Sections: History and social studies

Architecture is music frozen in stone

Architecture is also a chronicle of the world ...
She speaks when traditions are silent

Lesson objectives:

1) To acquaint students with the peculiarities of medieval culture using the example of two styles in architecture

2) Continue the formation of skills to work with a document, illustration (photograph), read schematic information and draw conclusions

3) Show the close relationship of the development of material culture with the formation of the phenomena of the spiritual sphere

Interdisciplinary links with courses -

• art
• social Studies

Updating intra-subject knowledge -

• historical source
• material culture
• middle Ages

Equipment:

• on desks - illustrations of two cathedrals in Romanesque and Gothic style and diagrams of their structure
• on the blackboard - a table filled in using plates with inscriptions or images of cathedral details - a schematic representation of 6 famous cathedrals in the Romanesque and Gothic style without signatures (for assignment to fix)

Basic concepts: romanesque and Gothic styles, pointed arch, stained glass

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

2. Characteristics of the topic

Architecture is a very important, visible part of the culture of the history of peoples, civilization. When I say “Egypt,” one of the first things people remember is the pyramids, “China” is the pagodas, “Russia” is the domes of Orthodox churches.

Medieval history cannot be imagined without Romanesque and Gothic temples. They still delight the audience, although they are half a millennium.

No wonder the saying “Architecture is music frozen in stone” comes to mind

But not only beauty attracts us to these architectural structures. Historians call some periods of the Middle Ages the Dark Ages. Because of ignorance, wars, epidemics, people have forgotten a lot of knowledge about their history, many historical sources have been lost.

3. Working with the class to update knowledge

What is a historical source? (from the dictionary)

What are they? (material, oral, written, etc.)

Let's turn to the statement on the board (Architecture is the chronicle of the world ...)

What can the temple tell about as a material, material source?

(about wealth or poverty, ideas about beauty, the level of science and technology)

4-5. Stages of practical work, when children extract information from illustrations in a textbook or illustrations prepared on a desk by a teacher

Analysis of illustrations of two temples

Let's compare two temples built in different historical periods of the Middle Ages in different architectural styles and enter the information in the table.

Let's remember the rules for filling the table

• The table is a way to select the most important and at the same time very brief information
• All information in the table should be distributed vertically (by columns) and horizontally (by lines)
• This distribution of information allows you to quickly use it to answer any question on a given topic.
• Only signs of the same type can be compared (low - high, graceful - powerful, etc.)
• Any table must end with an output. The comparative table should show the common and special features in the compared phenomena

Romanesque	Gothic
squat	upward
powerful monolithic stone walls	transparent walls - windows
narrow windows like loopholes	huge windows - stained glass
little light	a lot of light
semicircular arches	pointed arches
powerful heavy columns	narrow decorative columns
heavy low ceiling vaults	incredibly high ceilings
-	there is a round window - a rose
Temple - the fortress of god	Temple - God's palace
Why did this type of temple take shape? How did these temples reflect their time?
The era of conquests, invasions of Arabs and Normans	The era of the development of rich cities, the formation of strong states

Circuit analysis

Consider a diagram of the structure of two temples

(remember the legend in the diagram - by the width of the line, one can judge which walls were the main ones in this building, supporting, bearing, holding the entire weight of the dome)

5.Generalization in the dialogue between teacher and students

So what can the temple tell us as a historical source?

For the appearance of Gothic temples with such a structure, serious discoveries were needed in the field of technology, mathematics, and materials. The Gothic temple is a living testimony to the development of engineering in medieval Europe. And for their construction, huge funds were needed, which appeared from the rich cities.

However, it is not only the technical or economic development of Europe that is changing. The spiritual world of medieval man is changing. From the temple, where a severe, demanding God reigned, man came to the temple-palace full of light and vertical lines. Here the soul itself ascended to a new God - merciful, forgiving. Thus ends the period of the late Middle Ages and prepares the transition to a New Age in European history.

6. Consolidation of knowledge

The board contains a schematic representation of 6 famous cathedrals in the Romanesque and Gothic style. Determine which one is Romanesque and which one is Gothic. Justify the answer.

7. Summarizing.

Grading

Homework: using a paragraph of the textbook, compose 5 statements - traps for classmates, answering which they must agree or refute this statement with the help of evidence

For example: “A Gothic cathedral could have been defensive” is a false statement that fits a Romanesque cathedral, and a Gothic cathedral had many large windows that would make it extremely difficult to defend.

Open lesson in art history for grade 2 of the art department.

Topic: “Artistic culture of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic Styles ”.

The lesson was compiled by the teacher of theoretical disciplines Kurilova K.S.

Purpose: the formation of students' ideas about the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.

Objectives: To acquaint students with the origins and nature of the Romanesque and Gothic styles;

Identify the distinctive features of the Romanesque and Gothic styles; develop cognitive activity;

To foster a moral and aesthetic perception of the art world, interest in art and its history.

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Open lesson in art history for grade 2 of the art department.

Topic: “Artistic culture of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic Styles ”.

Lesson compiled teacher of theoretical disciplines Kurilova K.S.

goal : the formation of students' ideas about the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.

Tasks :

To acquaint students with the origins and nature of the Romanesque and Gothic styles;

Identify the distinctive features of the Romanesque and Gothic styles; develop cognitive activity;

To foster a moral and aesthetic perception of the art world, interest in art and its history.

Illustrative material:

A presentation that clearly reflects all the features of the architecture of the Middle Ages.

Other materials:

Sketchbook for practical work, oil (or other) pencils.

SLIDE number 1.

During the classes

Organizational stage.

SLIDE number 2.

In pursuit of a verse, a word that escaped

I like to go to medieval castles.

My heart pleases their gloomy silence,

I love the sharp rise of their black-gray roofs,

Gloomy battlements on towers and gates

Lead-bound glass squares.

Drawbridges, deep ditches,

Steep staircases and vaulted halls

Where the wind rustles and groans above,

They tell me about battles and feasts ...

And immersed in a dream in the past, I see again

The grandeur of chivalry and the splendor of the Middle Ages.

This romantic image of a medieval castle was created by the 19th century French writer and poet Théophile Gaultier.

And it is no coincidence that in the poet's words the opposites merged: "sharp takeoff" and "gloomy teeth", "deep ditches" and "vaulted halls", "greatness of chivalry" and "brilliance".

Today in the lesson we continue our acquaintance with the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.

Learning new material.

Goal setting.

The leading art form of the Middle Ages is architecture. Other types of art are organically associated with it - music, visual, applied and others. Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the architectural styles of the Middle Ages. Let's try to understand them and distinguish between them. But how? - You ask. Using the language.

Language, it gives us the opportunity to express our feelings and thoughts. Art also has the gift of speaking in its own special artistic language about the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof a person in different eras. This language in art is called style.

Let's look at the samples of architectural monuments and try to understand from whose lips the "words" about the past sound?

Samples of the Romanesque and Gothic style are on the screen.Students look at the samples and try to determine for whom, for what purpose this or that building was built.

SLIDE number 3.

An example of the Romanesque style is a castle, a fortress, a rather massive building. Who speaks to us from the past?

Teacher: What, in your opinion, was this structure used for?

Students: This building was created to protect against the enemy, reminiscent of the era of the knights.

SLIDE number 4.

An example of the Gothic style is the church, the building is airy and directed upwards.

Teacher: Who speaks to us in this case? Why was this building created?

Students: This is a church, it was created for believers, monks.

Teacher's word.

Indeed, the architecture of the Middle Ages has two faces - the so-called Romanesque and Gothic styles. But before getting ready for a closer look, we need to know the meaning of the terms that define these styles.

We had two search groups of students who prepared information on these styles.

SLIDE number 5.

The student's message about the origin of the term "Romanesque art".

