The Latin word is lapsus. It denotes an error in a person’s speech. From this word came the well-known abbreviation blunder. Only if a blunder is considered a gross violation of speech norms, then lapsus has a less strict meaning. Unfortunately, there is no analogue of this word, which denotes speech errors, in modern Russian. But lapsus are found everywhere.

Speech errors are divided into standard errors and typos. Typos are mechanical errors. A word may be spelled incorrectly in the text, which will complicate the perception of information. Or instead of one word they accidentally use another. Typos also occur in spoken language. These are slips of the tongue that you hear from people every day.

Mechanical errors occur unconsciously, but a lot depends on them. Errors in writing numbers create a distortion of factual information. And spelling words incorrectly can completely change the meaning of what was said. One scene from the film “Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day,” directed by Miguel Arteta, demonstrates the problem of typos well. The printing house mixed up the letters “p” and “s” and in a children’s book they wrote, instead of “You can jump on the bed,” the phrase “You can burp on the bed.” And according to the plot of the film, this situation resulted in a scandal.

Particular attention was paid to typos during the Stalinist repressions, when an incorrectly spelled word cost a person his life. It is impossible to eradicate the problem of typos, since people make them unconsciously. The only way you will avoid this type of speech error is to be careful when writing the text, carefully choosing the words you say.

Types of regulatory errors

Speech errors are associated with violations of the norms of the Russian language. Types of speech errors:

• orthoepic;
• morphological;
• spelling;
• syntactic-punctuation;
• stylistic;
• lexical.

Spelling error

A pronunciation error is associated with a violation of orthoepy norms. It manifests itself only in oral speech. This is an erroneous pronunciation of sounds, words or phrases. Errors in pronunciation also include incorrect stress.

The distortion of words occurs in the direction of reducing the number of letters. For example, when instead of “thousand” the word “thousand” is pronounced. If you want to speak competently and beautifully, you should rid your speech of such words. A common mispronunciation of the word “of course” is “of course.”

Pronouncing the correct accent is not only correct, but also fashionable. Surely you have heard how people correct the incorrect emphasis in the words “Alcohol”, “calls”, “contract” to the correct ones - “alcohol”, “calls” and “contract”. Incorrect placement of stress has recently become more noticeable than before. And the opinion about your erudition depends on compliance with pronunciation standards.

Morphological error

Morphology is a branch of linguistics in which the object of study is words and their parts. Morphological errors are caused by incorrect formation of word forms of different parts of speech. The reasons are incorrect declension, errors in the use of gender and number.

For example, "doctors" instead of "doctors". This is a morphological error in the use of the plural.

They often use the wrong form of a word when changing case. The genitive case of the word apples is apples. Sometimes the incorrect form of "apples" is used instead.

Common morphological errors - incorrect spelling of numerals:

“The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches.” In this example, the word “fifty” was not declined. Correct spelling: "The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches."

In the use of adjectives, a common mistake is the incorrect use of the comparative degree. For example, this use: “more beautiful” instead of “more beautiful”. Or “the highest” instead of “the highest” or “the highest”.

Spelling mistake

Spelling errors are misspellings of words. They arise when a person does not know the correct spelling of a word. Have you ever received a message containing grammatical errors? A common example: spelling the word “sorry” with an “e.” To prevent such spelling errors from happening to you, read as much as possible. Reading stimulates the perception of the correct spelling of words. And if you are used to reading correctly written text, then you will write without making grammatical errors.

Spelling errors, in principle, occur due to ignorance of the correct words. Therefore, if you are not sure of a written word, you should consult a dictionary. At work, learn the list of words specific to your field that you need to remember and in which you should never make grammatical errors.

Syntax and punctuation errors

These types of speech errors occur when punctuation marks are placed incorrectly and words are incorrectly combined in phrases and sentences.

Missing dashes, extra commas - this refers to punctuation errors. Don't be lazy to open your textbook if you're not sure about the use of commas. Again, this is a problem that can be overcome by reading a lot of books. You get used to the correct placement of punctuation marks and already on an intuitive level it is difficult for you to make a mistake.

Violations of syntax rules are common. Coordination errors are common. “To be happy, a person needs a favorite place to relax, a job, a happy family.” The word “need” in this sentence is not suitable for listing. It is necessary to use “need”.

Professional editors believe that management error is common. When a word is replaced by a synonym or a similar word, but the control does not agree with the new word.

