It seems that the concepts of good breeding, decency, spiritual nobility - everything that we are used to associating with the words "intellectual" and "intelligence" are blurring before our eyes. One gallant critic once confessed in print: before reading any work on the Internet or on a floppy disk, he checks with a computer whether there is profanity there. If not, it will never read: pink water!
Composition
Any concept and term "fades" over time and inevitably changes, and if it does not disappear completely, then in any case it loses the originally inherent moral and ideological components. Unfortunately, this cannot be avoided, however, for some concepts, key and fundamental, it becomes especially alarming. In his text, I. Fonyakov raises the topical problem of intelligence.
Many publicists, philologists and scientists have argued and argued on this topic. I. Fonyakov draws our attention to the fact that the concepts that make up the very term "intelligentsia", such as "good breeding", "decency", "spiritual nobility", are blurred and lose their significance, and at the same time they lose their meaning and meaning and the word "intellectual" itself. The writer cites as an example a typical representative of the modern "creative intelligentsia" who seriously considered works that do not use obscene vocabulary as "pink water", thereby expressing his confident approval of the abundance of mat and other words in Russian literature that were still considered yesterday unacceptable and forbidden. In contrast to this "intellectual" I. Fonyakov also cites as an example such great personalities as the author of "The Lay of Igor's Campaign", Metropolitan Hilarion, Nestor and other monks-chroniclers, whose contribution to history is undoubtedly irreplaceable, and focuses on the fact that both these individuals and those who are, based on the term, "a representative of the social stratum that has arisen in certain circumstances" are also considered to be "Russian intelligentsia", which is fundamentally wrong.
An intellectual is a person with mental decency and intellectual freedom. The author believes that the intelligentsia is not only a social stratum that emerged in the 15th - 16th centuries. These are, first of all, educated and thinking people, guided by moral categories and unconditional intellectual freedom, and the main steering in this case should be conscience and a sense of responsibility for the future generation. Intellectuals are independent individuals, driven only by their own convictions and capable of making a worthy contribution to the history of their homeland, and those who are able to sacrifice cultural values in the pursuit of profit, fashion, dubious innovation or any of their own prejudices are called intellectuals in the full meaning of this the words are wrong and stupid.
I agree with the point of view of I. Fonyakov and also believe that the intelligentsia is not just a social stratum or a crowd of people who consider themselves "knowledgeable" and "educated." Intellectuals in the full meaning of this word are individuals free from everything that contradicts their beliefs, but at the same time, their goal can only be a contribution to the future of their country and its all-round development, and only conscience can serve as the guides of true "Russian intellectuals" and morality.
In the novel by B.L. Pasternak's "Doctor Zhivago" describes the difficult fate of a true intellectual who faced such an inhuman and inhuman element as war. The main character desperately tried to prove himself both as a doctor and as a poet, however, faced with the real world, he realized that it was more profitable to “be like everyone else” and be content with philistine values and joys. Throughout the entire work, Yuri Zhivago encounters moral and moral contradictions - the real world turned out to be so alien to him, full of murders, hypocrisy, lies and vices, but the hero himself, being a morally pure, thinking, real Russian intellectual, was never able to immerse himself in this atmosphere and take over the habits and properties of everything that surrounded him, and he could only be content with his own creativity and deep loneliness, melting in the depths of his soul hope for a happy future.
A similar problem was raised in his comedy "Woe from Wit" and A.S. Griboyedov. The main character, Chatsky, being a representative of a new generation of intelligentsia, faced rejection and misunderstanding on the part of the conservatives headed by Famusov. The protagonist, driven by revolutionary aspirations and the desire to raise his country "from its knees", wanted to convey his ideas to a large number of people and began with the society in which he had to be for a long time - but there he was considered crazy. Famus society was afraid of free thought and change - its representatives did not care about the state of the country and its further development, they all worried only about their own well-being, and therefore Chatsky's attempts to get to their conscience and morality could not initially be crowned with success. The townsfolk won in numbers, and Chatsky had only to disappear as soon as possible in anticipation of like-minded people.
In conclusion, I would like to note once again that the problem of the Russian intelligentsia lies primarily in the "smearing" of key concepts and misinterpretation of the term. From century to century, different political and cultural figures have expressed different attitudes towards this “social stratum”, but no one’s opinion should and cannot influence the interpretation of the term “intellectual” itself.
In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Death of an Official" Chervyakov is incredibly infected with the spirit of honor: having sneezed and sprayed the bald spot in front of the sitting general, the official was so frightened that after humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.
Hero the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Thick and Thin", The official Porfiry, met a school friend at the railway station and learned that he was a privy councilor, ie. in the service has moved significantly higher. In an instant, the "thin" turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.
Molchalin, negative character comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", I am sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog to be affectionate." The need to tirelessly please is also his romance with Sophia, the daughter of Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, about whom Famusov talks to Chatsky's edification, in order to earn the Empress's favor, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.
In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon" police overseer Ochumelov grovels in front of those who are higher in the career ladder and feel like a formidable boss in relation to those who are lower. In each situation, he changes his opinions to the opposite, depending on which person - significant or not - is hurt in her: the general's dog or not.
N.V. Gogol-comedy "The Inspector General". In this comedy N.V. Gogol introduces us to the world of city officials. The writer exposes bribery, embezzlement, sycophancy, strict observance of the bureaucratic chain of command. All officials talk to Khlestakov obsequiously, with trepidation. They know that everyone takes bribes, so they immediately start thinking about how to bribe the auditor. It is characteristic that the merchants who are in the play under the bureaucratic world come to Khlestakov with "a body of wine and sugar heads." Officialdom is portrayed grotesquely in the play. So, the tyranny of the Governor is boundless. He misappropriates the money allocated for the construction of the church, subjects the non-commissioned officer to the rods. The trustee of charitable institutions believes that an ordinary person “if he dies, then he will die anyway, if he recovers, then he will get well anyway,” and instead of the oatmeal soup he rely on, he gives the sick one cabbage. The judge, confident that in his papers "Solomon himself will not permit what is true in it and what is not true," turns the judicial institution into his own fiefdom. Dr. Gibner is unable to communicate with his patients due to a complete lack of knowledge of the Russian language. The ending of this disorder, according to the writer, is natural - the imaginary inspector leaves, but the real inspector arrives, who will be able to punish the guilty.
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - "The history of one city."
the work is a bold and evil satire on the administrative arbitrariness that reigned in Russia. The writer creates grotesque images of mayors replacing each other in the city of Foolov. Each of them has its own characteristic feature, is somewhat different from the rest. So, Intercept-Zalivatsky drove into the city on a white horse, "burned down the grammar schools and abolished science." Another mayor, Brudasty, instead of a head had a vessel with an organ, which issued only two phrases: "I will not tolerate!" and "I will break!" Major Pimple had a stuffed head. Thus, the city of Foolov near Shchedrin is a grotesque depiction of the whole of Russia.
A.P. Chekhov - the story "Fat and Thin". In this story, the author raises the problem of bureaucratic subordination and honor. Its plot is simple. Two old friends meet, at first they are very happy with each other, communicate easily, but then the "thin" one learns that his old acquaintance holds an important state post. And all the simplicity of communication is immediately replaced by the observance of the bureaucratic chain of command. "Thin" begins to talk with "fat" obsequiously, curry favor with him. The second hero maintains equanimity and good nature throughout the entire story. Thus, the writer here opposes the slavish psychology of man, which leads to reverence, flattery and servility.
V.V. Mayakovsky - the poem "Lost Sitting".
In this poem, the poet raises the problem of bureaucracy. We see employees coming to serve in the institutions and a pile of papers, from which they choose "about fifty" for the next meeting. Moreover, these meetings follow one after another, their topics are ridiculous: the theatrical department meets with the main department for horse breeding, the purpose of another meeting is to resolve the issue of "buying a bottle of ink by the Gubko-operative". The lyrical hero, vainly seeking an audience with officials, is sincerely outraged. He bursts into one of the meetings and sees "half of the people." The hero's mind went crazy from this terrible picture. The secretary calmly explains that the officials are "at two meetings at once." This is how the phraseological unit unfolds in the plot of Mayakovsky's poem: "I cannot be torn in two." Mayakovsky's realistic, life situation merges with hyperbole, fantasy, grotesque.