Term "Romanesque art" appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. This is how European art of the X-XII centuries was designated. Scientists believe that the architecture of that period was strongly influenced by the so-called "Romanesque" architecture (from Latin romanus - Roman). Later, the view of researchers on medieval art changed, but the name "Romanesque art" remained.

The formation of Romanesque art in various countries and regions of Europe was uneven. If in the north-east of France the period ended at the end of the XII century, then in Germany and Italy the characteristic features of this style were observed even in the XIII century.

SLIDE number 6.

Work in a notebook.The term "Romanesque art" originated in the 19th century, this is how the style of European art of the X-XII centuries is designated.

Teacher's word.

SLIDE No. 7.

The main and most significant buildings of the Romanesque style were the monastery-fortress, temple-fortress, castle-fortress. Maybe this is where the expression “My home is my castle” came from.

But the times of knightly wars have passed and today we may well make a trip to the Romanesque Cathedral. But before entering, consider it from the outside.

SLIDE number 8.

The temple seems austere and massive. In Romanesque churches, solid stone floors were made. The enormous weight of the stone vaults demanded strong, thick walls capable of withstanding heavy loads. The windows in the temples are small and narrow so that the walls do not lose their reliability. Therefore, in Romanesque cathedrals, semi-darkness most often prevailed.

SLIDE number 9.

The main element of the composition of a monastery or castle is the tower -keep ... Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, cylinders.

SLIDE number 10.

The most important feature of Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone vault.

Vault - the type of overlap that is formed by a convex curved surface. The only support forvaults architecture finds in the wall.

SLIDE number 11.

The entrance to the building started from the Portal, which blended in with the environment.

SLIDE number 12.

An important element of Romanesque architecture is a column with a capital decorated with sculptural ornaments.

The walls of the temple are smooth. Guys, in what way can you decorate a smooth wall?

Students: Painting, mosaics, frescoes.

Teacher: Indeed, the walls of Romanesque churches were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Unfortunately, the painting of the Romanesque period has practically not survived.

During the Romanesque period, monumental sculpture first appeared. Sculptural images - reliefs - were located, as a rule, on portals (architecturally designed entrances).

SLIDE No. 13; 14.

The sculpture of the Romanesque temple is special. Everything is here for the believer to think about his sins. Plots of the Last Judgment, biblical scenes, there was even a place for a monster devouring a sinner.

If the temple was represented as the fortress of God, then the castle - the fortress of the knight. Romanesque stone castles with powerful defensive walls were impregnable fortresses. Castles were erected near the river on a hill surrounded by a moat with water, a drawbridge was thrown across the moat.

SLIDE number 15.

A student's message about one of the monuments of Romanesque architecture.

Cathedral in Worms (1171 - 1234) One has only to look at this temple in Worms, you feel its special spirit. It is like a ship breaking through the waves. Four narrow towers guard the temple from the east and west. There is nothing superfluous in its architecture, the decoration is very restrained, only the arches emphasize the main lines. The sculpture of the temple - unusual, wild, sometimes monstrous animals. They are like a stone book - created for the believer to think about God and his laws.

SLIDE number 16.

Intermediate conclusions.

It was in Romanesque architecture that huge buildings, entirely built of stone, first appeared. Vaults, massive thick walls, large pillars, an abundance of smooth surfaces, sculptural ornament are characteristic features of a Romanesque church.

Let's continue our acquaintance with the architecture of the Middle Ages. And the next style is gothic.

The student's message about the origin of the term "Gothic art".

SLIDE number 17.

Name "Gothic art" (from Italian gotico - "Gothic", after the name of the Germanic tribe Goths) originated in the Renaissance. "Gothic" in those days meant "barbaric" as opposed to "Roman": Gothic was called art that did not follow ancient traditions, and therefore was not of interest to contemporaries.

The idea that Gothic art is formless and not worthy of attention changed only in the 19th century, when the Middle Ages were no longer considered the "dark ages" in human history. However, the name "Gothic" was preserved for European art of the late Middle Ages. In various European countries, Gothic had its own characteristic features and chronological framework, but its heyday falls on the XIII-XIV centuries.

SLIDE number 18.

Work in a notebook.The term "gothic art" originated during the Renaissance. This is the designation of the style of European art of the XII-XV centuries.

Teacher's word.

SLIDE number 19.

The word "Gothic" itself is of a later origin, it comes from the word "Goths". The Goths are barbarian tribes that destroyed Rome and destroyed ancient art. But looking at these beautiful, airy Gothic cathedrals, we will not find anything in common with the barbarians. In the Gothic style, a single artistic idea is felt, and it is consistently carried out in all types of art: in architecture, sculpture, music, applied art and even in writing. In Gothic cathedrals, stone turns into lace, and instead of heavy stone walls, the visitor to the cathedral sees the light sparkling through the stained glass window. Overcoming materiality is, perhaps, the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe Gothic style. Spirit transforms matter, changes it.

SLIDE number 20.

Gothic temple - this is a spiritual symbol of the era embodied in stone. How do you read this symbol? The image of the universe is embodied in the temple. The stone walls lose their strength and begin to shine through. And instead of thick walls, we see fragile stained-glass windows permeated with light. Leaving the earthly, the Gothic temple rushes up to the heavens, conquering all the weight of the stone.

SLIDE number 21.

It was the architects of the Middle Ages who managed to create such a miracle where fragile walls, consisting almost entirely of stained glass windows, do not collapse under heavy stone arches using a frame system with inclined arcs. It was this system that made it possible to embody the soaring vault inside the Gothic temple.

SLIDE number 22.

The sculptures of the Gothic cathedral are full of meaning. It depicts scenes from the Bible, images of Christ and the Mother of God, saints and prophets, kings of antiquity and modernity, and even the medieval calendar - signs of the zodiac and scenes of agricultural work.

SLIDE No. 23.

A distinctive feature of medieval Gothic architecture is the central stained-glass window"Gothic rose"... At first glance, this is just a set of various multi-colored glasses - the eye is lost in this infinity. But if you look closely, you can see that there is no chaos at all. Everything is in its place. Moreover, the Gothic rose depicts nothing more than the order of the universe. In the center - God, around him - angels, then - the apostles, then the saints, bishops, kings and so on.

We will take you on a short trip to European medieval Gothic cathedrals. And our guides will be the students of the expert group who have been researching Gothic cathedrals.

Student messages.Monuments of architecture are illustrated on the screen.

SLIDE No. 24.

Cologne Cathedral - the Roman Catholic Gothic Cathedral in Cologne (Germany), which ranks third in the list of the tallest churches in the world and is included in the list of world cultural heritage sites. The construction of the main church of the Cologne Archdiocese was carried out in two stages - in 1248-1437 and in 1842-1880. Upon completion of construction, the 157-meter cathedral became the tallest building in the world for 4 years.

SLIDE number 25.

Cathedral in Reims was built in the XIII century, that is, later than Notre Dame Cathedral and the Cathedral in Chartres. The Cathedral in Reims is one of the most famous examples of Gothic art in France due to its architecture and sculptural compositions, it is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, the cathedral was the site of the coronation of almost all French monarchs.

SLIDE number 26.

Cathedral in Chartres - Catholic cathedral located in the city of Chartres. Located near Paris and is one of the masterpieces of Gothic architecture. For example, the Cathedral at Chartres is 130 meters long. To get around it, you need to overcome the path of half a kilometer. In 1979, the cathedral was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

SLIDE number 27.

Notre Dame Cathedral (Notre Dame de Paris) - Christian cathedral in the center of Paris, the geographical and spiritual "heart" of the French capital, located in the eastern part of the Ile de la Cité, on the site of the first Christian church in Paris - St. Stephen's Basilica.