An example of a management error: “They praised and congratulated Alina for her victory.”

They praised Alina. They brought congratulations to Alina. Parts of the proposal are inconsistent due to mismanagement. After "praised" you need to add the word "her" to correct the mistake.

Stylistic errors

Unlike other types of errors, stylistic errors are based on distortion of the meaning of the text. Classification of main stylistic speech errors:

• Pleonasm. The phenomenon occurs frequently. Pleonasm is a redundant expression. The author expresses a thought, supplementing it with information that is already understandable to everyone. For example, “a minute passed,” “he told the true truth,” “a secret spy was watching the passenger.” A minute is a unit of time. The truth is the truth. And a spy is a secret agent in any case.
• Cliche. These are established phrases that are used very often. Clichés cannot be completely attributed to speech errors. Sometimes their use is appropriate. But if they are often found in the text or a cliché of a conversational style is used in a business style, this is a serious speech error. Clichés include the expressions “to win”, “golden autumn”, “overwhelming majority”.
• Tautology. An error in which the same or similar words are often repeated. The same word should not be repeated in the same sentence. It is advisable to eliminate repetitions in adjacent sentences.

Sentences in which this error was made: “He smiled, his smile filled the room with light,” “Katya blushed from the red wine,” “Petya loved to go fishing and catch fish.”

• Violation of word order. In English, word order is much stricter than in Russian. It is distinguished by the clear construction of parts of a sentence in a certain sequence. In Russian, you can rearrange phrases as you would like. But it is important not to lose the meaning of the statement.

To prevent this from happening, follow two rules:

1. The order of words in a sentence can be direct or reverse depending on the subject and predicate.
2. The secondary members of the sentence must agree with the words on which they depend.

Lexical speech errors

Vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language. Mistakes occur when you write or talk about something you don’t understand. More often, errors in the meanings of words occur for several reasons:

• The word is outdated and rarely used in modern Russian.
• The word refers to highly specialized vocabulary.
• The word is a neologism and its meaning is not widespread.

Classification of lexical speech errors:

• False synonymy. A person considers several words that are not synonyms to be synonyms. For example, authority is not popularity, and features are not differences. Examples where an error was made:“The singer was an authority among young people” instead of “The singer was popular among young people.” “The brother and sister had many differences in their personalities” instead of “The brother and sister had many differences in their personalities.”
• Using words that sound similar. For example, using the word “single” when you need to say “ordinary”. Instead of the word “Indian” they may write the mistaken “Indian”.
• Confusion in words with similar meanings. “Interviewer” and “Interviewee”, “Subscriber” and “Subscription”, “Addressee” and “Addressee”.
• Unintentional formation of new words.

It's easy to make a speech error. Sometimes this happens in case of a slip of the tongue, and sometimes the problem lies in ignorance of some norm of the Russian language or due to confusion in the meanings of words. Read a lot of books, speak correctly and don’t hesitate to consult a dictionary or textbook once again. Constantly work on your oral and written speech so that the number of errors is close to zero.

Speech is the main parameter that distinguishes a person from an animal. Thanks to the ability to speak, people come into close contact with each other and develop socially. The bulk of information transfer occurs through conversation.

Speech errors are a common phenomenon that distorts the meaning of spoken words. They can be committed due to ignorance of any basics or by accident. Some people deliberately distort words in their speech, which leads to the appearance of distorted word forms. Speech culture involves improving language proficiency and eliminating speech errors in everyday conversation.

Why do speech errors occur?

Incorrect pronunciation can develop during human development, for example, distortion of words in childhood. Poor command of a language, if it is not native to people, always leads to the appearance of many speech errors. If there are diction defects, pronunciation becomes difficult, which causes spelling errors. Sometimes people simply misspoke during a conversation; in such situations, speech errors resemble typos in written texts. There can be many reasons for the formation of speech errors, but a person should strive to get rid of this problem. Speech that contains many errors can cause a lot of trouble:

• Difficulties in getting a job;
• Poor public performances;
• Constant ridicule and, as a result, low self-esteem;
• Difficulty expressing thoughts or misunderstanding from people around you.

In order to get rid of speech errors, you should find out the cause of the problem and get rid of it. For example, distorting words in random order requires increased attention. Incorrect pronunciation due to ignorance is corrected through additional study of the weak points of the language.

