The depiction of goodness in folk tales. Good and Evil in Russian Folk Tales. "Good and Evil in Russian Folk Tales"

project
"Good and Evil in Russian Folk Tales"
Pupils 3 "B" class
Secondary school number 920
Zlobina Tatiana
City of Moscow.

Both children and adults love fairy tales. Performances and films are staged based on fairy tales, operas and ballets are created.
Fairy tales have come to us from ancient times. They were told by beggar wanderers, tailors, and retired soldiers.
Fairy tales help to understand what is bad and what is good in life.
Heroes who personify the good forces of fairy tales live in a family, in a fairy forest, in green meadows, in a beautiful country, in a special fairy world. "In a certain kingdom, in a certain state."
In a fairy tale, there is always a struggle between good and evil.
Good fabulous
heroes will definitely emerge victorious, no matter what obstacles they have to overcome.
The fairy tale "The Frog Princess" told about how the hero achieved victory, goodness and justice.
Ivan Tsarevich found his Vasilisa the Wise. Good and justice prevail, but for this the hero had to go through difficulties and trials.
Ivan - the prince appears before us courageous and fearless, he was not afraid to go alone to look for his wife.

This tale convinces us that in life a person can achieve a lot thanks to intelligence, kindness, work and courage.
Baba Yaga, together with Kashchey the Immortal, Serpent Gorynych, represents in fairy tales terrible monsters, dark forces, which are often very cruel, insidious.

This is how Russian people in the distant past expressed their idea of \u200b\u200bevil.
In all fairy tales, Baba Yaga is always an old woman with a bone leg.

In some tales, she looks frightening:
for example, in the fairy tale "The Frog Princess" we read:
“On the stove, on the ninth brick, Baba Yaga is lying with a bone leg, his teeth are on the shelf, and his nose has grown into the ceiling.”

Baba Yaga knows how to scare, conjure, and prevents good heroes from doing good deeds.
In the fairy tale "Geese - Swans" Baba Yaga is a kidnapper of children, trying to fry them, she is a negative character.

By nature, Baba Yaga is very evil, cunning, cruel, commands evil spirits. She harms everyone, creates difficulties on the way, kidnaps children, can put the hero on a shovel and send him to the oven to eat later.

Good and evil plays a very important role in fairy tales, because it helps us from an early age to understand that good is good, and evil is bad.
Fairy tales teach kindness, distinguish good from bad, patience, hard work, courage, believe in oneself, overcome difficulties, fight evil, protect the weak.
There is always a good ending in a fairy tale: the one who loves his people, respects his elders and parents wins.
"Although evil is strong, it hurts everything, good in the world will win!"

Both children and adults love fairy tales. They inspire writers and poets, composers and artists. Performances and films are staged based on fairy tales, operas and ballets are created. Fairy tales have come to us from ancient times. They were told by beggar wanderers, tailors, and retired soldiers.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. A fictional story of a fantastic, adventure or everyday character.

Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad and what is good in life. A fairy tale, as the creation of an entire people, does not tolerate the slightest deviation from good and truth, it requires the punishment of any untruth, in it good triumphs over evil. There are also good and evil heroes in the tale.

Slide "Goodies and where they live"

Ivan Tsarevich

Ivan the Fool

Vasilisa the Beautiful

Wolf, Fox, Hare, Bear and others.

Heroes who personify the good forces of fairy tales live in a family, in a fairy forest, in green meadows, in a beautiful country, in a special fairy world. "In a certain kingdom, in a certain state."

Slide "Evil forces and their habitat"

Koschei the Deathless

Dragon

Creatures personifying evil, various evil spirits, live in dense forests, in dungeons, holes and caves. After all, there is the kingdom of evil. Here mother warns Dobrynya: "And you don't need to go to the distant mountain Sorochinskaya and go to the snake-caves there ..."

Slide "Ivan"

The positive hero of fairy tales, Ivan the Fool, is not at all a fool. Ivan, the youngest son, is called stupid because he lacks practical wisdom. He is simple-minded, not spiteful, compassionate to other people's misfortunes to the point of forgetting his own safety and any benefits. He fights against evil, helps the offended or the weak. Ivan is a fearless, kind and noble hero. Very often at the beginning of the tale, Ivan is poor, pursued by enemies. Ivan successfully passes all tests. Defeats all enemies, wins happiness for himself. Sometimes, as a reward for his heroic behavior and good deeds, he receives a kingdom or half a kingdom and a royal daughter, an expensive horse and some magical skills ...

Slide "Vasilisa"

The positive heroine of fairy tales Vasilisa is endowed with wisdom and the ability to transform. She is naturally strong, so she copes with any task and difficulties. She is very kind and hardworking. Vasilisa means regal. Beautiful spiritually and outwardly - highly moral, she has developed feelings of justice, nobility. For all the trials that Vasilisa meets on the way, she will have a wedding and a happy fate.