USE 2017. Russian language. An essay based on the text read. Workshop. Tasks 24, 25 / I.P. Vasiliev, Y. N. Gosteva. + arguments of Yu.V. Sinyagin
OPTION I
1. Read the text expressively. Formulate the problem posed by the author and his position. Please comment on this issue.
1. A person must be intelligent. (2) And if his profession does not require intelligence? (3) And if he could not get an education: was this the case? (4) What if the environment does not allow? (5) And if intelligence makes him a black sheep among colleagues, friends, relatives, will it simply interfere with his rapprochement with other people?
(6) No, no and no! (7) Intelligence is needed under all circumstances. (8) It is needed first of all by the person himself. (According to D.S.Likhachev )
2. Type of speech.
Write down what type of speech the text is. Explain verbally what thesis the author has put forward. Read the author's counterarguments. For what purpose are they given?
3. Argumentation.
Among the sentences of the text, find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun and lexical repetition. Write down the number of this sentence. Underline these means of communication in the text.
1) parcelling 2) a number of homogeneous members 3) epithet 4) interrogative sentence 5) exclamation sentence 6) quotation 7) introductory words 8) lexical repetition 9) nominative sentences 10) incomplete sentences 11) anaphora 12) rhetorical question 13) dialogue
1. Read the text expressively. Formulate one of the problems posed by the author and his position. Please comment on this issue.
(1) Intelligence is equal to moral health, and health - not only physical, but also mental - contributes to longevity.
(2) The people say: "Honor your father and your mother, and then you will be long on earth."
(H) This applies to both the whole nation and the individual. (4) This is wise.
(5) All I talk about with young readers is a call to intelligence, to physical and moral health. (b) Let's be long! (7) As people and as a people. (8) And reverence for father and mother should be understood broadly - as reverence for all the beautiful sides of our past. (9) The past is the father and mother of our modernity, the great modernity, to which there is great happiness. (According to D.S. Likhachev)
2. Type of speech.
Write down what type of speech the text is.
3. Argumentation.
Try to give your arguments supporting the author's position.
4. Means of communication of sentences in the text
Among the sentences of the text, find one that is related to the previous one using word forms. Write down the number of this sentence. Underline these means of communication in the text.
5. Means of language expressiveness
Circle the numbers of the means of language expressiveness, which are used by the author in the above text. Next to each chosen name of an expressive language tool, indicate the number (s) of the sentence (s) in which it is used.
1) parcelling 2) rows of homogeneous members 3) syntactic parallelism 4) interrogative sentence 5) exclamation sentence 6) quotation 7) introductory words 8) nominative sentences 9) anaphora 10) rhetorical question 11) metaphor
Read the text and complete assignments 20-25.
(1) A person must be intelligent. (2) And if his profession does not require intelligence? (3) And if he could not get an education: was this the case? (4) What if the environment does not allow? (5) And if intelligence makes him a black sheep among his colleagues, friends, relatives, will it simply interfere with his rapprochement with other people?
(6) No, no and no! (7) Intelligence is needed under all circumstances. (8) It is needed primarily for the person himself.
(9) This is very, very important, and above all in order to live happily and long, because intelligence is equal to moral health, and health - not only physical, but also mental - is needed to live long.
(11) People say: "Honor your father and your mother, and then you will fly long on earth." (12) This applies to both the whole nation and the individual. (13) This is wise.
(14) But first of all, let us define what intelligence is, and then why it is associated with the commandment of longevity.
(15) Many people think: an intelligent person is one who read a lot, received a good education (and even mostly humanitarian), traveled a lot, knows several languages.
(16) Meanwhile, you can have all this and be unintelligent, and you can not possess anything to a large extent, but still be an internally intelligent person.
(17) Intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, this is an attentive attitude to the world and to people.
(18) Intelligence must be developed in oneself - to train mental strength as physical strength. (19) And training is possible and necessary in any conditions.
(20) That physical strength training promotes longevity is understandable.
(21) It is much less understood that training of spiritual and mental strength is also necessary for longevity.
(22) The fact is that an angry and angry reaction to the environment, rudeness and lack of understanding of the environment is a sign of mental and spiritual weakness, a human inability to live ...
(23) Pushing in a crowded bus - a weak and nervous person, exhausted, reacting to everything incorrectly. (24) Quarreling with neighbors is also a person who does not know how to live. (25) The aesthetically unresponsive person is also an unhappy person. (26) He who does not know how to understand another person, who ascribes only evil intentions to him, who is always offended by others, is also a person who impoverishes his life and interferes with the life of others. (27) Mental weakness leads to physical weakness. (28) I am not a doctor, but I am convinced of this. (29) Many years of experience convinced me of this.
(ZO) Friendliness and kindness make a person not only physically healthy, but also beautiful. (31) Yes - beautiful!
(32) A person's face, which is often distorted by anger, becomes ugly, and the movements of this evil person are devoid of grace, not deliberate grace, but natural, which is much more expensive.
(33) The social duty of a person is to be intelligent. (34) It is a duty to oneself. (35) This is the guarantee of his personal happiness and an aura of benevolence around him and towards him - addressed to him.
(З6) All I talk about with young readers is a call to intelligence, to physical and moral health. (37) Let's be long! (38) As people and as a people. (39) And reverence for father and mother should be understood broadly - as reverence for all the beautiful sides of our past. (40) The past is the father and mother of our modernity, the great modernity, to which there is great happiness. (According to D.S.Likhachev *)
* Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, art critic, screenwriter, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.
1) It is necessary to give up the desire to be intelligent if this desire interferes with establishing trusting relationships with others.
2) An intelligent person can only be called a person who has a sufficiently high level of education, reads a lot.
3) Such a quality of a person as intelligence influences his longevity.
4) Any intelligent person necessarily speaks one of the foreign languages, because he understands: it helps to navigate in the modern world.
5) The lack of a broad outlook does not prevent some people from being internally intelligent.
21. Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.
1) Proposition 13 contains an assessment of the statement made in Proposition 11.
2) Propositions 15-16 contain reasoning.
3) Sentences 18-19 provide a description.
4) Sentences 22-26 provide a narrative.
5) Sentence 39 explains the content of sentences 36-38.
22. From sentence 5 write out a phraseological unit.
23. Among sentences 17-22, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of a union and cognate words. Write the number of this sentence.
24. “Thinking about the content of the concept of“ intelligence ”, about the ways of its formation, the author uses various syntactic means, including (A) …… (for example, in sentence 17) and (B) …… (in sentence 18). The author's conviction is emphasized by one more syntactic means - (C) …… (sentences 31, 37), as well as a technique - (D) ……. (Sentences 12 - 13, 34 - 35) ”.
List of terms: 1) parceling 2) epithet 3) a number of homogeneous members of the sentence 4) anaphora 5) exclamation clause 6) irony 7) personification 8) opposition 9) comparative turnover
OPTION I
Approximate answers to the tasks of the preparatory stage number 1
Problem.
D.S. Likhachev raises the problem of intelligence. The author raises questions whether a person should be intelligent if the circumstances of his life are opposed to this, and who needs intelligence.
Every person needs intelligence, regardless of what life circumstances, in what environment and in what environment he finds himself, what profession he has chosen.
A comment.
Reflecting on whether a person should be intelligent, D.S. Likhachev asks questions on behalf of an imaginary interlocutor, forcing the reader to think about what conditions can impede the manifestation of intelligence. The author himself does not doubt that no conditions: neither a profession, nor an insufficient level of education, nor the environment and environment, can justify the lack of intelligence, which, according to the author, is needed first of all by the person himself.
Speech type.
In his reasoning, D.S. Likhachev puts forward the thesis "A person must be intelligent." In order to comprehensively consider the problem posed and attract readers to its consideration, the author uses counterarguments expressed in the form of questions. Summing up the reasoning, the author strengthens the thesis, enriching his thought with the statement that intelligence is needed under any circumstances.
Argumentation
The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by heroes B. Pasternak (Doctor Zhivago) and Y. Dombrovsky ("Faculty of unnecessary things")... Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own consciences. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or the Stalinist repression. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high rank. One of them is the hero of the story Yu.Trifonova "Exchange" Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not develop in the best way. Dmitriev is at first indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things, food, expensive headsets in the apartment: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life.
A.S. Griboyedov, comedy "Woe from Wit". It raises the problem of misunderstanding of the new generation of the intelligentsia. Chatsky was considered crazy in the company. Famus society associates this with education. The books that Chatsky read shaped the mind, developed thought, but carried free thinking. Such a mind is terrifying for a generation of conservatives. Fear breeds gossip, because this society cannot fight by other means.