Most people make mistakes due to inattention, which can be easily compensated for by systematic training on the BrainApps resource. The site is useful because it creates an individual program based on a preliminary test and allows you to clearly see your own results.

Types of speech errors

There is an internationally recognized classification of speech errors, which includes 8 categories. Each of them has its own characteristics, causes and solutions.

Pronunciation errors

Speech pronunciation errors are also called spelling errors. They represent distortions of sounds and their combinations or changes in established grammatical structures. Stress errors fall into a separate subcategory, which many people tend to ignore. In fact, incorrect stress significantly spoils the overall impression of the spoken words.

A common variant of a spelling error is the reduction of sounds in a word, for example, not “in general”, but “finally”. Such speech is common among the common people and does not catch the eye, but only in everyday conversation. At business meetings, during scientific conferences and in other similar situations, pronunciation errors will immediately turn the audience against the speaker.

Lexical type errors

In speech errors of a lexical nature, there is a distortion of the meaning of a sentence due to incorrectly selected words or a violation of the coordination of structures in a sentence. There are several main categories of such errors:

• Mixing words that have similar meanings;
• Mixing words that sound similar;
• Mixing words that have similar parameters.

This also includes the introduction of non-existent words into speech based on established speech variants. In most cases, people distort the names of nationalities.

Speech errors include the incorrect choice of a synonym for a particular sentence or the use of a word that does not fit in with others in meaning. Lexical errors also include tautologies, that is, repetitions of words and phrases, and pleonasms (the use of phrases in which the meaning of one of the words is a broader description of the second).

Phraseological errors

Common errors in speech in which the essence of an established phrase, that is, a phraseological unit, changes. People often misremember such constructions and tend to misunderstand them. Thus, a person uses phraseological units in the wrong place, and a speech error occurs.

Morphology errors

Such speech errors imply incorrect formation of word forms. These include: errors in declension by cases, gender and numbers, incorrect addition of prefixes and endings, and ignoring the alternation of sounds in the root.

Syntax errors

Distortion during the formation of sentences and the coordination of words in them is called a syntactic error. Varieties of such errors:

• Problems of coordinating cases, genders, tenses, and so on;
• Errors in the control of one word by another;
• Changing the design, using unnecessary prepositions;
• Inclusion of an unnecessary correlative word in constructions.

Spelling problems

This type of speech error is typical for written speech and involves the incorrect spelling of a word. This includes incorrectly used letters, hyphenation errors, distorted abbreviations, and so on. Spelling errors are corrected by studying the rules of spelling words or constantly reading books, so they disappear from a person’s life for a very long time.

Punctuation errors

Incorrect punctuation marks constitute a punctuation speech error. People may place commas incorrectly, fail to separate sentences with periods, and make mistakes in placing dashes and colons. The appropriate use of question marks and exclamation marks is also a problem for many people, especially when it comes to rhetorical expressions. The main problem of punctuation has long been direct speech, the format of which every third person does not know.

Stylistic errors

Syntax errors are the most controversial in speech, as they involve errors in the construction of a syntactic structure, for example, a sentence. This also includes mixing styles, such as using vernacular expressions in a scientific article or using specific terms in a literary text.

Stylistic speech errors include the following common options:

• Incorrect word order (in Russian, the construction of a sentence depends on the location of the main members: subject and predicate);
• Uniformity of speech structures (often observed among novice authors, where the sentences are very simple and similar to each other);
• Incorrect use of established expressions (often, such an error does not lead to misunderstanding of the text, but looks inappropriate in it);
• The use of words that are lexically incompatible with each other (in such a situation they say that the construction “does not sound,” although its meaning is not deformed);
• Using clichés (standard or established phrases) in inappropriate situations.

How to improve your own speech?

Speech errors are difficult to notice on your own, especially if they are made due to ignorance of any nuances of the language. Most often, speech errors are reported by people around. Each person decides for himself whether to fight a problem or let it take its course. However, speech errors can seriously impair the quality of daily life.

• Take a course with a speech therapist if you have established pronunciation defects;
• Read a lot of fiction, scientific and journalistic literature (the correct spelling and pronunciation of words, as well as the correct construction of sentences will be automatically remembered by the brain);
• Learn the basic rules of the Russian language;
• Improve speech culture by visiting specific events: exhibitions, theaters, and so on;
• Communicate more with other people, while giving preference to educated individuals;
• Improve your language skills with the help of special training programs or attend language courses.

