiet rustle crumble down." This proposal shows that before us is not only the discoverer of the northern unknown distance, but simply a person who sees and admires beauty. Captain Tatarinov's fortitude is great. He instilled it in the soul of his team. This is evidenced by the poetic lines, which he cites as a demonstration of the poetic talent of the cook Kolpakov. In them we see a sense of purpose-determination towards the intended goal, a desire to overcome all obstacles and, of course, love for "Mother Russia". The analyzed fragments of the letter show us a vivid example of figurative speech, although, again, you can see interspersed professional vocabulary: gunwale, rigging. The combination of common words and professionalism suggests that Captain Tatarinov, even in a letter to a loved one, does not forget about his duty to the Fatherland.

The next snippet is a business report. The hero himself writes: “I am sending with Klimov a package addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Administration. These are my observations, letters of service and a report that tells the story of our drift. " Captain Tatarinov describes his great discoveries simply, but reading the lines of his letter, one can see the excitement of the hero. With a sinking heart, he writes to his Mashenka that the “new” land is named after her: “While I called it by your name, so on any geographical map you will now find heartfelt greetings…”. Again we see Ivan Lvovich's touching feelings for his wife, which, as strange as it may sound, are connected with the science of geographical discoveries of the Far North.

Severnaya Zemlya ... In gazetteers we read: “Severnaya Zemlya is located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean. From the west, the shores of the archipelago are washed by the waters of the Kara Sea, from the east - by the Laptev Sea. Severnaya Zemlya is separated from the continental part of Krasnoyarsk Territory by the Vilkitsky Strait, 130 kilometers long and wide at the narrowest point between Cape Chelyuskin and the southern tip of the Tranze Islands off the coast of Bolshevik Island - 56 km. The most distant point from the mainland is Cape Zemlyanoy on Schmidt Island, remote from the Taimyr Peninsula

by 470 kilometers. The northernmost point of the islands is Cape Arctic onkomsomolets island (81 ° 16 "22.92" north latitude), the distance from it to the North Pole is 990.7 km, so the cape is often used as a starting point for Arctic expeditions, the most southern is Cape Neupokoeva on Bolshevik Island (77 ° 55 "11.21" north latitude), the westernmost - an unnamed cape in the extreme west of Shmid-ta island (90 ° 4 "42.95" east longitude), the most eastern - in the area of \u200b\u200bCape Baza on Maly Taimyr Island (107 ° 45 "55.67" east longitude). Distance from north to south - 380 kilometers, from west to east - 404 kilometers.

The archipelago was discovered in 1913 by the hydrographic expedition of 1910-1915 by Boris Vilkitsky. "

There is a clash of geographical truth and literary truth, the way V. Kaverin sees it. I will not prove the reliability of the names and surnames, as well as who discovered the Northern Land. This is the lot of other research. But the accuracy of the syllable of the "objective" Ivan Lvovich is amazing. Moreover, he conducts a thorough study of his discovery. He writes: "... being at latitude 79 ° 35" between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silver stripe, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. On April 3, the strip turned into a matte lunar shield, and the next day we saw very strange clouds, like fog that enveloped distant mountains. I am convinced that this is the earth. "This entry is accompanied not only by the degree measures to help pinpoint the object, but also dates. For the discoverer, this is very important. that Klimov will not be able to deliver information about the discovery, he devotes his wife to his secret, although he writes about this, starting with the phrase "... just in case I am writing to you about our discovery."

The ending of the letter

At the end of the fragment we see the final phrases: “How long ago, my God! However, I'm not complaining. We'll see you and everything will be fine. " The rhetorical exclamation immediately fulfills two functions: on the one hand, Ivan Lvovich is horrified by the long separation, and on the other, he tries to convey to his wife the desire to see her, while calling God as a witness. This is followed by lines full of optimism and calmness. Knowing his difficult position, he does not want to strain Maria Vasilievna's heart. Therefore, the words sound so promising: "We will see you and everything will be fine."

3.4 Analysis of the "third" excerpt from the letter.

Place of writing and date in the letter

In this fragment, the date and place of writing are not indicated. This suggests that this passage is part of the letter.

Greetings in a letter

There is no greeting in the letter.

Letter of appeal and informational part

Coming to the analysis of the third fragment, I would like to note a certain mixture in compositional terms. The address is used in a slightly different form: "I pray you for one thing." There is no name, no beautiful words, but everything is very clear: using verbs in the imperative mood, Captain Tatarinov exactly orders his wife to fulfill his request - not to believe Nikolai Antonovich, the captain's brother. Ivan Lvovich does not slander a person. God alone probably knows how hard these lines were for him. He blames a loved one for many of the failures of the expedition, but he does it out of words, and backing up his arguments with evidence: "... of the sixty dogs he sold to us in Arkhangelsk, most of them had to be shot on Novaya Zemlya." The tragic notes in the letter of Captain Tatarinov sound like a sentence: "We can safely say that we owe all our failures only to him." The feeling of surprise and despair sound like an alarm bell in the lexical repetition: "We took a risk, we knew that we were taking a risk, but we did not expect such a blow." However, the feeling of love for family and loved ones to the heart of people overcomes the bitterness of loss and hardship. The plot line breaks off quickly, and captain Tatarinov again cannot find words to describe everything that he sees and experiences. He remembers his daughter, affectionately calls her "Katyusha". Again the same technique that we observed in the second fragment: the presence of diminutive-affectionate suffixes is a symbol of the manifestation of positive emotions and feelings.

The ending of the letter

Pitying and reassuring his spouse, Ivan Lvovich does not lie, but speaks the truth, no matter how bitter it may be. The last lines sound tragic. But hope dies last. And again the imperative mood. It no longer acts as an order, but as a request from the heart "you still don't wait too much ...".

Conclusion

Writing is a direct reflection of the natural communicative act, which is realized in the most direct form and is not burdened by genre restrictions imposed by all other types of creative activity. Consideration of the addressee determines a wide choice for attracting various contact-fixing means. These means include epistolary units.

In our work, we made a systematic analysis of these units in the letters of Captain I. L. Tatarinov to Maria Vasilievna, his wife. At the same time, we considered these units as compositional structures of the letter. We used 3 fragments, most likely from one letter, since there is no evidence of the number of letters in the novel.

It seems natural, expedient and logical to study the experience accumulated by the epistolary genre by the end of the twentieth century, to see how it manifests itself at the final stage of its existence. All this determined the goal of our work - to identify the features of epistolary units in the letters of Captain Tatarinov to the above addressee.

Based on the goal, we carried out a systematic analysis of the epistolary units, identified the features of their functioning depending on the addressee and the nature of the letter. Compositional writing consists of three parts: the beginning, the informational part and the ending.

The following components are distinguished in the beginning:

1. Place of writing and date in the letter.

For the letters of Captain Tatarinov, the writing of the date with the designation of the day and month is not typical. Only a year is given. This is observed in the first fragment, in the remaining fragments the dates are missing.

2. Conversion.

In the analyzed excerpts, the most widespread are figurative appeals that express a special trusting, friendly disposition towards the addressee. This is achieved through the use of unusual epithets, diminutive suffixes.

3. Greetings.

In all the fragments, Captain Tatarinov goes over without unnecessary prefaces to the informational part. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the correspondence is quite well-established. The hero does not use a greeting, knowing that this will not offend the addressee, since a trusting relationship has already developed between the participants in the correspondence.

4. Informational part.
The informational part of Ivan Lvovich's letters differs in that each new input of information almost always begins with a new paragraph. Therefore, the messages are practically unrelated to each other and are able to exist separately from each other. 5. The ending of the letter.

At the end of the letter, many of the constituent elements are missing. So, the epistolary requirements are to a greater extent observed in relation to the farewell and the result written. The signature occurs only once: "... hello from your Mongotimo Hawkclaw."

