Lesson in 8th grade on the topic “Vitamins”

Kataeva Natalya Sergeevna, biology teacher, MAOU Secondary School No. 9, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk region
Purpose:
This lesson is intended for biology teachers.
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
developing students’ understanding of vitamins and vitamin deficiencies;
develop the ability to think critically;
cultivate a conscious attitude towards one’s health;
Equipment:
cluster “Vitamins”, envelopes with tasks for the first work in groups, cards for the second work in groups.
Textbook:
Biology: 8th grade: textbook for students of general education institutions / A.G. Dragomilov, R.D. Mash. - Ed. 3rd, revised - M.: Ventana - Graf, 2010. - 272 pp.: ill.

Vitamins §38

During the classes

I Organizational moment
II Message of the topic and purpose of the lesson
III Checking the data
Frontal conversation.
1.How are nutrients that enter the cell used?
Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates break down into their component parts, from which other proteins, fats, and carbohydrates that are characteristic of a given organism and no other can be created.
2.What substances do proteins, fats, and carbohydrates break down into?
Proteins break down into amino acids, fats into glycerol and fatty acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and simple sugars.
3. Do you think there are enough of these substances in the body for normal existence?
(Speculations are made)
4.What other substances are necessary for a person to live?
Humans need water and mineral salts.

IV New material

Teacher:
In 1880, the Russian scientist Lunin experimentally established that food products contain unknown nutritional factors necessary for life. He discovered that white mice fed whole milk grew well and were healthy, but died if they were fed a mixture of the main components of milk: protein - casein, fat, milk sugar, salts and water. It turned out that in addition to these substances, humans need vitamins.
Call
What associations does the word “Vitamins” evoke in you?

(answers are heard)
At the end of the lesson, you must answer the question written on the board: “Can a person live without vitamins?!”
Comprehension
Teacher:
Vitamins are organic substances supplied with food that are necessary for the regulation of metabolism and the normal course of life processes. With rare exceptions, vitamins are not produced in the human body, but are synthesized by plants and animals that serve as food.
The term “vitamins” was proposed by the Polish scientist Funk in 1912.
With a lack of one or another vitamin, the activity of the corresponding enzyme decreases. The reactions they catalyze slow down or stop completely. Metabolism is disrupted and disease develops. A lack of vitamins leads to a special metabolic disorder - hypovitaminosis. Currently, more than 25 vitamins are known. They are designated by letters of the Latin alphabet: A, B, C, D and numbers that determine the order of discovery of vitamins of this group - B1, B12.
(entries in notebooks)
What does a lack of vitamins lead to? What about excess?
(answers are heard)
Work in groups.
The names of vitamins are posted on the board: A, B, C, D.
Each group is given envelopes with cards on which symptoms of hypovitaminosis and foods that contain vitamins are written down. Students must correctly select the required text and post it on the board under the vitamin, and then read out the answers.
1 group. "Vitamin A"


2. With a lack of this vitamin, the skeleton is formed incorrectly, the bones of the legs are bent, and rickets occurs.
3. With a lack of this vitamin, the skin becomes dry, cracks, darkens, baldness appears, and “night blindness” occurs.
4. The vitamin is found in fresh vegetables and fruits, and in sauerkraut.

6. The vitamin is found in cod liver and butter.
2nd group. "Vitamin B1"
From §38 choose the correct answer.
1. With a lack of this vitamin, the skeleton is formed incorrectly, the bones of the legs are bent, and rickets occurs.
2. With a lack of this vitamin, a person quickly gets tired, becomes nervous, irritable, and may develop beriberi disease.
3. With a lack of this vitamin, teeth fall out, blood vessels are destroyed, and scurvy occurs.
4.The vitamin is found in fresh vegetables and fruits, and in sauerkraut.
5. The vitamin is found in bread, fruits, and brewer's yeast.
6. The vitamin is found in fish oil and sea fish.
3rd group. "Vitamin C"
From §38 choose the correct answer.
1. With a lack of this vitamin, the skin becomes dry, cracks, darkens, baldness appears, and “night blindness” occurs.

3. With a lack of this vitamin, teeth fall out, blood vessels are destroyed, and scurvy occurs.

5. The vitamin is found in bread, fruits, and brewer's yeast.
6. The vitamin is found in fresh vegetables and fruits, and in sauerkraut.
Group 4 “Vitamin D”
From §38 choose the correct answer.
1. With a lack of this vitamin, teeth fall out, blood vessels are destroyed, and scurvy occurs.
2. With a lack of this vitamin, a person quickly gets tired, becomes nervous, irritable, and may develop beriberi disease.
3. With a lack of this vitamin, the skeleton is formed incorrectly, the bones of the legs are bent, and rickets occurs.
4.The vitamin is found in cod liver and butter.
5. The vitamin is found in bread, fruits, and brewer's yeast.
6. The vitamin is found in fish oil and sea fish.