The overall impression of a person’s speech improves in the case of well-executed diction. Clear pronunciation of each sound, correct selection of intonation and voice volume, combined with correctly constructed sentences, will help achieve a positive reaction from listeners. In addition, the culture of speech and literacy in writing immediately make it possible to judge the education of a person as a whole.

The impression of an individual is formed not only through competent speech, but also through general intellectual development, attentiveness, fast and original thinking. BrainApps will allow you to improve these skills. Moreover, classes can begin as early as childhood.

Larisa Fominykh

Is it a grammatical or speech error?

The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in students’ creative works is dictated by existing standards. The first type of errors is an integral part of the assessment for literacy, the second (as one of the components) - for content. When checking essays on the Unified State Examination (Part C), they must also be differentiated. However, in practice, difficulties often arise in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher determine the nature of these shortcomings.

A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.

A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. No context is required to detect it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by hearing, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.

Let's consider main types of grammatical errors.

I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked it; chewing gum; showed indifference.

II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech:

1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural forms; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second slipper? my birthday; our engineers; there are few real friendships; rode on ponies;

2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;

3) names of numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numerals; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numerals): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;

4) pronouns: Until what time are classes? with their neighbors; evon book;

5) verbs: lay down the walls; we want to eat; erase from the board; brushes five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will clean up (do the laundry); This also includes a violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms in a sentence: When December arrives, the weather changes dramatically.

6) participles (they do not have a future tense form; they are not used with the particle would; reflexive and non-reflexive forms cannot be mixed): everyone who writes an essay will receive credit; there is not a single book here that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;

7) participles: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought the service;

Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:

1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can’t wait until I leave;

2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are keen on mountain river rafting;

4) in constructing sentences with homogeneous members:

a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate clause are used as homogeneous ones: I want to show the importance of sports and why I love it;

b) with two predicate verbs there is a common addition that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;

c) inaccurate use of double conjunction: How the elderly, as well as children, were the first to be evacuated(need: both..., and...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);

5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;

6) participial phrases: After skating at the skating rink, my legs hurt. And then, while preparing for exams, it was as if he had been replaced.

7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; use of two subordinating conjunctions at the same time; “stringing” similar subordinate clauses): When the bell rings, you need to get ready to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers, as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this incident. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will arrive soon.

8) violation of sentence boundaries: 1.When the wind ran through. And clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured milk into a saucer for the hedgehog. And he put the hedgehog in the box.

However, one should remember the phenomenon of parcellation, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to give it greater expressiveness or highlight a thought: The very thought of betrayal is unpleasant to me. Because it goes against my beliefs.

9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I awakened good feelings with the lyre.

Main types of speech errors

Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, inexpressiveness of speech, failure to distinguish paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech cliches, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond to the language norm, however, in general, the text of the work indicates the poverty of the student’s speech .

1) Using words in a meaning that is unusual for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - a formidable weapon of the writer. Monologue of wind and tree...

2) tautology (repetition of words with the same root in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It should be noted that the use of cognate words in one sentence may be completely acceptable. In the Russian folk language there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, telling jokes, doing your thing, roaring, howling, groaning. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down. (proverb)

Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may deliberately resort to tautology:

Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)

The smoke from the pipes goes into the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)

I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)

3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; We invite you to celebrate the New Year holidays away from the cold, blizzards and frosts; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;

4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel, hostile relations were established between neighbors; This dish is very filling;

5) violation of lexical compatibility: hunger and devastation gloat all around; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;

7) speech stamps: Now let's talk about heating; in the summer we love to relax at the seaside; the exam can be held upon completion of mastering the subject;

8) dialectal, colloquial, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked cool; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudence who shamelessly lies and takes bribes;

9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to get married at the registry office. Lisa served as Famusov's housekeeper;

10) unjustified repetition of identical words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt quilted jacket. Vatnik was roughly darned. AND were he is wearing worn trousers. And the soldier's boots were almost new.

Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:

Beautiful things are never in vain.
They don't grow even in a black year
The maple is in vain, and the willow is in vain,
And a wasted flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)

The hazy afternoon lazily breathes,
The river rolls lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
The clouds are lazily melting. (F. Tyutchev)

11) unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (resulting in the creation of ambiguity): Don't give your wife a company car. She may get into an accident. - We watched the film in the new cinema. From him We were left with a good impression.