So, we can state that the epistolary style, once strictly observed, does not disappear. The letter in its traditional form does not go away, but only changes. However, this fact does not at all mean its complete mutation, perhaps it is only an adaptation to new technical conditions.

The study of these processes is of undoubted interest and will allow you to see the prospects for new forms of expression of human relations.

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Captain Tatarinov's letters

“My friend, my dear, dear Mashenka!
About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through a telegraphic expedition to the Yugorsk Shar. But how much has changed since then, I cannot tell you! To begin with, then we walked freely along the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention - to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining! A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as some of my companions - "childish" or "reckless" ...
**********

“… Reaching considerable depth in places. Among one such field is our “St. Maria “, up to the gunwale covered with snow. From time to time garlands of frost are torn from the rigging and crumble down with a quiet rustle. As you can see, Mashenka, out of grief I became a poet. However, we also have a real poet - our cook Kolpakov. Cheerful soul! He sings his poem all day long. Here are four lines to remember:
Under the flag of Mother Russia
The captain and I will go
And we will round the coast of Siberia
With your handsome ship.

I write and re-read my endless letter and write again and see that I am just chatting with you, and there is so much more important to say. I am sending a packet with Klimov addressed to the head of the Hydrographic Department. These are my observations, service letters and a report that tells the story of our drift. But just in case, I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula on the maps. Meanwhile, at latitude 79 ° 35 "between meridians 86 and 87 east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, extending from the horizon itself. On April 3rd, the strip turned into a matte lunar shield, and the next day we saw very strange in shape clouds, like a fog that enveloped the distant mountains. I am convinced that this is the earth. Unfortunately, I could not leave the ship in a difficult position to explore it. But everything is ahead. As long as I called it by your name, so that on any geographical map you will now find heartfelt greetings from your Mongotimo Hawkclaw, as you once called me. How long ago, my God! However, I am not complaining ... However, I am not complaining, "I continued to recall, mumble, confused that here is one more word, one more, and then I forgot, I did not remember. "I am not complaining. We will see you and everything will be fine. But one thought, one thought torments me!"
********

“… It is bitter to think that everything could have been completely different. I know he will justify himself, perhaps he will be able to convince you that I am the only one to blame. I pray you one thing: do not trust this person! We can safely say that we owe all our failures only to him. It is enough that of the sixty dogs he sold to us in Arkhangelsk, most of them had to be shot on Novaya Zemlya. That's how dear this service cost us! I'm not the only one - the whole expedition curses him. We took risks, we knew we were taking risks, but we did not expect such a blow. It remains to do everything in our power. How much I could tell you about our journey! There would be enough stories for Katyushka for the whole winter. But what a price you have to pay, my God! I don't want you to think that our situation is hopeless. But you still don't expect too much ... "

Letter addressed to Captain I. L. Tatarinov

October 2012, Tambov

Hello Ivan Lvovich! Vladimir Yurin, a cadet of the “Multidisciplinary Cadet Corps” in Tambov, is addressing you with greetings and best wishes. Addressing you my letter, I am filled with excitement. So I want to shout: "Hello to the discoverer of the northern open spaces, hello to the twentieth century from the twenty-first century!"

At the beginning of my letter, I want to inform you that you are a legendary person! Firstly, your discoveries helped the development of Russian science, and secondly, they became the material for creating a wonderful novel written by V. Kaverin. This piece shocked every cadet in our corps.

Ivan Lvovich, unfortunately, I didn't have to know you personally, but I really want to be like you. I, like you, love to read. I have this passion for books since childhood. I especially like adventure and historical novels, in which courageous, strong-minded people appear. They, like you, charge with tremendous energy. And after that, at least to the North Pole, at least to the Sahara Desert.

You are a real hero! People like you and your team members have shown an example of inimitable patriotism. Love for the Motherland ... What can be more valuable and more important for a person of any time. Each of us absorbed this feeling with mother's milk. As a mother is sacred to a person, so is the Motherland.

Reading the pages of the novel, I was moved to the depths of my soul by your feelings addressed to close people. You love your family. Understanding the complexity of the current situation, you still do not lose heart, but remain an optimist, plus a romantic. Being apart from your loved ones, being separated by thousands of kilometers, you continue to think and take care of them, regardless of the distance.

The fortitude of your character is mesmerizing. I would like to be like you in many ways.

I guess my eyes sparkle as I write these lines. But I really want to say a lot. I have a dream - to become a military man. Probably, this choice, in part, I owe to you, because those features of a real man that you possessed attract me. You didn't like fame, high-flown speeches. The smell of ambition is also alien to me, but the fighting spirit of a real fighter boils in my soul.

At the end of my letter, I would like to express my gratitude to you for a good example to follow. You have become a hero not only of the Kaverin novel, but also a hero for many generations of boys. Head up, Captain Tatarinov! Your words, which have become the motto of many of us, will be remembered forever. "Fight and seek, find and not give up!"

Sincerely, Vladimir.

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Introduction

mythological novel image

"Two captains" - adventure novel soviet the writer Veniamin Kaverin, which was written by him in the years 1938-1944. The novel went through more than a hundred reprints. Kaverin was awarded for him Stalin Prize second degree (1946). The book has been translated into many foreign languages. First published: the first volume in the magazine "Koster", No. 8-12, 1938. The first separate edition - V. Kaverin. Two captains. Drawings, binding, flyleaf and title of Yu. Syrnev. Frontispiece by V. Konashevich. M.-L. Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, publishing house of children's literature 1940 464 p.

The book tells about the amazing fate of a mute from a provincial town Enska, who honorably goes through the trials of war and homelessness in order to win the heart of his beloved girl. After the unfair arrest of his father and the death of his mother, Alexander Grigoriev was sent to an orphanage. Having escaped to Moscow, he ends up first in a distribution center for street children, and then in a commune school. He is irresistibly attracted by the apartment of the school director Nikolai Antonovich, where the latter's cousin, Katya Tatarinova, lives.

Katya's father, Captain Ivan Tatarinov, who in 1912 led the expedition that discovered the Northern Land, disappeared without a trace several years ago. Sanya suspects that Nikolai Antonovich, in love with Katya's mother, Maria Vasilievna, contributed to this. Maria Vasilievna believes Sana and commits suicide. Sanya is accused of libel and kicked out of the Tatarinovs' house. And then he takes an oath to find an expedition and prove his case. He becomes a pilot and collects information about the expedition bit by bit.

After the start Great Patriotic War Sanya serves in Air force... During one of the sorties, he discovers a ship with Captain Tatarinov's reports. The finds become the final touch and allow him to shed light on the circumstances of the death of the expedition and to justify himself in the eyes of Katya, who had previously become his wife.

The motto of the novel - the words "Fight and seek, find and not give up" - this is the final line from the textbook poem lord Tennyson « Ulysses" (in the original: To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield). This line is also engraved on the cross in memory of the deceased expeditions R. Scott to the South Pole, on the Observation Hill.

The novel was screened twice (in 1955 and in 1976), and in 2001 the musical "Nord-Ost" was created based on the novel. The heroes of the film, namely the two captains, were given a memorial "yatnik in the writer's homeland, in Psokov, which is referred to in the novel as the town of Ensk. In 2001, a museum of the novel was created in the Psokov children's library."

In 2003, the main square of the city of Polyarny in the Murmansk region was named the Two Captains Square. It was from this place that the expeditions of the navigators Vladimir Rusanov and Georgy Brusilov set out on a voyage.

Relevance of the work.The theme “Mythological basis in V. Kaverin's novel“ Two Captains ”” was chosen by me because of its high degree of relevance and significance in modern conditions. This is due to the wide public response and active interest in this issue.

To begin with, it should be said that the topic of this work is of great educational and practical interest to me. The problematic of the issue is very relevant in modern reality. From year to year, scientists and experts are paying more and more attention to this topic. Here it is worth noting such names as Alekseev D.A., Begak B., Borisova V., who made a significant contribution to the study and development of conceptual issues of this topic.