The majestic Notre Dame de Paris was laid in 1163 (the first stone of the future cathedral was laid by Pope Alexander III), but its construction lasted for several centuries - until the XIV century. Three entrances lead to the temple - a portal, framed by arches extending into the depths; above them are niches with statues - the so-called "royal gallery", images of biblical kings and French kings.

For many years, the cathedral stood dilapidated, until in 1831 the famous novel by Victor Hugo appeared, which marked the revival of interest in the historical heritage, and Gothic art in particular, and drew attention to the deplorable state of the great architectural monument. The king ordered to restore the temple by his decree. Since then, the constant concern of the authorities has been to preserve the cathedral in its original form.

SLIDE number 28.

Notre Dame de Paris is famous for its bells. The largest bell - Maria, is named after the Mother of God and the patroness of this cathedral, its weight is 6,023 kg. The bell is hung on the South Tower. His story is engraved on it.

The architecture of the cathedral reveals a duality of stylistic influences: on the one hand, there are echoes of the Romanesque style of Normandy with its characteristic powerful and dense unity, and on the other, innovative architectural achievements of the Gothic style are used, which give the building lightness and create the impression of simplicity of the vertical structure.

SLIDE number 29.

Generalization in the Gothic style.

The Gothic cathedral is an endlessly complex, changeable play of openwork forms. Arches, galleries, towers, huge windows - now narrow and high, now round (the so-called Gothic roses) with colored glass and complex frame binding. The cathedral is inhabited inside and outside by a mass of sculptures (for example, in Chartres Cathedral there are about 9 thousand statues alone). In a word, a Gothic cathedral is a whole world.

Generalization and consolidation of the knowledge gained.

Teacher's word. To each of you I distribute a table with the characteristics of the styles of the Middle Ages, your task, with the help of the knowledge gained and the table,to reveal what style are the proposed images on the screen(on the screen there are 3 slides with images of comparisons of the Romanesque and Gothic style).

Work on images.

SLIDE number 30 - 33.

(this table is distributed to each student for pasting in a notebook)

Features of the styles of medieval art

	ROMAN STYLE	GOTHIC STYLE
Church architecture	The buildings of the cathedrals are heavy and squat; they were huge structures. their main task was to accommodate a large number of people during services. Characteristic features: thick walls, large supports, smooth surfaces.	The Gothic cathedral has a light construction and is directed upwards. An innovation in the architecture of the Gothic period is the system of arches. The walls ceased to play a supporting role, which means that they did not need to be made thick and massive.
Painting	As a rule, biblical subjects were depicted on the vaults and walls of the temple, which had to be considered while moving around the temple. The paintings of the Romanesque period were instructive in nature.	In the Gothic cathedral, wall painting gave way to a stained-glass window - an image made up of glasses fastened together, which was placed in the window opening.
Sculpture	During the Romanesque period, monumental sculpture first appeared in Western Europe. Sculptural images - reliefs - were placed on the portals of churches. The reliefs were usually painted - this made them more expressive and convincing.	The sculptural and picturesque decoration of the cathedrals, made on religious and secular subjects, carried a system of views and ideas that were supposed to guide the people of the Middle Ages in their everyday life.

SLIDE number 34.

Teacher: To consolidate your knowledge of the Gothic style, I suggest that you draw on a sheet of paper one of the elements of the stained glass window ornament - "trefoil".Shamrock - a symbol of the Christian faith, symbolized the Holy Trinity: God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.

Lesson summary.

Today in the lesson we continued our acquaintance with the artistic culture of the Middle Ages and on the basis of a comparative analysis of the architecture of that time, we got an idea of \u200b\u200bthe two main styles of medieval architecture: Romanesque and Gothic.

Notebook entry: The term "Romanesque art" originated in the 19th century. This is the designation of the style of European art of the X-XII centuries.

Bamberg Cathedral, eastern facade with two towers The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and castle-fortress

A characteristic feature of Romanesque architecture is thick walls cut through by small windows.

The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, cylinders. Donjon (fr. Donjon) - the main tower in European Romanesque castles.

The most important feature of Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone vault. A vault is a type of floor that is formed by a convex curved surface. The architecture finds the only support for the vault in the wall.

The building carefully blended into the surrounding nature, looked solid and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals.

PORTAL - the entrance to the temple with perspectively decreasing semi-arches cut into the thickness of the walls.

In the 12th century, for the first time, sculptural images were used to decode the facades of churches. The subjects most often served as the formidable prophecies of the Apocalypse and the Last Judgment.

Sculpture of a Romanesque temple

St. Peter's Basilica in Worms

Some conclusions: In Romanesque architecture, for the first time, huge buildings built entirely of stone appear. Vaults, massive thick walls, large pillars, an abundance of smooth surfaces, sculptural ornament are characteristic features of Romanesque architecture.

Preview: "Gothic Rose"

Cathedral in Cologne (Germany)

Cathedral in Reims (France)

Cathedral in Chartres (France)

Notre Dame Cathedral (Notre Dame de Paris)

Some conclusions: The appearance of the Gothic cathedral is a building directed upwards. Arches, galleries, domed vaults, huge windows give lightness and airiness to the structure. A special role is played by stained-glass windows, a feature of the Gothic cathedral, the round window - "Gothic rose". The Gothic cathedral is inhabited by a mass of sculptures inside and outside.

Romanesque walled city of Carcassonne in Provence (XII-XIII centuries), France

Gothic Cathedral in York, 13th century, England

Gothic chapel-reliquary of the Holy Chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, XIII century, France

Romanesque Fortress of the Conquistadors, X-XI centuries, Germany

The shamrock is a symbol of the Christian faith.

Homework: Draw a sketch of a Romanesque castle.

/ Romanesque and Gothic styles

Romanesque

Emergence

This name appeared only around 1820, but it quite accurately determines that until the middle of the XIII century. elements of Roman - antique architecture were strongly felt.

Historical characteristics

The Romanesque period in Europe falls on the time of the dominance of the feudal system, which was based on agriculture. Initially, all the land belonged to the king, he distributed them among his vassals, and they, in turn, distributed it to the peasants for processing. For the use of land, everyone was obliged to pay taxes and carry out military service. The peasants tied to the land kept the masters, who in turn served in the king's troops. Thus, a complex interdependent relationship arose between masters and peasants, with peasants at the bottom of the social ladder.

Since each feudal lord sought to expand his possessions, conflicts and wars were fought almost constantly. As a result, the central royal power lost its position, which led to the fragmentation of states. Expansionist aspirations were especially clearly expressed in the crusades and in the enslavement of the Slavic East.

Construction features

Various building materials are used in Romanesque architecture. In the early period, not only dwelling houses, but monasteries and churches were built of wood, but stone became the main building material in the Middle Ages. At first, it was used only in the construction of temples and fortresses, and later for buildings of a secular nature. Easily processed limestone, which was found in areas along the Loire, made it possible, due to its relative lightness, to bridge small spans with vaults without the need for cumbersome scaffolding. It was also used for the ornamental masonry of the outer walls.

In Italy there was a lot of marble, which was especially often used for wall cladding. Multicolored marble in light and dark tones, used in various spectacular combinations, is becoming a characteristic feature of Italian Romanesque architecture.

The stone was either hewn in the form of blocks, from which the so-called plank masonry was made, or rubble, suitable for laying walls, when it was required to strengthen structures, externally lined with slabs and blocks of hewn stone. In contrast to antiquity, in the Middle Ages, smaller stones were used, which were easier to get in the quarry and deliver to the construction site.

Where stone was lacking, brick was used, which was somewhat thicker and shorter than used today. The brick of that time was usually very hard, badly burnt. Brick buildings from the Romanesque period have survived primarily in Italy, France, Germany and England.