M.A. Bulgakov - the story "Heart of a Dog". In this story, M.A. Bulgakov creates the image of a genuine Moscow intellectual - Professor Preobrazhensky. This is a man of outstanding intelligence, high culture, who devoted his whole life to selfless service to science, But the hero also has an independent mind, his own point of view on everything that happens. Thus, Philip Philipovich speaks openly about his attitude towards the victorious proletariat. "Why, when this whole story began, everyone began to walk in dirty galoshes and felt boots on the marble staircase?" - the professor is perplexed. “Devastation,” a colleague, Dr. Bormental, tries to explain to him. "What is your ruin? .. This is what: if instead of operating every evening, I start singing in chorus in my apartment, I will be ruined." The scientific experiment with Sharik, the transplantation of human organs to a dog becomes a real disaster for the professor: Preobrazhensky with his own hands creates a "newest proletarian", a rude, arrogant, mean, aggressive person who does not have the slightest idea of culture and morality, but strives to "divide" everything. And the professor takes the opposite action, turning him back into a dog. The image of an intellectual in Bulgakov is opposed to the image of a proletarian. The author's position here is quite definite: any violence against nature and man, forcing the natural process of evolution turns into an inevitable tragedy. And history has confirmed to us the correctness of the genius writer.
Sentence 8 is related to sentence 7 with a personal pronoun she and repeat a short adjective needed.
a series of homogeneous members 5
interrogative sentence 2,3,4,5
exclamatory sentence 6
lexical repetition 2-5 (anaphora); 6, 7-8
anaphora 2-5
Sample answers
to the tasks of the preparatory stage No. 2
Problem.
The problem of the relationship between intelligence and longevity. The author reflects on the question of what influence a person's intelligence has on his longevity.
The problem of determining the factors affecting the longevity of an individual and a nation as a whole. The text provides an answer to the question of what determines the longevity of people and nations.
Intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is needed to live long.
The longevity of people and nations is promoted by respect for the beautiful sides of the past, which defines modernity.
A comment.
The author seeks to prove to young readers how important it is to be intelligent. He argues that intelligence affects a person's longevity, and establishes a direct dependence of longevity on the physical and mental health of a person. And the intelligence of a person, according to D.S. Likhachev, represents his moral health.
The author resorts to popular wisdom, recalling that in the understanding of the people, a person's longevity is determined by his respectful attitude towards his father and mother. At the same time, the publicist encourages his reader to take a broad view of the problem, considering the veneration of the father and mother as a respectful attitude of a person to the past, which contains the origins of modernity to which this person belongs.
Arguments
Chekhov, in his works, responds to the moral and ideological searches of the intelligentsia of his day. In the center of his attention is the measure of a person's spiritual value, regardless of his profession and class affiliation.
He emphasizes the importance of the spiritual principle in a person and says that generations are never superfluous, people with such a reserve of spirituality can do a lot.
In his stories, Chekhov shows how the best representatives of the Russian intelligentsia perish.
One of these people is Dr. Dymov, the hero of the story "Jumping". He belongs to that part of the Russian intelligentsia that Chekhov admired. In the image of Doctor Dymov, heroism of labor, moral human strength, and noble love for the Motherland were combined.
His wife Olga Ivanovna devoted her life to the search for a “great man”. The theme of vulgarity and meaninglessness of the townsfolk is connected with her image. Olga Ivanovna never saw the person she was looking for next to her, did not understand the strength and beauty of Dymov. His talent and wonderful mental qualities were noticed only after his death.
If a person submits to the force of circumstances, if his ability to resist is gradually extinguished, then in the end he loses everything truly human that was peculiar to him. This is the mortification of the human soul.
This is the hero of the story "Ionych". This is a young man, full of vague, but bright hopes, with ideals and desires for something high. But the failure of love turned him away from striving for a pure, intelligent life. He succumbed to the vulgarity surrounding him from all sides. He lost all spiritual interests and aspirations. From his consciousness disappeared the time when he was characterized by simple human feelings: joy, suffering, love. We see how a person, intelligent, progressive thinking, hardworking, turns into a man in the street, into a “living ghoul”. We see his moral degradation.
Chekhov believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.
Speech type.
Reasoning.
Means of communication of sentences in the text (preparation for task 23).
Sentence 9 is related to sentence 8 using word forms: of the past - past, father and mother - father and mother.
Means of language expressiveness (preparation for the task 24).
parceling 6-7
a number of homogeneous members 1,3,5
exclamatory sentence 6
citation 2
anaphora 3-4
metaphor 9
Answers to the tasks of the training stage
| Job No. | |
| white crow |
|
| Problems | |
| 1) The problem of intelligence. (Does a person have to be intelligent under any circumstances? Who needs intelligence above all else?) | 1) Every person needs intelligence, regardless of what life circumstances, in what environment and in what environment he finds himself, what profession he chose. |
| 2) The problem of the relationship between intelligence and longevity. (What influence does a person's intelligence have on his longevity?) | 2) Intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is needed to live long. |
| 3) The problem of determining the factors affecting the longevity of an individual and a nation as a whole. (What determines the longevity of people and nations?) | 3) A person's longevity is largely determined by his intelligence, because intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is needed to live long. Longevity of people and nations is also promoted by respect for the beautiful sides of the past, which defines modernity. |
| 4) The problem of defining the essence of the concept of "intelligence". (What is intelligence?) | 4) Intelligence is not determined by the level of education and breadth of horizons, intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, it is an attentive attitude to the world and to people. |
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category”. An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by heroes B. Pasternak (Doctor Zhivago) and Y. Dombrovsky ("Faculty of unnecessary things")... Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own consciences. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or the Stalinist repression. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high rank. One of them is the hero of the story Yu.Trifonova "Exchange" Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not develop in the best way. Dmitriev is at first indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things, food, expensive headsets in the apartment: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work is recalled - "Suitcase" S. Dovlatov... Most likely, the "suitcase" with rags, taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America, would have caused only a feeling of disgust in Dmitriev and his wife. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov things have no material value, they are a reminder of the past youth, friends, creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of the difficult relationship between parents and children is reflected in the literature. Leo Tolstoy, and I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to refer to the play by A. Vampilov "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before our very eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.
25) Human enmity.
In Pushkin's story “Dubrovsky,” a casually abandoned word led to enmity and many troubles for his former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the feud between families ended in the death of the protagonists.
"The Word about Igor's Regiment" Svyatoslav pronounces the "golden word", condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack by the Polovtsi on the Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev's novel “Don't Shoot White Swans,” the modest fool Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. The protection of nature became for him a vocation and the meaning of life.
In Yasnaya Polyana, a lot of work is being done with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and cozy.
27) Parental love.
In the poem in Turgenev's prose "Sparrow" we see the heroic deed of a bird. Trying to protect the offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.
Also in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Bazarov's parents want most of all in life to be with their son.
28) A responsibility. Rash acts.
In Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate, because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.
The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the organizers of the fireworks, the irresponsibility of the management, the negligence of the fire safety inspectors. And the result is the death of many people.
In the essay "Ants" A. Morua tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey a month.
29) Happiness theme.
There are people who do not demand anything special from their lives and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.
In Pushkin's novel Eugene Onegin, the protagonist has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he misses. Nothing hurts him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.
Volkov's essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person needs not so much to be happy.
30) The riches of the Russian language.
If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got along with thirty words.
In Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor", Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.
31) Unscrupulousness.
Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who completely changes her principles in one minute.
She tells her husband that she will leave him if he does at least one despicable act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “went ... to another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.
In Chekhov's story "The Chameleon" of the police overseer Ochumelov, there is also no clear position. He wants to punish the owner of the dog who bit Khryukin's finger. After Ochumelov learns that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination is lost.