The amazing story of Sani Grigoriev, one of the two captains in Kaverin's novel, begins with an equally amazing find: a bag full of letters. However, it turns out that these "worthless" foreign letters are still quite suitable for the role of a fascinating "epistolary novel", the content of which soon becomes a common asset. The letter, which tells about the dramatic history of the Arctic expedition of Captain Tatarinov and addressed to his wife, acquires fateful significance for Sani Grigoriev: his whole further existence turns out to be subordinated to the search for the addressee, and subsequently - to the search for the missing expedition. Guided by this high aspiration, Sanya literally bursts into someone else's life. Having turned into a polar pilot and a member of the Tatarinov family, Grigoriev essentially replaces and displaces the deceased hero-captain. So, from the appropriation of someone else's letter to the appropriation of someone else's fate, the logic of his life unfolds.

The theoretical basis of the course workserved as monographic sources, materials of scientific and industry periodicals directly related to the topic. The prototypes of the heroes of the work.

Object of study:plot and images of heroes.

Subject of study: mythological motives, plots, symbols in creativity in the novel "Two Captains".

Purpose of the study: complex consideration of the question of the influence of mythology on the novel by V. Kaverin.

To achieve this goal, the following were set tasks:

Reveal the attitude and frequency of Kaverin's appeal to mythology;

To study the main features of mythological heroes in the images of the novel "Two Captains";

Determine the forms of penetration of mythological motives and plots into the novel "Two Captains";

Consider the main stages of Kaverin's appeal to mythological subjects.

To solve the set tasks, methods such as descriptive, historical-comparative are used.

1. N conceptro mythological themes and motives

The myth stands at the origins of verbal art, mythological representations and plots occupy a significant place in the oral folklore tradition of various peoples. Mythological motives played a big role in the genesis of literary plots, mythological themes, images, characters are used and reinterpreted in literature almost throughout its history.

In the history of the epic, military strength and courage, the "fierce" heroic character completely overshadow witchcraft and magic. Historical tradition is gradually pushing back the myth, the mythical early time is transformed into the glorious era of the early powerful statehood. However, some features of the myth can be preserved in the most developed epics.

Due to the fact that in modern literary criticism there is no term "mythological elements", at the beginning of this work it is advisable to define this concept. For this, it is necessary to turn to works on mythology, which present opinions about the essence of myth, its properties, functions. It would be much easier to define mythological elements as constituent parts of a particular myth (plots, heroes, images of animate and inanimate nature, etc.), but when giving such a definition, one should also take into account the subconscious appeal of the authors of works to archetypal constructions (as V. N. Toporov, “some features in the work of great writers could be understood as sometimes an unconscious appeal to elementary semantic oppositions, well known in mythology”, B. Groys speaks about “archaic, about which we can say that it is also at the beginning of time , as well as in the depths of the human psyche as its unconscious beginning. "

So, what is the myth, and after it - what can be called mythological elements?

The word "myth" (mkhYuipzh) - "word", "story", "speech" - comes from ancient Greek. Initially, it was understood as a set of absolute (sacred) value-worldview truths opposed to everyday empirical (profane) truths expressed by an ordinary "word" (eTrpzh), notes prof. A.V. Semushkin. Since the V century. BC, writes J.-P. Vernan, in philosophy and history, the "myth" opposed to the "logos", with which they initially coincided in meaning (only later did logos begin to mean the ability to think, reason), acquired a derogatory connotation, denoting a fruitless, unfounded statement, devoid of support on strict evidence or reliable evidence (however, even in this case, he, disqualified from the point of view of truth, did not apply to the sacred texts about gods and heroes).

The predominance of mythological consciousness refers mainly to the archaic (primitive) era and is associated primarily with its cultural life, in the system of semantic organization of which myth played a dominant role. The English ethnographer B. Malinovsky gave the myth primarily the practical functions of maintaining

However, the main thing in the myth is the content, and not at all the correspondence with the historical evidence. In myths, events are considered in time sequence, but often the specific time of the event does not matter and only the starting point for the beginning of the story is important.

In the XVII century. English philosopher Francis Bacon in his work "On the Wisdom of the Ancients" argued that myths in poetic form preserve the most ancient philosophy: moral maxims or scientific truths, the meaning of which is hidden under the cover of symbols and allegories. Free fantasy, expressed in myth, according to the German philosopher Herder is not something absurd, but is an expression of the childhood age of mankind, "the philosophical experience of the human soul, which dreams before waking up."

1.1 Signs and characteristicsmyth

Mythology as a science of myth has a rich and long history. The first attempts to rethink the mythological material were made in antiquity. But to date, there has not been a single generally accepted opinion about the myth. Of course, there are points of contact in the works of researchers. Based on these points, it seems to us possible to single out the main properties and features of the myth.

Representatives of various scientific schools focus on different aspects of the myth. So Raglan (Cambridge Ritual School) defines myths as ritual texts, Cassirer (a representative of the symbolic theory) speaks of their symbolism, Losev (the theory of mythopoetism) - on the coincidence in the myth of a common idea and a sensual image, Afanasyev calls myth the most ancient poetry, Barthes - a communicative system ... The existing theories are summarized in Meletinsky's book The Poetics of Myth.

The article by A.V. The Guligs list the so-called "signs of myth":

1. Fusion of the real and the ideal (thought and action).

2. Unconscious level of thinking (mastering the meaning of the myth, we destroy the myth itself).

3. Syncretism of reflection (this includes: the indivisibility of the subject and the object, the absence of differences between the natural and the supernatural).

Freudenberg notes the essential characteristics of myth, giving it a definition in his book "Myth and Literature of Antiquity": "Figurative representation in the form of several metaphors, where there is no our logical, formal logical causality and where thing, space, time are understood indivisibly and concretely, where man and the world are subject-object-unity, - this special constructive system of figurative representations, when it is expressed in words, we call a myth. " Based on this definition, it becomes clear that the main characteristics of the myth follow from the peculiarities of mythological thinking. Following the works of A.F. Loseva V.A. Markov argues that in mythological thinking they do not differ: object and subject, thing and its properties, name and object, word and action, society and space, man and the universe, natural and supernatural, and the universal principle of mythological thinking is the principle of participation (“everything there is everything ”, the logic of shapeshifting). Meletinsky is sure that mythological thinking is expressed in an indistinct separation of subject and object, object and sign, thing and word, creature and its name, thing and its attributes, single and multiple, spatial and temporal relations, origin and essence.

In their works, various researchers note the following characteristics of the myth: sacralization of the mythical "time of the first creation", which is the reason for the established world order (Eliade); indivisibility of image and meaning (Potebnya); general animation and personalization (Losev); close connection with the ritual; cyclical time model; metaphorical nature; symbolic meaning (Meletinsky).

In the article "On the interpretation of myth in the literature of Russian symbolism" G. Shelogurova tries to draw preliminary conclusions about what is meant by myth in modern philological science:

1. The myth is unanimously recognized as a product of collective artistic creation.

2. The myth is determined by the lack of distinction between the plane of expression and the plane of content.

3. The myth is seen as a universal model for constructing symbols.

4. Myths are the most important source of plots and images at all times of the development of art.

1.2 Functions of myth inworks

Now it seems to us possible to define the functions of myth in symbolic works:

1. The myth is used by the Symbolists as a means to create symbols.

2. With the help of myth, it becomes possible to express some additional ideas in the work.

3. A myth is a means of generalizing literary material.

4. In some cases, the Symbolists use myth as an artistic device.

5. The myth serves as a visual, meaningful example.

6. Based on the above, the myth cannot but fulfill a structuring function (Meletinsky: “Mythologism has become a tool for structuring the narrative (using mythological symbolism)”). one

In the next chapter, we will consider how fair our conclusions are for the lyric works of Bryusov. To do this, we study the cycles of different times of writing, entirely built on mythological and historical subjects: "Lovers of the Ages" (1897-1901), "Eternal Truth of Idols" (1904-1905), "Eternal Truth of Idols" (1906-1908), "Powerful shadows "(1911-1912)," In the mask "(1913-1914).