Students' stories.
Vitamin C.
For centuries, participants on long journeys suffered from scurvy. It is known that on the Vasco da Gama expedition, about 60% of the sailors died from scurvy. The same fate befell the members of Vitus Bering's expedition in 1741. It is known that English sailors were called “lemons”, since they were required to take lemons with them on their journeys, and there were no cases of scurvy during the voyage.
And in Rus', scurvy was treated with a decoction of pine and spruce needles. So, not yet knowing anything about vitamins, people saved themselves from this disease experimentally. There is an island in the Caribbean Sea, Curaçao (meaning “healthy” in Portuguese), because the fruits that grew in abundance on the island saved sailors who suffered from scurvy from death.
Vitamin A
In terms of its chemical composition, it is close to the substance carotene contained in plants (carrots, spinach, apricots, tomatoes). The conversion of carotene to vitamin A occurs in the intestinal wall and liver. It must be remembered that carotene cannot be absorbed without fat, so when cooking plants it is necessary to add butter or vegetable oil. Vitamin A is part of the visual pigment contained in the light-sensitive cells of the retina. In the absence of vitamin A, the cornea, skin, and respiratory tract are affected. An early manifestation of a deficiency of this vitamin is “night blindness,” that is, the inability to see in low light. 1 kg of polar bear liver accumulates so much vitamin A that it would last for a good 40 years. Such an amount of vitamin can cause severe, even fatal poisoning. There is an assumption that the expedition of the polar explorer Andre died from such poisoning. You should not overuse the vitamin.
B vitamins.
This disease was known in China 2 thousand years ago. The patients developed a “tiptoe gait,” movement disorder occurred, and paralysis occurred. Translated from Senegalese, the name of the disease is translated as “great weakness” or “leg fetters.” This disease was caused by a lack of vitamin B1 in food. There are several B vitamins.
B6 is involved in the transformation of amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism. B12 regulates hematopoietic function and the growth of nervous tissue.
Vitamin D
With its deficiency, rickets develops, especially often in children. With rickets, calcium is not deposited in the bones, they become unstable, the legs and spine bend abnormally. Children of the first year of life who were born in the fall or winter can especially suffer from this disease. Sunbathing in direct sunlight is known to help prevent rickets.
Independent work.
Find in § 38 the answer to the question: How to preserve vitamins in food?
(entries in notebooks)

V Consolidation of what has been learned

Reflection
Work in groups.
1 group. "Geographers"
During one of Christopher Columbus's expeditions, part of the crew fell ill. The sailors' gums began to bleed and their teeth fell out. The sailors asked to land them on some island so that they could die there in peace. A few months later, on the way back, Columbus's ships again approached the shore of this island. Imagine the amazement of the arrivals when they met their comrades alive and well.
What disease did the sailors suffer from? Why did they recover?
2nd group. "Historians"
In England, at the end of the 18th century, the bones of the population of entire neighborhoods lost strength and became bent. Why did the so-called “English disease” arise? Is it possible to prevent its development?
3rd group. "Doctors"
The Dutch doctor Eijkman, in 1896, working on the island of Java, investigated a disease with the following symptoms: movement disorder, paralysis.
He found that among the indigenous population of the island, the incidence of the disease was higher among those who ate polished, shelled rice.
In experiments, he found that when chickens are fed polished rice, they develop symptoms similar to those of the disease in humans. By adding an aqueous extract of rice bran to food, Eijkman achieved a change in this disease.
What was the name of this disease? Why did it arise? Is it possible to prevent the development of this disease?
4th group. "Military"
The famous actor, clown Yu.V. Nikulin in the book “Almost Seriously” said that during the Great Patriotic War, many soldiers could not navigate in the dark. During the battle, those soldiers who did not have this disease brought shells to the guns.
What caused this? What is this disease called? Why does it arise? Is it possible to prevent its development?
5 group. "Writers"
A.S. Pushkin wrote: “I don’t like spring. I’m sick in the spring.” And you know very well that he worked best in the fall. What do you think was the reason for this?
Group 6 “Biologists”
In some countries, there is a tradition: women completely cover their bodies with clothes, leaving only a gap for the eyes. List the undesirable effects in the functioning of the body that may occur in such women. Give a reason.
At the end of the lesson, the teacher draws the students’ attention to a problematic question written on the board:
"Can a person live without vitamins?!"
(students' statements are heard)

ANNOTATION

This methodological development represents a biology lesson in 8th grade, designed for 1 academic hour. Through the use of various sources in the lesson, the topic of using vitamins is revealed in a new way.

The main goal of the lesson is to form a personal assessment of a healthy lifestyle. The development may be interesting and useful for biology and technology teachers, as well as class teachers in educational and extracurricular activities in order to form a healthy lifestyle for the younger generation, due to the practical significance and educational potential of the material used in the lesson.

INTRODUCTION

To increase motivation in biology lessons, it is necessary to use various methods and technologies, various sources of knowledge. Therefore, for better understanding of the topic “Vitamins”, this technique was used. This lesson allows you to ensure a higher level of teaching the subject and productively solve the problems posed in the topic. Moreover, this lesson in a rural small school is a way to more rationally use and save educational time, as well as effectively organize the work of students.

Another advantage of this lesson is the richness and variety of sources used, which allow you to better assimilate knowledge about vitamins.

It remains to add that this lesson, in addition to the tasks indicated in the summary, solves another very important task - it is a motivational bridge to a healthy lifestyle. All of the above features make this lesson relevant, meaningful, technologically advanced, and fully meets the requirements for a modern lesson. This lesson can be used for both distance learning and individual learning.

Lesson type: lesson - learning a new topic.

Planned result: Metasubject The result in this lesson is

Ability to organize your activities

Ability to conduct independent search and analysis.

Subject the results of mastering the topic are

Ability to work with various sources of biological information

Knowledge about vitamins, their location, significance

Problems associated with lack and excess of vitamins in the body.

Target: consider the properties of essential vitamins, their biological role and effect on the body

Lesson objectives.

Educational (subject):

1.form the concept of vitamins as biologically active substances;

to form in students an idea of ​​hypovitaminosis, vitamin deficiency, hypervitaminosis;

reveal the role of vitamins for the human body (in metabolism), the norms of their consumption and content in food;

expand the understanding of enzymes and the role of the digestive organs in metabolism.

Developmental (meta-subject):

develop cognitive interest in the study of biological issues, logical thinking, the ability to analyze information, and present your creative works;

develop creative thinking and intellectual abilities of students to justify their point of view and draw conclusions;

develop skills and abilities of independent work;

develop the concept of healthy food.

Educational (personal):

cultivate a culture of nutrition and teach how to apply theoretical knowledge in practice;

show the priority of domestic science in the discovery of vitamins;

instill healthy lifestyle skills;

Equipment: teacher presentations (Appendices 1.4); Message about vitamins during the Second World War (Appendices 2), video about vitamins (Appendices 3), video on how to preserve vitamins (Appendices 5), test (Appendices 6)

Lesson structure for learning new knowledge:

1) Organizational stage.

