Musical instruments of the peoples of the world help to understand the history and culture of a nation. With their help, people extract sounds, combine them into compositions and create music. She is able to embody the emotions, mood, feelings of musicians and their listeners. Sometimes a rather nondescript-looking instrument produces such magical, amazing music that the heart begins to beat in unison. There are several types of instruments: strings, keyboards, percussion. There are also several subspecies, such as bowed strings and plucked strings. Musical instruments of different peoples of the world have absorbed the traditions of their region, region, country. Here's a description of a few of them.

Shamisen

The Japanese shamisen is a stringed musical instrument from the plucked string category. It consists of a small body, fretless fretboard and three strings, and is typically less than 100cm overall. Its sound range is two to four octaves. The thickest of the three strings is called savari, thanks to which the instrument is able to emit a characteristic vibrating sound.

Shamisen first appeared in Japan at the end of the 16th century thanks to Chinese traders. The instrument quickly became popular with street musicians and party organizers. In 1610, the first works were written specifically for the shamisen, and in 1664 the first collection of musical compositions was published.

Like many other musical instruments of the peoples of the world, the shamisen was considered the prerogative of the lower strata of the population. However, after the Second World War, the situation changed dramatically and they began to show more respect for him. The shamisen is used by musicians during performances of the famous Japanese kabuki theater.

Sitar

The Indian sitar also belongs to the class of stringed plucked musical instruments. Classic and modern melodies are performed on it. It consists of an elongated, rounded body with two resonators, a hollow neck with metal curved frets. The front panel is usually richly decorated with ivory and rosewood. The sitar has 7 main strings and 9-13 resonating strings. The melody is created with the main strings, while the rest resonate and produce a unique sound that no other instrument can achieve. The sitar is played with a special pick, which is put on the index finger. This musical instrument appeared on the territory of India in the XIII century during the formation of Muslim influence.

Bagpipes

In the list of musical instruments of the peoples of the world, the name "bagpipes" is probably one of the most famous. An amazing wind instrument with a sharp sound is popular in many European countries, and in Scotland it is national. The bagpipe consists of a leather sack made of calf or goat hide, with several pipes made of reed. During the game, the musician fills the tank with air, then presses on it with his elbow and thus makes it sound.

The bagpipe is one of the oldest musical instruments on the planet. Thanks to the simplest device, they were able to manufacture and master it several thousand years ago. The image of a bagpipe is found in ancient manuscripts, frescoes, bas-reliefs, and figurines.

Bongo

Drums occupy a special place in the list of musical instruments of the peoples of the world. The photo shows a bongo - famous Cuban origin. It consists of two small drums of different sizes, fastened together. The larger one is called hembra, which is Spanish for "female". It is considered "feminine" and the smaller one is called "macho" and is considered "masculine". "Female" tunes lower and is on the right side of the musician. The bongo is traditionally played with the hands in a sitting position, pressing the drums between the calves.

Maraca

Another one of the most ancient musical instruments of the peoples of the world. It was invented by the Taino Indians - the indigenous inhabitants of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas. It is a rattle that, when shaken, produces a characteristic rustling sound. Today, maracas have become popular throughout North America and far beyond.

Dried fruits of the gueira tree or calabash tree were used for the production of the instrument. The fruits can be up to 35 cm long and have an extremely hard shell. For musical instruments, fruits of a small size with a regular oval shape are suitable. First, two holes are drilled in the fruit, the pulp is removed and dried. After that, small pebbles and seeds of various plants are poured inside. The number of stones and seeds is always different, so each maraca has a unique sound. Then a handle is attached to the instrument.

As a rule, musicians play two maracas, holding them in both hands. Also, maracas are sometimes made from coconuts, woven willow branches, dried skin.

The world is full of various, amazing and unusual sounds. Merging together, they turn into a melody: pacifying and cheerful, funny and sad, romantic and disturbing. Taking inspiration from the sounds of nature, man created musical instruments with the help of which it is possible to recreate the most impressive, sentimental melodies. And besides world-famous instruments such as piano, guitar, drum, saxophone, violin and others, there are musical instruments that are no less interesting both in appearance and in sound. We offer you to familiarize yourself with the ten most interesting musical instruments in the world.