2. The mythology of the images of the novel

The novel by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains" is one of the brightest works of Russian adventure literature of the 20th century. This story of love and loyalty, courage and determination has not left indifferent either an adult or a young reader for many years.

The book was called "a novel of education", "an adventure novel", "an idyllic-sentimental novel", but it was not accused of self-deception. And the writer himself said that "this is a novel about justice and that it is more interesting (and said so!) To be honest and courageous than a coward and a liar." And he also said that it was "a novel about the inevitability of truth."

On the motto of the heroes of the "Two Captains" "Fight and seek, find and not give up!" more than one generation of those has grown up who adequately responded to all kinds of challenges of the time.

Fight and seek, find and not give up. From English: That strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. The primary source is the poem "Ulysses" by the English poet Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), whose 70 years of literary activity are dedicated to the valiant and happy heroes. These lines were carved on the grave of the polar explorer Robert Scott (1868-1912). Eager to reach the South Pole first, he nevertheless came second, three days after the Norwegian pioneer Roald Amundsen had been there. Robert Scott and his companions died on the way back.

In Russian, these words became popular after the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin (1902-1989). The main character of the novel, Sanya Grigoriev, who dreams of polar expeditions, makes these words the motto of his whole life. Quoted as a phrase-symbol of loyalty to their goal and their principles. "Fighting" (including with one's own weaknesses) is the first task of a person. To “seek” means to have a humane goal in front of you. “Find” is to make a dream come true. And if there are new difficulties, then “don't give up”.

The novel is filled with symbols that are part of mythology. Every image, every action has a symbolic meaning.

This novel can be considered a hymn to friendship. Sanya Grigoriev carried this friendship throughout his life. An episode when Sanya and his friend Petka made a "bloody oath of friendship." The words the boys uttered were: "Fight and seek, find and not give up"; they turned into a symbol of their lives as the heroes of the novel, determined their character.

Sanya could have died during the war, his profession was dangerous in itself. But in spite of everything, he survived and fulfilled his promise to find the missing expedition. What helped him in life? A high sense of duty, perseverance, perseverance, dedication, honesty - all these character traits helped Sanya Grigoriev survive in order to find traces of the expedition and Katya's love. “You have such love that the most terrible grief will recede in front of it: it will meet, look into the eyes and retreat. Nobody else, it seems, knows how to love like that, only you and Sanya. So strong, so stubborn, all my life. Where is there to die when you are so loved? - says Pyotr Skovorodnikov.

In our time, the time of the Internet, technology, speed, such love may seem like a myth to many. And how you want it to touch everyone, provoke them to accomplish feats and discoveries.

Once in Moscow, Sanya meets the Tatarinov family. Why is he drawn to this house, what attracts him? The Tatarinovs' apartment becomes for the boy something like Ali-Baba's cave with its treasures, mysteries and dangers. Nina Kapitonovna, who feeds Sanya with lunches, is a "treasure", Maria Vasilievna, "neither a widow, nor a husband's wife," who always walks in black and often sinks into melancholy - "a mystery", Nikolai Antonovich - "danger." In this house he found many interesting books with which he "fell ill" and the fate of Katya's father, Captain Tatarinov, excited and interested him.

It is difficult to imagine how Sani Grigoriev's life would have turned out if an amazing person Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov had not met on his way. One frosty winter evening, someone knocked on the window of the house where two small children lived. When the children opened the door, an exhausted frostbitten man burst into the room. This was Doctor Ivan Ivanovich, who had escaped from exile. He lived with the children for several days, showed the children tricks, taught them to bake potatoes on sticks, and most importantly, taught the dumb boy to talk. Who could have known then that these two people, a little dumb boy and an adult who was hiding from all people, would be bound by a strong faithful male friendship for life.

Several years will pass, and they will meet again, the doctor and the boy, in Moscow, in the hospital, and the doctor will fight for the boy's life for many months. The new meeting will take place in the Arctic, where Sanya will work. Together they, the polar pilot Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov, will fly to save a man, fall into a terrible blizzard, and only thanks to the resourcefulness and skill of the young pilot will they be able to land a faulty plane and spend several days in the tundra among the Nenets. Here, in the harsh conditions of the North, the true qualities of both Sani Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov will manifest themselves.

Three meetings between Sanya and the doctor also have a symbolic meaning. First, three is a fabulous number. This is the first number in a number of traditions (including ancient Chinese), or the first of the odd numbers. Opens a number series and qualifies as a perfect number (image of absolute perfection). The first number to which the word "everything" is assigned. One of the most positive numbers-emblems in symbolism, religious thought, mythology and folklore. Sacred, lucky number 3. It bears the meaning of high quality or high degree of expressiveness of the action. It shows mainly positive qualities: the sacredness of a perfect deed, courage and tremendous strength, both physical and spiritual, the importance of something. In addition, the number 3 symbolizes the completeness and completeness of some sequence that has a beginning, middle and end. The number 3 symbolizes the integrity, the threefold nature of the world, its versatility, the trinity of the creative, destructive and preserving forces of nature - reconciling and balancing their beginning, happy harmony, creative perfection and good luck.

Secondly, these meetings changed the life of the protagonist.

As for the image of Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov, it is very reminiscent of the mythological biblical image of Judas Iscariot, who betrayed his mentor, his brother in Christ Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. Nikolai Antonovich also betrayed his cousin, sending his expedition to certain death. Portrait and actions of N.A. Tatarinova is also very close to the image of Judas.

None of the disciples noticed when this red-haired and ugly Jew first appeared near Christ, but for a long time he relentlessly walked along their path, intervened in conversations, provided small services, bowed, smiled and cursed. And then he became completely accustomed, deceiving the weary vision, then suddenly he caught his eyes and ears, irritating them, like something unprecedentedly ugly, deceitful and disgusting.

A bright detail in Kaverin's portrait is a kind of accent that helps to demonstrate the essence of the person being portrayed. For example, Nikolai Antonovich's thick fingers resembling "some hairy caterpillars, it seems, cabbage mongrels" (64) - a detail that adds negative connotations to the image of this person, as well as constantly emphasized in the portrait "a golden tooth that previously somehow illuminated everything face ”(64), but faded towards old age. The golden tooth will become a sign of the absolute falsity of the antagonist Sani Grigoriev. Constantly "striking" incurable acne on the face of Sanya's stepfather is a sign of impurity of thoughts and dishonesty of behavior.

He was a good manager, and the pupils respected him. They came to him with different proposals, and he listened carefully to them. Sana Grigoriev also liked it at first. But when he was at their home, he noticed that everyone did not treat him well, although he was very attentive to everyone. With all the guests who came to them, he was kind and cheerful. He did not like Sanya and every time he visited them, he began to teach him. Despite his pleasant appearance, Nikolai Antonovich was a mean, low man. This is evidenced by his actions. Nikolai Antonovich - he made it so that most of the equipment on the schooner Tatarinov was unusable. Almost the entire expedition was killed by this man! He persuaded Romashov to eavesdrop on everything that was said about him at school and to inform him. He arranged a whole conspiracy against Ivan Pavlovich Korablev, wanting to expel him from school, because the guys loved and respected him and because he asked for the hand of Marya Vasilyevna, whom he himself was deeply in love with and whom he wanted to marry. It was Nikolai Antonovich who was to blame for the death of his brother Tatarinov: it was he who was engaged in equipping the expedition and did everything possible so that it did not come back. He in every possible way prevented Grigoriev from conducting an investigation into the case of the missing expedition. Moreover, he took advantage of the letters that Sanya Grigoriev found, and defended himself, became a professor. In an effort to escape punishment and shame in the event of exposure, he exposed another person, von Vyshimirsky, under attack, when all the evidence proving his guilt was collected. These and other actions speak of him as a low, mean, dishonorable, envious person. How much villainy he committed in his life, how many innocent people he killed, how many people he made unhappy. He is worthy only of contempt and condemnation.