Character traits

An important task of the Romanesque building art was the transformation of the basilica with a flat wooden floor into a vaulted one. At first, the vault covered the small spans of the side naves and apses, later the main naves were also covered with the vault. The thickness of the vault was sometimes quite significant, so the walls and pylons were designed thick with a large margin of safety. Due to the need for large overlapped spaces and the development of technical construction ideas, the construction of the initially heavy vaults and walls began to be gradually lightened.

The vault makes it possible to cover larger spaces than wooden beams. The simplest in form and design is a cylindrical vault, which, without pushing the walls apart, presses on them from above with an enormous weight, and therefore requires especially massive walls. This vault is most suitable for covering rooms with a small span, but it was often used in the main nave - in France in the regions of Provence and Auvergne (Cathedral of Notre - Dame du Port in Clermont). Later, the semicircular shape of the arch was replaced by a lancet one. Thus, the nave of the cathedral in Hautune (early 12th century) is covered with a pointed vault with the so-called edge arches.

The basis for the new types of vaults was the old Roman straight cross vault over a square room, obtained by the intersection of two half-cylinders. The loads arising from this vault are distributed along the diagonal ribs, and from them are transmitted to four supports at the corners of the overlapped space. Initially, the ribs appearing at the intersection of the half-cylinders played the role of arches - it was twisted, which made it possible to lighten the entire structure (St. Stephen's Cathedral in Cana, 1064 - 1077; the monastery church in Lorsch - the first basilica completely covered with vaults)

If you increase the height of the vault so that the diagonal intersection curve from elliptical to semicircular, you can get the so-called raised cross vault.

The vaults most often had a full-bodied masonry, which, as we said, required the construction of massive pylons. Therefore, the Romanesque composite pylon became a big step forward: half-columns were added to the main pylon, on which the edge arches rested, and as a result, the spacing of the arch was reduced. A significant constructive achievement was the distribution of the load from the vault to several specific points due to the rigid connection of the transverse edge arches, ribs and pylons. The rib and edge arch become the skeleton of the vault, and the pylon becomes the skeleton of the wall.

At a later time, end (cheek) arches and ribs were first laid out. This design is called the ribbed cross vault. During the heyday of the Romanesque style, this vault was made elevated, and its diagonal arch acquired a pointed shape (Church of the Holy Trinity in Cana, 1062-1066).

To cover the side aisles, instead of a cross vault, semi-cylindrical vaults were sometimes used, which are very often used in civil engineering. Romanesque structures are, first of all, an elevated ribbed vault, a pointed arch, and the suppression of oblique lateral gaps from the vaults with a system of supports. They form the basis for the subsequent Gothic style in architecture.

Types of structures

A significant role in the emergence, and especially in the spread of Romanesque art, was played by monastic orders, which arose in large numbers at that time, especially the Benedictine order, founded in the 6th century. at Monte Cassino, and the Cistercian order, which arose 100 years later. For these orders, building artels erected one structure after another throughout Europe, gaining more and more experience.

Monasteries, together with Romanesque churches, monastic or cathedral, parish or serf churches, were an important part of social life during the Romanesque period. They were a powerful political and economic organization that influenced the development of all areas of culture. An example is the Cluny Monastery. At the end of the XI century. in Cluny was modeled on the Basilica of St. Peter's in Rome, a new monastery church was built, which was a huge five-aisled basilica 130 m long. Its central nave was boldly covered with a 28-meter-high vault, which, however, collapsed after the completion of construction.

The planning solution of the monasteries was based on universal schemes, but adapted to local conditions and the specific requirements of different monastic orders, which undoubtedly led to an enrichment of the palette of builders.

In Romanesque architecture, there were two main compositional types of church structures. These are longitudinal buildings, sometimes very simple, rectangular in shape with an apse attached to the east, or basilicas; more rare are centric, round buildings with regularly placed apses.

The development of Romanesque architecture is characterized by changes in the organization of internal space and volume in general, especially in the most significant buildings of that time - basilicas. Along with the basilical organization of the space, a new Romanesque type of space with the same naves or hall space is also used, especially popular in Germany, Spain and the French regions between the Loire and Garonne rivers.

In the most mature buildings of that period, the interior space is complicated by the apses of the transverse naves, and the choir has a gallery with a system of radial chapels, for example, in France and southern England (Norwich Cathedral, 1096 - 1150).

The inner space of the temples is formed by combining separate, in most cases square in terms of spatial blocks. Such a system is an important sign of a new understanding of the organization of internal space.

The degree of influence of the basilica spaces on the visitor largely depended on the nature of the solution of the walls and the method of covering. They used either a flat ceiling, usually beamed, or cylindrical vaults, sometimes transverse, as well as domes with sails. However, most of all, the then understanding of the organization of the internal space corresponded to the cross vault without ribs, which enriched the interior and streamlined it, without violating the longitudinal character of the building.

The Romanesque plan is based on simple geometric relationships. The side nave is half the width of the main nave, and therefore there are two side aisle elements for each square of the main nave plan. Between the two pylons loaded with the vault of the main nave and the vaults of the side aisle, there should be a pylon that takes the load of the vaults of only the side nave. Naturally, he can be slimmer. The alternation of massive and thinner pylons could create a rich rhythm, but the desire to eliminate the difference in the size of the pylons turned out to be stronger: when using a six-part vault, when all the pylons were loaded evenly, they were made of the same thickness. The increase in the number of identical supports gives the impression of a longer interior space.

The apse is richly decorated, often decorated with "blind" arches, sometimes arranged in several tiers. The horizontal division of the main nave is formed by an arch and a belt of narrow high windows. The interior is decorated with paintings and enriched with overlays on the walls, "blades", profiled ledges, architecturally treated columns and pylons.

The column retains the classic three-part division. The surface of the columnar trunk is not always smooth, very often the trunk is covered with an ornament. The capital is initially very simple in shape (in the form of an inverted pyramid or cube), gradually enriched with various plant motifs, images of animals and figures.

Pylons, like columns, have a three-part division into a base, a trunk and a capital. In the early period, they are still very massive, and later they are facilitated by changing the proportions and dissected surface treatment. Columns are used where the vault has a small span or a small height in underground crypts or in windows, when several narrow openings are combined into a group.

The appearance of the Romanesque church corresponds to its internal solution. This architecture is simple but in the form of blocks, sometimes of considerable size with small windows. The windows were made narrow not only for constructive reasons, but because they became glazed only in the Gothic period.

As a result of a simple combination of volumes, various compositions arose. The dominant position is occupied by the volume of the main nave with a semicircular apse, with one or more transverse naves. Different types of towers are placed in different ways. Usually, the bottom of them are installed on the facade, and the third, four - or octagonal, - above the intersection of the main and transverse naves. The greatest attention is paid to the western facade, which is decorated with architectural details, and often a portal with a sculptural relief. As well as windows, the portal, due to the large thickness of the walls, is formed by ledges, in the corners of which columns, and sometimes complex sculptures, are installed. The part of the wall above the lintel and under the portal arch is called the tympanum and is often decorated with rich relief. The upper part of the facade is dissected by an arcature frieze, blades and blind arcades. Less attention was paid to the side facades. The height of the Romanesque churches increases in the course of the development of the style so that the height of the main nave from the floor to the heel of the vault usually reaches twice the width of the nave.

Development of urban settlements. The first cities in southern and western Europe arise on the site of the former Roman military camps, which were military strongholds and administrative centers. They had a regular planning basis. A number of them existed in the early Middle Ages, but at that time they turned into shopping centers, which was predetermined by their location at the intersection of main roads.

For European early feudal cities, which had a naturally developing planning scheme (Paris, Nuremberg, Frankfurt am Main, Prague), strongly fortified residential buildings are characteristic. In the middle of the city, houses of feudal lords were erected in the form of fortresses or fortress towers.