Whistle

This musical instrument is the core of Irish culture. It is rare when Irish music does without the sound of this authentic instrument: cheerful jigs, fast polkas, soulful airs - in each of the presented directions you can feel the voice of a whistle.

The instrument is an elongated flute with a whistle at one end and 6 holes on the obverse. As a rule, whistles are made of tin, but tools made of wood, plastic and silver also have a right to exist.

The history of the appearance of the whistle goes back to the 11-12 century. It is these times that the first memories of this instrument are dated. The whistle is easy to make from scrap materials, which is why the instrument was especially appreciated among the common people. Closer to the 19th century, a general standard for a whistle was established - an oblong shape and 6 holes used for playing. The Englishman Robert Clark made the greatest contribution to the development of the instrument: he proposed to make the instrument from light metal - tinplate. Due to its hoarse and perky sound, the whistle is very fond of the Irish people. Since then, this instrument has become the most recognizable folk instrument.

The principle of playing the whistle is very simple, and so much so that even if you have never picked up this instrument, after 2-3 hours of hard training you can play your first melody. Whistle is both simple and complex instrument. The difficulty lies in its sensitivity to breathing, and the simplicity lies in its easy fingering.

Jew's harp

This oldest reed instrument has practically not changed in appearance over the centuries of its existence. From the Old Church Slavonic "vargi" means "mouth". It is in the name of the instrument that the method of extracting sounds from the instrument is hidden. The harp is most widespread among the peoples of the north: Eskimos, Yakuts, Bashkirs, Chukchi, Altai, Tuvinians and Buryats. With this unusual tool, locals express their emotions, feelings and moods.

Jew's harps are made of wood, metal, bones and other exotic materials that influence the sound of the instrument in their own way. The reliability and durability of the jew's harp also depends on the material used.

It is almost impossible to describe the sound of an instrument - it is better to hear its melody once than to read its description 10 times. But nevertheless, we can confidently say that the melody emanating from the playing of the jew's harp is velvety, soothing, tune into thought. But learning to play the jew's harp is not so easy: in order to extract a melody from an instrument, you need to learn how to control your diaphragm, articulation and breathing. Indeed, in the process of playing, not the instrument itself sounds, but the body of the musician.

Glass harmonica

Perhaps one of the rarest musical instruments. It is a construction of glass hemispheres of different diameters strung on a metal rod. The structure is fixed in the resonator box. Play the glass harmonica with slightly moistened fingertips by rubbing or tapping.

The first information about the glass harmonica is known from the middle of the 17th century. Then the instrument was a set of 30-40 glasses, on which they played, gently touching their edges. During the game, the musicians produced such unusual, exciting sounds that it seemed as if hundreds of glass balls were falling to the ground.

After the grandiose tour of the Irishman Richard Pakrich across England in 1744, the instrument became so famous and we wish that other famous musicians began to learn how to play it. Moreover, the great composers of that time, Mozart, Beethoven and Richard Strauss, captivated by the beauty of the harmonica sound, wrote the best compositions especially for this instrument.

However, in those days it was believed that the sound of a glass harmonic negatively affects the human psyche: it violates the state of mind, causes premature birth in pregnant women, and leads to mental disorder. In this regard, in some German cities, the instrument was banned at the legislative level. At the beginning of the 20th century, the art of playing the glass harmonica was forgotten. But everything well forgotten comes back someday. So it happened with this wonderful instrument: Viktor Kramer, a director from St. Petersburg, in Glinka's opera presented at the Bolshoi Theater, successfully used a glass harmonica, returning it to its rightful place in contemporary art.

Hang

An amazing musical instrument, one of the newest inventions of our time. Hang was invented in Switzerland in 2000 by Felix Rohner and Sabine Scherer. The creators of the instruments claim that the basis of playing an exotic percussion instrument is the feeling, feeling of the music and the instrument itself. And the owner of the hang must have perfect ear for music.

The Hang is made up of a pair of metal hemispheres that together form a disc, similar to a flying saucer. The upper part (aka front) of the hang is called DING; 7-8 tonalities are located on it, enclosed in a musical circle. They are denoted by small hollows, and in order to get a certain tonality of the melody, you need to hit one or another hollow.

The bottom of the instrument is called GU. It has a deep hole in which the musician's fist should be. The structure of this disc acts as a resonance and sound modulation.