THE PROBLEM OF THE USE TEXTS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
| PROBLEM BLOCKS | RECOMMENDED REFERENCES FOR ARGUMENTATION |
| 1. 1.PROBLEMS OF CREATIVITY, ARTS, LITERATURE, WRITING | |
| 1). The problem of the role of Russian classical literature in the spiritual life of modern society 2). The problem of the moral duty of the writer 3). The problem of the writer's responsibility to compatriots 4). The problem of emigration of cultural workers 5). The problem of perceiving a work of art 6). The problem of the relationship between human qualities and creative obsession 7). The problem of the purpose of genuine art 8). The problem of the child's perception by the masters of the old school of painting 9). The problem of the role of the book in the formation of the child's personality 10). The problem of the purpose of the book 11). The problem of respect for books. 12). The problem of displacing literature by other types of art. 13). The problem of preserving culture and spiritual freedom of society 14). The problem of the goal and objectives of poetic (writing) creativity 15). The problem of preserving human culture and spiritual freedom of society | Ray Bradbury "Fahrenheit 471" I.S.Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" N.V. Gogol "Portrait" A.S. Pushkin "The Prophet" M.Yu. Lermontov "The Prophet" A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin "A.S. Pushkin" Autumn "A.S. Pushkin" The Prophet "N.A.Nekrasov" Poet and Citizen "A.S. Pushkin" Conversation of a bookseller with a poet "N.A.Nekrasov" Elegy "(" Let us says changeable fashion ") N.A.Nekrasov" Yesterday at six o'clock "A.S. Pushkin" I erected a monument to myself miraculous " |
| 1. 2.PROBLEMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, UPBRINGING | |
| 1). The problem of fathers and children 2). The problem of understanding between adults and children 3). The problem of attitudes towards the elderly 4). The problem of guilt and remorse for the harm done to loved ones 5). The problem of educating the younger generation 6). The problem of fostering compassion 7). The problem of comparing modern adolescents and adolescents of the past 8). The problem of moral values and their choice in the upbringing of the younger generation 9). The problem of the perception of the world of childhood by adults 10). The problem of the role of childhood in the formation of a person's personality 11). The problem of childhood memories 12). The problem of developing the ability to resist difficulties 13). The problem of the influence of the era on the formation of moral guidelines and basic life attitudes of the younger generation | M. Gorky “Childhood. In people. My universities "Leo Tolstoy" Childhood. Adolescence. Youth "S.T.Aksakov" Childhood years of Bagrov - grandson "I. Bunin" Figures "by L.N. Tolstoy" War and Peace "I.S.Turgenev" Fathers and Sons "A.S. Pushkin" The Captain's Daughter "D .I.Fonvizin "Minor" A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" N.A.Nekrasov "Peasant children" V.P. Astafyev "Vasyutkino lake" I.S.Turgenev "Bezhin meadow" M.Yu. Lermontov "Duma " |
| 1. 3.PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS | |
| 1). The problem of good and evil 2). The problem of an active life position 3). The problem of true values 4). The problem of the choice that a person has to make 5). Human memory problem 6). The problem of personality self-esteem 7). The problem of a person's place in the world 8). The problem of the significance of the human person 9). The problem of the strength of the human spirit 10). The problem of memory of the experienced trials 11). The problem of the meaning of life 12). The problem of a joyful perception of the world 13). The problem of the formation of a harmonious perception of the world 14). The problem of determining life priorities 15). The problem of the relationship between man and the world 16). The problem of the influence of time on the nature of values 17). The problem of understanding true human values 18). Retribution problem 19). The problem of the existence of eternal values in the context of time 20). The problem of manipulation of universal human values 21). The problem of the possibility of comparing good and evil 22). The problem of personal value 23). Memory problem | Bible (Gospels) by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" IS Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" AS Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" AS Pushkin "If life deceives you" AS Pushkin " Eugene Onegin "A.N. Ostrovsky" Thunderstorm "F.M.Dostoevsky" Crime and Punishment "M.Yu. Lermontov" A Hero of Our Time "M.A.Bulgakov" The Master and Margarita "I - V. Goethe" Faust "M .Servantes "Cunning hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha" I.A.Goncharov "Oblomov" A.S. Pushkin "Elegy" ("Crazy Years Faded Fun") A.S. Pushkin "Desert Fathers" A.S. Pushkin "A vain gift , a random gift "A.P. Platonov" Pit "," The Secret Man "W. Shakespeare" Hamlet "I. Bunin" The Lord from San Francisco "M. Gorky" Old Woman Izergil "A. de Saint-Exupery" Little Prince "F.I. Tyutchev" Silentium! " A.I.Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's yard" M.Yu. Lermontov "And boring and sad" M.Gorky "At the bottom" |
| ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS | |
| 1). The problem of the impact of nature on human nature 2). The problem of understanding between humans and animals 3). The problem of stray animals 4). The problem of the relationship between man and the world 5). The problem of perception of nature, its beauty | Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" IS Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" SA Esenin "Song of the Dog" VV Mayakovsky "A Good Attitude to Horses" .A.Esenin "Porosha", "Cherrymukha" N.M.Rubtsov "Star of the Fields" S.A.Esenin "Goy you, my dear Rus!" FI Tyutchev “There is in the original autumn” FI Tyutchev “Not what you think, nature” AA Fet “Learn from them - from an oak, from a birch” VG Rasputin “Farewell to Materoy "V.P. Astafiev Tsar-fish", "Vasyutkino lake" M.Yu. Lermontov "I walk out on the road alone" M.Yu. Lermontov "Motherland" M.Yu. Lermontov "When the yellowing cornfield is worried" |
| MORAL AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS | |
| 1). The problem of honor and conscience 2). The problem of the invincibility of rudeness 3). The problem of the manifestation of impudence, impudence, rudeness of people in relation to each other 4). The problem of defining the essence of rudeness 5). The problem of human nobility 6). The problem of sensitivity and soullessness 7). Loneliness problem 8). The problem of a person's conscience and responsibility for their actions 9). The problem of honor and dignity 10). Self-esteem problem 11). The problem of an active life position 12). The problem of true love and friendship 13). The problem of self-giving in a relationship with a loved one 14). The problem of heroism and self-sacrifice 15). The problem of a person's attitude to his work 16). The problem of relationships with other people 17). The problem of overcoming selfishness in relationships between people ”18). The problem of formal ties 19). Human memory problem 20). The problem of heroism 21). The problem of duty and responsibility for the life of another person 22). The problem of personality self-esteem 23). The problem of the strength of the human spirit 24). The problem of society's attitude to celebrities 25). The problem of a national character 26). The problem of memory of past trials 27) The problem of a person's ability to empathize 28). The problem of the relationship between sympathy and active help to a person 29). The problem of human relationships 30). The problem of determining the essence of jealousy 31). The problem of the relationship between love and jealousy 32). The problem of overcoming jealousy 33). The problem of the formation and collapse of love 34). The problem of the tragic loneliness of a person who has chosen the path of selfless service to the cause ”35). The problem of fidelity to duty 36). The problem of human moral capabilities 37). The problem of the relationship between the individual and the team 38). The Problem of True Friendship 39). The problem of a person's moral choice 40). Retribution problem 41). The problem of personality value 42). Love problem 43). Memory problem | AS Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" MA Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" M .ABulgakov "Heart of a Dog" IS Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" IA Bunin cycle "Dark alleys" AS Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" AP Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" MA Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" MA Sholokhov "Quiet Don" IA Bunin "Cold Autumn" AP Chekhov "House with a Mezzanine", "About Love" "A Man in a Case", "Gooseberry", "Ionych "," Jumping girl "," Lady with a dog "," Darling "A. N. Ostrovsky" Thunderstorm "," Dowry "A. Pushkin" Queen of Spades "L. N. Tolstoy" After the ball "N. M. Karamzin "Poor Liza" AS Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" AT Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" AS Pushkin "Boris Godunov" VG Rasputin "Money for Maria" AS Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman "A. I. Kuprin" Olesya "," Garnet Bracelet "A. A. Blok" Twelve " |
| PATRIOTIC (IMAGE OF THE HOMELAND, THE HEROIC PAST OF RUSSIA) | |
| 1). The problem of attitude to the homeland 2). The problem of defining the heroic 3). The problem of heroism and false heroism 4). The problem of determining the criteria of the heroic 5). The problem of maintaining peace on Earth 6). The problem of confronting evil and misanthropy in the era of globalism 7). The problem of the heroic personality 8). The problem of the role of personality in history 9). The problem of the outstanding personality and the masses 10). The problem of historical memory 11). The problem of the laws of the historical development of the state 12). The problem of heroism and resilience in the face of severe military trials 13). The problem of a sense of duty and a sense of self-preservation during the war years 14). The problem of love for the homeland 15). The problem of true values in war 16). The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war 17). The problem of war and the preservation of the human in man 18). The problem of an objective assessment of historical events and personality 19). The problem of patriotism as a universally significant value 20). The problem of attitudes towards the past of one's homeland 21). The problem of patriotism | M.Yu.Lermontov "Borodino" A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" M.Yu.Lermontov "Homeland" S.A. Esenin "Goy you, my dear Rus!" MA Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" MA Sholokhov "Quiet Don" NA Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Russia" NV Gogol "Dead Souls" NV Gogol "The Inspector General" .Solzhenitsyn "One day of Ivan Denisovich" by AN Tolstoy "Russian character" MA Sholokhov "They fought for the Motherland" "The Word about Igor's regiment" "The Tale of Bygone Years" AK Tolstoy "Prince Silver" I. A. Krylov "The Wolf in the Kennel" "The Life of Venerable. Sergius of Radonezh "A.S. Pushkin" Poltava "N.V. Gogol" Taras Bulba "M.Yu. Lermontov" Song about the merchant Kulashnikov "L.N. Tolstoy" Prisoner of the Caucasus "L.N. Tolstoy" Sevastopol stories "A .A.Blok "Motherland" by AAAkhmatov "Native land" NSLeskov "The Enchanted Wanderer" SAEsenin "Soviet Rus", "Departing Rus" by AAAkhmatov "I had a voice". AA Akhmatova "Not with those who abandoned the land" MA Bulgakov "White guard" BL Pasternka "Doctor Zhivago" VV Nabokov "Other shores" AA Akhmatova "Requiem" V. Shalamov "Kolyma stories" Y. Bondarev "Hot snow" B. Vasiliev "The dawns here are quiet" V. Kondratyev "Sashka" |