12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called the merchants from Ostrovsky’s plays representatives of the “dark kingdom.” Scriabin's prelude and nocturne for the left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.

To make it more convenient to use the classification of these errors, we present them in abbreviated form in the table:

Grammatical errors	Speech errors
1) erroneous word formation: pleasure to live; wakefulness; grant for life;	1) the use of a word in a meaning that is unusual for it: In an allergic form, Gorky tells us about the Petrel.
2) errors in the formation of word forms: no places; more strict; five hundred rubles; waiting; theirs;	2) violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices; he constantly expands his horizons;
3) violation of the type-temporal correlation of verbs: sat at the table and didn’t talk to me;	3) tautology: Everyone was in a businesslike mood. Crime increased by five percent.
4) errors in coordination and management: from the part of the novel I read;	4) pleonasm: colleagues; feathered birds;
5) violation of agreement between subject and predicate: Humanity is fighting for peace. Young people on the bus are jostling and making noise.	5) unjustified repetitions of words in adjacent sentences: The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go into the forest. The guys went into the forest along a field road.
6) errors in the use of participial and participial phrases: While sledding, I got a headache. Reading books, life became more diverse.	6) Inappropriate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, creating ambiguity: The girl has a hat on her head. She looks flirty.
7) errors in constructing complex sentences: Before leaving, we went to the river.	7) the use of a word of a different stylistic coloring: To poison Lensky, Onegin takes care of Olga.
8) mixing direct and indirect speech: The governor told the oil workers that we value your contribution to the regional economy.	8) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Gerasim returned to the village and began working on a collective farm.

Training tasks

1. Find grammatical errors in the sentences and determine their type.

1. The logs were heavy, so they were placed on sticks and carried.

2. The accident occurred five hundred and eleven kilometers from Moscow.

3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue for kindergartens.

4. And they made a new swing in our yard!

5. While writing the review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.

6. These plans need and deserve every support.

7. But father answered that you are still too small for such work. Chatsky’s ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.

8. Now methods of water purification are becoming more advanced.

9. The spring sun was shining brightly, and the birds were singing.

10. Having risen to our floor, the door to our apartment was open.

11. From a distance, logs floating on the water were visible.

12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who were studying at the Kyiv Bursa.

2. Find speech errors and determine their type.

1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the hike in advance.

2. Khlestakov got into the chaise and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”

Classification of errors corrected and taken into account when assessing a student’s work

Grammatical errors(G) – these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Incorrect word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds).	Nobility, a miracle of technology, in essence, laugh at; more interesting, more beautiful; with five hundred rubles; juggled with both hands, their pathos, there was nothing around him; How many We have lost our moral principles due to the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, flowable down, struck the author of the text; higher onto the stage, the singers bowed.
	Violation of approval norms	I know a group of guys who are seriously into... I'm into jazz.
	Violation of management norms	We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone was surprised at him by force.
	Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate	The main thing I want to pay attention to now isartistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
	Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members	The country loved and was proud of the poet. In the essay I wanted to sayabout the meaning of sports and why I love it.
	Errors in constructing sentences with participles	Reading the text , such a feeling of empathy arises.
	Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases	The narrow path was coveredfailing snow underfoot.
	Errors in the construction of complex sentences	This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends,which I read as a child. It seemed to the man that this is a dream.
	Mixing direct and indirect speech
G10	Violation of sentence boundaries	He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.
G11	Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms	Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.
G12	Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)	At the meeting there was accepted (?) hold a cleanup day.
G13	Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs	It would be nice if the picture showed would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems are revealed.

Speech errors (P)– these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, i.e. a violation of lexical norms. This is pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-discrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, polysemy not eliminated by the context.

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it	We were shocked wonderful acting. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.
	Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words	Such people always succeed bully others . Oblomov did nothing all day long played the fool.
	Poor use of pronouns	The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style; I immediately had a picture of your imagination.
	The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of clerical language, expressive, emotionally charged words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units	As planned author, the hero wins; Molchalin works secretary of Famusov; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; The author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother I would I would give it to the muffin; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth,but let me just make the reader laugh.
	Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix	In such cases, I look in the dictionary.
	Non-distinction of paronyms,synonymous words;errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context	Spectacular measures were taken; This poet's name is familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not funny, but alsonot a major motivemakes us think; the record hasn't said its thing yetlast word.
	Violation of lexical compatibility
	Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm	Young youth; very lovely.
	Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)	In that the story is toldabout real events.
P10	Unjustified repetition of a word	Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he has done.
P11	Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures	When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief.When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
P12	Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy	Then so that you can smile, about it Our bookstore will take care of it.

