Biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828 - 1910)
PEDIGREE
Great-grandfather Andrei Ivanovich served as president of the Main Moscow magistrate. His two sons served the Fatherland: Pyotr Andreevich - an associate of Peter I, Ilya Andreevich - an officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment. He married the daughter of the Minister of War, Pelageya Nikolaevna Gorchakova.
The son of Ilya Andreevich, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a participant in the War of 1812, in 1820 married Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the daughter of a retired general, close to Catherine II. The family had children Nikolai, Sergey, Dmitry, Lev (28 August 1828) and Maria
CHILDHOOD
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana on 08/28/1828. When Lyovushka was 2 years old, his mother died. The closest person was a distant relative of Pelageya Nikolaevna's grandmother, Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya.
STUDY
Moving to Kazan in 1841. Here in 1844 L. Tolstoy entered Kazan University. For a year he attends classes at the Faculty of Philosophy (Department of Arabic-Turkish Literature) and two years at the law. Leo Tolstoy left the University in 1847
THE CAUCASUS AND THE CRIMEAN WAR
In 1851, together with his older brother Nikolai L. Tolstoy, he left for the Caucasus to join the active army, where he served first as a volunteer and then as a junior artillery officer.
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, L. Tolstoy submits a memorandum about his transfer to the Danube army. As an artillery officer of the fourth bastion, he took part in the defense of Sevastopol. He returned home at the end of 1855 with the Order of St. Anna "For Bravery" and medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol."
Literary activity in the first half of the 1850s
1852 - the story "Childhood", published in "Sovremennik", later it published "Boyhood" (1854) and "Youth" (1856). In 1855 L. Tolstoy finished work on the "Sevastopol Stories"
Literary activity in the second half of the 50s.
Returning from Sevastopol, Leo Tolstoy plunged into the literary environment of Petersburg. In 1857 and 1860-61, Leo Tolstoy made trips abroad to European countries. However, I did not find any heartfelt comfort here. 1857 - the stories "Albert", "From the notes of Prince Nekhlyudov", the story "Lucerne" 1859 - the story "Three deaths"
Pedagogical activity
Back in 1849, Leo Tolstoy began classes with peasant children. In 1859 he opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana. In 1872, L. Tolstoy wrote the "ABC", which was published 28 times during the life of the writer.
Life and creative maturity (1860-1870s)
1863-69 - "War and Peace" 1873-77 - "Anna Karenina". According to the writer, in the first work he was dear to "people's thought", in the second - "family thought." Shortly after publication, both novels were translated into foreign languages.
SPIRITUAL CRISIS
1882 year. Completed autobiographical work "Confession": "I renounced the life of our circle ..." In 1880-1890, Leo Tolstoy created a number of religious works, in which he outlined his understanding of the Christian doctrine. In 1901, the Holy Synod excommunicated Leo Tolstoy from the church.
Literary activity 1880-1890
In the early 1889s, Leo Tolstoy's views on art changed significantly. He came to the conclusion that he should write not “for gentlemen”, but for “Ignatov and their children” 1889-1899 - “Resurrection” 1886 - “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” 1887-89 “The Kreutzer Sonata” 1896 1904 - “Hadji Murad "1903 -" After the ball "
FAMILY LIFE
In 1862, Lev Nikolaevich married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers. After the wedding, the young people immediately leave for Yasnaya Polyana.
Sofya Andreevna in Yasnaya Polyana for many years becomes a housekeeper-housekeeper, secretary of her husband, educator of children and keeper of the hearth.
Of the 13 children, seven survived. (In the photo: Mikhail, Lev Nikolaevich, Vanechka, Lev, Sasha, Andrey, Tatiana, Sofya Andreevna, Maria) Two losses were especially noticeable: the death of Vanechka's last child (1895) and the beloved daughter of the writer Maria (1906).
Last years.
Relations with his wife and children were tense. They finally deteriorated after a secretly written will, according to which the family was deprived of the right to the writer's literary heritage.
On the night of October 27-28, 1910, Leo Tolstoy secretly left his home and went to the south of Russia, where he planned to stay with familiar peasants. He died in the house of the head of the Astapovo station on November 7, 1910 at 6 hours 5 minutes in the morning.
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Biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy
L.N. TOLSTOY (1828-1910). BIOGRAPHY.
Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, near Tula, into a noble family. Without my Yasnaya Polyana, I can hardly imagine Russia and my attitude towards it. Without Yasnaya Polyana, perhaps I can see more clearly the general laws necessary for my fatherland ... L. TOLSTOY, "Memories in the Countryside"
Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya (1790-1830). Mother of L. Tolstoy. I don't remember my mother at all. I was a year and a half when she passed away ... everything I know about her, everything is fine ... L. Tolstoy "Memories"
Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1795-1837) Father of L. Tolstoy. The first place ... takes, although not in terms of influence on me, but in my feeling for him, ... my father. L. Tolstoy "Memories"
In 1851 L. Tolstoy left for the Caucasus and volunteered for the artillery. Finally today I received the order to go to my battery, I am a 4th class fireworks. You won't believe how much it gives me pleasure. L. Tolstoy - T.A. Ergolskaya. January 3, 1852
At the age of twenty-six, I came to Petersburg after the war and became friends with writers. They accepted me as their own ... L. Tolstoy "Confession" A group of writers from the "Sovremennik" magazine. L.N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich, I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, A. N. Ostrovsky. From a photograph of 1856.
SOFIA ANDREEVNA BERS In 1862 L. Tolstoy married the daughter of a doctor. The choice was made long ago. Literature-art, pedagogy and family. L. Tolstoy, Diary, October 6, 1863 She is a serious assistant to me. L. Tolstoy - A. A. Fet. May 15, 1863
L.N. Tolstoy opened 26 public schools, where 9,000 children studied. When I enter the school and see this crowd of ragged, dirty, thin children, with their bright eyes and so often angelic expressions, anxiety, horror, which I would experience at the sight of people drowning ... I want education for the people ... to save those Pushkins drowning there ... the Lomonosovs. And they are teeming in every school. L. Tolstoy - A. A. Tolstoy. December 1874
THICK, THICK! This is ... not a man, but a MAN, JUPITER. Maxim Gorky TOLSTOY is really a huge artist, which have been born for centuries, and his work is crystal clear, light and beautiful. V. G. Korolenko ... There is no man more worthy of the name of genius, more complex, contradictory and beautiful in everything ... A. Chekhov
MUSEUM-ESTATE OF LEO TOLSTOY "KHAMOVNIKI"
Died TOLSTOY ... But in his inheritance there is something that has not gone into the past, that belongs to the future. Demonstration in St. Petersburg on the death of L. N. Tolstoy. 1910 Tomb of Leo Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana.
LEO TOLSTOY STATE MUSEUM IN MOSCOW
FOR MANY YEARS A HARD AND TRUE VOICE SOUNDS, COVERING EVERYONE AND EVERYONE; HE TOLD US ABOUT RUSSIAN LIFE ALMOST AS MUCH AS THE REST OF OUR LITERATURE. The historical significance of Tolstoy's work ... is the result of everything Russian society has experienced for the entire 19th century, and his books will remain for centuries, as a monument to the hard work done by a GENIUS ... M. GORKY
In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University to study oriental languages, but after three years he dropped out, as she quickly got bored. When Tolstoy turned 23, he and his older brother Nikolai left to fight in the Caucasus. During his service in Tolstoy, the writer wakes up, and he begins his famous cycle, a trilogy, which describes moments from childhood to adolescence. And also Lev Nikolaevich writes several autobiographical stories and stories (such as "Cutting the forest", "Cossacks").
Having found himself on his allotment, Lev Nikolaevich creates his own system of pedagogy and opens a school, and also begins to engage in educational activities. Fully passionate about this type of activity, he leaves for Europe to get acquainted with schools. In 1862, Tolstoy married a young Sofya Andreevna Bers - and immediately left with his wife to Yasnaya Polyana, where he was fully engaged in family life and household chores.
But by the fall of 1863 he began work on his most fundamental work, War and Peace. Then, from 1873 to 1877, the novel Anna Karenina was created. During this period of time, Tolstoy's worldview is fully formed, which bears the self-explanatory name - "Tolstoyism", the whole essence of which is well depicted in such writer's works as "The Kreutzer Sonata", "What is Your Faith", "Confession".
And in 1899 the novel "Resurrection" was published, which describes the main provisions of the teachings of the brilliant author. Late in the autumn night, Tolstoy, who at that time was 82 years old, together with his attending physician, secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana. But on the way, the writer falls ill and gets off the train at Astapovo, Ryazan-Uralskaya station.
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Creativity of Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy The presentation was prepared by the primary school teacher of MBOU "Main multidisciplinary lyceum" OV Demina.