| and society | The problem of the injustice of the social structure of society. | 1.I.S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu". Heroes: the dumb serf Gerasim, Tatiana - his beloved, lady, who will arbitrarily decide the fate of the people entrusted to her by fate. 2.I.S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter". The story "Biryuk": the main character is a forester, nicknamed Biryuk. The poor life of the peasants. Injustice of the social structure of life. 3. V. G. Korolenko. " In a bad society. " Vasya, a boy from a wealthy family, is friends with outcast children - Valek and Marusya. The beneficial effect of kindness on a young hero. 4. N.A.Nekrasov. Poem "Railroad". The dispute between the general and the author about who built the railway. Condemnation of the unjust arrangement of life. The poem "Reflections at the front door": the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. Condemnation of the authorities. 5. N. S. Leskov. "Lefty". The main character is Lefty, he shod a flea "aglitskaya", but his talent is not appreciated at its true worth at home: he dies in a hospital for the poor. 6. AM Gorky. The story "Childhood": the image of the "leaden abominations of life." The fate of the Kashirins family. 7. N. V. Gogol. "Overcoat". Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin is a "little PERSON", he defends his right to a dream. 8. L. N. Tolstoy "After the ball". After the ball, the hero in love sees how the father of his beloved leads the beating of the soldier with the gauntlets. Separation of two Russia - Russia rich and Russia poor. |
| What is the meaning of human life? | 1.A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" A young hero's search for the meaning of life, "an extra person" - a person who is not used to working. 2. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". Pechorin's misfortune, sex with his own confession, misunderstanding of the meaning of his life, he says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to, could not find a use for them. 3. And A. Goncharov. Oblomov. A good, kind, talented person Ilya Oblomov could not overcome himself, did not reveal his best features. The absence of a high purpose in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov. 4.L.N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". The main thing in the best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, is the striving for moral self-improvement, the striving “to be quite good, to bring good to people. | |
| The problem of education. Learning problem. What is the real purpose of learning? What should be a good teacher (student)? | 1. Leo Tolstoy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth". The autobiographical trilogy of L. Tolstoy, the protagonist Nikolenka Irtenev comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions. 2. V.P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane." Difficult pre-war years of a Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandmother and grandfather. 3. V. G Rasputin "French Lessons". Formation of the personality of the protagonist in difficult war years. The role of the teacher, her spiritual generosity in the boy's life. Thirst for knowledge, moral fortitude, self-esteem of the hero of the story. 4. Fazil Iskander "The Thirteenth Feat of Hercules." The influence of the teacher on the formation of children's character. 5. "Teaching" by Vladimir Monomakh. Already in the chronicle sources, the problems of upbringing were given a huge influence: the "Precept" speaks of eternal moral values, love for the motherland, respect for elders, the need for kindness, loyalty ... 6. And A. Goncharov. Oblomov. One of the most important parts of the novel reveals the problems of upbringing: "Oblomov's Dream" shows how the atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to work, to think disfigures a child's soul. 7. A. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin." The first chapter of the novel is devoted to the problem of the formation of Onegin's character. The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work form a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”. 8. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work form a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”. Pechorin himself is aware of his egoism, admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. His upbringing made him that way. | |
| The importance of work in human life. | 1. MM Prishvin "The Pantry of the Sun" Mitrasha and Nastya, small children who were left without parents during the Second World War, by hard work earned the respect of their fellow villagers. 2. And P. Platonov "In a beautiful and violent world." The machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but the devotion of a friend, love for his chosen profession, perform a miracle: he, having got on his beloved steam locomotive, regains his sight. 3. A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's yard". The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman. | |
| What influence does personality have on the course of history? | 1. Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no kindness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the mood and desires of the masses, so he was great. Napoleon thinks only of his own greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat. | |
| The problem of individual freedom and human responsibility to society. What is freedom? What kind of person can be called free? The problem of inhuman attitude towards a person in a totalitarian state | 1. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander 1. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who, without embossing, without high phrases, do their duty. 2. FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right, that is, individuals, and material," trembling creatures. " A person, according to his theory, is capable of making history. He recalls Mohammed, Napoleon, other great people, in the name of the "great" in their opinion, the goals they commit atrocities, shed the blood of innocent people. Raskolnikov's theory is failing. In both novels, there is true freedom in subordinating one's interests to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice. 3. The problem of freedom can be traced especially clearly in the story "Obelisk" by V. Bykov: the teacher Frost, having a choice to stay alive or perish with his students, whom he always taught goodness and justice, chooses death, remaining a morally free person. 1A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" 2. А.А. Akhmatova. Poem "Requiem". Written from personal impressions (repeated arrests and exile of husband and son) and under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison. | |
| The problem of patriotism. What is genuine and perceived patriotism? | 1.H. Tolstoy "War and Peace". One of the novel's central problems is true and false patriotism. Tolstoy's favorite heroes do not speak lofty words about love for the homeland, they do things in the name of her: the atasha of Rostov, without hesitation, persuades his mother to give the carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is mortally wounded in the Borodino field. But true patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland. 2. Most of the books about the war: M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", "They Fought for the Motherland", | |
| The problem of choosing a profession. | ||
| Human and nature | The problem of thoughtless, cruel man's attitude to the natural world. How to save the world from environmental disaster? | 1.V. G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". The island, where people have lived for centuries, want to flood. Along with the problems of ecology, there are problems of a moral character and historical memory. 2.M. Bulgakov "Fatal eggs": Professor Persikov accidentally, instead of large chickens, hatches giant reptiles that threaten civilization. "Dog's heart". Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of the human brain to Sharik's dog, turning a quite cute dog into a disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can't mindlessly interfere with nature! |
| The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals. | 1.V. V. Mayakovsky “Good attitude to horses. 2. Troepolsky. "White Bim Black Ear". 3. S. Yesenin "Song of the Dog" | |
| The influence of nature on humans. Why does not everyone perceive the beauty of nature? | 1M. Prishvin. "Pantry of the sun" 2. Works by Turgenev. The role of the landscape in them | |
| Man and man | The problem of the complexity of relationships between people (humane attitude towards people around, indifference to the fate of another person, moral responsibility of a person to other people). | 1.A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin". "Selfish unwillingly", Onegin is indifferent to the fate of other people, makes both himself and other people unhappy. 2. M. Yu Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". 3. K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but the affairs that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is gone ... 4. VG Rasputin "Live and Remember." The deserter husband secretly appears in the vicinity of his native village. His wife Maria tries to save him, but human rumor is more terrible: pursued by her fellow villagers, realizing that she is driven into a dead end by circumstances (she is a burden, she cannot betray her husband, but it is scary to live in a lie), Maria commits suicide. She is selfless, her husband is cowardly and selfish. 5.V. Bykov "Sotnikov". The problem of moral choice: which is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he perishes, retaining his human appearance. |
| The problem of kindness, forgiveness. The problem of responsibility for one's own affairs | 1M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". The image of Yeshua is the image of Jesus Christ, which carries the idea of genuine kindness and forgiveness. He says about all people, even about those who bring him pain and suffering: "A good man," he forgives the procurator of Judea, who doomed him to a painful death, going with him into eternity. The image of the procurator of Judea symbolizes how a person can be punished for cowardice. Because of cowardice, he sends innocent Yeshua to execution, to terrible torments, for which he suffers both on earth and in eternal life. | |
| The problem of the relationship between "fathers" and "children". Is it possible to avoid generational conflict? How is the true love of parents for their children (children for their parents) manifested? | 1.I S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons." A classic that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger and an older Kirsanov, and his parents. And, although, by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief. 2.L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth". Striving to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, realizes that much in it is imperfect, encounters misunderstanding of elders, sometimes offends them (chapters "Classes", "Natalia Savishna") 3. K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram ". Girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but the affairs that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it is too late: the mother is gone ... | |