Bonang

Bonang is an Indonesian percussion musical instrument. Consists of a set of bronze gongs, which are fixed with cords and horizontally placed on a wooden stand. At the top, in the central part of each gong, there is a bulge - a pencha. It is she who makes the sound if you knock on it with a wooden stick with a winding at its end made of cotton fabric or rope. Burnt clay balls suspended under gongs are often used as resonators. Bonang sounds soft and melodious, its sound fades out slowly.

Kazoo

Kazu is an American folk instrument. Used in skiffle style music. It is a small cylinder, tapering towards the end, made of metal or plastic. A metal stopper with a membrane made of tissue paper is inserted into the middle of the instrument. It is very simple to play the kazoo: it is enough to sing in the kazoo, and the tissue paper will do its job - it will change the musician's voice beyond recognition.

Erhu

Erhu is a stringed bowed musical instrument, it is also an ancient Chinese two-stringed violin, which uses metal strings.

Scientists cannot say exactly where and when the first erhu instrument was created, since it is a nomadic instrument, which means that it changed its geographical location along with the nomadic tribes. It has been established that the approximate age of the erhu is 1000 years. The instrument became popular during the Tang Dynasty, which fell in the 7-10th century AD.

The first erhu were somewhat shorter than the modern ones: their length was 50-60 cm, and today it is 81 cm. The instrument consists of a body (resonator) of a hexagonal or cylindrical shape. The body is made of high quality wood and snakeskin membrane. The erhu neck is where the strings are attached. At the top of the neck is a curved head with a pair of tuning pegs. Erhu strings are usually made of metal or animal veins. The bow is made curved. The bow string is made from horsehair, and the rest is made from bamboo.

The main difference between erhu and other violins is that the bow should be fastened between two strings. Thus, the bow becomes a single whole and inseparable from the base of the instrument. During the game, the erhu is held in a horizontal position, resting the leg of the instrument on your knee. The bow is played with the right hand, while the fingers of the left hand press the strings so that they do not touch the neck of the instrument.

Nickelharpa

Nickelharpa is a Swedish folk musical instrument from the category of bowed strings. Due to the fact that its development lasted for over 600 years, the instrument has several modifications. The first mention of the existence of the nickelharpa is at the gate leading to the Schlunge Church on the island of Gotland: they depict two musicians playing this instrument. This image was created back in 1350.

The modern modification of nickelharpa has 16 strings and about 37 wooden keys that slide under the strings while playing. Each key moves up the slide, where, reaching its top, it squeezes the string, changing its sound. The player with a short bow runs along the strings, and with his left hand presses the keys. Nickelharpa allows you to play melodies in the 3 octave range. Its sound is similar to a regular violin, only it sounds with much greater resonance.

Ukulele

One of the most interesting musical instruments is the ukulele - a stringed plucked instrument. The ukulele is a miniature ukulele with 4 strings. It appeared back in 1880 thanks to three Portuguese who arrived in Hawaii in 1879 (as the legend says). In general, the ukulele is a consequence of the development of the Portuguese cavachinho plucked instrument. Outwardly it resembles a guitar, with the only difference - a reduced shape and the presence of only 4 strings.

There are 4 types of ukulele:

• soprano - instrument length 53 cm, the most common type;
• concert instrument - 58 cm long, slightly larger, sounds louder;
• tenor - a relatively new model (created in the 20s of the last century) 66 cm long;
• baritone - the largest model with a length of 76 cm, appeared in the 40s of the last century.

There are also custom ukuleles in which 8 strings are paired and tuned in unison. The result is a full, surround sound of the instrument.

Harp

Perhaps the most amazing, interesting and melodic instrument is the harp. The harp itself is large, but its sound is so exciting that sometimes you just don’t understand how it can be so delightful. So that the instrument does not seem slovenly, its frame is decorated with carvings, making it graceful. Strings of different lengths and thicknesses are pulled over the frame so that they form a mesh.

In ancient times, the harp was considered an instrument of the gods, in the middle - theologians and monks, then it was ranked among aristocratic predilections, and today it is considered an excellent instrument on which you can perform absolutely any melodies.

The sound of the harp cannot be compared with anything: it is deep, exciting imagination, unearthly. Thanks to the capabilities of the instrument, the harp is an irreplaceable member of symphony orchestras.