Gothic

The emergence of the Gothic style

In the XI and XII centuries. as a result of the development of methods of cultivating land in Central Europe, yields increased. In this regard, part of the rural population began to specialize in handicraft production and trade, freeing itself from the influence of feudal lords and creating independent communes. This is how a new class arose within feudal society - the urban bourgeoisie, whose power was based on movable property, primarily on money. This class became the engine of economic and cultural progress.

Historical characteristics of the Gothic style

In the cities, having emerged in Northern France, extensive construction began. The new architectural style is called Gothic. This name was proposed in the 15th century. Italian art theorists, who thus expressed their attitude to the seemingly barbaric architecture of Western and Central Europe.

Although Gothic arose in the development of Romanesque architecture, in contrast to it and the subsequent architecture of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism, it is the only style that created a completely original system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. The name "Gothic" does not correctly reflect the essence of this style. During the Renaissance, it was a derisive name coined by Italian art critics for a creative style that arose north of the Alps. In France, this style is more accurately called "Style ogivat" (lancet style).

Gothic building features

Various building materials were used in the Gothic style. Residential and farm buildings were usually built of wood. Many significant buildings of a secular and ecclesiastical character were built from the same material.

In areas with a shortage of stone, brick construction developed (Lombardy, northern Germany, Poland). It produced shaped bricks for laying profiled pylons, windows and roses (round windows). But the main material, most characteristic of the Gothic, was stone - hewn and rubble. Rubble stone masonry, as a rule, especially in interiors, was plastered. Stone in Gothic architecture was used both for creating a structure and for decorative decoration. Simultaneously with the construction of the building, work was carried out to finish its complex and rich decor.

Gothic builders worked with stone differently from ancient craftsmen, who carefully worked huge stone blocks to build often colossal structures. Medieval stonemasons with their extraordinary imagination and static instinct boldly construct buildings large in area and height, which in the process of the development of the Gothic style become as lightweight as possible, essentially turning into frame structures. In this case, relatively small processed stones are used. This frame system and its extremely important component - the ribbed vault are the essence of the Gothic art of building.

The ribbed vaults erected by the local craftsmen from fine-grained limestone were light and strong. The ribs were made of wedge-shaped stones. At the intersection of the ribs at the top point there was a four-sided "lock". When using light materials, such as chalk and limestone, in the masonry of the vault, the thickness of the vault and with large spans was relatively small - 30 - 40 cm.

The Gothic vault is much more perfect than the massive and heavy Romanesque. In the vault system, there is a clear division of forces into ribs and a canvas - stripping. In the development of the cross vault, the oldest element is stripping. The rib at the intersection of the surfaces of the vaults appeared later, which as a result completely changed the essence of the vaulted ceiling.

Characteristic features of the Gothic style

The characteristic features of the Gothic style are the verticality of the composition, the lancet bright, a complex frame system of supports and a ribbed vault. The advantage of using ribs is that the arch can be larger, as a result of which the loads arising from it are reduced.

The suppression of these loads by the system of buttresses made it possible to make the walls thinner. The desire to minimize the massiveness of the structure led to the fact that, as a result of the introduction of the frame, the wall ceased to be a load-bearing element and became just a filling between the load-bearing pylons. As a result of its variability, the lancet vault was structurally superior to the semicircular vault in many positions. The massive masonry of the vault in the early Middle Ages was replaced by openwork stone structures, whose emphatically vertical supports and columns carry the static loads collected in a bundle onto the foundations.

With the development of the Gothic style, the Gothic space changes significantly. If the Romanesque architecture of various regions of Europe, diverse in its manifestations, developed in different ways, the new possibilities of the Gothic style are determined by one school, from where new creative ideas with the help of the monastic orders of the Cistercians and Dominicans and the building artels working for them spread to all accessible areas.

Already in the late Romanesque period, in the first half of the 12th century, elements of the new Gothic style appeared in the Ile de France region. From this northern French region, where the Romanesque school lagged behind in development and where the influence of ancient traditions was not directly affected, a new powerful impulse emanates, opening the way for a rich Gothic art. From France, Gothic is spreading to neighboring countries; back in the XII century. it appears in England, and in the next century in Germany, Italy and Spain.

Until the beginning of the XIV century. the form of the basilica prevailed. Over time, especially in cities, the hall form became the most common, the equal-sized naves of which merged inside into a single space. Along with the church mysteries, folk festivals, city meetings, theatrical performances were held in huge places of worship, and trade was conducted there.

Roman style- the artistic style that prevailed in Western Europe (and also affected some countries of Eastern Europe) in the XI-XII centuries (in some places - in the XIII century), one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art. Most fully expressed in architecture.

Romanesque period

Brown, red, green, white;

Lines: barrel, semicircular, straight, horizontal and vertical;

The form: rectangular, cylindrical;

Semicircular frieze, repeating geometric or floral design; halls with open ceiling beams and supports in the center;

Constructions: stone, massive, thick-walled; wooden plastered with a visible skeleton;

Window: rectangular, small, in stone houses - arched;

Doors: planks, rectangular with massive hinges, lock and bolt

Emergence

This name appeared only around 1820, but it quite accurately determines that until the middle of the XIII century. elements of Roman - antique architecture were strongly felt.

The main role in the Romanesque style was assigned to the harsh serf architecture: monastic complexes, churches, castles. The main buildings during this period were a temple-fortress and a castle-fortress, located on high places, dominating the area.

The term “Romanesque style” was introduced at the beginning of the 19th century by Arsisse de Comont, who established a connection between the architecture of the 11th-12th centuries and ancient Roman architecture (in particular, the use of semicircular arches, vaults). In general, the term is conditional and reflects only one, not the main, side of art. However, he came into general use. The main art form of the Romanesque style is architecture, mainly ecclesiastical (stone temple, monastic complexes).

Romanesque art is the name of a period in the history of European art from about 1000 to the emergence of Gothic art in the 13th century; depending on the region, the Romanesque period in art could come or end earlier or later. The previous period is sometimes referred to as pre-Romanesque.

The term "Romanesque art" was introduced in the 19th century by art historians, primarily for Romanesque architecture, which retained many of the main features of the Roman architectural style - round arches, as well as barrel vaults, apses and acanthus, leaf ornaments - but also created many new and very different parts. In southern France, Spain and Italy, there was architectural continuity from late antiquity, but the Romanesque style was the first style to spread throughout Catholic Europe, from Denmark to Sicily. Romanesque art was also heavily influenced by Byzantine art, especially in painting, as well as influenced by the "non-classical" decoration of "island art" from the British Isles; the combination of these two elements created a new and consistent style.

The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.

Features of the architecture of the Romanesque cathedral:

The plan is based on the early Christian basilica, that is, the longitudinal organization of space

Enlargement of the choir or east altar of the temple

Increasing the height of the temple

Replacement of the coffered (cassette) ceiling with stone vaults in the largest cathedrals. The vaults were of several types: box, cross, often cylindrical, flat along the beams (typical of Italian Romanesque architecture).

Heavy vaults required powerful walls and columns

The main motive of the interior is semicircular arches

Gothic architecture - the period of development of Western and Central European architecture, corresponding to the mature and late Middle Ages (from the end of the XII to the beginning of the XVI century). Gothic architecture replaced Romanesque architecture and in turn gave way to Renaissance architecture.

Gothic

Prevailing and trendy colors: yellow, red, blue;

Gothic style lines: lancet, forming a vault of two intersecting arcs, ribbed repeating lines;

The form: rectangular buildings; pointed arches turning into pillars;

Typical interior elements: Fan vault with supports or coffered ceiling and wooden wall panels; foliage complex ornament; the halls are high, narrow and long, or wide with supports in the center;

Gothic style constructions: frame, openwork, stone; elongated upward pointed arches; underlined skeleton of structures;

Window: extended upwards, often with multicolored stained-glass windows; at the top of the building there are sometimes round decorative windows;

Doors: pointed ribbed arches of doorways; oak paneled doors

The emergence of the Gothic style

In the XI and XII centuries. as a result of the development of methods of cultivating land in Central Europe, yields increased. In this regard, part of the rural population began to specialize in handicraft production and trade, freeing itself from the influence of feudal lords and creating independent communes. This is how a new class arose within feudal society - the urban bourgeoisie, whose power was based on movable property, primarily on money. This class became the engine of economic and cultural progress.