Logical errors (L).Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence or text	Attended the lessondirector, librarian, and Anna Petrovna Ivanova And Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned his back to the battery; For good studies and raising children parents students received letters of gratitude from the school administration.
	Violation of cause-and-effect relationships	In recent years so many done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because Issues of modernization of education are being resolved weak .
	A missing link in an explanation, a “logical leap.”	It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] How I want the yard to be an adornment for both the school and the village.
	Rearranging parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for the essay or presentation)	It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do this?
	Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)
	Comparison of logically incomparable concepts	Syntax encyclopedic articles are excellent from other scientific articles.
Composition and text errors
	Bad start	The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text is written by...
	Errors in the main part	A) Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence. b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order. c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.
	Bad ending	Output duplicationunjustified repetition of a previously expressed idea.

Factual errors(F) - a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples	Bazarov was a nihilist and thereforekilled an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov wasloneliness and indifference.
	Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.	The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “Live and learn!»
	Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.	Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.
	Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters. Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, errors in indicating the author.	Turgen'ev; "Taras and Bulba"; V Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Ethical mistakes(E) - violation of the system of values ​​and ethical rules:statements degrading human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person, hostility, manifestations of verbal aggression, slang words and phrases.

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Speech incorrectness. Manifestation of verbal aggression: rude, offensive statements; verbal expression of negative emotions, feelings or intentions in a form unacceptable in a given speech situation; threat, rude demand, accusation, ridicule; use of swear words, vulgarisms, jargon, argot; statements degrading human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person	This text pisses me off ; You need to be completely crazy to read books today; Why does the school curriculum force you to read everything? junk , what is called a classic? Mikhalkov in his repertoire! He writes children's books, which is why he demands that they be read in childhood. This is real PR! Nothingfool peopleoutdated truths.

ERRORS: SPELLING, PUNCTUATION, GRAPHICS, TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS

errors are taken into account

• to the rules learned;
• not rough (two non-rough ones count as one):

• in exceptions to the rules;
• in writing capital letters in compound proper names;
• in cases of separate and continuous writing, not with adjectives and participles acting as a predicate;
• in writing and and s after prefixes;
• in difficult cases of distinguishing between not and neither (Where did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than... and etc.);
• in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
• in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

• repetitive (counts as one error, repetitionin the same word or in the root of words with the same root);
• same type ( the first three errors of the same type are considered one error,

each nextsuch an error is counted asindependent):

errors per one rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in the grammatical (in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic (pie, cricket) features of a given word.

Not considered the sameerrors on a rule in which, in order to find out the correct spelling of one word, you need to select another (reference) word or its form (water - water, mouth - mouth, sad - sad, sharp - sharp).

The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.

Errors (two or more) in one unchecked word are counted as one error.

When checking literacy (K7-K8) errors are not taken into account

• spelling:

• in word transfer;
• letters e/e after consonants in foreign words ( racket, plein air ) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
• upper/lowercase letters

• in names related to religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
• when using proper names figuratively (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
• in proper names of non-Russian origin; writing surnames with first parts don, van, sept... ( Don Pedro and Don Quixote).

• continuous / hyphenated / separate spelling

• in complex nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary (Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
• on rules that are not included in the school curriculum (for example, the rule of combined / separate writing of adverbial units / adverbs with a prefix / preposition, for example:in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. current spellingrecklessly, scatteredly);

• punctuation errors:

• dash in an incomplete sentence;
• isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
• commas for restrictive-exclusive phrases;
• distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
• in the transmission of the author's punctuation;

• graphic errors(means of writing a language, fixing the relationship between letters in writing and the sounds of oral speech); various techniques for abbreviating words, using spaces between words, various underlinings and font selections;
• clerical errors and misprints:

Distortion of the sound appearance of a word ( rattles instead of works, memlya instead of earth); .

Missing letters (the entire novel is worth on this conflict;

Permutations of letters (new names products);

Replacing some alphabetic characters with others (legendary Battle of the Ice);

Adding extra letters ( in any, even the most difficult conditions).