There are many amazing musical instruments in the world. And they all sound in a special way, creating melodies that touch the soul. Each of the tools presented above certainly deserves attention. But still, we should not forget about the well-known violins, guitars, pianos, flutes and other equally beautiful and interesting instruments. After all, they are the basis of human culture and the best way to express feelings and emotions.

Lecture “ Musical Instruments of the World "

Guys, imagine a world without music. How boring it would be. So why is music important to us regardless of age? In it we express our thoughts and feelings unusually strongly and vividly. Music is one of the oldest arts. Does it give birth to music ...? (musical instrument).

Today we will talk about the origin, types or groups of musical instruments, see illustrations of the first instruments that appeared more than 9000 years ago. And we will also get acquainted with the instruments of different nations.

Music is one of the oldest arts. During archaeological excavations, tools were found dating back to the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC, which are the prototypes of the existing ones.(Slide 2)

The first musical instruments were made from animal bones - holes were hollowed out in them for blowing air.(Slide 3) ... They were also widespread (beater, rattle, rattle made from dried fruits with seeds or pebbles inside).

The appearance of the drum testified that people had discovered the property of resonating empty objects. They began using the dried leather by stretching it over an empty vessel.(Slide 4)

Wind instruments used sound extraction by blowing air. The material for them was the stems of reeds, reeds, even shells, and later - wood and metal.(Slide 5).

Many modern instruments have evolved from ancient Egyptian ones.

In ancient Greece, music also played a large role. And the name of the harp comes from the name of the ancient musician Orpheus (Slide 6)

Currently, there are 2 types of musical instruments - folk and symphonic orchestra instruments that have arisen on their basis. In both types of musical instruments, there are several main groups: wind, percussion, strings.

Guys, tell me, is there a language in the world that is understood by all people in the world?

Yes, it's the language of music

Right. Each nation has its own musical language, as well as its own spoken language. And this musical language, in contrast to the spoken language, is understandable to all other peoples without translation. Tell me, what musical characteristics do different peoples inhabiting our land have?

Each nation has its own musical instruments, national dances, folk songs and its own composers, its own musical culture.

The peoples of different countries have their own national music. The music of some peoples of the world hardly changes from century to century. We will now learn about the music of some peoples of the world.

1. China. (Slide 7)

Chinese Peking Opera combines acrobatics, pantomime, song and dance. Musicians play gongs, bells, drums, strings and peculiar organs -sheng.

2. India. (Slide 8) Tabla drums and string instruments - sitars are very popular here.Sitar appeared in the XIII century. I counted 7 main strings. Its progenitor is the Tajik setor.

3. Africa. (Slide 9) + video.In many parts of Africa, a plucked instrument is common, made of thin steel tongues fixed in half of a cleaned and dried pumpkin. Different reeds produce different notes. In addition, shells strummed, attached to the pumpkin rind. The tool is calledbark. 21 strings. A master playing the kora is called a jali, and when he attains mastery he must make the instrument himself. Its sound is similar to that of a harp.

4. Australia. (Slide 10)Australian aborigines perform complex rhythms with sticks and rattles. They also play long wind instruments- didgeridoo.

5. Japan. (Slide 11)In Japan, there is a special musical style called “no theater”, which combines music, dance, poetry and distinctive costumes. The actors chant the words to the rhythm of the drum. Musicians accompany the dances by playing flutes, drums and strings- shamisenah.

6. Indonesia. (Slide 12) + video.Indonesian National Orchestra called"gamelan" ... It consists of instruments similar to xylophones and metallophones. Each musician in it performs his part of the same melody.

7. Moldavian folk instrument isfluer. (Slide 13) It is made from valuable wood species. An ancient tool of shepherds (shepherds) who used it to collect livestock into a herd. It is also found in the Balkan countries.
8. Brazilian folk instrument isagogo. (Slide 14) + video. He is of African descent. Agogo is an instrument consisting of two or three bells of different colors without tongues, connected by a curved metal handle, and sometimes from sawn nuts planted on a wooden handle. Despite its non-impressive size, it is indispensable in Brazilian national music, for example, in the music of carnival samba and capoeira.