The very term "Gothic" arose in modern times as a contemptuous designation of everything brought into European art by the barbarians-Goths. The term emphasized the radical difference between medieval architecture and the style of Ancient Rome.

Characteristic features of the Gothic style are the verticality of the composition, lancet is bright, a complex frame system of supports and a ribbed vault. The advantage of using ribs is that the arch can be larger, as a result of which the loads arising from it are reduced.

Types of Gothic structures The development of cities led to the emergence of new types of structures. Buildings of the town hall, workshops and guilds appeared on the market square, buildings for trade in meat and manufactories, warehouses and trading houses were required. Arsenals, construction yards, schools and hospitals were built. But above all, the townspeople defended themselves and their property from competing neighbors and attacks by feudal lords, building walls and towers around the city.

INTRODUCTION 3

1. ROMAN STYLE. 4

1.1. France. 4

1.2. Spain. 6

1.3. Italy. 6

1.4. Germany and England. nine

2. GOTHIC STYLE. ten

2.1. French Gothic. ten

2.2. English Gothic. 12

2.3. Gothic architecture in other countries. 14

2.4. Secular buildings of the Gothic era. 17

CONCLUSION. 19

LIST OF USED LITERATURE .. 21

The figurative and semantic system of medieval art expressed the central idea of \u200b\u200bthe picture of the world of medieval man - the Christian idea of \u200b\u200bGod. Art was perceived as a kind of biblical text, easily "read" by believers through numerous sculptural and pictorial images. “The architecture and sculpture of the Middle Ages was the“ Bible in stone ”... Painting expressed the same biblical themes in line and light.”

Strictly following the universal church canons, medieval artists were called to manifest divine beauty in a figurative form. The aesthetic ideal of medieval art was the opposite of that of antiquity, reflecting the Christian understanding of beauty. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe superiority of the spirit over the bodily, carnal is presented in the asceticism of images of monumental painting and sculpture, their severity and detachment from the outside world. In the development of European architecture of the early Middle Ages, two periods can be distinguished, two styles: Romanesque (XI-XII centuries) and Gothic (XIII-XV centuries). The second of these two stages - Gothic - arose through the evolution of Romanesque architecture and meant its transition to a new, higher stage of development. Both Romanesque and Gothic architecture developed in the same basically socio-historical conditions.

This work will characterize the features of these architectural styles, we will also present the most striking and significant objects of these styles in different countries and their role as architectural dominants of the image of medieval Europe.

In the 11th century. an economic boom begins in Europe, which coincided with two centuries of Romanesque architecture. At that time, there were no national states in today's understanding of this concept, however, feudal fragmentation and the collapse of the system of Roman roads contributed to the independent development of the territories.

Romanesque architecture has developed as a result of the combination of the original local and Byzantine forms. She was the earliest ethane of the development of Western European architecture. New types of structures were identified - a feudal castle, city fortifications, large city churches, cathedrals. A new type of urban residential building also emerged.

The main building material of Romanesque architecture was stone. The most difficult process was the development of rational and rhythmic planning solutions for the massive stone construction of religious buildings. The system of vaults and their supporting stone supports has evolved. The process proceeded differently in various architectural schools in France, Germany, Italy and other countries.

Despite the presence of a number of common features and constructive similarities, it is customary to distinguish between the Romanesque style of Burgundy and Spain, Provence and Auvergne, Sicily and Lombardy.

In their constructive scheme, the Auvergne cathedrals are similar to those that were built in Provence, but their transept and sredocrossie are sometimes elevated. Above the cross is a two-tiered tower topped with a pyramidal roof.

The Romanesque style of southeastern France is embodied in the architecture of the Church of Saint Trofim in Arles. The architects chose the simplest cylindrical vault for the main nave and semi-cylindrical vaults for the side ones. It is impossible to illuminate the building with the help of the upper windows, which is why the church is as dark as it is in Sant Ambrogio. Provence was one of the most prosperous Roman provinces, and there are many ancient buildings preserved there, including the famous Maison Carré in Nimes. Hence the classic character of the details of the portal of the Church of Saint Trofim. The fluted Corinthian pilasters, the Greek motif of serrated ornamentation and the senatorial posture of the sculptural figures are undoubtedly connected with the ancient past of these places.

The Normans used in their buildings the achievements of the Romanesque architectural school of Lombardy (an example is the Cathedral of Saint Etienne in Caen). In Normandy, a six-part cross vault was created. The Romanesque churches of Normandy usually have a plan in the form of a Latin cross, a two-towered western façade and a rafter ceiling of the central nave, which is often much larger than the lateral ones; the interior is formed by three tiers of horizontal divisions (the colonnade of the nave, gallery and clerestory).

The Romanesque era was the heyday of monasteries and monastic orders. Four roads led to the church of Sant Jago da Compostela, located in northeastern Spain, where the relics of the Apostle James were kept. Large pilgrim basilicas arose on each of them during the Romanesque era. The plan of the cathedral in Compostela is based on a Latin cross. It is a three-nave church with a three-nave transept and a large eastern part with nine chapels. There are choirs above the side aisles. Thus, a circular tour was organized in the lower and upper tiers and the possibility of access to the chapels, each of which had its own altar and kept sacred relics.

The main nave and branches of the cathedral transept in Compostela are covered with cylindrical vaults. The vault of the central nave is crossed by transverse ribs, the position of which corresponds to the axes of the supports. Due to the use of cylindrical vaults, lighting is insufficient here.

In the largest pilgrimage basilica of Saint Sernin in Toulouse, located in southwestern France, as in the Cathedral of Saint Iago, chapels semicircular in plan adjoin the apse and the east side of the transept. The middle cross is marked by a multi-tiered tower, the construction of which was completed in 1233.

Sicily. The Greek colonies, followed by centuries of Roman rule, laid a solid classical foundation for Sicilian culture. Later, the island belonged to Byzantium, Arabs and Normans, maintaining close contact with Lombardy, and the architecture has preserved traces of all these cultural and temporal layers. In the cathedral of the city of Montreal, light arcades dividing the interior space into naves, and the rafters recall the architectural forms of early Christian basilicas. The carved capitals and mosaics were made by Byzantine craftsmen, as indicated by Greek inscriptions. The towers flanking the façade of the cathedral at Cefal are clearly Norman in origin. In Montreal, the outer wall of the apse is decorated with an arcade of intersecting arches resting on pilasters and overhead columns (a decorative motif introduced by the Norman conquerors). But in Normandy, semicircular arches were used, and in Montreal, under the influence of Arab architecture, they have pointed outlines. In the Palatine Chapel in Palermo, the architects erected stalactite vaults that originate from Arab architecture. The shape of the arches testifies to contacts with Lombardy.

The new system of vaults with force lines of the ribs, as well as the use of compound (beam) supports, alternation of the main and intermediate supports, the introduction of arches to transfer the load to the outer walls had no precedents. This system linked the future of both Romanesque and Gothic architecture. However, its important disadvantage is the inability to provide normal lighting. Due to the placement of the choirs above the side naves, the height of the side parts of the building became equal to the height of the walls of the main nave. The light entering the interior of the church through the upper windows of the main nave now illuminated only the choir stalls, while the interior of the central and side naves remained dark. Sant Ambrogio is a very dark church. In general, the interpretation of details here is more rigorous, they are usually quite strongly accented. The same austere style prevails in the design of the exterior. The facade of Sant'Ambrogio is decorated with a series of large arches. At the junctions of the archivolt with the support of each arch, there are small console shelves. This decorative motif is typical of Lombard architecture and is called the Lombard Arch.