| The problem of love / jealousy, friendship / betrayal. | 1.A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" 2. M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". 3. And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons." 4. And A. Goncharov. Oblomov. 5.I S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons." | |
| Human and culture / art | The problem of art perception. The problem of beauty perception. What is true beauty? What will help to educate a person's aesthetic taste? The problem of spirituality in art. The problem of the ecology of culture. Why should you protect cultural monuments? | 1. Articles by D. Likhachev. 2. L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" |
| What is popular culture? How does popular culture affect a person? How does television affect a person? | ||
| What is the role of a book in a person's life? The problem of choosing books for reading. Why did young people read less? | ||
| Can the Internet replace a book? Is speed reading always helpful? | ||
| Human and language / speech | The problem of the development and preservation of the Russian language. What is good speech? | I. S. Turgenev "Russian language" |
| How can I keep my speech clean? The problem of speech clogging with jargon, borrowed words. The problem of bureaucracy. What is the danger of cliches in our speech? | ||
| Human and moral values | The problem of real and imaginary values. | |
| What role does kindness (mercy, responsiveness, compassion) play in a person's life? | ||
| What is nobility? What actions can be called noble? What is honor, conscience? What is the role of these concepts in the life of a modern person? How to maintain moral dignity? What is intelligence? What kind of person can be called intelligent? | ||
| philosophical problems | What are good and evil? | 1M. And Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". Woland is the embodiment of evil, Yeshua is the bearer of the idea of good, but evil and good separately do not make sense: Woland - the devil says that he is a part of evil, which, unwillingly, brings good. |
What is the meaning of human life? 1.A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" A young hero's search for the meaning of life, "an extra person" - a person who is not used to working 2. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". Pechorin's misfortune, by his own admission, is a lack of understanding of the meaning of his life, he says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to, he could not find a use for them. 3. And A. Goncharov. Oblomov. A good, kind, talented person Ilya Oblomov could not overcome himself, did not reveal his best features. The absence of a high purpose in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov. 4.L.N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". The main thing in the best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, is the striving for moral self-improvement, the striving “to be quite good, to bring good to people.
darkover666 Learning problem. What is the true purpose of learning?
1.L.N. Tolstoy. "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth". The autobiographical trilogy of L. Tolstoy, the main character Nikolenka Irtenev comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions
2.V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane." Difficult pre-war years of a Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandmother and grandfather.
3.V. Mr. Rasputin "French Lessons". Formation of the personality of the protagonist in difficult war years. The role of the teacher, her spiritual generosity in the boy's life. Thirst for knowledge, moral fortitude, self-esteem of the hero of the story. 4.Fazil Iskander. "The Thirteenth Feat of Hercules". The influence of the teacher on the formation of children's character.
5. "Instructions" by Vladimir Monomakh. Already in the chronicle sources, the problems of upbringing were given a huge influence: the "Precept" speaks of eternal moral values, love for the motherland, respect for elders, the need for kindness, loyalty ... 6. And A. Goncharov. Oblomov. One of the most important parts of the novel reveals the problems of upbringing: in "Oblomov's Dream" it is shown how the atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to work, to think disfigures the soul of a child. 7.A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin". The first chapter of the novel is devoted to the problem of Onegin's character formation. The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work form a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”. 8.M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work form a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”. Pechorin himself is aware of his egoism, admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. His upbringing made him that way.
The importance of work in human life
1M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the Sun" Mitrasha and Nastya, small children, who were left without parents during the Second World War, by hard work earned the respect of their fellow villagers.
2. A. P. Platonov "In a beautiful and violent world." The machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm he became blind, but the devotion of a friend, love for his chosen profession, perform a miracle: he, having got on his beloved steam locomotive, regains his sight.
3.A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's yard". The main character all her life has been accustomed to working, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.
darkover666 What influence does personality have on the course of history?
1.L.N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace" One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no kindness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the mood and desires of the masses, so he was great. Napoleon thinks only of his own greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.
darkover666 The problem of individual freedom and human responsibility to society
1.
N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". The images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who do their duty without high phrases. 2. F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment". Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right, that is, individuals, and material," trembling creatures. " A person, according to his theory, is capable of making history. He recalls Mohammed, Napoleon, other great people, in the name of the "great" in their opinion, the goals they commit atrocities, shed the blood of innocent people. Raskolnikov's theory is failing.
In both novels, there is true freedom in subordinating one's interests to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice. 3. The problem of freedom can be traced especially clearly in the story "Obelisk" by V. Bykov: the teacher Frost, having a choice to stay alive or die with his students, whom he always taught goodness and justice, chooses death, remaining a morally free person.
The problem of patriotism
darkover666 1.H. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". One of the novel's central problems is true and false patriotism. Favorite heroes of Tolstoy do not speak lofty words about love for the homeland, they do things in the name of her: Natasha Rostova, without hesitation, persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is mortally wounded in the Borodino field. But true patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
darkover666 The problem of man's relationship to nature
1.V. G. Rasputin. Farewell to Matera. The island, where people have lived for centuries, want to flood. Along with the problems of ecology, there are problems of a moral character and historical memory. 2.M. Bulgakov. "Fatal eggs": Professor Persikov accidentally, instead of large chickens, hatches giant reptiles that threaten civilization.
"Dog's heart". Professor Preobrazhensky transplants a part of the human brain to Sharik's dog, turning a quite cute dog into a disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can't mindlessly interfere with nature!
darkover666 The problem of the complexity of human relationships 1.A. With Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin". "Selfish unwillingly", Onegin is indifferent to the fate of other people, makes himself and other people unhappy. 2. M. Yu Lermontov. "Hero of our time". 3. K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but the affairs that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there. 4. VG Rasputin “Live and Remember”. The deserter husband secretly appears in the vicinity of his native village. His wife Maria tries to save him, but human rumor is more terrible: pursued by her fellow villagers, realizing that she is driven into a dead end by circumstances (she is a burden, she cannot betray her husband, but it is scary to live in a lie), Maria commits suicide. She is selfless, her husband is cowardly and selfish. 5.V. Bykov "Sotnikov". The problem of moral choice: which is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he perishes, retaining his human appearance.
darkover666 Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity
1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.
2) V. Hugo in the novel "Les Miserables" tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole a silver dish from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man. 3) One of the medical scientists insisted that the laboratory staff work in the polyclinic: they had to see how the patients suffer. This forced young researchers to work with tripled energy, since a specific human life depended on their efforts.
4) In ancient Babylon, the patient was taken out to the square, and each passer-by could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there was no someone else's misfortune, there was no someone else's suffering.
5) During the filming of the film "Cold Summer 53 ...", which took place in a remote Karelian village, all the surrounding residents, especially children, gathered to see the "Wolf's grandfather" - Anatoly Papanov. The director wanted to drive out the residents so that they would not interfere with the filming process, but Papanov gathered all the children, talked to them, wrote something to each of them in a notebook. And the children, eyes shining with happiness, looked at the great actor. Their memory will forever remain a meeting with this man, who for their sake interrupted expensive shooting.
6) Ancient historians told that Pythagoras bought fish from fishermen and threw it back into the sea. People laughed at the eccentric, and he said that, saving fish from the nets, he was trying to save people from a terrible lot - to be enslaved by the conquerors. Indeed, all living things are connected by invisible but strong threads of causality: each of our actions, like a resounding echo, rolls over the space of the universe, causing certain consequences.