9. American folk instrument is consideredbanjo, brought from Africa to America by prisoners in about 1784. Over time, it was reworked, adding quint frets. Used as a rhythmic instrument in jazz bands.(Slide 15)

10. Ukrainian folk instrument is considered to bebandura, which appeared around the XII century. It is believed that she descended from an old kobza. By the 15th year, it had become so popular that bandura players were invited to the court. Over time, it was modified, and today the academic bandura has 60 strings, when it originally had 7-9 strings.(Slide 16)

Moving on to Europe.(Slides 17, 18)

11. Most famous inScotland instrument - Scottishbagpipes.

12. Spain. It is in Spaincastanets used more than in other countries.(Slide 19)

13. Italy. Mandolin it was in Naples that representatives of the Vinachia family invented.(Slide 20)

14. Russia. (Slide 21)

One of the favorite wind instruments among the Slavs is calledsorry. Another Russian folk wind musical instrument -horn. They made it from two birch or juniper halves, which were fastened with birch bark.

And of course balalaika, accordion, gusli.

So, we saw that the musical culture of each nation is very rich and diverse.(Slide 22)

This is just a small number of wonderful folk instruments filled with soul, history and life itself, and I want to believe that they will continue to exist, despite the appearance of electronic instruments. For true and unprocessed sound is irreplaceable and inimitable!

Music is the only language in the world that is understood by all people in the world.

There are many new unusual instruments in the modern world. Your attention will be offered 2 video recordings with their sound.

Viewing video clips

Russian folk musical instruments (MHC class 8 "Musical instruments of the peoples of the world" according to the textbook by GI Danilova) Author: Korshikov Alexander student of the 8th grade MOU Sidorovskaya OOSh Samara region Supervisor: V.A. teacher MHC MOU Sidorovskaya OOSh

The name "balalaika", sometimes found in the form "balabaika", is a folk name, probably given to the instrument in imitation of the strumming, "balakan" of the strings while playing. "Balakat", "joking" in the vernacular means chatting, empty-ringing. The Russian origin can be attributed only to the triangular outline of the body or body of the balalaika, which replaced the round shape of the domra.

At first, the balalaika spread mainly in the northern and eastern provinces of Russia, usually accompanying folk dance songs. But already in the middle of the 19th century, balalaika was very popular in many places in Russia. It was played not only by village guys, but also by serious court musicians, such as Ivan Khandoshkin, I.F. Yablochkin, N.V. Lavrov. However, by the middle of the 19th century, harmonica was found almost everywhere near it, which gradually replaced the balalaika.

Domra is an ancient Russian musical instrument. Scientists suggest that the ancient ancestor of our Russian domra was an Egyptian instrument, which was named “pandura” by Greek historians, and was in use several millennia before our time. This instrument called "tanbur" may have penetrated to us through Persia, which traded with the Transcaucasus.

Due to their performing abilities, domras in the orchestra constitute the main melodic group. In addition, domra is used as a solo instrument. Concert pieces and works are written for her. Unfortunately, domra is not very popular as a folk instrument in Russia; it is almost never found in villages.

Gusli Gusli, Russian plucked instrument. It is known in two varieties. The first has a wing-shaped (in later samples, triangular) shape, from 5 to 14 strings, tuned in steps of the diatonic scale, the second is helmet-shaped and 1030 strings of the same tuning.

The harmonica originated from an Asian instrument called the sheng. Shen in Russia was known for a very long time in the X-XIII centuries during the Tatar-Mongol domination. Some researchers argue that the Shen traveled from Asia to Russia, and then to Europe, where it was improved and became a widespread, truly popular throughout Europe musical instrument - the harmonica.

Contrary to the opinion that the accordion is an invention of German masters, academician A. M. Mirek managed to prove its Russian origin. The harmonica in its modern form - with sliding bellows (pneuma) and with a large number of notched metal tongues inside the two side strips - appeared in St. Petersburg. Her father, a Czech engineer Frantisek Kirshnik, was then living in Russia, and his new instrument, with a much greater sound power than the sheng, demonstrated to the Petersburgers in 1783. He also gave the name to his brainchild in Czech: harmonica. But now this name, like "accordion", has become colloquial in Russian. The official name of this musical instrument is accordion.

The button accordion is also a Russian invention. In 1907, it was made by Peter Sterligov. The master himself did not boast that he had invented a new instrument. And the new four-row chromatic accordion was named after the famous storyteller-musician of Ancient Rus Bayan. This name is inherited by all instruments of this type. The keyboard, invented by the master and located on the right side of the instrument, was called the Sterligov system.