1.4. Germany and England

During the Romanesque era, the Holy Roman Empire became the leading political force in Europe. German emperors also wore the iron crown of Lombardy. Perhaps this contributed to the penetration of the communications system invented in Lombardy into the Rhinelands. Many Romanesque churches in Germany, among which the cathedrals of Paderborn, Mainz, Speyer and Worms are especially famous, are very impressive. The transept was arranged not only from the east, but also from the west side of the nave; towers were erected over both crossings, over the ends of the transept and on both sides of the apse. This gave the buildings a picturesque silhouette.

In 1066 the Normans conquered Saxon England. Construction of large church buildings soon began there. The space of the cathedral in Durham is divided into naves by massive, ornate pillars supporting tiers of galleries and clerestory, and covered by the first large cross vaults in England.

New masters in the newly conquered country, the Normans needed fortified castles, behind the high walls of which it was possible to hide from both hostile Saxons and warlike neighbors. Towers of Norman castles were usually square in plan and had one room on each floor. At Headingham Castle, access to the first floor of the main tower was only possible from inside the building. One flight of stairs led to the second floor, where the hall was located, in which households lived, ate and slept. Fireplaces, one on each floor, served for heating, but since window panes did not yet exist, in winter such a house was drafted and cold. To protect against enemies and bad weather, the windows were made small, so that the castle was semi-dark. Comfort was clearly sacrificed in favor of safety, but Headingham was almost invulnerable and stood unscathed until the outbreak of World War I. http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/71/1007145/1007145a1.htm

By the middle of the 12th century. in France, a new style is emerging - the Gothic, which then spread throughout Europe; Italy fell into the orbit of the Gothic style in the 30s of the 14th century, other countries - from the 15th century. The term "Gothic" originated from the name of the Germanic tribe Goths and has nothing to do with the essence of the phenomenon designated by it. During the Renaissance, the entire Middle Ages were declared barbaric, and the architecture of the pointed arch became a symbol of barbarism for critics.

In the era of the domination of the Gothic style, and especially in its early period, the church remained the leading force in society. Therefore, it was in church architecture that time expressed itself most vividly. The Gothic cathedral rises high above the rooftops of the city, being its architectural and spiritual center. In this era, a new force appeared on the arena of history, capable of challenging the primacy of church authority. Feudalism was weakening, royal power was gradually growing stronger; cities grew and prospered, receiving privileges from kings and dukes in exchange for promised support against other rulers and nobles.

So that the increasingly thin walls could carry the weight of the vast vaults, a system of buttresses and flying buttresses was created. In addition to transmitting the horizontal expansion of the vault, these hanging arches, or flying buttresses, could withstand the wind pressure on the high roof erected above the vault.

The ribbed cross vault, pillars, flying buttresses and buttresses made it possible to turn the Gothic cathedral into a stone frame, and almost the entire surface of the outer walls into a window. Thin lead bridges separated the pieces of colored glass, from which the stained-glass panels placed in the window frames were composed.

Already in the Church of Saint Etienne in Caen, the design of its western façade reflected the division of the interior into the main and side naves, as well as vertically - into an arcade, galleries and clerestory. The architects of the Gothic era adopted this compositional scheme.

On the plan of the Gothic cathedral, a cobweb of lines is visible, which denote the position of the arches and ribs connecting the supports and thrown from them to the buttresses. In Chartres Cathedral, the spaces of the main and side naves, the bypass gallery and chapels flow smoothly into one another. Only a thin membrane of windows separates the interior from the outside world. Thanks to the buttresses, hanging arches, pinnacles and sharp verticals of the spiers, the cathedral seems to soar upward. In the interior of the church, the verticals of thin columns make the person glancing over them raise their eyes higher and higher.

The formation of the Gothic was in the second half of the 12th century. At that time, the main nave was often covered with six-part ribbed vaults, and between the lower tier of the arcades and the upper tier of the clerestory there were two more tiers - a gallery and a triforium (later, in the High Gothic era, a three-part scheme would be adopted). By the first half of the 13th century. the compositional scheme of the Gothic church can be considered complete.

In France itself, during the 14th century. few architectural works were created primarily due to the Hundred Years War with England, which was fought on French territory. In the 15th century. The Gothic style in France is going through its late stage, called "Flaming Gothic": the vaults become very complex, a motif resembling a tongue of flame appears in the lace of stone forms, this pattern moves from window openings to portals and even wall panels. The Saint Maclou Church in Rouen demonstrates the highest artistic level and technical virtuosity. Apparently, the craftsmen who worked there were influenced by the decorative trend characteristic of England. This is supported by the fact that works in the style of flaming Gothic are more common in Normandy, which was part of the English kingdom during the Hundred Years War.

Formed in France, Gothic has come to other countries. In England, the main nave of a cathedral is narrower than in France, and often longer; two transepts, one in the middle and the other closer to the eastern part of the church, form in plan the shape of an "archbishop's cross"; The British preferred the rectangular end of the eastern end of the temple to a semicircular apse with a semicircular bypass of the choir and a crown of chapels radiating from it. If in Amiens the vaults reach 42 m, and in Beauvais 48 m, then most of the English vaults are no higher than 24 m.The walls thickened, as in Romanesque buildings, a composition with emphasized horizontal divisions, also characteristic of Romanesque architecture, remained in England for a long time after their disappearance in France.

Many English cathedrals were monastic, but even those that were not part of monasteries retained the features of monastic architecture in their appearance, for example, a closed courtyard adjacent to the cathedral, or a cloister. Often the main entrance to the cathedral was arranged from the side of one of the side naves, and not from the western side. Due to the relatively low height of the vaults, towering over the relatively narrow naves, and the rather thick walls, there was no need to use buttresses and flying buttresses.

Three periods can be roughly distinguished in the development of English Gothic. In the last decades of the 13th century. and the very beginning of the 14th century. the period of early Gothic falls. This style is closer to the French, when simple four-part vaults were usually used; the exception is the cathedral at Canterbury, where they are six-part. Beam supports repeat the French models, a little later in the west of England, complex-shaped supports appear. There are few decorative elements. The narrow windows have pointed ends. A more elaborate decoration system appears at Westminster Abbey at the very end of the period. Westminster Abbey is the "most French" of the English buildings, the tallest, built using a system of buttresses, which is not surprising, since its main customer was King Henry III, a famous Francophile.

In the 14th century. the so-called. decorated gothic. As its name suggests, decorativeness replaces the severity of early English Gothic. The vaults of the Exeter cathedral have additional ribs, and it seems as if a huge flower is growing over the capitals. The pillars are surrounded by a bundle of columns along the entire perimeter. The most amazing metamorphosis occurs with windows, the width of which increases so much that it becomes necessary to have decorative sculptural elements between the stained-glass panels. First, the endings of the windows are completely filled with circles and arcs, then this pattern is replaced by curly curves that form a complex ornament.