Slide "Wolf"

The wolf is often stupid, rustic, gullible.

Sometimes evil, maybe a person's helper.

The fox is cunning, cunning, greedy. And also a fashionista and a thief.

"Bear"

The bear is good-natured, simple-minded, gullible, lumpy.

Slide "Hare and other animals"

The hare is cunning, cowardly. The hedgehog is smart, careful, resourceful. The Firebird is wise. The mouse is hardworking, kind. The cat is cunning, adventurous.

Slide "Koschey the Immortal"

Koschey is a character in fairy tales, a demonic creature hostile to people, his strength is in werewolf and sorcery, he is invulnerable to others. The death of Koshchei is hidden in the egg. The secret of Koshchei's death is found out by his niece. At her direction, with the help of animal helpers, an egg is broken, after which Koschey dies. The name of Koshchei is raised to the Old Russian "koshchei" meaning "captive", "slave" - \u200b\u200bto shame, to shame; to the word "bone" with the meaning of an emaciated old curmudgeon or a skeleton: Koschey is a dead man, a skeleton, and therefore immortal.

Slide "Serpent Gorynych"

The serpent is a popular character in fairy tales and epics, most often an opponent with whom the hero will have to enter into an implacable struggle. The serpent is an image of world folklore. In Russian fairy tales, the Serpent Gorynych is a multi-headed creature capable of flying, spewing fire. His element is water or mountains (Serpent-Gorynych). In a number of plots, the Serpent is the kidnapper, he takes away the royal daughters, besieges the city with the demand for tribute in the form of a woman - to be eaten or for marriage. The serpent guards the border to the "other" world, most often a bridge across the river, it devours everyone trying to cross. The fight with the Serpent and the victory over him is one of the main feats of the hero.

Slide "Baba Yaga"

Baba Yaga is a popular character in East Slavic fairy tales. She is portrayed as a fantastically ugly old woman who owns magical items. (“Baba-Yaga sits, a leg of bone, legs from corner to corner, lips on the garden bed, and his nose has grown to the ceiling”, “rides on an iron mortar, drives with an iron pusher”); the usual habitat is a hut on chicken legs in the forest, in the distant kingdom. " Baba Yaga belongs to the mythological world; she is the mistress of the forest, the mistress of animals and birds, the almighty prophetic old woman, the guardian of the borders of the “other kingdom”, the kingdom of Death.

Slide "The color of good and evil"

White is the color of purity, light.

Blue, blue - the color of the sky, water, an integral part of life.

Red is the color of truth, the fight against evil.

Green and yellow are the colors of hope, joy.

Slide "Color of Evil"

Black is the color of evil forces. It is no coincidence that evil witches are dressed in black and have black hair.

The dark green color is no less ominous. This is the color of all kinds of dishonesty.

All these colors are present not only in a fairy tale, but also in our life. These are the colors of the nature around us: rainbows and fertile land. From here we draw the vitality that helps us to resist the evil creatures, possibly living next to us.

I have read many fairy tales and I can say that for me the fairy tale opened up an amazing world of magic, where good triumphs over evil, where everyone gets what they deserve, where dreams come true. This is an incredible land of fantasies and wonders that teaches a person to be kind, sympathetic, honest and decent. A fairy tale helps us to believe in ourselves and our strengths, helps to overcome difficulties, to cultivate strength of mind and courage. Gives hope, and sometimes even helps to make the right decision in a difficult life situation.

My mother, just like me, is very fond of fairy tales. She says that fairy tales teach a lot not only to children, but also to help adults look at themselves.

View document content
"" Good and evil in Russian folk tales ""

Good and evil in Russian fairy tales

Performed:

Protsenko Nastya

student 5 "A" class.

MOU SOSH №6

Teacher:

Anisimova O.M .

How good it is on Earth
These fairy tales are wonderful!
Let's take a fairy tale, read it together
And we'll sing about her!
May fairy tales live forever
Let them give to people
Magic, justice,
Beauty and goodness!

Find out which heroes represent the good and evil forces of Russian folk tales.

Find out the nature of the "good" and "evil" forces.

The role of good and evil in Russian folk tales.

Understand what fairy tales teach.

Ivan is simple-minded, gentle, compassionate. He fights evil, helps the weak, fearless and kind hero. At the beginning of the tale, he is usually poor, passing trials he receives a reward.

Vasilisa

Vasilisa is endowed with wisdom, kind and hardworking, fair and noble.

The wolf is often stupid, rustic and gullible. Sometimes evil, maybe a person's helper.

The fox is cunning, cunning, greedy. And also a fashionista and a thief.

The bear is good-natured, simple-minded, gullible, lumpy.

The hare is cunning and cowardly.

The hedgehog is smart, cautious and resourceful.

Firebird

The Firebird is wise.

The mouse is hardworking.