In our time, composers write original compositions for the button accordion, including compositions of large forms of sonatas and concerts. In music schools there are accordion playing classes, which train qualified accordionists. The button accordion remains a folk instrument, which has been and continues to be played by folk music.

The first written evidence of the horn appears in the second half of the 18th century. In them, the horn appears as a widespread, primordially Russian instrument: "This instrument was invented by the Russians themselves." The horn is a tapered straight tube with five play holes at the top and one at the bottom. At the lower end there is a small bell, at the upper end there is a glued-in mouthpiece. The total length of the horn ranges from 320 to 830 mm

The word "zhaleyka" is not found in any ancient Russian writing monument. The first mention of a zhaleika is in A. Tuchkov's notes dating back to the end of the 18th century. There is reason to believe that the zhaleika was present before in Zhaleika is a small tube made of willow or elderberry with a length of 10 to 20 cm, into the upper end of which a peep with a single tongue made of reeds or goose feathers is inserted, and a bell made of cow horn or from birch bark. The uvula is sometimes cut into the tube itself. The barrel has 3 to 7 play holes, so you can change the pitch. the guise of another instrument.

Svirel is a Russian instrument of the type of a longitudinal flute. The mention of flutes is found in ancient Greek myths and legends. This type of instrument has existed among different peoples since ancient times. In Europe, in court music-making (XVIII century), its name "longitudinal flute" was consolidated. The pipe is a simple wooden (sometimes metal) pipe. At one end of it there is a whistle device in the form of a "beak", and in the middle of the front side a different number of play holes are cut (usually six). The tool is made from buckthorn, hazel, maple, ash or bird cherry.

Kugikly (kuvikly) or tsevnitsa wind musical instrument, a Russian variety of multi-barrel flute. As a rule, it consists of three to five hollow tubes of the same diameter, but different lengths from 100 to 160 mm. The upper ends of the tubes are open and the lower ends are closed. Cuvicles are not distributed throughout Russia, but only in the Kursk, Bryansk and Kaluga regions. The sound is produced by blowing onto the edges of the open ends that are in line. Usually the tubes of the flute are firmly fastened together, but the kuvikly have a distinctive feature in that the pipes are not fastened, but freely held in the hand. Use 2 to 5 tubes. A set of five pipes is called a "pair". The performer playing the "pair" should not only be able to blow pipes, but also reproduce the missing notes with his voice
The time when spoons appeared in Russia as a musical instrument has not yet been established. The first rather detailed information about them appears at the end of the 18th century and testifies to their wide distribution among the peasants. Music spoons are not much different in appearance from ordinary wooden table spoons, only they are made from harder types of wood.

Buben is a percussion musical instrument of indeterminate pitch, consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some varieties of tambourines have metal bells suspended from them, which begin to ring when the performer strikes, rubs the drum, or shakes the entire instrument.

The ratchet is a folk musical instrument, an idiophone that replaces claps of hands. Ratchets consist of a set of thin planks (usually oak) cm long. They are connected by a dense rope threaded through the holes in the upper part of the planks. To separate the boards, small plates of wood, approximately 2 cm wide, are inserted between them at the top. There is no written evidence whether this instrument was used in Ancient Rus as a musical instrument. During archaeological excavations in Novgorod in 1992, 2 plaques were found, which, according to V.I. Povetkin's assumption, were part of the set of ancient Novgorod rattles in the XII century.

Russian birches - an ensemble of folk instruments Accent Sentimentos - duet "Bayan-Mix" Einsamer-Hirte - Gheorghe-Zamfir log.nl/etherpiraat/piraten_muziek_2040/index.html V. Vlasov - If the accordion could be Dmitry Kuznetsov - Svi Zhalejka Ratchets Audio Encyclopedia (Folk Instruments)

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Slide captions:

MHC lesson for grade 8 according to Danilova course Teacher of history and MHC Geraskina E.V. GBOU "SCHOOL 1164" Moscow Musical instruments of different nations

What are musical instruments Musical instruments are instruments with which a person can make sounds. Thanks to a person, these sounds add up to music that is able to convey the feelings, emotions, moods of the performers. Sometimes playing the smallest and most inconspicuous instrument makes the hearts of people beat in unison with the music, as if it always lived there, just no one knew about it. Musical instruments are of several types: plucked strings, keyboards, bowed strings, reed winds, brass, woodwind percussion. Scientifically speaking, the Hornbostel-Sachs system. Each country has its own folk musical instruments that have absorbed the history and traditions of each nation.