What kind of person is Chamomile?

Sanya met Romashov at school 4 - a commune, where Ivan Pavlovich Korablev took him. Their beds were side by side. The boys became friends. Sanya did not like in Romashov that he talked about money all the time, saved it up, lent it at interest. Very soon Sanya became convinced of the meanness of this man. Sanya learned that, at the request of Nikolai Antonovich, Romashka overheard everything that was said about the head of the school, wrote it down in a separate book, and then reported it to Nikolai Antonovich for a fee. He also told him that Sanya had heard the plot of the teachers' council against Korablev and wanted to tell his teacher about everything. Another time, he dirty gossip to Nikolai Antonovich about Katya and Sanya, for which Katya was sent on vacation to Ensk, and Sanya was no longer allowed into the Tatarinovs' house. The letter that Katya wrote to Sanya before her departure did not reach Sanya either, and this was also the work of Chamomile. Chamomile sank to the point that he rummaged in Sani's suitcase, wanting to find some dirt on him. The older Daisy got, the more his meanness became. He even went so far that he began to collect documents for Nikolai Antonovich, his beloved teacher and patron, proving his guilt in the death of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, and was ready to sell them to Sanya in exchange for Katya, with whom he was in love. Why sell important papers, he was ready to kill a childhood friend in cold blood in order to fulfill his dirty goals. All of Chamomile's actions are low, mean, dishonorable.

* What brings Camomile and Nikolai Antonovich closer, how are they similar?

These are low, mean, cowardly, envious people. To achieve their goals, they commit dishonest acts. They stop at nothing. They have neither honor nor conscience. Ivan Pavlovich Korablev calls Nikolai Antonovich a terrible person, and Romashov a person who has absolutely no morality. These two people stand against each other. Even love doesn't make them prettier. In love, both are selfish. In achieving their goals, they put their interests, their feelings above all else! Disregarding the feelings and interests of the person they love, acting low and mean. Even the war did not change Chamomile. Katya reflected: "He saw death, he became bored in this world of pretense and lies, which was his world before." But she was deeply mistaken. Romashov was ready to kill Sanya, because no one would have known about this and he would have remained unpunished. But Sanya was lucky, fate favored him again, and again, giving chance after chance.

Comparing "The Two Captains" with the canonical examples of the adventure genre, we easily discover that V. Kaverin masterfully uses a dynamically intense plot for a broad realistic narration, during which the two main characters of the novel - Sanya Grigoriev and Katya Tatarinova - tell with great sincerity and excitement "about time and about myself. " All kinds of adventures here are by no means an end in themselves, for they do not determine the essence of the story of the two captains - these are only the circumstances of the real biography, put by the author as the basis of the novel, which eloquently testifies that the life of Soviet people is full of rich events, that our heroic time is full of exciting romance.

"Two Captains" is, in essence, a novel about truth and happiness. In the fate of the protagonist of the novel, these concepts are inseparable. Of course, Sanya Grigoriev wins a lot in our eyes because he accomplished many feats in his life - he fought against the Nazis in Spain, flew over the Arctic, fought heroically on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, for which he was awarded several military orders. But it is curious that for all his exceptional perseverance, rare diligence, composure and strong-willed determination, Captain Grigoriev does not perform exceptional feats, his chest is not decorated with the Hero's Star, as many readers and sincere fans of Sanya would probably like. He accomplishes such feats as can be accomplished by every Soviet person who passionately loves his socialist homeland. Does Sanya Grigoriev lose from this in any way? Of course not!

In the hero of the novel we are conquered not only by his actions, but by his entire emotional makeup, his heroic character in its very inner essence. Have you noticed that about some of the exploits of his hero, committed by him at the front, the writer is simply silent. The point, of course, is not the number of feats. Before us is not so much a desperately brave man, a sort of captain "rip his head" - before us, first of all, a principled, convinced, ideological defender of the truth, before us is the image of a Soviet youth, "Shaken by the idea of \u200b\u200bjustice" as the author himself points out. And this is the main thing in the appearance of Sani Grigoriev, which captivated us in him from the very first meeting - even when we knew nothing about his participation in the Great Patriotic War.

We already knew that Sanya Grigoriev would grow up to be a courageous and brave person when we heard the boy's oath "Fight and seek, find and not give up." We, of course, throughout the entire novel are concerned about the question of whether the main character will find the traces of Captain Tatarinov, whether justice will prevail, but we are really captured by himself process achieving the set goal. This process is difficult and complicated, but that is why it is interesting and instructive for us.

For us, Sanya Grigoriev would not be a true hero if we knew only about his exploits and knew little about the formation of his character. In the fate of the hero of the novel, his difficult childhood is also important for us, and his courageous clashes during his school years with the scoundrel and self-lover Romashka, with the cleverly disguised careerist Nikolai Antonovich, and his pure love for Katya Tatarinova, and loyalty to no matter what. became a noble boyish oath. And how magnificently the dedication and perseverance in the character of the hero is revealed when we follow step by step how he achieves the implementation of his intended goal - to become a polar pilot in order to be able to fly in the skies of the Arctic! We cannot ignore his passion for aviation and polar travel, which absorbed Sanya while still at school. Therefore, Sanya Grigoriev becomes a courageous and brave person, that he does not lose sight of the main goal of his life for a single day.

Happiness is won through work, truth is affirmed in the struggle - such a conclusion can be drawn from all the trials of life that fell to the lot of Sani Grigoriev. And, frankly, there were quite a few of them. As soon as homelessness ended, clashes with strong and dodgy enemies began. Sometimes he suffered temporary setbacks, which he had to endure very painfully. But strong natures do not bend from this - they are tempered in severe trials.

2.1 The mythology of the novel's polar discoveries

Any writer has the right to fiction. But where does it go, the line, the invisible line between truth and myth? Sometimes they are so closely intertwined, as, for example, in the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin, a work of fiction that most reliably resembles the real events of 1912 in the development of the Arctic.

Three Russian polar expeditions entered the Northern Ocean in 1912, all three ended tragically: the expedition of V.A. Rusanov. perished entirely, the expedition of Brusilov G.L. - almost entirely, but in the expedition of G. Sedov. I killed three, including the head of the expedition. In general, the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century were interesting for through voyages along the Northern Sea Route, the Chelyuskin epic, heroes of Papanin.

The young, but already well-known writer V. Kaverin became interested in all this, became interested in people, bright personalities, whose deeds and characters aroused only respect. He reads literature, memoirs, collections of documents; listens to stories N.V. Pinegin, friend and member of the expedition of the brave polar explorer Sedov; sees finds made in the mid-thirties on unnamed islands in the Kara Sea. Also during the Great Patriotic War, he himself, being a correspondent for Izvestia, visited the North.

And in 1944 the novel "Two Captains" was published. The author was literally inundated with questions about the prototypes of the main characters - Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev. He took advantage of the history of two brave conquerors of the Far North. From one I took on a courageous and clear character, purity of thought, clarity of purpose - everything that distinguishes a person of a great soul. It was Sedov. The other has the actual history of his journey. It was Brusilov. " These heroes became the prototypes of Captain Tatarinov.

Let's try to figure out what is true, what is a myth, how the writer Kaverin managed to combine the realities of the expeditions of Sedov and Brusilov in the history of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. And although the writer himself did not mention the name of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Rusanov among the prototypes of the hero of Captain Tatarinov, some facts claim that the realities of Rusanov's expedition were also reflected in the novel "Two Captains".