In the 15th century. “Decorated Gothic” was replaced by “Perpendicular Gothic”. This name is associated with the predominance of vertical lines in the drawing of decorative elements. In the Cathedral of Gloucester, the ribs run away from the capitals, creating a semblance of an open fan - such a vault is called a fan. Perpendicular Gothic lasted until the early 16th century. http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/71/1007162/1007162a1.htm

Gothic also came to Germany from France. Some cathedrals, for example Cologne, are very reminiscent of French ones. In the later period, German craftsmen built openwork stone spiers over the cathedrals. In Germany in this era, churches with a hall interior were built, in which the side aisles are equal in height to the main one. In Germany, the heyday of Gothic dates back to the middle of the 13th century. (western choir of the cathedral in Naumburg). Hall churches appeared here early (Elisabetkirche in Marburg, 1235-83); in the southwest, a type of 1-tower cathedral was formed (in Freiburg in Breisgau, Ulm); brick churches were built (the monastery in Corin, 1275-1334; Marienkirche in Lübeck), in which the simplicity of plans, volumes and structures was combined with patterned masonry, the use of glazed and figured bricks. Stone, brick and half-timbered secular buildings (city gates, town halls, workshop and warehouse buildings, dance halls) are diverse in types, compositions and decor. The sculpture of cathedrals (in Bamberg, Magdeburg, Naumburg) is distinguished by the concreteness and monumentality of images, a powerful pastiche expression. Late German Gothic (late 14th and early 16th centuries) produced brilliant examples of hall churches (Annenkirche in Annaberg-Buchholz, 1499-1525) and palace halls (Albrechtsburg in Meissen) with complex vaults. Altar sculpture and painting flourished. Gothic became widespread also in Austria (the Gothic part of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna) and Switzerland (the Cathedral in Bern).

In Spain, city cathedrals (Leon, 1205-88; Seville, 1402-1506) are large in size, have richly decorated facades and small windows; the interior is divided in two by an altar image (retablo) with sculpture and painting. The influence of Moorish art was especially strong in the Gothic of Catalonia and the south of the country. In Catalonia, the late Gothic single-nave halls were overlapped by vaults of a large span, resting on walls fortified with buttresses (Cathedral in Gerona, 1325-1607, nave width 24 m). Large vaulted halls were created in secular buildings (the stock exchange in Palma in Mallorca, 1426-51). In the 16th century. Gothic designs were carried over to the Spanish colony in America. In Spain, with its dazzling sun, the glazing surface was reduced and the walls increased somewhat to make the interior cool and shady. In Spain, in the Gothic style, altar barriers, or "coro", were also created, separating the choir from the main space of the church.

In Italy, there was almost no Gothic. The spirit of the classics has always reigned here, which demanded to reduce the curvature of the pointed arches and break the supports that go up to the vaults into parts commensurate with the human figure. The Cathedral of Siena retains the first magnificent Gothic façade in Italy; some of the churches founded by monks of the Cistercian order, including at San Galliano near Siena, clearly follow the Burgundian version of the Gothic style. The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence has a splendid main façade with pointed arches, a rose, Gothic statues, and polychrome marble inlay typical of Tuscany. With a forest of pinnacles, buttresses and flying buttresses and stone-laced windows, Milan Cathedral is the “most Gothic” of Italian temples.

In the eastern regions of Europe, Gothic buildings are often characterized by serf features, laconicism and even severity of forms. Gothic architecture came to Hungary at the end of the 13th-15th centuries. were built - the church of St. Michael in Sopron, castle in Visegrad. Bohemian Gothic flourished in the 14th century, when the Cathedral of St. Vitus Cathedral and the Old Town Hall in Prague, the hall church of St. Barbara in Kutná Hora (1388-1547), Charles Bridge in Prague (1357-1378), the royal castle Karlštejn (1348-1357) and hall churches of southern Bohemia were built. Gothic spread in Slovakia (cathedral in Kosice, 1382-1499), Slovenia (church in Ptuj, 1260), Transylvania (Black Church in Brasov, about 1385 - about 1476). In Poland, the development of Gothic began in the 13-14 centuries. The wars with the Teutonic Order stimulated the development of serf architecture, and the rise of cities led to the flourishing of secular architecture (the town hall in Gdansk, 1378-1492, and Torun, 13-14 centuries). Churches were built mainly of bricks (the Church of the Virgin Mary in Krakow, around 1360-1548; the hall church of the Virgin Mary in Gdansk, 1343-1502) and were often decorated with frescoes. In Latvia, Gothic architecture spreads in the 13-14th centuries. Built - Dome Church in Riga, 1211 - about 1300; castle in Cesis, 13-16 centuries In southern Estonia in the 14th century. brick Gothic churches were built (Jaani Church in Tartu, before 1323). The Gothic appearance of Tallinn took shape in the 14-15th centuries, when walls and many towers were built, a fortified center - Vyshgorod (Toompea) and the burgher part of the city with the town hall (until 1341-1628) and the Oleviste church (choir - about 1400) were formed. By the 14-15th centuries. the early Gothic monuments of Lithuania (Trakai castle on the island) also belong; in the 15-16 centuries. The Onos Church in Vilnius (completed in 1580) and the Perkuno House in Kaunas receive rich brick decor.

In cities, under the protection of powerful walls, buildings of craft corporations - workshops were erected. The grandeur of the Chamber of Cloths in Ypres, Belgium, bears witness to the wealth of this craft. Architectural elements and forms of construction are characteristic of the 13th century. The building of the Guild of the Butchers' Guild in Hildesheim is built so that each of its floors protrudes slightly above the previous one.

In Venice, its own version of the Gothic style was formed, which found expression in the architecture of the Doge's Palace. The walls of the upper floors, covered with diamond-shaped patterns of gold and pink bricks, rest on two rows of arches.

Castles and estates were built outside the city walls. Bodiem Castle in England has thin walls and symmetrical towers; it is surrounded by a moat to protect it from attacks. The chambers of the castle are arranged around a courtyard. Large windows overlook this side. Each of the premises was assigned special functions. The large hall, located on the opposite side of the main entrance, still remained the center of the house, here they dined and received guests, the kitchen and storerooms, the master's bedroom and his wife's boudoir adjoined the hall. A chapel was built next to the private chambers. On the contrary, across the courtyard there were servants' rooms, warehouses and stables, since the castle had its own household.

The residences of the nobility gradually lost the appearance of castles. After the establishment of the Tudor dynasty on the English throne in 1485, the feudal fragmentation was replaced by state unity. Comton Wynyets, built approx. 1525, no longer needed fortifications, although it was apparently surrounded by a moat and a wall with battlements, which played a purely decorative role. The building is fully adapted to the conditions of peaceful life: large windows overlook not only the inner courtyard, but also cut through the outer walls. The windows are glazed so there is enough light inside. Each living room has a fireplace.

The main difference between the described styles was that the Romanesque was characterized by a special massiveness of structures, and the Gothic structures acquired a more perfect frame structure, lightened in a number of structures.

Romanesque architecture has developed as a result of the combination of the original local and Byzantine forms. She was the earliest ethane of the development of Western European architecture. New types of structures were defined - a feudal castle, city fortifications, large city churches, cathedrals. A new type of urban residential building also emerged.

The Romanesque style completely rejected the proportional canons and forms of ancient architecture, its characteristic arsenal of ornamental and decorative means. The little that remained of the architectural details of ancient origin was extremely heavily transformed and roughened.

By the end of the XII century. Romanesque art was replaced by Gothic (the term was first used by Renaissance historians to characterize all medieval art, which they associated with barbaric art).

The Gothic era (late 12th - 15th centuries) is a period when urban culture begins to play an increasing role in medieval culture. In all areas of the life of medieval society, the importance of the secular, rational principle is increasing. The Church is gradually losing its dominant position in the spiritual sphere. With the development of urban culture, on the one hand, church restrictions in the field of art began to weaken, and on the other, in striving to maximize the ideological and emotional power of art for its own purposes, the church finally develops its attitude to art, which found expression in the treatises of the philosophers of that time. The characteristic features of Gothic sculpture can be summarized as follows: interest in phenomena of the real world; figures representing the dogmas and beliefs of the Catholic Church become more realistic; the role of secular subjects is increasing; round plastic appears and begins to play a dominant role (although the relief does not disappear). Gothic art with its interest in the phenomena of the real world, the strengthening of the role of secular subjects, the desire for life expressiveness, the concreteness of sculptural images prepared the flourishing of Renaissance art.

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