2) Setting the goals and objectives of the lesson. Motivation for students' learning activities.

3) Updating knowledge.

4) Primary assimilation of new knowledge.

5) Initial check of understanding

6) Primary consolidation.

7) Information about homework, instructions on how to complete it

8) Reflection (summarizing the lesson)

Lesson steps
	Teacher activities	Student activities
Organizational stage	Hello, dear guys. I say “hello” to you, which means that I wish you all health. Should we talk about health to young people who are usually healthy? Necessary. People begin to show interest in their health only when something hurts them. Academician Bykov K.M. said: “Our trouble is that we first think about our health only when we begin to lose it, when the mechanism is already “broken” and we need to think about fixing it.” Therefore, we must persistently and regularly, day after day “ earn” health in the name of your life - happy, fulfilling, long. You can't stay healthy without taking vitamins.
Goal setting	The topic of our lesson is “Vitamins” (Appendix 1) Slide 1 and 2	Write down the topic in your notebook Presentation 1
Motivation	Vitamins during WWII (read appendix 2)
Updating knowledge		Watch and listen
Primary assimilation of new knowledge.	Let's repeat what we just watched (slide 1-5-)	Watch (Presentation 2) slides and comment
Initial check of understanding	Now let’s draw a table in a notebook and fill it out. If you forgot something, read the Vitamins paragraph in your textbook	Draw a table (appendix (slide 6), fill out, read
Primary consolidation.
Assessment		Answer questions
Information about homework, instructions on how to complete it	Paragraph A creative task is to create a crossword puzzle or a game or...on the topic “Vitamins”	Write in diaries
Reflection (summarizing the lesson)	What did we learn by studying the topic “Vitamins”	Answer slide 7

CONCLUSION

This methodological development was successfully tested in biology lessons in the 8th grade. Control over the studied chapter showed a deeper assimilation of theoretical material, which was reflected in the completion of the test task proposed in the lesson.

List of sources used

Applications

(Appendices 1);

Presentation “goal-objectives of the lesson”

(Appendices 2),

Message about vitamins during WWII

Vitamins during WWII

The work of biologists in besieged Leningrad was selfless, literally heroic. On September 8, German troops reached the southern shore of Lake Ladoga. The blockade began, and the city had limited food supplies. Caring for the nutrition of the population and defenders of Leningrad also fell on VNIVI (All-Union Scientific Research Vitamin Institute). First of all, it was necessary to prevent the occurrence of scurvy. Under the blockade, it was decided to develop a simplified method of obtaining the vitamin from the only available source - pine needles, in the form of an aqueous infusion. This task was entrusted to a group of chemists, biochemists and engineers under the leadership of A. D. Bezzubov and K. Z. Tulchinskaya. Coniferous installations were quickly established in hospitals, factories, scientific and educational institutions, and in some military units. By the end of November, more than a hundred of them were working in Leningrad. The release of pine needles in bags was organized for the civilian population. They traded them through pharmacies without interruption. The packages contained instructions on how to prepare an infusion at home, also developed at VNIVI. In addition, this was repeatedly broadcast on Leningrad radio. For hospitals, clinics, and children's institutions, scientists recommended another anti-scorbutic remedy - sprouted pea soup. One bowl of this soup contained about two doses of ascorbic acid. At the end of November and beginning of December 1941, frostbitten soldiers and officers began to be admitted to the city's hospitals, and the civilian population began to arrive at the hospitals. Employees of the Vitamin Institute knew from the experience of the Finnish campaign that oil solutions of carotene are one of the best means for treating frostbite people. Due to the lack of carrots in Leningrad, a technology was urgently developed for obtaining carotene from pine needles and squeezes - waste from the production of anti-scorbutic tincture. The department's engineers quickly designed and built a pilot plant, which began producing carotene concentrates. The resulting drug was successfully used to treat soldiers of the Leningrad Front. Due to the lack of food, degeneration spread in the city. VNIVI also took part in the fight against it. “We received information that one of the printing houses retained large reserves of technical casein... Our chemists have found a way to purify it from harmful impurities and, thus, obtain from it normal soaked cottage cheese with high nutritional properties. In response to the message about this, the city party committee issued an order to confiscate all the technical casein available in the city and transfer it to kitchen factories, where it was processed according to the method proposed by the Vitamin Institute into food cottage cheese” (Schmidt). With the participation of VNIVI employees, the production of hydrolytic yeast, a valuable protein product, was also established. Even earlier, a method was being developed for processing burnt sugar from the Badaevsky warehouses into candy caramel. In the spring of 1942, VNIVI was tasked with using wild plants as a source of protein, vitamin C and carotene. Together with the Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the most valuable plants were selected - quinoa, nettle, dandelion and others, preservation methods were developed, and culinary specialists compiled recipes for salads and soups. Since May 1942, wild plants have been widely promoted in the city: on the radio, in the press, at meetings, lectures, and conferences. Subsequently, wild plants became so included in the menu of factory kitchens that in the fall of 1942 they began to be stocked for the winter.

(Appendices 3),

video about vitamins

(Appendices 4);

Presentation - vitamins

Table "Vitamins"

Subject: Vitamins.

Goals:

1. Educational.

introduce the concept of “vitaminosis” and its consequences;

orient students to foods containing the largest amounts of certain vitamins;

2.Developing. Continue:

developing skills for independent work with a textbook and additional literature;

development of skills to apply acquired knowledge in practice;

development of critical thinking and intellectual abilities

students;

determine the personal significance of the topic for each student.

3. Educational.

Show the priority of science in the discovery of vitamins;

continue the education and desire of students to lead a correct and healthy lifestyle.

Lesson type: a lesson in studying and initially consolidating new knowledge.

During the classes:

I .Organizing time:

(introduction by teacher) Good afternoon, Dear guests, colleagues! Hello guys! I'm glad to see you in a good mood. I hope it will help us teach an interesting lesson.(slide 1)

And we will start it by listening to the expressions that are written down on stickers. (go out, read, attach).