Lieutenant Georgy Lvovich Brusilov, a hereditary sailor, in 1912 led an expedition on the sailing-steam schooner "Saint Anna". He intended to pass with one wintering from St. Petersburg around Scandinavia and further along the Northern Sea Route to Vladivostok. But "Saint Anna" did not come to Vladivostok either a year later or in subsequent years. On the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the ice covered the schooner, she began to drift northward, to high latitudes. The ship failed to break free of ice captivity in the summer of 1913. During the longest drift in the history of Russian Arctic research (1575 kilometers in a year and a half), Brusilov's expedition conducted meteorological observations, depth measurements, studied currents and ice regime in the northern part of the Kara Sea, which until that time was completely unknown to science. Almost two years of ice captivity have passed.

On April 23 (10), 1914, when the "Saint Anna" was at 830 north latitude and 60 0 east longitude, with Brusilov's consent, eleven crew members left the schooner, led by navigator Valerian Ivanovich Albanov. The group hoped to reach the nearest coast, Franz Josef Land, in order to deliver the materials of the expedition, which allowed scientists to characterize the underwater relief of the northern part of the Kara Sea and identify a meridional depression at the bottom about 500 kilometers long (the St. Anna Trough). Only a few people reached the Franz Josef archipelago, but only two of them, Albanov himself and the sailor A. Konrad, were lucky to escape. They were quite accidentally discovered at Cape Flora by members of another Russian expedition under the command of G. Sedov (Sedov himself had already died by this time).

The schooner with G. Brusilov himself, sister of mercy E. Zhdanko, the first woman to participate in the high-latitude drift, and eleven crew members disappeared without a trace.

The geographical result of the campaign of the navigator Albanov's group, which cost the lives of nine sailors, was the assertion that King Oscar and Peterman, previously marked on the maps of the Land, do not actually exist.

We know, in general terms, the drama of St. Anne and her crew thanks to Albanov's diary, which was published in 1917 under the title South to Franz Josef Land. Why were only two saved? This is quite clear from the diary. The people in the group that left the schooner were very motley: strong and weak, reckless and weak in spirit, disciplined and dishonest. Those who had the most chance survived. Albanov from the ship "St. Anna" was transferred mail to the mainland. Albanov reached, but none of those to whom they were intended received the letters. Where did they go? This is still a mystery.

And now let's turn to Kaverin's novel "Two Captains". From the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, only the navigator of the long voyage I. Klimov returned. This is what he writes to Maria Vasilievna, the wife of Captain Tatarinov: “I hasten to inform you that Ivan Lvovich is alive and well. Four months ago, in accordance with his instructions, I left the schooner and with me thirteen crew members. I will not talk about our difficult journey to Franz Josef Land on floating ice. I can only say that from our group I alone safely (except for the frostbitten legs) reached Cape Flora. The "Saint Foka" of Lieutenant Sedov's expedition picked me up and took me to Arkhangelsk. "Holy Mary" froze in the Kara Sea and since October 1913 has been constantly moving northward along with the polar ice. When we left, the schooner was at latitude 820 55. "She stands calmly in the middle of the ice field, or rather, stood from the autumn of 1913 until I left."

Sanya Grigoriev's senior friend, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov, almost twenty years later, in 1932, explains to Sanya that the group photo of the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov “was presented by the navigator of the“ St. Mary ”Ivan Dmitrievich Klimov. In 1914 he was brought to Arkhangelsk with frostbitten feet, and he died in a city hospital from blood poisoning. " After the death of Klimov, two notebooks and letters remained. The hospital sent these letters to the addresses, but the notebooks and photographs remained with Ivan Ivanovich. The persistent Sanya Grigoriev once said to Nikolai Antonich Tatarinov, a cousin of the missing captain Tatarinov, that he would find the expedition: "I do not believe that she disappeared without a trace."

And so in 1935, Sanya Grigoriev, day after day, parses Klimov's diaries, among which he finds an interesting map - a map of the drift of "St. Mary" "from October 1912 to April 1914, and the drift was shown in those places where the so-called Earth lay. Peterman. “But who knows that this fact was first established by Captain Tatarinov on the schooner“ Saint Mary ”?” - exclaims Sanya Grigoriev.

Captain Tatarinov had to go from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. From the captain's letter to his wife: “About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through a telegraphic expedition to the Yugorsky Shara. We walked freely on the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining. A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as to some of my companions - childish or reckless. "

What is this thought? Sanya finds the answer to this in the notes of Captain Tatarinov: “The human mind was so absorbed in this task that its solution, despite the harsh grave that travelers mostly found there, became a continuous national competition. Almost all civilized countries took part in this competition, and only there were no Russians, but meanwhile the ardent impulses of the Russian people to open the North Pole manifested themselves in the time of Lomonosov and have not faded away to this day. Amundsen wants to leave Norway the honor of opening the North Pole at all costs, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat. " (From a letter to the head of the Main Hydrographic Directorate, April 17, 1911). So this is where Captain Tatarinov was aiming !. "He wanted, like Nansen, to go as far north as possible with drifting ice, and then get to the pole on dogs."

Tatarinov's expedition failed. Even Amundsen said: "The success of any expedition depends entirely on its equipment." Indeed, his brother Nikolai Antonovich rendered a "disservice" in the preparation and equipment of Tatarinov's expedition. For reasons of failure, Tatarinov's expedition was similar to G.Ya. Sedov, who in 1912 tried to penetrate the North Pole. After 352 days of ice captivity off the north-western coast of Novaya Zemlya in August 1913, Sedov took the ship “Holy Great Martyr Fock” out of the bay and sent it to Franz Josef Land. The Foka's second wintering site was Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island. On February 2, 1914, Sedov, despite complete exhaustion, accompanied by two sailors - volunteers A. Pustoshny and G. Linnik on three dog sleds went to the Pole. After a severe cold, he died on February 20 and was buried by his companions at Cape Auk (Rudolf Island). The expedition was poorly prepared. G. Sedov was new to the history of the exploration of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, he did not know the latest maps of the ocean section along which he was going to reach the North Pole. He himself did not check the equipment thoroughly. His temperament, desire to conquer the North Pole faster at all costs prevailed over the clear organization of the expedition. So these are important reasons for the outcome of the expedition and the tragic death of G. Sedov.

Earlier it was already mentioned about the meetings of Kaverin with Pinegin. Nikolai Vasilievich Pinegin is not only an artist and writer, but also a researcher of the Arctic. During Sedov's last expedition in 1912, Pinegin shot the first documentary about the Arctic, the footage of which, combined with the artist's personal memories, helped Kaverin to brighten up the picture of the events of that time.

Let's go back to Kaverin's novel. From a letter from Captain Tatarinov to his wife: “I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula on the maps. Meanwhile, being at latitude 790 35 "east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. I am convinced that this is the land. So far I called it by your name." Sanya Grigoriev finds out that it is was Severnaya Zemlya, discovered in 1913 by Lieutenant B.A. Vilkitsky.

After defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia needed to have its own way of escorting ships to the Great Ocean, so as not to depend on Suez or other channels of warm countries. The authorities decided to create a Hydrographic Expedition and carefully survey the least difficult section from the Bering Strait to the mouth of the Lena, so that it would be possible to pass from east to west, from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk or St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition was A.I. Vilkitsky, and after his death, since 1913 - his son, Boris Andreevich Vilkitsky. It was he who, during the navigation of 1913, dispelled the legend about the existence of Sannikov Land, but discovered a new archipelago. On August 21 (September 3), 1913, a huge archipelago covered with eternal snow was seen north of Cape Chelyuskin. Consequently, from Cape Chelyuskin to the north is not an open ocean, but a strait, later called the B. Vilkitsky Strait. The archipelago was originally named the Land of Emperor Nicholas II. It has been called the Northern Land since 1926.