The cat is cunning and adventurous

Koschei the Deathless

Koschey is a demonic creature hostile to people, he is invulnerable to others. The death of Koshchei is hidden in the egg. Dies at the end of the tale.

Dragon

Serpent Gorynych is a multi-headed creature capable of flying, spewing fire. Kidnaps people, besieges cities.

Baba - Yaga

Baba Yaga is an ugly old woman who owns magical items. She is the mistress of the forest, animals and birds.

The color of purity, light

The color of the sky, water, life

Color of joy

Color of truth, fight against evil

The color of hope

The color of evil forces

The color of wickedness

(2)

The fairy tale "The Frog Princess" is a Russian folk fairy tale. In fairy tales, good always fights against evil. Ivan Tsarevich is one of the good heroes. He went through many trials to find Vasilisa the Beautiful. Ivan Tsarevich is brave: he was not afraid to go alone to look for his wife. He's polite. When he met the old man in the forest, Ivan Tsarevich told him about his grief. The old man gave him a magic ball. Ivan Tsarevich thanked the old man and went on. When he met Baba Yaga, he was also polite to her. For this she told him where Koshchei's death was. Ivan Tsarevich is kind. When he went for the magic ball, he was very hungry. He wanted to kill a bear, a hare and a drake so as not to starve to death, but then he pitied them. He also took pity on the pike and released it into the blue sea. And then all the animals helped Tsarevich Ivan to defeat Koshchei the immortal. In addition, Vasilisa the Beautiful and everyone who helped Ivan Tsarevich can be attributed to good heroes. The evil heroes include Koschya Bssmsrtny. He stole Vasilisa the Beautiful from Ivan Tsarevich. But Ivan Tsarevich passed all the tests and defeated Koshchei the immortal. Also, the wives of Ivan Tsarevich's two brothers belong to the evil heroes. They envied Ivan and his wife. At first, the brothers' wives laughed at the la-gushka. Then they sent a maid to watch the frog bake bread. And at the ball they repeated everything that Vasilisa the Beautiful did. They were punished for their malice. The king got angry with them and ordered to drive them out.
In fairy tales, good always wins. But Ivan Tsarevich could not have done anything if he was alone. Only all together can you defeat evil. This is what the fairy tale "The Frog Princess" tells about.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. A fictional story of a fantastic, adventure or everyday character.

Slide "Goodies and where they live"

Ivan Tsarevich

Ivan the Fool

Vasilisa the Beautiful

Wolf, Fox, Hare, Bear and others.

Slide "Evil forces and their habitat"

Koschei the Deathless

Dragon

Slide "Ivan"

Slide "Vasilisa"

Slide "Wolf"

The wolf is often stupid, rustic, gullible.

Sometimes evil, maybe a person's helper.

The fox is cunning, cunning, greedy. And also a fashionista and a thief.

"Bear"

The bear is good-natured, simple-minded, gullible, lumpy.

Slide "Hare and other animals"

The hare is cunning, cowardly. The hedgehog is smart, careful, resourceful. The Firebird is wise. The mouse is hardworking, kind. The cat is cunning, adventurous.

Slide "Koschey the Immortal"

Slide "Serpent Gorynych"

Slide "Baba Yaga"

Slide "The color of good and evil"

White is the color of purity, light.

Blue, blue - the color of the sky, water, an integral part of life.

Red is the color of truth, the fight against evil.

Green and yellow are the colors of hope, joy.

Slide "Color of Evil"

Black is the color of evil forces. It is no coincidence that evil witches are dressed in black and have black hair.

The dark green color is no less ominous. This is the color of all kinds of dishonesty.

My mother, just like me, is very fond of fairy tales. She says that fairy tales teach a lot not only to children, but also to help adults look at themselves.

View document content
"" Good and evil in Russian folk tales ""

Good and evil in Russian fairy tales

Performed:

Protsenko Nastya

student 5 "A" class.

MOU SOSH №6

Teacher:

Anisimova O.M .

How good it is on Earth
These fairy tales are wonderful!
Let's take a fairy tale, read it together
And we'll sing about her!
May fairy tales live forever
Let them give to people
Magic, justice,
Beauty and goodness!

Find out which heroes represent the good and evil forces of Russian folk tales.

Find out the nature of the "good" and "evil" forces.

The role of good and evil in Russian folk tales.

Understand what fairy tales teach.

Ivan is simple-minded, gentle, compassionate. He fights evil, helps the weak, fearless and kind hero. At the beginning of the tale, he is usually poor, passing trials he receives a reward.

Vasilisa

Vasilisa is endowed with wisdom, kind and hardworking, fair and noble.

The wolf is often stupid, rustic and gullible. Sometimes evil, maybe a person's helper.

The fox is cunning, cunning, greedy. And also a fashionista and a thief.

The bear is good-natured, simple-minded, gullible, lumpy.

The hare is cunning and cowardly.

The hedgehog is smart, cautious and resourceful.