Guys, it is no coincidence that different nations have a huge number of proverbs about health. Why do you think?

Only a healthy person can live a full, active, interesting life. Health is the most valuable thing a person has. Therefore, we must treat it with care and constantly take care of it in order to remain healthy for many years. And for this you need to lead a healthy lifestyle and eat right. From previous lessons you already know what substances contained in food are necessary for the functioning of the body.

Name them:

Scheme “Substances necessary for the functioning of the body” (slide No. 2)

The quality of life is affected by another group of organic substances, which we will talk about today in class. And the topic of our lesson is “Vitamins”. Today in the lesson we will learn what vitamins are, what role they play in human life, and what foods they are found in.

Reception "Associative series"

What do you associate the word vitamins with?

II. New topic explained:

A) History of the discovery of vitamins.

In the second half of the 19th century, it was believed that the nutritional value of products was determined by their content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts and water. Meanwhile, over the centuries, humanity has accumulated considerable experience in long sea voyages, when, with sufficient food supplies, people died from scurvy. Why?

This question was not answered until in 1880, the Russian scientist Nikolai Lunin, who was studying the role of minerals in nutrition, noticed that mice that consumed artificial food made up of all known parts of milk (casein, fat, sugar and salts) ), withered away and died. And the mice that received natural milk were cheerful and healthy. “It follows from this that milk contains other substances that are essential for nutrition,” the scientist concluded.

Another 16 years later, they found the cause of the beriberi disease, common among residents of Japan and Indonesia, who ate mainly refined rice. Doctor Aikman, who worked in a prison hospital on the island of Java, was helped by... chickens sitting in cages. They were fed refined grains and the birds suffered from a beriberi-like disease. As soon as I replaced it with brown rice, the disease went away.

In 1911, Polish scientist Casimir Funk was the first to isolate crystals of a chemically pure substance from rice bran. A year later, he also came up with the name vitamin - (vitamine) from Lat. vita – life and English. amine - an amine containing nitrogen (since the substance contained an amino group - NH2). True, it later turned out that not all vitamins contain an amino group, but the old name of these substances was preserved (losing the last letter: vitamin)

Now we can give the most complete definition of the concept of “vitamins”. “Vitamins – from Lat. vita – life and English. amine – amines are organic compounds that are needed daily in very small quantities for the normal functioning of the body.”

Since ancient times, many legends have reached us about the vital necessity of vitamins. Here is one of them.

B) Legend.

Let's take a trip into the past. During one of Columbus's expeditions, part of the crew became very ill. The dying sailors asked the captain to land them on some island so that they could die there in peace. Columbus took pity on the sufferers, moored to the nearest island, and left the sick along with a supply of provisions, guns and gunpowder just in case. And a few months later, on the way back, his ships again approached the shore to bury the remains of the unfortunate sailors. Imagine their surprise when they met their comrades alive and well! The island was named “Curacao”, which means “healing” in Portuguese.

Which tropical fruit saved the lives of sailors? (Lemon in a vase)

In our conditions, lemons do not grow, but we also have a very affordable product that contains no less vitamin C than lemon? What product is this? (video) - recipe.

Guys, on your desks are brochures that I developed especially for you, in them you will find not only useful information about vitamins, but also recipes for making sauerkraut salads.

C) Dividing students into groups (work in groups)

1 group- Fat-soluble vitamins (give a general description) Vitamin A (retinol) is found in milk, fish, eggs, liver, butter, carrots, green onions, apricots, and rose hips. Regulates protein metabolism. Vitamin A helps improve vision and healthy skin. The daily requirement is 800-1000 mcg.

Sources of vitamin K (phylloquinone) are green leafy vegetables, cabbage, nettles, kiwi, bananas, meat, and dairy products. Synthesized by intestinal microflora. Vitamin K is necessary for humans for normal blood clotting, prevents osteoporosis, and promotes tissue regeneration. The daily requirement of vitamin K is 45-80 mcg. Particularly rich in vitamin E (tocopherol) are milk, meat, liver, lettuce, sunflower oil, almonds, egg yolk, carrots, oatmeal. Stimulates cell renewal, supports the nervous system, and is responsible for reproductive health. The daily requirement is 8-10 mg. The richest source of vitamin D (calciferol) is considered to be the sun in combination with clean air. This vitamin is found in fish liver, fish oil, cheese, cottage cheese, and butter. Vitamin D regulates the exchange of phosphorus and calcium, ensures normal growth and development of bones. Produced in the skin under the influence of UV rays. The daily requirement of vitamin D is 2.5-10 mcg.

Parade of vitamins:

Carrot- a real storehouse of vitamins B, PP, C, E and K. It also contains carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the body. In carrots we will find up to 7% carbohydrates and 1.3% proteins.

Apple- This is the most common product in household food. After eating an apple, we feel a surge of vitality, because The apple contains a whole bouquet of various vitamins and microelements, pectin. So, vitamins: C, B1, B2, PP, A, E; All of them improve the general condition of the body, its physical endurance, increase immunity and resistance to various seasonal diseases, normalize blood composition, maintain bones and teeth in good condition, maintaining normal health.

Pear-The benefits of pears are not limited to the presence of vitamins (namely A, C, B1, B2 and E) and antioxidants. In addition to them, the pear is rich in an extremely high content of easily digestible iron.It relieves inflammation and improves immunity due to the high content of water-soluble vitamin C. This effect will come in handy for colds.

Pepper-When you hear about this plant, vitamin C immediately comes to mind. And this is no coincidence, because - a record holder for its content, in this sense it has overtaken lemons and black currants. We go further and find vitamin P, provitamin A (carotene), as well as a group of B vitamins.In terms of its composition, bell pepper is simply an invaluable vegetable.,

Orangeand the sun - two orange balls that give people health and beauty. Orange can be called a storehouse of vitamins, and the orange fruit contains the most vitamins, B1 and , as well as , but what kind of vitamin is in this citrus crop simply a record amount - it’s.

2nd group- Hypovitaminosis.