In March 1935, the pilot Alexander Grigoriev, having made an emergency landing on the Taimyr Peninsula, accidentally discovered an old brass hook, which had turned green with time, with the inscription “Schooner“ Holy Mary ”. Nenets Ivan Vylko explains that a boat with a hook and a man was found by local residents on the coast of Taimyr, the coast closest to Severnaya Zemlya. By the way, there is reason to believe that it was no coincidence that the author of the novel gave the Nenets hero the surname Vylko. A close friend of the Arctic explorer Rusanov, a participant in his 1911 expedition was the Nenets artist Ilya Konstantinovich Vylko, who later became the chairman of the council of Novaya Zemlya (“President of Novaya Zemlya”).

Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov was a polar geologist and navigator. His last expedition on the motor-sailing ship "Hercules" sailed to the Arctic Ocean in 1912. The expedition reached the Spitsbergen archipelago and discovered four new coal deposits there. Rusanov then made an attempt to go through the Northeast Passage. Having reached Cape Desire on Novaya Zemlya, the expedition went missing.

It is not known exactly where the Hercules died. But it is known that the expedition not only sailed, but also some part of it went on foot, for "Hercules" almost certainly died, as evidenced by objects found in the mid-30s on the islands near the Taimyr coast. In 1934, on one of the islands, hydrographers discovered a wooden post on which is written "Hercules - 1913". Traces of the expedition were found in the Minin skerries off the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and on Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya). And in the seventies the search for Rusanov's expedition was conducted by the expedition of the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. In the same area, two hooks were found, as if in confirmation of the intuitive guess of the writer Kaverin. According to experts, they belonged to the Rusanovites.

Captain Alexander Grigoriev, following his motto "Fight and seek, find and not give up", in 1942 still found the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, or rather, what was left of it. He calculated the path that the captain Tatarinov had to take, if it is considered indisputable that he returned to Severnaya Zemlya, which he called "The Land of Mary": from 790 35 latitude, between the 86th and 87th meridians, to the Russian Islands and to the Nordenskjold archipelago. Then, probably after many wanderings from Cape Sterlegov to the mouth of the Pyasina, where the old Nenets Vylko found a boat on sledges. Then to the Yenisei, because the Yenisei was for Tatarinov the only hope to meet people and help. He walked along the seaward side of the coastal islands, if possible - straight. Sanya found the last camp of Captain Tatarinov, found his farewell letters, photographic films, found his remains. Captain Grigoriev conveyed to the people the farewell words of Captain Tatarinov: “It’s bitter for me to think about all the deeds that I could have done if they didn’t just help me, but at least not hinder me. What to do? One consolation is that by my labors vast new lands were discovered and annexed to Russia. "

In the novel's finale, we read: “The ships entering the Yenisei Gulf from afar see the grave of Captain Tatarinov. They walk past her with flags at half-mast, and a mourning salute thunders from cannons, and a long echo rolls on without stopping.

The tomb was built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the unsetting polar sun.

At the height of human growth, the following words are carved:

“The body of Captain I.L. Tatarinov, who made one of the most courageous journeys and died on the way back from the Severnaya Zemlya discovered by him in June 1915. Fight and seek, find and not give up! "

Reading these lines of Kaverin's novel, one involuntarily recalls the obelisk erected in 1912 in the eternal snows of Antarctica in honor of Robert Scott and four of his comrades. There is a gravestone inscription on it. And the final words of the poem "Ulysses" by the classic of British poetry of the 19th century Alfred Tennyson: "To strive, to seek, to find and not yield" (which translated from English means: "Fight and seek, find and not give up!"). Much later, with the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin, these very words became the life motto of millions of readers, a loud appeal for Soviet polar explorers of different generations.

Probably, the literary critic N. Likhacheva was wrong, who attacked The Two Captains when the novel was not yet fully published. After all, the image of Captain Tatarinov is generalized, collective, fictional. The right to fiction gives the author an artistic style, not a scientific one. The best traits of the characters of the Arctic explorers, as well as mistakes, miscalculations, historical realities of the expeditions of Brusilov, Sedov, Rusanov - all this is associated with the hero of Kaverin.

And Sanya Grigoriev, like Captain Tatarinov, is the fiction of the writer. But this hero also has his own prototypes. One of them is professor-geneticist M.I. Lobashov.

In 1936, in a sanatorium near Leningrad, Kaverin met the silent, always internally focused young scientist Lobashov. “This was a man in whom fervor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance with an amazing definition of purpose. He knew how to succeed in any business. A clear mind and the ability to deeply feel were visible in every judgment. " In everything, the character traits of Sani Grigoriev are guessed. And many of the specific circumstances of Sanya's life were directly borrowed by the author from Lobashov's biography. These are, for example, the silence of Sanya, the death of his father, homelessness, the commune school of the 1920s, the types of teachers and students, falling in love with the daughter of a school teacher. Talking about the history of the creation of "Two Captains", Kaverin noticed that, unlike the parents, sister, comrades of the hero, about whom the prototype of Sanya told, only individual touches were outlined in the teacher Korablev, so that the image of the teacher was completely created by the writer.

Lobashov, who became the prototype of Sani Grigoriev, told the writer about his life, immediately aroused an active interest in Kaverin, who decided not to let his imagination run wild, but to follow the story he had heard. But for the hero's life to be perceived naturally and vividly, he must be in conditions personally known to the writer. And unlike the prototype, who was born on the Volga, and graduated from school in Tashkent, Sanya was born in Ensk (Pskov), and graduated from school in Moscow, and she absorbed much of what happened in the school where Kaverin studied. And the state of Sanya the youth also turned out to be close to the writer. He was not a member of an orphanage, but in the Moscow period of his life he was left completely alone in a huge, hungry and deserted Moscow. And, of course, I had to spend a lot of energy and will so as not to get lost.

And the love for Katya that Sanya carries through her whole life is not invented and embellished by the author; Kaverin is also here next to his hero: having married a twenty-year-old boy to Lidochka Tynyanova, he remained faithful to his love forever. And how much in common is the mood of Veniamin Alexandrovich and Sani Grigoriev when they write to their wives from the front, when they are looking for them, taken from besieged Leningrad. And Sanya fights in the North, too, because Kaverin was a military commander of TASS, and then Izvestia was in the Northern Fleet and knew firsthand both Murmansk and Polyarnoye, and the specifics of the war in the Far North, and its people.

Another person who was well acquainted with aviation and who knew the North perfectly — the talented pilot S.L. Klebanov, a wonderful, honest person, whose consultations in the study by the author of flying business were invaluable. From the biography of Klebanov, the story of a flight to the remote camp of Vanokan entered the life of Sani Grigoriev, when a disaster broke out on the way.

In general, according to Kaverin, both prototypes of Sani Grigoriev resembled each other not only by their stubbornness of character and extraordinary determination. Klebanov even outwardly resembled Lobashov - short, dense, stocky.

The great skill of the artist lies in creating such a portrait in which everything that is his and everything that is not his becomes his own, deeply original, individual.

Kaverin has a wonderful property: he gives the heroes not only his own impressions, but also his habits, and relatives, and friends. And this cute touch brings the characters closer to the reader. In the novel, the writer endowed Valya Zhukov with the desire of his older brother Sasha to cultivate the power of gaze, looking at the black circle drawn on the ceiling for a long time. Doctor Ivan Ivanovich, during a conversation, suddenly throws a chair to his interlocutor, which must be caught by all means - this was not invented by Veniamin Alexandrovich: K.I. loved to talk so much. Chukovsky.

The hero of the novel "Two Captains" Sanya Grigoriev lived his own unique life. Readers seriously believed in him. And for more than sixty years, readers of several generations have understood and close this image. Readers admire his personal qualities of character: by willpower, thirst for knowledge and search, loyalty to the given word, dedication, perseverance in achieving the goal, love for the homeland and love for his work - all those that helped Sanya to reveal the mystery of Tatarinov's expedition.

The beginning of the story

The novel is set in the city of Ensk, where a dead postman is found. With him, a bag full of letters is found that never reached those to whom they were intended. Ensk is a city that is not rich in events, therefore such an incident becomes known everywhere. Since the letters were no longer destined to reach the addressees, they were opened and read by the whole city.