Firebird

The Firebird is wise.

The mouse is hardworking.

The cat is cunning and adventurous

Koschei the Deathless

Koschey is a demonic creature hostile to people, he is invulnerable to others. The death of Koshchei is hidden in the egg. Dies at the end of the tale.

Dragon

Serpent Gorynych is a multi-headed creature capable of flying, spewing fire. Kidnaps people, besieges cities.

Baba - Yaga

Baba Yaga is an ugly old woman who owns magical items. She is the mistress of the forest, animals and birds.

The color of purity, light

The color of the sky, water, life

Color of joy

Color of truth, fight against evil

The color of hope

The color of evil forces

The color of wickedness

Li Yixin

THE CONCEPTS OF "GOOD" AND "EVIL" IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE CONSCIOUSNESS (ON THE MATERIAL OF RUSSIAN FOLK FAIRY TALES AND FAIRY TALES BY AS PUSHKIN)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concepts "good" and "evil" in Russian folk fairy tales and in fairy tales of A. Pushkin. The verbal representation of these concepts is presented in terms of multilevel means: lexical, morphological, stylistic and textual. Comparison of these means allows us to reveal the similarities and differences in the consciousness of the collective and the individual. Article address: www.gramota.net/materials/272017/2-2/40.html

Source

Philological sciences. Questions of theory and practice

Tambov: Diploma, 2017. No. 2 (68): in 2 hours, Part 2. P. 146-151. ISSN 1997-2911.

Journal address: www.gramota.net/editions/2.html

Information about the possibility of publishing articles in the journal is posted on the publishing house's website: www.gramota.net Questions related to the publication of scientific materials, the editorial office asks to send to: [email protected]

explain some of the procedural features of the processing of scientific information that do not have a reasoned explanation within the framework of other theories of speech understanding. These include strategies and tactics for condensing and separating scientific information, a differentiated approach of listeners to processing familiar and unfamiliar information, features and methods of understanding new information, strategies for identifying terms, including in incomplete contexts, and strategies for formulating meaning.

List of references

1. Bekhtel E., Bekhtel A. Contextual identification. SPb .: Peter, 2005.336 p.

2. Bruner J. Psychology of cognition: beyond the immediate information. Moscow: Progress, 1977.413 p.

3. Dyck TA van, Kinch V. Strategies for understanding a coherent text // New in foreign linguistics. M .: Progress, 1988. Issue. 23.S. 153-211.

4. Lebedinsky SI On the strategies of meaning-making // Linguodidactics: new technologies in teaching Russian as a foreign language: collection of articles. scientific. Art. Minsk: Kolorgrad, 2016. Issue. 1.S. 106-113.

5. Lebedinsky SI Strategies for constructing mental representations by analogy // Linguodidactics: new technologies in teaching Russian as a foreign language: collection of articles. scientific. Art. Minsk: Ed. Center of BSU, 2016. Issue. 2.S. 71-78.

6. Lebedinsky SI Strategies of semantic perception and interpretation of oral foreign language scientific speech. Minsk: BSU, 2014.296 p.

7. Lebedinsky SI Strategies for the formulation and construction of mental representations // Bulletin of the Minsk State Linguistic University. Series 1. Philology. Minsk, 2015. No. 5. S. 22-29.

8. Richard J. F. Mental activity. Understanding, reasoning, finding solutions. Moscow: Institute of Psychology RAS, 1998.232 p.

9. Johnson-Laird P. N. Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.513 p.

10. Kintch W. The Use of Knowledge in Discourse Processing: A Construction-Integration Model // Psychological Review. 1988. Vol. 95. P. 163-182.

11. Kintsch W., Dijk van. Towards a Model of Text Comprehension and Production // Psychological Review. 1978. Vol. 85. P. 363-394.

12. Whitney P., Budd D., Bramucci R. S., Crane R. On Babies Bath Water and Schemata: A Reconstruction of Top-Down Processes in Comprehension // Discourse Processes. 1995. Vol. 20.No. 2.P. 135-166.

CONTEXTUAL THESAURUS-BASED MODEL TO UNDERSTAND ORAL SCIENTIFIC SPEECH

Lebedinskii Sergei Ivanovich, Ph. D. in Philology, Associate Professor Belarusian State University, Minsk [email protected]

The article provides a theoretical justification of author "s contextual thesaurus-based model to understand oral scientific speech. The study focuses on the strategies to process scientific information, in particular, the author mentions the following ones: strategies to compress and separate information streams, key words search, advanced context activation, acquiring deeper and more detailed context, categorization, classification and systematization of the perceived information, constructing mental representations and understanding new information. These strategies along with the individual data processing strategies form the operational basis of general macro- strategy by which the denotative structure of the perceived scientific text is reproduced.

Key words and phrases: models to understand speech; understanding of oral scientific speech; strategies to understand oral scientific speech; prognostic models; context; broadening and detailing the context; strategies of advanced context activation; constructing representations; formation of conceptual structure; cognitive styles.