Is Grammar Nazi your middle name? On the one hand, it is very unethical to pretend to be a know-it-all both in personal communication and in online correspondence on social networks. But on the other hand, it’s ignorance to be illiterate and not know your native Russian language. Everyone has a girlfriend or boyfriend who regularly says “Call me.” How it hurts the ears, and you kick her for it with undisguised irritation. But what if you try to say “Call me” in a joking manner? This will be much more effective, and one day you will hear the long-awaited correct accent!

Examples of speech errors in Russian

People communicate using speech, this is a kind of communication channel. And, as you know, if the signal is disrupted, the connection may be interrupted. Therefore, in order for human bonds to remain inseparable, speech must be correct. Which typical mistakes are made in the pronunciation of proper names?

Ukraine or Ukraine?

All derived country names must be pronounced with emphasis on the consonant I: Ukraine, resident - Ukrainian, language - Ukrainian. It is a mistake to emphasize the letter A.

Marilyn Monroe reading

We decline Maria Tsigal by case

Who what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- Who, what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- To whom; to what?
- Maria Tsigal, etc.
Women's surnames that end in a soft sign are not declined.

In Ivanovo or in Ivanovo?

How often do we hear: “We live in Ivanovo” or “We live in Ivanovo.” Right - live in the city of Ivanovo, live in Ivanovo.
Below are examples of typical speech errors in the Russian language and the peculiarities of using these words.

Inside? INSIDE!

When getting dressed, we tuck the blouse INSIDE the skirt. Opening the envelope, we look INSIDE. No prefixes "vo" must not be.

Dress? WEAR IT!

This case is perhaps the most common misuse of the word in speech. There is a simple rule that makes it easy to remember the correct use of these words depending on the context. WEAR A HAT – DRESS A DAUGHTER. When it comes to yourself, in this case, DRESS, someone else – DRESS.

Marilyn Monroe carefully reads a book

Finish school or university? FINISH!

At school I was asked to do my own project. And here it comes BEHIND it's over. You cleaned the house - FINISHED. As you understand, they finish the job, and the educational institution (university, school, driving courses) ABOUT are finishing.

Boiling white? BOILING WHITE!

You cook pasta or meat, and a snow-white foam always forms on the surface - boiling water, as our ancestors called it in ancient times.

Therefore, white wardrobe items are boiling white - and no others!

Colleagues? Just COLLEAGUES!

The word “colleague” already by default has the following meaning: “a person who works with me, or has a similar profession,” so it should be explained that “Vasya is my work colleague” is an excessive expression.

Cream, sweater, jumper? CREAMS, SWEATERS, JUMPERS!

We hear the ending “a” in these words regularly; it brings a certain “simpleness” to colloquial speech. It’s much more “poetic” and more correct to use the “s” at the end: today we went shopping and bought warm jumpers, and then went to the cosmetics department and bought nourishing creams.

Eat? EAT!

When pronouncing the phrase “I ate”, remember that it sounds as if from the lips of a mannered coquette. The word “is” is universal. It is worth distinguishing between the boundaries of what is possible and what is not. Asking a child if he has eaten is completely ethical. However, an adult man who answered about himself: “I ate” is bad manners.

Lie down? PLAY!

This is considered one of the most common mistakes in speech. Remember the rule: the word “lay down” does not exist, it is used only with prefixes: Put on the table, Stack, etc. The famous phrase from films: “hang up” is also not the norm. Just “put it down, put it down.”

Hardly, in half? HARDLY, IN HALF!

Remember the popular group “Na-na” in the 90s? So: in the case of these words, no “na-na” is needed: It is unlikely that today we will go somewhere and split the fruit in half.

Marilyn Monroe reading a book in bed

Upon arrival, upon arrival, upon completion? UPON ARRIVAL, UPON ARRIVAL, UPON FINISH!

The correct use of these words primarily depends on your visual memory, frequent reading and interest in dictionaries, since there are no checking rules for them. All that remains is to remember it well, to memorize it.

A sheet? SHEET!

How easy it is to make a mistake with the ending of words “ny, nya”. Get out colloquial version of "sheet" from our vocabulary! To do this, you will have to remember your childhood and Chukovsky’s famous poem “Moidodyr”:

“The blanket ran away, the sheet flew away, and the pillow, like a frog, jumped away from me...”