7) An encouraging word, a caring look, an affectionate smile help a person achieve success, strengthen his faith in his own strength. Psychologists have conducted an interesting experiment that clearly proves the validity of this statement. We recruited random people and asked them to make benches for the kindergarten for some time. The workers of the first group were constantly praised, while the other was scolded for their inability and negligence. What is the result? In the first group, there were twice as many benches as in the second. This means that a kind word really helps a person.
8) Every person needs understanding, sympathy, warmth. Once the outstanding Russian commander A. Suvorov saw a young soldier who, frightened of the upcoming battle, fled into the forest. When the enemy was defeated, Suvorov awarded the heroes, the order went to the one who faint-heartedly sat out in the bushes. The poor soldier nearly collapsed with shame. In the evening, he returned the award and confessed to the commander of his cowardice. Suvorov said: "I am taking your order for safekeeping, because I believe in your bravery!" In the next battle, the soldier amazed everyone with his fearlessness and courage and deservedly received the order.
9) One of the legends tells about how Saint Kasian and Nikola the Pleasant walked once on the ground. We saw a man who was trying to pull a cart out of the mud. Kasyan, hurrying to important business and not wanting to stain the heavenly dress, went on, and Nikola helped the peasant. When the Lord found out about this, he decided to give Nikola two holidays a year, and Kasyan one in four years - on February 29.
darkover666
1. Man and homeland
2. The connection of a person with his people
Quotes
1. A person cannot live without a homeland, just as one cannot live without a heart (K. Paustovsky).
2. I ask my offspring to take my example: to be faithful to the fatherland until exhaustion (A. Suvorov).
3. Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood relationship, his blood ties with his fatherland (V. Belinsky).
Arguments
A person cannot live without his homeland
1) A well-known writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from the police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally got to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, forest, sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.
2) The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. Nobody knew what was in it. Only many years later, relatives learned that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.
3) The fascists, having occupied France, offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the civil war, to cooperate with them in the fight against the Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because his homeland was dearer to him than political differences.
4) African slaves, taken to America, yearned for their native land. In despair, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, throwing off the body, could, like a bird, fly home.
5) The most terrible punishment in ancient times was considered the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home - a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language ... There you are completely alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving the homeland meant for a person to lose everything.
6) The outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretyak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay a big salary. The Tretiak pointed to heaven and earth and asked: "Will you buy this for me too?" The answer of the famous athlete confused everyone, and no one returned to this proposal.
7) When, in the middle of the 19th century, an English squadron laid siege to Istanbul's one hundred face of Turkey, the entire population rose to defend their city. The townspeople destroyed their own homes if they interfered with the Turkish cannons from targeting enemy ships.
8) Once the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak tree that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak: "Why can't I defeat you?"
The oak replied that it was not the trunk that held him. Its strength lies in the fact that it has grown into the ground, its roots hold on to it. This ingenuous story expresses the idea that love for the homeland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of ancestors makes the people invincible.
9) When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain hung over England, the entire population, hitherto torn apart by enmity, rallied an axis around its queen. Merchants and noblemen used their own money to equip the army, people of simple rank were enlisted in the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the "invincible armada" of the Spaniards was defeated.
10) The Turks, during their military campaigns, captured captive boys and youths. Children were forcibly converted to Islam, turned into warriors, who were called janissaries. The Turks hoped that, devoid of spiritual roots, who had forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and obedience, the new warriors would become a reliable stronghold of the state. But this did not happen: the janissaries had nothing to defend, cruel and merciless in battle, they fled in serious danger, constantly demanded an increase in salary, refused to serve without a generous reward. It all ended with the disbandment of the Janissary detachments, and the inhabitants, on pain of death, were forbidden even to pronounce this word.
11) Ancient historians tell about a Greek athlete who refused to fight for Athens, explaining that he needed to prepare for sports. When he expressed a desire to participate in the Olympic Games, the citizens told him: "You did not want to share the grief with us, so you are not worthy to share the joy with us."
12) The famous traveler Afanasy Nikitin during his travels saw a lot of outlandish and unusual things. He told about this in his travel notes "Walking the Three Seas". But the exoticism of distant countries did not extinguish his love for his homeland, on the contrary, in his soul the longing for his father's home flared up even more.
13) Once, during the First World War, at a military meeting, Nikolai-2 uttered a phrase that began like this: "For me and Russia ...". But one of the generals present at this meeting politely corrected the tsar: "Your Majesty, YOU probably wanted to say" Russia and you ... "Nicholas II admitted his mistake.
14) Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace" reveals the "military secret" - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against armies, in Russia he was opposed by the whole people. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the struggle against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.
] 5) The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antaeus, because it was love for the motherland that gave him moral strength.
16) Napoleon, having entered Russia, knew that the peasants were greatly oppressed by the landowners, so he hoped for the support of the common people. But what was his surprise when he was told that the men did not want to sell fodder for hard currency. "They don't understand their benefits ?!" - the emperor exclaimed in bewilderment and confusion.
17) When the outstanding Russian doctor Pirogov invented an apparatus for inhaling ether vapors, he turned to a tinsmith with a request to make it according to drawings. The tinsmith learned that this device was designed to operate on soldiers who fought during the Crimean War, and said that he would do everything for free for the sake of the Russian people.
18) German General Guderian recalled the incident that struck him. During the Great Patriotic War, a Soviet artilleryman was captured, who single-handedly dragged a cannon with a single shell. It turns out that this soldier knocked out four enemy tanks and repelled a tank attack. What force forced a soldier, without support, to fight desperately against enemies - this the German general could not understand. It was then that he uttered the historic phrase: "It does not seem that in a month we walked around Moscow."
Heading. “Fight and seek. Find and not give up! "
1. Problems
1. The meaning of human life
2. Loyalty to your calling
3. Finding the path of life
4. True and False Values
5. Happiness
6. Freedom
Quotes
1. There is nothing insurmountable in the world (A. V. Suvorov, commander).
2. Only labor gives the right to enjoyment (N. Dobrolyubov, literary critic).
3. In order to live honestly, one must strive to get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and again quit, and always struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness (L. Tolstoy, writer).
4. What is life? What is its meaning? What is the purpose? There is only one answer: in life itself (V. Veresaev, writer).
5. And the two wings behind my shoulders no longer shine at night (A. Tarkovsky, poet).
6. It takes a lot of courage to be born, live and die (A. McLean, English writer).
7. The meaning of life is not to satisfy your desires, but to have them (M. Zoshchenko, Russian writer).
8. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when to die (D. Orwell, English writer).
9. There are no great talents without great will (O. Balzac, French writer).
10. To think and create, create and think - this is the basis of all wisdom (I. Goethe, German writer).
11. Man is born to live either in convulsions of anxiety or lethargy of boredom (Voltaire, French writer). 12. A person who has chosen evil is, to a certain extent, better than the one who was forced to do Good (E. Burgess, English writer).
darkover666 Arguments
Self-realization of a person. Life as a struggle for happiness
1) The life drama of Eugene Onegin, an extraordinary man, is caused precisely by the fact that "hard work was sick to him." Growing up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence "without tears, without life, without love." 2) It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into bad and good, but into those who change and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, tireless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction, this is, in Tolstoy's opinion, the most complete manifestation of humanity.
3) A. Chekhov in his works shows how smart, full of strength people gradually lose their "wings," how high feelings fade away in them, how they slowly plunge into the swamp of everyday life. “Never give up!” - this call sounds in almost every work of the writer. 4) N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human SOUL. Portraying Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, who is entering adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.
5) The image of Oblomov is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams. 6) M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the shelter and ends there.
7) Overcoming difficulties, intense struggle, tireless search - these are the necessary conditions for the formation of a person. Let us recall the well-known parable about the butterfly. Once a man saw a butterfly trying to get out through a small gap in a cocoon. He stood for a long time and watched the unsuccessful attempts of the unfortunate creature to get out into the light. The man's heart was filled with pity, and he parted the edges of the cocoon with a knife. A frail insect emerged outside, dragging its helpless wings with difficulty. The man did not know that the butterfly, tearing the shell of the cocoon, strengthens its wings, develops the necessary muscles. And he, with his pity, doomed her to certain death.