UDC 81 "42; 801.81: 398

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concepts "good" and "evil" in Russian folk fairy tales and in fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin. The verbal representation of these concepts is presented in terms of multilevel means: lexical, morphological, stylistic and textual. Comparison of these means allows us to reveal the similarities and differences in the consciousness of the collective and the individual.

Key words and phrases: linguistic consciousness; fairy tale; folk tale; author's tale; the concept of "good"; the concept of "evil"; linguistic representation.

Tambov State University named after G.R.Derzhavin [email protected]

THE CONCEPTS OF "GOOD" AND "EVIL" IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE CONSCIOUSNESS (ON THE MATERIAL OF RUSSIAN FOLK FAIRY TALES AND FAIRY TALES BY AS PUSHKIN)

In recent decades, the term "concept" has become widespread in modern linguistics, although its definition is still ambiguous. This is largely due to the fact that the concept of a concept

considered in terms of different approaches. So, in particular, from the point of view of the linguocultural approach, the understanding of the concept is determined by the fact that it is recognized as a basic unit of culture, concentrates cultural knowledge. According to Yu. S. Stepanov, "a concept is a concept behind which a familiar content appears in our minds, this is a description of a cultural situation."

Representatives of the linguo-cognitive approach (E. S. Kubryakova, N. N. Boldyrev, Z.D. Popova, I. A. Sternin and others) consider the concept as a unit of the conceptual picture of the world. So, in the "Brief Dictionary of Cognitive Terms" a concept is "a term that serves to explain the units of mental or psychic resources of our consciousness and the information structure that reflects the knowledge and experience of a person; an operational content unit of memory, mental lexicon, conceptual system and language of the brain (lingua mentalis) of the whole picture of the world, reflected in the human psyche. From the point of view of N. N. Boldyrev, concepts are understood as “ideal, abstracted units, the meanings of which a person operates in the process of thinking. They reflect the content of knowledge, experience, results of all human activities and the results of his knowledge of the world around him in the form of certain units, "quanta" of knowledge. Man thinks in concepts. " At the same time, the researchers note that the concepts "are not only thought, they are experienced."

These approaches, in our opinion, do not exclude, but complement each other. In many ways, they are united by the fact that these types of concepts have, first of all, a plan of expression represented by linguistic representatives, which are multilevel units of language and speech. In their unity, these units allow you to see and describe the representative base of a particular concept in the structure of the text.

In our opinion, the most interesting language material for concept research is a fairy tale. The fairy tale as one of the main genres of oral folk art reflects, reveals and allows one to experience the meaning of the most important universal values \u200b\u200band life experience in general. The central place in the consciousness of the Russian people is occupied by concepts related to moral and ethical assessments of a person: "truth", "lie", "good", "evil", "God", "fate", etc. The subject of this article is the concepts of GOOD and EVIL, which are widely represented in fairy tales and are always found in pairs, representing a binary opposition. They are opposed to each other in meaning and together form the basis of the universe, defining its moral and ethical essence.

The purpose of this article is to describe the composition of the linguistic representatives of the concepts of GOOD and EVIL in folk and author's tales. The similarity and difference in linguistic representation allow us to compare the linguistic consciousness of a people and a particular author - A.S. Pushkin, representing, respectively, collective and individual linguistic consciousness. To achieve this goal, the texts of fairy tales by A. Pushkin and folk tales from the collection "Russian folk tales" edited by A. N. Afanasyev were used, the plots of which are similar to the author's fairy tales. The choice of fairy tales is due to the fact that, in contrast to everyday fairy tales and fairy tales about animals, in fairy tales the struggle between good and evil is most vividly presented.

Among the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin were chosen: "The Tale of Tsar Saltan, about his glorious and mighty warrior's son, Prince Gvidon Saltanovich, and the beautiful Swan Princess", "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Heroes" [Ibid, p. 52-65] and "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" [Ibid., P. 71-76]. Accordingly, the folk tale, which has similar motives with the "Tale of Tsar Saltan", is "Knee-deep in gold, arm-deep in silver", recorded by A. N. Afanasyev in 5 versions. But the fifth option was written in Belarusian, so we did not include this option in the analysis. A similar plot "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" has a "Magic Mirror" from the collection of A. N. Afanasyev [Ibid, p. 123-133]. The plot of "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" is similar to the tale "The Greedy Old Woman" [Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 126-127]. It is worth noting that although Alexander Pushkin's "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel" is also a fairy tale, but, according to the Pushkin scholars (A. A. Akhmatov, K. A. Boyko, etc.), the plot of this tale was borrowed from Arabic source. In Russian folk tales, there is not a single fairy tale that has a similar plot, so we did not include this tale in the study.