Diseases (avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis) are a group of diseases caused by a deficiency of one or more vitamins in the body.

Insufficient intake of vitamins leads to disruption of enzymatic reactions, hypo- and vitamin deficiency. This disease is detected by special enzymes, and it is accompanied by deviations in the physical development of a teenager. The diet does not provide the proper supply of vitamins to the body.

Vitamin deficiency D. Symptoms In adults, unmotivated weakness, fatigue, progression of caries, muscle pain. Children have rickets.

Vitamin K deficiency. Bleeding from the nose, gums, intradermal hemorrhages.

Vitamin A deficiency. The disease night blindness (changes in the retina), purulent skin diseases occurs, and in children there is delayed growth and development.

Vitamin E deficiency. The lack of vitamin E sharply increases the body's need for oxygen and causes serious disturbances in protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The main changes in its absence occur in the sexual sphere.

In humans, vitamin E deficiency practically does not occur, because Vitamin E is very widespread.

Watch the video.

3 group- Tips on how to preserve vitamins in foods?

When storing and cooking vegetables, you must follow a number of rules: Chopped vegetables should be stored separately in a closed container and mixed only before use. Fruits should be peeled immediately before eating. It is better not to cut them into small slices, because this causes vitamin C to be lost much faster. Salt salads made from raw vegetables, season them with sauces and oil just before serving. When cooking vegetables and fruits, it is better to place them not in cold, but in boiling water to reduce the loss of vitamins. To maximize the preservation of vitamins in potatoes, you need to cook them over moderate heat, tightly closing the lid. There is no need to keep peeled potatoes in water, as this reduces their vitamin value. Already in the first half hour of being in cold water, the amount of vitamin C in potatoes decreases by 40%. The smaller the potato is cut, the more vitamins it loses.

Physical exercise. Guys, you should know that not only vitamins, but also physical exercise help improve your health. I invite you to a physical minute!!!

III. Reinforcing the lesson topic:

Role-playing game: Now let’s try to put your knowledge into practice. Let's imagine that you are doctors. And now you have several patients at your appointment. You try to determine what causes this or that illness and offer them a diet.

1.My eyes often hurt and styes appear (lack of vitamin A)

2.I get frequent bruises even though I haven’t hit myself anywhere (vitamin K deficiency)

3. There is dry skin with the formation of a rash on the knees and elbows (lack of vitamin A)

4. Lately I have been experiencing weakness, muscle pain, and even caries is progressing. (vitamin D deficiency)

Guys, completing this task showed that you have learned to understand vitamins, and I hope you will not allow yourself to develop diseases associated with their deficiency in the body.

Reflection: Our lesson on vitamins is coming to an end. Express your opinion about the lesson in one word.

Grading: Mutual assessment.

IV Lesson summary:

In conclusion of our lesson, I would like to once again emphasize the role of vitamins in the functioning of our body, increasing its resistance to infectious diseases. Eat more vegetables, fruits, berries. Then you will have a good reaction, excellent health and good health. (The teacher treats him with vitamins). Remember: Health…….. (sticker on the board)

A biology lesson in 8th grade on the topic “Vitamins” was developed on the basis of N.I. Sonina. The lesson discusses the following issues: the history of the discovery of vitamins, their diversity and importance, their content in food, conditions for preserving vitamins and the causes of vitamin deficiency, vitamin deficiencies. During the lesson, independent work of students was organized in order to obtain new knowledge, and the initial assimilation of the material was checked using a test. Homework involves filling out a table using an instruction sheet

Download:

Preview:

276-896-004 Krichuk L.E.

Vitamins

Target: study the diversity, importance of vitamins and their content in food.

Tasks:

educational:deepen knowledge about the diversity and importance of vitamins, their role in metabolism;

developing: continue to develop the skills to independently work with text and pictures given in the textbook, think logically and present the results in written and oral form;

educational: responsible attitude towards completing assigned tasks. Show the priority of domestic science in the discovery of vitamins.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Methods:explanation, conversation, student report, independent work.

Equipment: table “Vitamins”, handout “Daily requirement of vitamins”.

Personal significance of what is being studied:“Vitamins are good for human health, but they should be consumed in moderation” in vitamins and their main functions.”

During the classes.

1. Organizing time.
2. Motivation for learning activities.

Communicating the topic, purpose, and personal significance of what is being studied.

1. Studying the topic.

Plan.

1. Vitamins, avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis.
2. History of the discovery of vitamins.
3. The variety and importance of vitamins.
4. How to preserve vitamins.

Teacher's opening speech.

“You can’t live on canned food. No fresh vegetables."

What are vitamins?

Vitamins are organic compounds that are constantly required in small quantities for the normal functioning of biochemical reactions in the body. Vitamins are not produced in the human body or are produced in insufficient quantities. Vitamins enter the body with food and are required in minute quantities, amounting to milligrams. Functions of vitamins: influence growth, development, metabolism, as they are enzymes or are part of enzymes. In the absence of one or another vitamin in food, diseases called vitamin deficiencies occur (as a consequence - metabolic disorders).

Hypovitaminosis is a lack of one or another vitamin in the body (leads to weakened immunity).

What contributes to vitamin deficiency:

1. Uniform diet.

1. The use of well-cleaned and processed - refined products.
2. In infants, vitamin deficiencies are caused by a lack of breast milk.

Student reports about the history of the discovery of vitamins.

The first conclusion about the existence of unknown substances absolutely necessary for life was made by Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin in 1880. He discovered that mice cannot survive feeding on an artificial mixture of protein, fat, sugar and mineral salts. Lunin's conclusion was not accepted. The scientific world was in no hurry to recognize the existence of some unknown substances. But Lunin’s work was not forgotten; on the contrary, it stimulated further research in this direction. In 1889, the Dutch doctor H. Eijkman discovered a disease in chickens similar to beriberi (which means “fetters”). The disease was caused by feeding polished rice to chickens sitting in cages - cramps cramped their necks and legs. Many of them died in the end. And the chickens that roamed freely around the yard were healthy, since they found a wide variety of food for themselves. Whenever Aikman fed the chickens only refined rice, they were sure to develop beri-beri disease; when he fed the sick chickens brown rice, they recovered. Aikman never found out what was in the rice bran. However, doctors began to treat sick people with rice bran. By 1910, sufficient material had been accumulated for the discovery of vitamins.