The Hornbostel-Sachs system is a classification system for musical instruments. First published in 1914 in the German journal Zeitschrift für Ethnologie and is still used in musicology today. Instruments are divided according to two main features: the source of the sound and the method of sound extraction. For example, according to the first feature, instruments are divided into self-sounding, membrane, strings and wind instruments. Fragment of classification: In self-sounding instruments (idiophones or autophones), the sound source is the material itself from which the instrument or part of it is made. This group includes most percussion instruments (with the exception of drums) and a few others. By the method of sound extraction, self-sounding instruments are divided into three groups: plucked (jew's harp); frictional (kraatspill, nail and glass harmonics): the instrument vibrates due to friction with another object, for example, a bow; drums (xylophone, cymbals, castanets); self-sounding winds (for example, Aeolian harp): the instrument vibrates as a result of the passage of a stream of air through it;

In membrane instruments (membranophones), the sound source is a tightly stretched membrane. A further subdivision includes: frictional (bugai): sound is achieved due to friction against the membrane; drums (drum, timpani); The drums can have one or two sides (membranes). One-sided options can be goblet (like the Arab darbuka); standing on the ground; bowl-shaped, with handles. Double-sided drums are cylindrical, like the large and snare drums, and also tapered, barrel-shaped, or hourglass-shaped. Tambourines have one or two membranes stretched over a narrow frame, usually in the form of a rim, they are held in the hand or by a special handle (for example, a shaman tambourine). Bells are often attached to the frame

In stringed instruments (chordophones), the sound source is one or more strings. This includes some keyboard instruments (eg, piano, harpsichord). The strings are further subdivided into groups: plucked (balalaika, harp, guitar, harpsichord); bowed (kemancha, violin); percussion (cymbals, piano, clavichord); Most of them are played directly with the hands or with a certain object that is held in the hands, and some are controlled using the keyboard.

In wind instruments (aerophones), the sound source is a column of air. The following groups are distinguished: flute (flute): the sound is formed as a result of the dissection of the air flow against the edge of the instrument; Flute-like instruments, in which the air stream directed by the performer is dissected against the sharp edge of the barrel wall; they can be spherical, like an ocarina, but are usually tube-shaped. Tubular flutes are divided into whistle flutes, in which an air stream is directed to a sharp edge; longitudinal (including open, whistle and multi-barrel), which are held vertically, and transverse, which are held horizontally and blow air into the hole near one end of the tube. reed (zurna, oboe, clarinet, bassoon): the sound source is a vibrating reed; Reed instruments, in which a stream of air causes a small plate of reed or metal to vibrate, fall into three types: single striking reeds (reeds), as in a clarinet or saxophone, where the reed is located inside the mouthpiece; double striking reeds in the oboe and bassoon, where the reeds mounted on a narrow metal tube, vibrating, hit each other; free slipping tongues, as in the Chinese sheng or harmonium, where a single tongue moves back and forth inside an opening exactly corresponding to it, like an opening door. mouthpiece (trumpet): the sound arises from the vibrations of the performer's lips.

Vibration of the lips + transformation of sound in the tube - this effect is achieved ... Instruments, when playing on which the vibration of the tense lips of the performer increases, and the resulting sound is transformed in a tube of different sizes and shapes, can be conventionally divided into two, not always clearly distinguishable groups: a) French horns and other horn-derived instruments, in which the rounded tube is usually shorter and wider, with a tapered channel; b) pipes, which are usually longer and straighter, with a narrower channel.

How many classifications of musical instruments are there in the world? Among modern musical instruments, electric ones are distinguished into a special group, the sound source of which are generators of sound frequency oscillations. They are further divided into electronic (synthesizers) and adapted, conventional type instruments, equipped with sound amplifiers (electric guitar). The complete classification system includes over 300 categories.