The most important component in the description of concepts is, in our opinion, the use of vocabulary material, which allows us to comprehend the established conceptual content of concepts in general. In different types of dictionaries, the lexeme "good" means the following:

"Good - in the broad sense of the word as good means a value concept that expresses the positive meaning of something in its relation to a certain standard or this standard itself";

1. "Wed materially, all good cf. property or wealth, acquisitiveness, goodness, esp. movable "; 2. “in the spiritual meaning. the blessing that is honest and useful, all that is required of us by the duty of a person, citizen, family man; opposite to bad and evil ";

“Something positive, good, useful, the opposite of evil; kind deed ";

“(Good, useful) deed, good, good deed, beneficence, donation, service, favor; property, prosperity, property, wealth, fortune, belongings, belongings. "

"Evil" is interpreted in dictionaries as follows:

“A value concept opposite to good (good), a cultural universal, fundamental to morality and ethics. It covers the negative states of a person and the forces that cause these states ";

“Bad, dashing, bad, dashing; opposite field. good. The spiritual principle is twofold: mental and moral; the former refers to truth, and the opposite to falsehood; the second is for good (good) and for worse, evil. Any evil is contrary to the divine order. In an abstract form, evil is personified by the spirit of darkness ”;

1. “something bad, harmful, opposite to good; evil act "; 2. “trouble, misfortune, trouble”; 3. "annoyance, anger";

“Bad, dashing; with a heart, menacing, spiteful, irritable, angry, angry, evil, evil inclination, untruth, ferocious, anger, poisonous, misfortune, ulcer, trouble, brutalized, annoyed, angry, furious, trouble, bile, anger. "

Analysis of these dictionary entries allows us to come to the conclusion that “good” means what is deserved and morally positive, that what is good, useful, a person needs, with which hopes of people, ideas of freedom and happiness are connected. "Evil" - morally negative and reprehensible, means bad, which entails troubles, suffering, grief, misfortune. Evil is the opposite of good.

The linguistic representation of these concepts in a fairy-tale text has a multi-level system of linguistic means, which includes lexical, morphological, stylistic and textual means. The results of this work are summarized below and reflect the consideration of the linguistic representations identified by us, taking into account the field structure of the concept.

The core of the concept GOOD forms the token good. But this way of representation is very rare: 3 times in folk tales (1 time in the fairy tale "Knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver", 2 times in the fairy tale "The Magic Mirror"); 2 times in the fairy tales of Alexander Pushkin (once in the "Tale of Tsar Saltan", once in the "Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish").

In the nuclear zone of the concept GOOD at the lexical level, the units of representation are synonyms of the word good and their derivatives: kind, kindness, good-natured, good, blessing, bless. In folk tales, such units are found more often (14 times) than in author's (7 times). But the word good-natured appeared only in the author's fairy tale "About the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs".

At the morphological level, different types of names (noun: good, kindness; adjective: kind, good-natured) and verbs (to bless) are used to describe the nuclear zone. In folk tales, names are used more often (11 times) than verbs (3 times), but in author's tales the opposite is true: verbs are implemented more often (4 times) than names (3 times).

Due to the peculiarity of the periphery, the linguistic representation of the concept of GOOD is presented in different linguistic ways.

At the lexical level, words have been identified that have associations with "good": good, beautiful, intelligent, glorious, faithful, cheerful, joy, mercy, to be glad, to love, to admire, God. In folk tales there are 54 such associates, and in the author's tales - 104. At the same time, new lexemes were revealed in the author's tales that were not found in folk tales: reliable, brave, diligent, powerful, friendly, sage.

At the morphological level, the nouns (joy, mercy, merriment) act as associates, which were realized 13 times in folk tales, while in author's tales it is used more often (35 times). At the same time, such representatives as the savior, the brave man, the sage, the wish, only appeared in the author's tales. The number of adjectives (beautiful, smart, glorious, faithful, cheerful) is more represented than nouns: 26 times in folk tales, 48 \u200b\u200btimes in author's (reliable, brave, diligent, powerful, friendly met only in author's tales), i.e. e. only 74 times.

The verbs to have fun, to love appeared only 29 times, including 12 times in folk and 17 times in author's. The verbs to rejoice, to admire were met only in folk tales, and the verbs to love, dignify, praise, have mercy - only in the author's.

The adverb is presented 18 times, including 4 times in folk tales and 14 times in author's tales. Moreover, we found adverbs pleasantly, cordially, diligently only in the author's tales.

At the syntactic level, free phrases, phraseological units or whole sentences are used to describe the periphery of the concept of GOOD. For example, Live-live in perfect harmony; Live, live and make good ("Knee-high legs in gold, elbow-deep in silver"); Not bad ("The Tale of Tsar Saltan"); an affectionate word ("The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" [Ibid .: 71-76]). In folk tales, 8 such units have been identified, in author's tales - 14.