Vacuuming? Vacuuming? I CLEAN WITH A VACUUM CLEANER!

The struggle for cleanliness in the house often ends with the struggle for correct speech! You are putting things in order, but suddenly a friend calls and asks what you are doing. You answer: “vacuuming...vacuuming...sucking dust”... That’s right – “cleaning with a vacuum cleaner”!

According to the order, instructions? According to ORDER, DIRECTION!

The preposition “according to” is always followed by a noun in the genitive case, that is, answering the question “what”: “according to what? I order." The bonus for the month was issued according to the order of the director of the enterprise.

Wash? WASH!

By using the words wash, rinse, remove the additional ending “sya” in the words, you seem to attribute the action to yourself, that is, you are going to rinse, wash and scrub away dirt from your beloved self.

Shoes? SHOE!

One cannot help but recall the famous phrase from the film “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, which became almost a catchphrase: “Whose shoe is it?” The word “shoes” is constant. Correct usage: I tried on a pair of shoes today, which I really liked.

Tea, sugar or TEA, SUGAR?

Experts from the Russian language help service “Gramoty.ru” answer: both options are acceptable. And they add: if earlier forms in -у, -ю (drink tea, eat soup, add sugar) were preferable, now they have acquired a colloquial connotation and are gradually losing their popularity to forms in -a, -я (pour tea, add sugar) .

Marilyn Monroe reading a book while lying on the couch

Expresso? ESPRESSO!

Why not go and have a cup of your favorite espresso? If you hear this, you are practically offended to the core! This is the most common misuse of the word in speech. The reason for the confusion is the mixture of two words from Italian and English, which have a similar sound and the same meaning: espresso - fast in Italian, express - “fast, urgent, emergency” in English. We will travel by express from Moscow to St. Petersburg, enjoying a cup of our favorite espresso while sitting in the dining car.

Which ones are found:

1. Pronunciation: pays (incorrect) - pays (correct), of course (incorrect) - of course (correct).
2. Lexical: Indian - turkey.
3. Phraseological: a combination of two stable phrases (“sleeveless” and “hands folded”) - “You can’t do this with your sleeves folded.”
4. Morphological: towels, pianos, cheaper ones, etc.
5. Syntactic: there are a lot of books on the table (incorrect agreement).
6. Orthographic: tubaret, vogzal, here, etc. (found in written speech).

Funny misspelled words

We often make funny mistakes in words and don’t even notice it. Sometimes this happens by accident (slip of the tongue), but more often than not the person really doesn't know how to pronounce the word correctly. Evoshny, evonny, ikhniy - it’s so rustic. These are incorrect derivatives of the words “his” and “their”. “It would be funny if it weren’t so sad.” The most common mistakes in Russian are often made automatically. We heard this word somewhere and remembered it on a subconscious level. Therefore, if you do not want to accidentally embarrass yourself at some performance at work or in public, carefully “filter the market.”

“This” - what kind of animal is this?

Few people know such a word as etovat. But it turns out it exists. In meaning it can be compared with the English Do, which denotes an action, but an indefinite one. This is a universal verb that can be replaced by another depending on the context.
- "What did you do today?"
- “Yes, I’ve been doing this all day!”
or
- “Stop doing this to me!”
This is how diverse the Russian language is, with different features of the use of words in speech. Some words that are not currently used are often mistaken for speech errors by those who do not know their meaning. For example: lamb - lamb, hail - city, blueberry - nun and etc.

Crib! You can check the word you are interested in – its pronunciation, stress, spelling, features of meaning and use – using the portals “Gramota.ru”, “Gramma.ru”, “Yandex Dictionaries”. The website "Orfogrammka.ru" allows you to eliminate errors from entire sentences and paragraphs - to restore order, for example, in the text of a comment or letter. It’s interesting to train literacy by doing online dictations (has everyone heard about the “Total Dictation” project?) and interactive exercises, of which there are many on “Gramote.ru”

Examples of sentences with common speech errors constantly heard:

1. My bills have not been paid.
2. You need to put things like this.
3. Will you call me?

Even the media often admit something like this: “Thanks to the earthquake, thousands of residents died.”

Conclusion

Speaking your native language correctly is not only the duty of a citizen of the country, but also his respectful attitude towards other members of society. That is why it is so important to instill in a child a love of learning a language from childhood. Incorrect tongue-tied speech leads to misunderstanding when communicating between people.