The oldest musical instrument Didgeridoo (English didjeridoo or English didgeridoo, the original name is "yidaki") - a musical wind instrument of the aborigines of Australia. One of the oldest wind instruments in the world. It is made from a piece of eucalyptus trunk, 1-3 meters long, the core of which is eaten away by termites. The mouthpiece can be finished with black beeswax. The instrument itself is often painted or decorated with images of tribal totems. The game uses the technique of continuous breathing (circular breathing). Playing the didgeridoo accompanies corrobori rituals and promotes trance. The didgeridoo is closely woven into the mythology of the Australian aborigines, symbolizing the image of the rainbow snake Yurlungur. The uniqueness of the didgeridoo as a musical instrument is that it usually sounds on one note (the so-called "drone", or buzz). At the same time, the instrument has a very wide range of timbre. Only a human voice, a jew's harp, and partly an organ can be compared with it. Since the end of the 20th century, Western musicians (for example, Sophie Lakaz, Jamiroquai) have experimented with didgeridoo. Didgeridoo is widely used in electronic and ambient music. Steve Roach was one of the first to use didgeridoo in ambient and learned to play it during his many travels in Australia in the 80s.

Origin and Spiritual Significance of Didgeridoo In the days when there was nothing and even time itself, the divine essences of Wanjin lived. They dreamed about this world (and thus it was created) - the time of dreams. When the world was created, the Wanjin left Earth and moved to the spirit world. But they left the didgeridoo as a gift to people. The hum of the didgeridoo creates a special space, a kind of window or corridor through which the wanjin can visit the human world and vice versa. The time of dreams is both an aboriginal myth about the creation of the world, and a special altered state of consciousness that arises in the player who plays and listens to the game.

Balalaika For example, one of the primordially Russian folk instruments is considered the balalaika, so named because of the "strumming" and "balakanya". It is believed that the first mention of it dates back to the time of Peter the Great. When the tsar, in 1715, ordered to arrange a comic wedding, there were also balalaikas, which were played by mummers. They differed significantly from modern balalaikas - they had a longer neck (4 times longer than modern ones), a narrower body and they had only two strings, very rarely - three.

B andura The bandura, which appeared around the 12th century, is considered to be a Ukrainian folk instrument. It is believed that it descended from an old kobza. By the 15th year, it had become so popular that bandura players were invited to the court. Over time, it was modified, and to date, the academic bandura has 60 strings, when it originally had 7-9 strings.

Brazilian folk instrument - agogo It is of African origin. Agogo is an instrument consisting of two or three bells of different colors without tongues, connected by a curved metal handle, and sometimes from sawn nuts planted on a wooden handle. Despite its small size, it is indispensable in Brazilian national music, for example, in the music of carnival samba and capoeira.

Indian sitar, Tajik setor ... In India, the folk instrument is the sitar. It appeared in the XIII century, when the Muslim influence increased. I counted 7 main strings, and 9 - 13 resonating ones. Its progenitor is the Tajik setor. It is an important part of the culture of India.

Pan flute - the oldest folk instrument The first specimen discovered dates back to 1046 BC, was created presumably by the Shang dynasty, and is now in a museum. Features 12 bamboo stems, providing a wide range of sound. Participated in the orchestra of Ancient China. The instrument was revived in the 20th century. However, panflute is known both in Peru and in North America.

A fluer is an ancient instrument of shepherds ... The Moldavian folk instrument is a fluer. It is made from valuable wood species. An ancient tool of shepherds (shepherds) who used it to collect livestock into a herd. It is also found in the Balkan countries.

Stringed plucked instrument bark In Africa, the folk instrument is the bark - a stringed plucked instrument made of calabas cut in half, a neck and 21 strings. A master playing the kora is called jali, and when he attains mastery he must make the instrument himself. It sounds like a harp, but traditional playing is reminiscent of flamenco and blues techniques on the guitar.

Didgeridoo http://youtu.be/9g592I-p-dc Trio of bandura players: http://youtu.be/LZpzgg8hbOA Arkhipovsky balalaika http://youtu.be/lQZYzYEIgr0 Agogo http://youtu.be/_kQIk1jJb9c Anushka Shankar on sitare http://youtu.be/O4RZaszNhB0 Panflute: http://youtu.be/YiXGPx01d-0 Fluer: http://youtu.be/NqiKC4FSNKM Cora http://youtu.be/aayQsdzEk2s