At the textual level, in folk and author's tales, heroes of fairy tales are the personification of good. For example, Prince Guidon and the swan princess in The Tale of Tsar Saltan [Ibid, p. 25-48]; Marya the princess in the folk tale "Knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver."

Based on the analysis of linguistic representations of the concept of GOOD, we come to the following conclusion: in comparison with folk tales in the author's tales, the means of expressing concepts have more expressive and diverse characteristics, which is reflected in the number of different multi-level means for describing the structure of the concept under consideration.

The core of the concept EVIL is formed by the lexeme evil, but it occurs only once in folk tales and once in author's ones.

To describe the core zone of the concept of EVIL, synonyms and derivatives of "evil" are used: evil, villain, angry, bad, dashing, dashing. In folk tales, such units are found less often (12 times) than in the author's (20 times). But the words to be angry and famously found only in the author's "Tale of Tsar Saltan."

The ways of linguistic representation of the periphery of the concept of EVIL are various.

At the lexical level, we have identified the following words that have associations with the word evil. These are: grief, disfavor, get angry, envy, deceive, be upset, die, cry, get angry, execute, dead, etc. In folk tales 57 such units are presented, in author's tales - 70. In author's tales there are new lexemes that are folk tales were absent: grieve, lie, shout, get sick, wayward, fool, simpleton, scold, take away, scold, rebel, fool.

At the morphological level, we have 67 units of various nominal parts of speech: including the noun (misfortune, disfavor) appeared only 8 times in folk tales, 23 times in the author's (fool, simpleton, death, the sorcerer appeared only in the author's tales). The adjective appeared 15 times in folk tales (filthy), 21 times in author's tales (rainy, wayward, angry met only in the author's tales); only 36 times.

The verbs to die, to deceive are realized 61 times, including 30 times in folk and 31 times in author's. The verbs to threaten, to disgrace were found only in folk tales, and the verbs to grieve, lie, shriek, get sick, wayward, scold, take away, scold, rebel, fool around were found only in the author's.

The adverb bitter (cry) appeared 2 times, including once in folk and once in author's tales. In "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" the adverbial word “sad” still appeared.

At the syntactic level, to describe the periphery of the concept of EVIL, as in the case of the concept of GOOD, free phrases, phraseological units or whole sentences are used. For example, an unclean thought, terrible hatred, is engaged in evil deeds ("The Magic Mirror"); black envy, scared to death ("The Tale of the Dead Princess"); If you don't go, they will lead you against your will ("The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish"). 6 such units appeared in folk tales, 4 in author's tales.

At the textual level, folk and author's tales have heroes who personify evil. For example, the queen's sisters, a weaver and a cook in The Tale of Tsar Saltan; the stepmother in the folk tale "Knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver", the greedy old woman in "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish".

Of particular interest in fairy tales are the relationship between good and evil, which is also reflected in linguistic representation.

Table 1.

Type of fairy tales Total number Victory of good Victory of evil Others

In almost all fairy tales, good triumphs over evil, and at the end of the fairy tales there was a merry feast, I was there; I drank honey, beer, and just wet my mustache. The victory of good over evil in all folk tales shows that such a folklore text as a fairy tale reflects the stable collective moral and aesthetic value ideals of the people.

Only in one author's fairy tale we did not observe this victory - in "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by Alexander Pushkin: Again in front of him is a dugout; On the threshold sits his old woman, And in front of her is a broken trough [Ibid, p. 76]. The old man and the old woman returned to their former lives. The old woman is certainly a vivid representative of evil. But the old man is not a representative of good, since he has a weak character, he did not resist the old woman, evil. There is no winner in this tale. And in a similar folk tale "The Greedy Old Woman" is another matter: At that very moment the old man turned into a bear, and the old woman turned into a bear, and they ran into the forest. We see that the old man and the old woman are punished for their greed. This can be seen as the victory of good over evil.

It is worth noting the meaning in the dictionary of V. Dahl, which represents the concept of GOOD, - "property or wealth". In the dictionary of synonyms, the word "good" also has a synonym for "property". But in describing the concept of GOOD this meaning does not always represent its moral and ethical essence. For example, in the folk tale "The Greedy Old Woman" and in the "Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by Alexander Pushkin, the old woman became richer and richer, but at the same time did not become kind. This wealth is also associated with greed: “Well, make me rich”; "The hut is new, like a full cup, the hens don't peck money, there will be enough bread for tens of years, and you can't count cows, horses, sheep in three days!"; “Have lived for a month; the old woman is tired of her rich life ”(“ The greedy old woman ”[Ibid .: 126-127]).

A similar situation is observed in the linguistic representation associated with the word beauty. A kind heroine is usually beautiful: “the beautiful mother princess lives with them and admires them” (“Knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver” [Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 376]); “The month under the scythe shines, And in the forehead the star is burning. And she herself is majestic, She acts like a pava "(" The Tale of Tsar Saltan "). But sometimes the wicked stepmother is beautiful. For example, in the folk tale "The Magic Mirror" and in the "Tale of the Dead Princess" by Alexander Pushkin: "The merchant's wife looked in the mirror, admiring her beauty ..." ("The Magic Mirror"); “You, of course, no doubt; You are the queen, the loveliest of all, all the blush and whiter "(" The Tale of the Dead Princess ").