One of these readers is Aunt Dasha, whom the main character, Sanya Grigoriev, listens to with great interest. He is ready to listen for hours to stories described by strangers. And he especially likes stories about polar expeditions, written for the unknown Maria Vasilievna.

Time passes, and a black streak begins in Sanya's life. His father is imprisoned for life on murder charges. The guy is sure that his dad is innocent, because he knows the real criminal, but he is unable to speak and can do nothing to help his loved one. The gift of speech will return later with the help of Dr. Ivan Ivanovich, who by the will of fate ended up in their house, but for now the family, consisting of Sanya, his mother and sister, remains without a breadwinner, plunging into ever greater poverty.

The next challenge in the boy's life is the appearance of a stepfather in their family, who, instead of improving their unsweetened life, makes it even more unbearable. The mother dies, and against their will they want to send the children to an orphanage.

Then Sasha, together with a friend named Petya Skovorodnikov escapes to Tashkent, having given each other the most serious oath in their lives: "Fight and seek, find and not give up!" But the guys were not destined to get to the cherished Tashkent. They ended up in Moscow.

Life in Moscow

Further, the narrator departs from the fate of Petit. The fact is that friends get lost in an unusually huge city, and Sasha ends up in a school-commune alone. At first he becomes discouraged, but then he realizes that this place can be useful and fateful for him.

And so it turns out... It is in the boarding school that he meets people who are important for later life:

Loyal friend Valya Zhukov;
The real enemy is Misha Romashov, nicknamed Daisy;
Geography teacher Ivan Pavlovich Korablev;
School director Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov.

Subsequently, Sasha meets on the street an elderly woman with obviously heavy bags and volunteers to help her carry her burden home. During the conversation, Grigoriev realizes that the woman is a relative of Tatarinov, the director of his school. At the lady's house, the young man meets her granddaughter Katya, who, although she seems somewhat arrogant, still likes him. As it turned out, it was mutual.

Katya's mother's name is Maria Vasilievna... Sasha is surprised at how sad this woman constantly looks. It turns out that she experienced great grief - the loss of her beloved husband, who was at the head of the expedition when he went missing.

Since everyone considers Katina's mother a widow, teacher Korablev and the director of the school Tatarinov show interest in her. The latter is also the cousin of Maria Vasilievna's missing husband. And Sasha often begins to appear at Katya's house in order to help with the housework.

Facing injustice

The geography teacher wants to bring something new to the lives of his students and organizes a theatrical performance. A feature of his venture is that the roles were handed out to hooligans, who were subsequently influenced in the best way.

After that, the geographer suggested to Katina mom to marry him. The woman had warm feelings for the teacher, but she could not accept the offer, and it was rejected. The school director, who is jealous of Korablev for Maria Vasilievna and envies his success in raising children, commits a low act: he convenes a pedagogical council, at which he announces his decision to remove the geographer from classes with schoolchildren.

By coincidence, Grigoriev learns about this conversation and tells Ivan Pavlovich about it. This leads to the fact that Tatarinov summons Sasha, accuses him of snitching and prohibits him from appearing in Katya's apartment. Sanya has no choice but to think that it was the geography teacher who let it slip about who told him about the collective meeting.

Deeply hurt and disappointed, the young man decides to leave the school and the city. But he still does not know that he is sick with the flu, spilling over into meningitis. The disease is so complicated that Sasha loses consciousness and ends up in the hospital. There he meets with the same doctor who helped him start speaking after his father's arrest. Then a geographer visits him. He explains to the student and says that he kept the secret told to him by Grigoriev. So it wasn't the teacher who passed it to the director.

School education

Sasha returns to school and continues to study. Once he was given the task of drawing a poster that would encourage the guys to enter the Society of Friends of the Air Force. In the process of creativity Grigoriev the thought came that he would like to become a pilot. This idea absorbed him so much that Sanya began to fully prepare to master this profession. He began to read special literature and prepare himself physically: to temper and play sports.

After some time, Sasha resumes communication with Katya. And then he learns more about her father, who was the captain of the "Saint Mary". Grigoriev compares the facts and understands that it was precisely the letters of Katya's father about polar expeditions that came to Ensk then. It also turned out that the headmaster and part-time cousin of Katya's father were outfitting her.

Sasha understands that he has strong feelings for Katya. At the school ball, unable to cope with the impulse, he kisses Katya. But she does not take this step of his seriously. However, their kiss had a witness - none other than Mikhail Romashov, an enemy of the protagonist. As it turned out, he had long been an informer of Ivan Antonovich and even kept notes about everything that could be of interest to the director.

Tatarinov, who dislikes Grigoriev, again forbids Sasha to appear in Katya's house, and indeed to maintain any kind of communication with her. To surely separate them, he sends Katya to the city of Sasha's childhood - Ensk.

Grigoriev was not going to give up and decided to follow Katya. Meanwhile, the face of the one who was the culprit of his misadventures was revealed to him. Sasha caught Mikhailwhen he got into the guy's personal belongings. Not wanting to leave this offense unpunished, Grigoriev hit Romashov.

Sasha goes for Katya to Ensk, where he visits Aunt Dasha. The woman saved the letters, and Grigoriev was able to reread them again. A more conscious approach to the matter, the young man understood more new things and was eager to find out how Katya's father disappeared, and what relation the director Tatarinov could have to this incident.

Grigoriev told about the letters and his guesses to Katya, who handed them over to her mother upon her return to Moscow. Unable to survive the shock of the fact that their relative Nikolai Antonovich, whom the family trusted, was the culprit in the death of her husband, Maria Vasilievna committed suicide. Out of grief, Katya blamed Sanya for the death of her mother and refused to see and talk to him. Meanwhile, the director prepared documents that would justify his guilt in the incident. This evidence was presented to the geographer Korablev.

Sanya is going through hard separation from his beloved. He believes that they are never destined to be together, but he cannot forget Katya. Nevertheless, Grigoriev manages to pass test exams and get the profession of a pilot. First of all, he goes to the place where Katya's father's expedition disappeared.

New meeting

Sanya was lucky, and he found the diaries of Katya's father about the expedition on the "St. Mary". After this, the guy decides to return to Moscow with two goals:

Congratulate your teacher Korablev on his anniversary;
Meet your beloved again.

In the end, both goals were achieved.

Meanwhile, the dastardly director's business is getting worse. He is subjected to blackmail by Romashov, into whose hands fall papers testifying to Tatarinov's betrayal of his brother. With the help of these documents, Mikhail hopes for the following achievements:

Successfully defend a thesis under the guidance of Nikolai Antonovich;
Marry his niece Katya.

But Katya, who forgave Sasha after the meeting, believes the young man and leaves her uncle's house. Subsequently, she agrees to become Grigoriev's wife.

Years of war

The war that began in 1941 separated the spouses... Katya ended up in besieged Leningrad, Sanya ended up in the North. Nevertheless, the loving couple did not forget about each other, continued to believe and love. Sometimes they had the opportunity to receive news about each other that the dearest person was still alive.

However, this time is not in vain for the couple. During the war, Sana manages to find evidence of what he was sure of almost all the time. Tatarinov was indeed involved in the disappearance of the expedition. In addition, Grigoriev's longtime enemy Romashov again showed his meanness by leaving the wounded Sanya to die during the war. For this, Mikhail was brought to trial. At the end of the war, Katya and Sasha finally found each other and reunited so that they would never get lost.

Moral of the book

An analysis of the novel leads to an understanding of the author's main idea that the main thing in life is to be honest and faithful, to find and keep your love. After all, only this helped the heroes to cope with all adversities and find happiness, even if it was not easy.

The above content is a very concise retelling of a voluminous book that does not always have enough time to read. However, if this story did not leave you indifferent, reading the full volume of the work will certainly help you to spend time with pleasure and benefit.

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