In 1911 - 1913 there was a breakthrough in this direction. Polish biochemist K. Funk in 1911 obtained yellow crystals from rice bran; one thousandth of a gram was enough to cure pigeons from beri-beri. Funk called the substance he discovered “vitamin” from the Latin vita - life and amine - the class of chemical compounds to which this substance belongs. In 1922, the Soviet scientist Bessonov, simultaneously with the Hungarian Scent - Pergi, isolated vitamin C. Now more than 30 vitamins are known, which are divided into water-soluble: C, B and fat-soluble: A, D, E, K. Vitamins are designated by letters of the Latin alphabet - wonderful the alphabet of health.

Student messages about vitamins. Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid.

Brave travelers and sailors of past centuries, who had to go without fresh food and vegetables for a long time, often suffered from a painful illness. The gums were swollen or bleeding, the face was swollen, general weakness was felt, unbearable pain was felt in the muscles and joints, blood vessels burst under the skin, the body was covered with bruises. The disease was called scurvy.

In the team of Vasco Da Gama, who discovered in the 15th century. sea ​​route from Europe to India around Africa, more than 100 out of 160 sailors died from scurvy. Scurvy caused the death of 248 of the 265 crew members of Magellan's ships during his trip around the world in 1519 - 1522. Scurvy killed the legendary navigator Vitus Bering in 1741, and many, many others. The main and reliable suppliers of vitamin C are sea buckthorn, black currant, sweet pepper, orange, lemon, tangerine.... All these are mainly plants that have a sour taste. Vitamin C is involved in redox reactions in tissues, in tissue respiration, in the neutralization of toxic substances and in many other important processes in the body. A lot of ascorbic acid is consumed during nervous tension, heavy physical work and during illness.

Vitamin B1, or Thymin.

In 1890, the Dutch doctor Eijkman on the island of Java observed a terrible disease among local residents. The patients' arms and legs became numb, their gait became disordered, and their movements became difficult. My legs felt like they were chained. The name of the disease is connected with this - beri-beri, which means “fetters”. Eventually, paralysis and death occurred. Even 20 years before Eijkman, Russian doctors observed this disease in the population of the coastal regions of Japan and China. They did not know the causes of the disease, but based on life experience, they suggested adding seeds and fruits of legumes to the food of sick people. The patients recovered.

This disease is associated with a lack of vitamin B1 in the body. This vitamin is not stored in reserve, so it is necessary that it enters the body every day. Vitamin B1 is found in the seeds of legumes, as well as in the seeds of cereals - but mainly in their germs and shells. Very little of this vitamin remains in cleaned, processed grains. In addition, there is a lot of vitamin B1 in yeast, egg yolk, and liver. With B1 deficiency, the nerves of the extremities, especially the legs, and then the heart are affected.

In addition to B1, the B group of vitamins includes B3, B2, B5, B6, B9, B12, B15. From vitamins of this group, enzymes are formed in the body, which take an important part in metabolism.

VITAMIN D.

This vitamin is involved in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the human body. And these processes are very important in the formation of the skeleton. The height, posture, and beauty of a person depend on them. Vitamin D plays a particularly important role in a growing body. Its deficiency is usually observed in children from 3 months to 3 years. They become irritable, restless, fearful, cry and have difficulty sleeping. Diaper rash, prickly heat and pustules develop on their skin. Bones lose their strength and become soft, muscle weakness appears. All this leads to deformation of the chest, spine, skull bones and limbs, delayed teething and their destruction. This disease is called rickets. Children and adults receive vitamin D mainly from animal foods. The largest amount of it is found in cod liver, fish oil and other fish products, in the yolk of eggs, milk, and butter.

Vitamin D can also be synthesized in human skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays, that is, in the sun.

Vitamin A, or retinol

This vitamin is part of the photosensitive protein that ensures the functioning of our eyes - rhodopsin. In case of prolonged deficiency of vitamin A in food, a person’s twilight and night vision is impaired - hence the name of the accompanying disease - “night blindness”. This vitamin is also involved in the formation of the integumentary epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes. With its deficiency, keratinization of the skin increases, sweating and sebum secretion become difficult, acne forms, the skin becomes dry, rough, and inflamed. The mucous membranes feel dry. Hair becomes dull, nails become brittle. A long-term lack of vitamin A in food can lead to stunted growth in children. In adults, there is a predisposition to cancer of the digestive organs.

Among animal products, fish oil ranks first in terms of vitamin A content. There is also a lot of it in liver, butter, chicken eggs, sour cream, cottage cheese, and milk. Plant products - carrots, apricots, tomatoes - contain carotene - a substance from which vitamin A can be synthesized in our body. Carotene is insoluble in water, but soluble in fat, so it is better absorbed when consuming such products with sour cream, mayonnaise, and vegetable oil.

After the messages the teacher takes the floor.

The medical industry produces a huge amount of vitamins and vitamin preparations. Here is only a small part of what can be found in pharmacies. How to make sense of this abundance.

Modern vitamin complexes can be divided into preventive and therapeutic. The former satisfy 50% of the body's daily needs - they are taken with this in mind. That we get the other half from food. As for others. Then they give the body 100% of vitamins.

In addition, all vitamin preparations differ in composition. First generation drugs consist of one component. These are drugs such as ascorbic acid, vitamins A, E, D. They are mainly prescribed for medicinal purposes, for example, vitamin D - for the prevention and complex treatment of rickets. Second generation drugs are multivitamin complexes that also contain microelements, as well as certain mineral salts that improve the absorption and effect of vitamins. For example, for normal absorption of calcium, the body must receive the necessary amounts of not only vitamin D, but also magnesium salts. Third generation preparations contain not only vitamins, micro- and macroelements, but also other additives: extracts of medicinal plants, spirulina, fruit juices, as well as various enzymes.