Thus, beauty and property belong to the common components of the concepts "good" and "evil". This can be represented as follows:

Figure: 1. Common components of the concepts "good" and "evil" The total number of linguistic representatives of the concepts GOOD and EVIL is presented by us in Table 2. Table 2.

The number of units of representations of the concept "good" and "evil"

The name of the fairy tales "good" "evil"

Folk tales “Knee-deep in gold, elbow-deep in silver” Option 1 18 10

Option 2 9 6

Option 3 7 5

Option 4 7 6

"Magic Mirror" 32 36

"The greedy old woman" 6 12

Tales of Alexander Pushkin Total number "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" 81 38

"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" 32 30

"The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" 14 206 24 167

Based on these data, we draw the following conclusions.

The linguistic representation of the concept of GOOD is richer than that of the concept of EVIL, by 39 units. This is due, in our opinion, to the fact that the concept of GOOD is presented in a more diverse and expressive way. The people and the author strove in fairy tales for a positive, positive perception of good in relation to evil.

Comparing the results of the representations of this conceptual opposition in folk and author's tales, we observed that the concepts of GOOD and EVIL are much more vividly represented in author's tales, which are processed folk text. Unlike folk tales, which have been passed down from generation to generation, author's tales reflect, in addition to collective knowledge, the individual style of writers.

The analysis of these representatives not only allows us to get a more complete understanding of the indicated conceptual opposition in the Russian consciousness as a whole, but also determines the peculiarities of the author's individual vision of the world. But at the same time, the conceptual approach to the assessment and perception of folk moral and ethical values \u200b\u200binherent in the collective linguistic consciousness remains, since the purpose of the author's tales, in our opinion, is not to introduce new author's knowledge into the content of these concepts, but to preserve the national culture and draw attention to it through the rich linguistic means that we find already in the idiostyle of this or that writer.

List of references

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CONCEPTS "GOOD" AND "EVIL" IN THE RUSSIAN LINGUISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS (BY THE MATERIAL OF RUSSIAN FOLK TALES AND A. S. PUSHKIN "S TALES)

Tambov State University named after G. R. Derzhavin [email protected]

The article analyzes the concepts "good" and "evil" in the Russian fairy tales and in AS Pushkin "s fairy tales. The verbal representation of these concepts is carried out by multi-level means: lexical, morphological, stylistic and textual. The comparative analysis of the mentioned linguistic means allows the author to identify the similarities and differences between the individual and collective consciousness.

Key words and phrases: linguistic consciousness; fairy tale; folk tale; author "s tale; concept" good "; concept" evil "; linguistic representation.

This study is devoted to the study of the features of creating an image of the enemy in Russian and Western media using linguistic means aimed at forming the necessary opinion of the reader. The message function in news articles is implemented through lexical content. The article presents the most frequent language techniques used to create the image of the enemy in Russian and Western media: epithets, metaphor, various types of repetition, enumeration.

Key words and phrases: enemy; the image of the enemy; Russian media; western media; epithet; metaphor; repeat; transfer; interrogative sentences.

Lugueva Raiganat Gadzhinasrullaevna

Dagestan State University, Makhachkala [email protected] hi

LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ENEMY IMAGE CREATION IN RUSSIAN AND WESTERN MEDIA

It is known that in the modern world the media perform the function of not only transmitting everyday information, but also a means of forming a certain public opinion. In connection with recent events, the media have become the main weapon in shaping the reader's attitude to reality. This article is devoted to the study of the lexical features of creating an image of the enemy in the Russian and Western media. During the analysis, 50 articles from electronic versions of Russian and Western media were considered. First, let's define who the enemy is.

In the dictionary "Political Science" we find the following definition: the image of an enemy is "an ideological and psychological stereotype that allows one to build political behavior in conditions of a lack of reliable information about the political opponent and about the environment as a whole." Given the reliability and credibility of the source, this definition can be regarded as sufficiently accurate and capacious. However, I would like to note some inaccuracies, for example, the image of the enemy is not always created in the minds of society in the absence of reliable information. Here are some more definitions.

The image of the enemy is "a socio-political myth, which is based on selfish interest and is based on the desire of certain political groups to expand their influence, preserve or seize power."

The image of the enemy is "an ideological expression of social antagonism, a dynamic symbol of forces hostile to the state and the citizen, an instrument of politics of the ruling group of society."

The image of the enemy is "a qualitative (evaluative) characteristic (image) of the" enemy "formed in the public consciousness." This definition can be considered as the most objective of the existing and at the same time one of the most laconic.

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