Father - Count Konstantin Petrovich Tolstoy (1779-1870), elder brother of the artist F.P. Tolstoy.
Mother - Anna Alekseevna Perovskaya, pupil (illegitimate daughter) of Count A. K. Razumovsky. Marriage with the father of A.K. Tolstoy was unhappy; there was an open gap between the spouses.
Instead of his father, Alexei was brought up by his maternal uncle A. A. Perovsky (Anton Pogorelsky), who composed for his nephew the fairy tale "Black Hen" about the adventures of a boy named Alyosha.
Childhood Alexey spent his early childhood in Ukraine, in his uncle's estate.
Travel to Germany In 1826 A.K. Tolstoy with his mother and uncle Anthony Pogorelsky went to Germany. The visit to Goethe in Weimar and the fact that he sat on the lap of the great old man was especially strongly impressed in his memory.
Meeting with Alexander II Eight years old Tolstoy, together with his mother and uncle, moved to St. Petersburg. Through a friend of Perovsky, the boy was introduced to the then eight-year-old heir to the throne, later to Emperor Alexander II, and was among the children who came to the Tsarevich on Sundays to play. Relations with the royal family continued throughout Tolstoy's life.
In 1834, Tolstoy was assigned a "student" in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1837 he served in the Russian mission in Germany, in 1840 he received service in St. Petersburg at the tsar's court, in 1843 - the court rank of chamber-junker.
A.K. Tolstoy In the late 1830s - early 1840s, two science fiction stories were written (in French) - "The family of a ghoul" and "Meeting in three hundred years." In May 1841, Tolstoy first appeared in print, publishing as a separate book, under the pseudonym "Krasnorogsky" (from the name of the estate of the Red Horn), the fantastic story "Ghoul". VG Belinsky spoke very favorably about the story, seeing in it "all the signs of still too young, but, nevertheless, remarkable talent."
Genre variety of lyrics by A.K. Tolstoy The main thing in the lyrics Tolstoy considered beauty and love, which are present in everyday life. The poems are permeated with longing for the beautiful, sadness for the unique value of earthly, real human love - "A tear trembles in your jealous gaze ..." (1858), "In the land of rays invisible to our eyes" (1856), "Amid a noisy ball, by chance ..." (1851) and others.
Romance "Amid the Noisy Ball ..." In 1878, 3 years after the death of A.K. Tolstoy, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote music to the poems "Amid the Noisy Ball ...", the music is as pure, gentle and chaste as poetry.
Fall. Our entire poor garden is sprinkled, Yellow leaves fly in the wind; Only in the distance they flaunt, there at the bottom of the valleys, Brush bright red wilting mountain ash. A.K. Tolstoy
Historical images in the work of A.K. Tolstoy In his works, he pays much attention to the era of the ancient cities of Kiev and Novgorod and the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. These are the novel "Prince Silver", the tragedy "Death of Ivan the Terrible" (1866), "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1868), "Tsar Boris" (1870).
Poetic legends Creating his ideals, Tolstoy does not care about the historical accuracy, resorting to free speculation, therefore, not so much history pictures were obtained as colorful poetic legends. Simultaneously with real persons in epics and ballads, the heroes of legends appear - Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Sadko and others. All characters are created according to the same principle, the boundaries between history and folklore are deliberately erased.
The poem "Ilya Muromets" The poet glorifies in the epic hero wisdom, inner restraint, combined with heroic might and strength.
Historical drama "The Posadnik" The last work of A.K. Tolstoy became a drama from the ancient Novgorod story "The Posadnik". Work on it began immediately after the end of the trilogy, but he did not have time to complete it. Alexey Tolstoy died on October 10, 1875 in his estate, Krasny Rog, Chernigov province.
Museum-estate of Alexei Tolstoy, located in the Red Horn. In the village of Krasny Rog, which is fifty kilometers from Bryansk, there is the former estate of the most famous Russian poet, prose writer and playwright Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Currently, it houses the Estate Museum.
The poet's grave and a monument in the village. Red Horn
Check yourself In which city was A.K. Tolstoy? What are the names of famous relatives of A.K. Tolstoy. What work did Anton Pogorelsky dedicated to A.K. Tolstoy? What was the name of the romance of P.I. Tchaikovsky, written on the verses of A.K. Tolstoy? Where was A.K. Tolstoy? What topics does A.K. Tolstoy in his works? The images of which heroes are reflected in the works of A.K. Tolstoy? What was the name of the work that A.K. Tolstoy didn't have time to finish?