It is best to get vitamins from natural foods. Vegetables provide us with vitamins and minerals - calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium. It is necessary, if possible, to eat more fresh vegetables and fruits.

But fresh vegetables are not always available, and not all plant foods can be consumed raw. How to preserve vitamins during storage and when preparing dishes.

Conditions for preserving vitamins.

During storage of vegetables and potatoes, fruits and berries, we lose a lot of vitamins. For example, in 1 kg of potatoes, about 300 mg of vitamin C is destroyed immediately after harvesting, and by spring no more than 50% remains. The amount of this vitamin in greens decreases even faster. To increase the safety of vitamins in vegetables and potatoes, it is necessary to follow the rules for their storage and packaging. Each vegetable has its own optimal storage temperature.

Vitamins B1, B2 and C dissolve in water, oxidize in air and are quickly destroyed when heated. Therefore, when cooking vegetables, it is better to put them not in cold, but in already boiled water, cover with a lid and do not boil for a long time. Vitamin C is destroyed upon contact with copper and iron utensils. Vitamin K is destroyed by sunlight.

Causes of vitamin deficiency.

1. Monotonous food.
2. Use well-cleaned and processed-refined products.
3. In infants, vitamin deficiencies are caused by lack of breast milk
4. There are factors that cause vitamin deficiency even when they enter the body in the required quantity - these are stresses - during this, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, PP are intensively consumed.
5. Polluted environment, exposure to radioactive and chemical substances, poisons.
6. Long-term use of antibiotics.
7. Insufficient exposure to fresh air.
8. And finally, alcohol and smoking.

Alcohol and its breakdown product, acetaldehyde, can inhibit the activity of a number of vitamin-dependent enzymes, as well as displace vitamins A, E, D, and K. The greatest danger to the body’s vitamin supply is alcoholic liver damage.

The toxic components of tobacco smoke destroy vitamin C and inhibit the action of vitamin-dependent enzymes. In smokers, the need for vitamins increases by 1.5-2 times.

Vitamin deficiencies

BERI - BERI, vitamin B1 deficiency damages the peripheral nerves of the limbs.

XEROPHTHALMIA - eye damage, vitamin A deficiency.

PELLAGRA is a disease associated with a lack of vitamin PP (nicotinic acid).

RICKETS is a disease of children (softening of bones) due to lack of vitamin D.

Scurvy is a disease associated with a lack of vitamin C due to the lack of vegetables and fruits in the diet (bleeding gums, tooth loss).

SUMMARY OF THE LESSON.

1. What vitamin is high in fish oil? (D)
2. In the absence of which vitamin does scurvy occur? (WITH)
3. What vitamin deficiency causes night blindness? (A)
4. What vitamin is necessary for blood clotting? (TO)
5. What vitamin deficiency causes dry skin? (E)
6. Deficiency of which vitamin causes disease, take it or leave it? (IN)
7. Which vitamin deficiency most often occurs in seafarers? (scurvy)
8. With a deficiency of which vitamin does rickets develop? (D)
9. Do tomatoes, carrots, oranges and parsley contain vitamin?(A)

10. What vitamin destroys tobacco smoke? (WITH)

Homework.Fill out the table using the information sheet.

Information sheet.

Vitamin A - growth and vision vitamin Contained in:

• Carrots
• Lettuce leaves
• Cabbage
• Liver
• Egg yolk
• butter B vitamins

• B1 - promotes growth, helps in digesting food, improves mental abilities, helps with motion sickness, reduces toothache. Contained in dry yeast, rice husks, peanuts, pork, bran, milk.
• B2 - vitamin strengthens skin, nails, hair, helps heal ulcers of the mouth, lips, tongue, improves vision.

Vitamin B2 is found in beans, seeds, peanuts, cheese, cottage cheese, meat, liver, green vegetables, fish, eggs

■ B6 promotes the absorption of protein and fat, helps prevent various
nervous and skin disorders, reduces muscle cramps, numbness of the hands.
Contained in brewer's yeast, wheat bran, liver, melon, cabbage,

milk, eggs, beef.

■ Vitamin B12 prevents the occurrence of anemia (anemia). In children
promotes growth and improvement of appetite, increases energy, reduces
irritability, improves concentration, memory and balance.

There is a lot of this vitamin in liver, beef, pork, eggs, milk, cheese, and kidneys. Vitamin C

■ Vitamin C is ascorbic acid, a faithful assistant in the fight against diseases. He
heals wounds, fractures, and defeats scurvy. Protects against many viruses
diseases.

This vitamin is found in citrus fruits, berries, green vegetables, tomatoes, cauliflower, potatoes, and rose hips. One problem is that vitamin C disappears quickly. Therefore, it is better not to store vegetables and fruits cut and keep them away from sunlight.

Vitamin D

■ Vitamin D stimulates bone growth and prevents the development of rickets. Organism
produces this vitamin itself under the influence of sunlight, so it is necessary
walk more in sunny weather.

It is necessary to eat liver, caviar, fish oil.

Vitamin E

■ Vitamin E reduces the effect of harmful radiation on the skin and the entire body in
in general. Helps athletes build muscles and slows down cell aging.
There is a lot of it in vegetable oil, cereals, herbs, and soybeans.

Vitamin E is included in most creams. Vitamin F

■ Vitamin F is responsible for the condition of our blood vessels and ensures a healthy state
skin and hair. Helps the body absorb calcium.

Contained in vegetable oils, sunflower seeds, soybeans, peanuts, almonds, avocados.

Vitamin H

■ Vitamin H is responsible for the appearance of our skin and helps protect hair
from gray hair, relieves muscle pain.

Contained in nuts, fruits, brewer's yeast, beef liver, milk, egg yolk.

Daily requirement for vitamins and their main functions.