False values
1) I. Bunin in the story "Mister from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is. 2) Newspapers talked about the fate of a successful manager who became interested in role-playing in a fight club. He was ordained a knight, given a new name, and the invented life captivated the young man so much that he forgot about work, about his family ... Now he has a different name, a different life, and he regrets only one thing, that he cannot leave forever from real life to the life that he invented for himself 3) When Socrates was born, his father turned to the oracle to find out how to raise his son. The oracle replied that the boy needs neither mentors nor educators: he has already been chosen on a special path, and his spirit-genius will guide him. Later Socrates admitted that he often heard a voice inside himself, which ordered him what to do, where to go, what to think about. darkover666 This semi-legendary story expresses belief in the chosenness of great people who are hailed by life for great achievements
Moral responsibility of man (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world 2. The role of personality in history 3. Moral choice of man 4. Conflict between man and society 5. Man and nature Arguments Everyone has the fate of the world in their hands 1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy, who did not listen to an unknown voice and frightened off the butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly away to the royal garden, the caterpillar from this butterfly would crawl around the sleeping queen's neck. The queen will get scared and die, and the power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king who will cause many troubles to people.
2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Virgin-Plague.
One day a peasant went to mow the grass. Suddenly, a terrible Virgo-Plague jumped on his shoulders. The man begged for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to pity him if he carried her on his shoulders. Where this creepy couple appeared, all people died: small children, gray-haired old people, beautiful girls, and handsome guys.
This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death?
4) A. Kuprin wrote the story "The Wonderful Doctor" based on real events. A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story speaks volumes about the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.
The role of personality in history
1) I. Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter" played a huge role in the social life of our country. People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A wide movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.
2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter lot of a soldier, made society look differently at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.
3) The American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin", which told about the fate of a meek black man who was beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This romance shook the whole society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and the shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war.
1. The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society
2. The impact of art on the spiritual formation of a person
3. Educational function of art
Quotes
1. Without Chekhov, we would have been many times poorer in spirit and heart (K. Paustovsky. Russian writer).
2. The entire life of mankind has consistently settled in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer).
3. Conscientiousness - this is the feeling that literature must excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer).
4. Art is called upon to preserve the human in man (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer).
5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer).
6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer).
7. Art creates good people, forms the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer).
8. They went into darkness, but their trail did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer).
9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and painter).
10. The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher).
11. There is no career as a poet, there is the fate of a poet (S. Marshak, Russian writer).
12. The essence of literature is not in fiction, but in the need to say the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher).
13. The artist's business is to give birth to joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer).
Arguments
1) Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that Bach's works increase and develop intelligence. Beethoven's music arouses compassion, cleans the thoughts and feelings of a person from negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. Once he missed the train and stayed overnight at the station square with the street children. They saw a book in his bag and asked her to read it. Nosov agreed, and the guys, deprived of parental warmth, holding their breath, began to listen to the story about a lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter homeless life with their fate.
6) When the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved connected with the stage history of "The Minor". They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the idler Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons of the motherland.
9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical person exactly as it is depicted in a work of art. Even tyrants were in awe of this truly royal power of the artist. Here's an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves boldly enough. When one of the Medici expressed his displeasure at the lack of similarity with the portrait, Michelangelo said: "Do not worry, Your Holiness, in a hundred years will be like you."
10) In childhood, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers". Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d "Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, the personification of cunning and cruelty. But the image of the novel villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. during the religious wars the words “French”, “homeland.” He forbade duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. Dumas affects the reader much stronger and brighter than historical truth.
Scientific progress and moral qualities of a person
2) Humanity has achieved tremendous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom ... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more alarming the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver who is racing at a breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to know that a mighty motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the bend.
3) In ancient mythology, there is a legend about Pandora's box.
The woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.
4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
12) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences.
1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, AT Tvardovsky in the poem "By the Right of Memory" calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism.
The same theme is revealed in AA Akhmatova's poem “Requiem”.
The verdict of the state system based on injustice and lies is passed by A.I.Solzhenitsyn in the story "One Day of Ivan Denisovich"
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and respect for them.
The problem of respect for the cultural heritage has always remained in the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. Tula people are also distinguished by the care for ancient monuments: the appearance of the historical center of the city, churches, and the Kremlin are preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality
(1) What is classical literature? (2) What is classical Russian music? (3) What is Russian painting, in particular the Wanderers? (4) And this, among other things, is also the Russian intelligentsia and intelligence, from which came the creators who were able to express the mindset, aspirations and everything that we call the spiritual world of the people.
(5) A person who calls himself an intellectual, thereby took on very clear moral obligations. (6) The measure of intelligence was not only beliefs, and morality, and creativity as such, but also actions.
(7) A person who insulted a servant, an unfamiliar passer-by, a peasant who came to the market, a beggar, a shoemaker, a conductor was not accepted in an intelligent environment, they turned away from him, but the same person who harassed his superiors aroused complete confidence.
(8) Careerism was not encouraged in any way, but in some cases it was tolerated: if a careerist “did not forget the poor and his own dignity,” this was approximately the rule.
(9) Enrichment was despised, especially in cases where the rich man did not provide material assistance to anyone. (10) It was not shameful to come to a rich man, if not with a demand, then with an insistent request to donate to such and such social and good needs.
(11) Precisely because intelligence provided for the morality of an act and a way of life, it was not a class, and Count Tolstoy was an intellectual, and an artisan was him.
(12) The Code of Intelligence was never written anywhere, but it was understandable to everyone who wanted to understand it. (13) Whoever understood him knew what was good and what was bad, what was allowed and what was not.
(According to S. Zalygin)
Introduction
Sometimes it is difficult to clearly define what intelligent behavior is and what is the opposite of it. How does an intelligent person differ from the general mass? Are there any special rules for a person to become intelligent? Writers, sociologists and philosophers have been thinking about this for more than one generation.
Problem
The problem of intelligence is also raised by the Russian writer-publicist S. Zalygin. He tries to correlate the very concept of intelligence and its embodiment in the life of society.
A comment
The author asks what Russian literature, music, painting are, inseparably linking these concepts with the intelligentsia and intelligence, which helped the masters of words and painting express the peculiarities of the world around them, the inner aspirations of the common people.
Further, the author tells about the high moral responsibility of a person who calls himself an intellectual. The main measure of intelligence is not only beliefs, morality or creativity, but also actions. A person who offends the disadvantaged and needy was not accepted in an intelligent environment. At the same time, the person who yelled at his superiors aroused trusting respect.
Thirst for profit and career growth were not welcomed, especially if the person did not help the disadvantaged. It was very important not to lose one's own dignity and donate to public needs.
Author's position
S. Zalygin says that the code of intelligence has never been written, but is understandable to everyone. Anyone who has understood the very essence of intelligence, he knows what is good, what is bad, what can be done and what is not.
Intelligence does not depend on a person's social affiliation, it is a special inner quality.
Your position
I agree with the author that intelligence is not education, talent or morality. These are all the listed features, which have developed in a special way into a single internal state that does not allow a person to lose his own dignity and humiliate the dignity of others.
Argument 1
The surrounding intelligence is assessed by a person's ability to behave in various situations, in a society of people. Another important criterion of intelligence is spirituality. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" presents us with true intelligence in the person of one of the main characters - Andrei Bolkonsky.
Prince Andrey is a strong, strong-willed man, intelligent, educated, possessing deep patriotic feelings, mercy and spirituality. High society with its cynicism and lies repels Bolkonsky. Gradually abandoning the rules by which high society lives, Andrei is trying to find happiness in hostilities.
Having passed the hard way on the battlefields, the hero affirms compassion, love and kindness in his soul. These traits make him a true intellectual. Many young people today could take an example from him.
Argument 2
In another work, the writer, on the contrary, asserts the lack of intelligence in his characters. A.P. Chekhov in the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" reflects on memory and shows the life of the impoverished noblemen of the late 19th century, who, by their own stupidity, lose their family estate, the cherry orchard dear to their memories, and the closest people.
They do not want to do anything, they are not adapted to work, they are not fond of reading or comprehending the sciences, they do not understand anything in art. In other words, in the heroes of the comedy, the reader observes a complete absence of spiritual and mental work. Therefore, despite their high origin, it is difficult to call them intellectuals. According to A.P. Chekhov, people are obliged to improve, work hard, help those in need, strive for the highest manifestation of morality.
Conclusion
In my opinion, to be a real person, a person with a capital letter, means to be an intellectual. Intelligence - the ability to subordinate your life to the laws of mercy, kindness and justice.