Biology lesson on the topic “Vitamins” (8th grade)

Lesson type: combined.

Goal: Create conditions for understanding new educational information, diversify the process of learning new material.

Tasks:

1. Educational:

Expand the concept of “vitamins”;

To develop knowledge about the biological role of vitamins in metabolism, about the diversity of vitamins;

Show the need to include vitamins in the diet.

2. Developmental:

Continue the work of teaching students the ability to select the main thing, using various sources of information, and format creative work in the form of a project;

Continue work on teaching students the ability to publicly defend the results of creative activity.

3. Educational:

Arouse interest in protecting your own health;

To foster culture and aesthetics of behavior, mutual respect.

Methods: conversation, commenting, conclusions, project method, collaboration method.

Form of organization of educational activities: group.

Equipment:

Computer, multimedia projector;

Handouts, chalkboard;

Diagrams, tables, screen.

Lesson steps:

1. Motivation for educational activities. Lesson topic, goals and objectives.

2. Updating knowledge.

Determining the relevance of the project topic, introductory remarks by the teacher.

History of the discovery of vitamins.

Exchange of information, clarification of students to protect the project.

Presentation of projects.

4 Evaluation of the results of project activities.

During the classes.

1. Motivation for educational activities. Staging.

Once upon a time there were vitamins
Benefited people
In a year, in three
Suddenly Beriberi came
And others came after him
Also very businesslike
Here are Rickets and Blindness
And the beautiful Tsinga
This is where the showdown began...
Blindness was the first to speak.

Night blindness:

If there is a lack of vitamin A
Then it threatens you
Night blindness
If you're on the road at night -
You won't find where to go
You'll walk like a dwarf
Very slow in growth.

Rickets:

Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh
My little feet hurt
They look in different directions
Vitamins, vitamins
Still the same picture
We're all tired of you
I will eat you all out of pain.

Take it:

Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
You forgot about me.

I am Beri-Beri disease
I will rule the world
Your nerves will be out of order
There will be convulsions, seizures
If you don't take vitamins
Staying up late at night
Watch scary movies
You won't eat black bread
Don't wash your face in the morning
Fight with everyone every day.
Scurvy:

Well, about me...
They completely forgot about me
I am the insidious Scurvy
Took many lives
Your gums are bleeding
Let your teeth loosen
Let your body weaken
Hands down.
What to do? How can we drive away these terrible diseases? I think I know! We need to find out which vitamins will help us with this.

2. Updating knowledge.

3. Perception and awareness of new material.

Teacher: You need to draw a table in your notebook that you will fill out during the defense of your projects.

Vitamin name

Function in the body

Symptoms of vitamin deficiency and hypovitaminosis

Daily requirement

Sources of vitamin for the body

We begin the presentation of projects. (each group reads out its project plan and defends it. There is a discussion of the presentations.

^ 4. Consolidation of new material. 7 min.

From each group, the teacher proposes to nominate 2 students to restore “order” on the “vitamin tables”, having previously changed the labels with the names of the vitamins. Moving around the class, students find the necessary products, models, packaging and then speak about the role of this or that vitamin in human life. Prepared recipes from mothers and grandmothers are distributed to all students and teachers in the form of leaflets with pictures.

To secure the new material, the second side of the board is used, on which the following list of substances is written:

Night blindness.


Nervous system paralysis.


Rickets.


Scurvy.


Typhus.


Growth retardation.


Take it, take it.


Deafness.


Vegetables fruits.


Onion garlic.


Black currant, lemon.


Fish fat.


Egg yolk.


Dog-rose fruit.


Peas, beans.


Bread made from flour with bran.

The teacher offers to select and encode answers to questions in the workbooks (programmed survey):

What happens when there is a lack of vitamin D in food?


What happens when there is a lack of vitamin A in food?


What vitamin deficiency most often occurred among sailors and travelers?


What happens when there is no vitamin B?


What happens when there is a lack of vitamin C?


What foods contain a lot of vitamin A?


What foods contain a lot of vitamin B?


What foods contain a lot of vitamin C?


What foods contain a lot of vitamin D?


What vitamin deficiency affects skeletal development?

Teacher: The medical industry produces a huge amount of vitamins and vitamin preparations. How to make sense of this abundance? (video from a pharmacy) Modern vitamin preparations can be divided into preventive and therapeutic. The first satisfy 50% of the body's daily needs - they are taken taking into account the fact that we get the second half from food. As for others, they give the body 100% of the required vitamins.

What do you guys prefer, eating a medicinal product or natural vegetables and fruits?

Natural vitamins are healthier, they are more easily absorbed by the body, and never cause hypervitaminosis, i.e. they cannot oversaturate the body - they never cause toxemia- poisoning.

The tablet form of vitamin preparations is not completely absorbed by the body, but only some part of it.

In my opinion, it is best to use vegetables and fruits in your diet. This is the most harmless potential of vitamins.

Rules for preserving vitamins when cooking.

Suggest possible interpretations of the popular proverb - A good cook is worth a doctor. (slide)

Table on the screen. Rules for preserving vitamins when cooking.

1.When peeling fruits and vegetables, remove as thin a layer of skin as possible.

2. Peel and cut fruits and vegetables only before eating with a stainless steel knife.

3. It is better to cook vegetables in enamel dishes.

4.When cooking, immerse vegetables in boiling water.

5.Cook vegetables in a container with a tightly closed lid.

6.Consume vegetable dishes immediately after preparing them.

What interferes with the absorption of vitamins:

Alcohol – Destroys vitamins A, B, calcium, zinc, potassium, magnesium…

Nicotine - Destroys vitamins A, C, E, selenium.

Caffeine – Kills vitamins B, PP, reduces the content of iron, potassium, zinc...

Aspirin – Reduces the content of vitamins B, C, A, calcium, potassium.

Antibiotics – Destroy B vitamins, iron, calcium, magnesium.

Sleeping pills - Make it difficult to absorb vitamins A, D, E, B 12, and greatly reduce calcium levels.