You will be surprised, but not only Russian speakers confuse Sweden and Switzerland. In many languages, the names of these countries are consonant. For example, in Turkish they also sound about the same - Isvec and İsviçre.
Nevertheless, these are two completely different states, located a couple of thousand kilometers from each other.
And, since, recently I was lucky to visit Switzerland, I am happy to share my observations with you. Let's try to figure out what Sweden and Switzerland are similar in, and what are their fundamental differences.
1. Population and area
The population of these two countries is about the same: Switzerland has 8 million people, Sweden - 9 million. But Sweden is 10 times larger than Switzerland in area.
2. Country governance
Sweden is a kingdom with a royal family headed by King Carl XVI Gustav. True, the king does not rule the country, but only performs a representative function. Nevertheless, the cult of the royal family in the country is very tangible. The representatives of the Swedish monarchy are valued, their lives are watched; the royal family is an integral part of all national Swedish holidays. And so it has been for the last 500 years. But in fact, the country is governed by a prime minister who is elected in parliament. Although, believe me, he is even less popular than Sophia, the newly-made wife of our Prince Carl-Philip.
Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 20 cantons and 6 semi-cantons. Switzerland is a confederation. Each canton has its own constitution, but their powers are limited by the federal constitution.
Without a couple of glasses of wine, the political structure of Switzerland cannot be understood. But in short, the country is run by the president. Each year parliament appoints the president and vice-president of the confederation from among the members of the Council, without the right to reappointment for the next year.
3. Service
It seemed to me that the service in Switzerland is at a decent level. You pay, therefore, you get quality service. The helpfulness of local waiters is sometimes even somewhat surprising.
Sweden is a country of victorious socialism. Money plays an important role here, but social justice is much more important for most of society. This is probably partly why the Swedish service in most restaurants is significantly “lame”.
I remember that I recommended to tourists to visit one nice Swedish restaurant in the center of Stockholm. After waiting there for 40 minutes and not receiving a menu, the tourists left this institution. Imagine their surprise when the agonizing minutes of waiting found them in the second restaurant. The fact is that many Swedish cafes / restaurants have a self-service system. You need to go to the counter, see what is on the menu today, order, and in a few minutes come up and pick up your dish.
Self-service rules apply to Swedish companies as well. Don't expect to be served tea or coffee when you visit the office of one of the Swedish companies. In the best case, you will be shown where the drinks machine is located.
4. Language
Switzerland has 4 official languages: German, French, Italian and Romansh. This is due to the fact that the country arose at the junction of three great European cultures: French, German and Italian.
German is spoken in Switzerland by about 73% of the population, which makes it the most spoken language, as well as the language of business communication in the country.
The official language of Sweden is Swedish. English is in second place. And although it is not official, almost 90% of the country's population speaks it.
Remember at least one ABBA song in Swedish? Or maybe you remember at least one Roxette song in their native language? Of course, the performers sang in the beautiful Scandinavian language, but the number of such songs was very small.
Sweden's English proficiency is the highest in Europe. This is an absolute plus for the indigenous people and tourists coming to the country and an absolute minus for those who move here for permanent residence. Don't feed a native Swede with bread - let him chat in English. They love to practice this language and therefore if your Swedish friends / colleagues know that you speak English you will be able to learn Swedish for a long time.
By the way, in Switzerland, about half of the population speaks English and is fluent in it. But whether it is the influence of German and French cultures, or something else, but they do not feel the same addiction to the English language as in Sweden.
5. Technology and innovation
Switzerland has been ranked first in terms of innovation for several years in a row, followed by Sweden, which is practically breathing down its neck.
Both countries are actively supporting research and development activities and are investing millions of francs and crowns.
Therefore, we can safely say “thank you” to the Swiss for: a spring mechanism for a watch and a wristwatch, a pocket knife, an overlock sewing machine, a bicycle motor, cellophane, blinds, a zipper, an electric guitar, a voice recorder, an electric toothbrush, capsule coffee “Nespresso” and much more! But for what the Swiss are hardly worth grateful, it is for the fact that it was they who invented absinthe and the synthetic drug LSD.
But the Swedes, of course, should be thanked first of all for dynamite, then - the Celsius temperature scale, Tetra Pak packaging, milking machine and separator, Swedish matches, modern telephone, adjustable wrench, wall bars, baby car seats, baby björn, bodybuilding simulator , bluetooth. Not to mention the world famous companies IKEA and Skype.
And also - the European headquarters of the United Nations is located in Geneva, as well as dozens of other intergovernmental and international organizations. And even the server of the famous hosting Rapidshare is located in Switzerland in an anti-nuclear bunker.
But in the center of Stockholm is the headquarters of Bahnhof - a Swedish Internet provider and owner of one of the most interesting data centers on the planet. Several years ago, Wikileaks was also located here. Its data center is located 30 meters under the granite cliffs of Vita Park in Stockholm.
6. Colonies
One could say that both countries had no colonies, but no!
One of the regions of Bessarabia in tsarist Russia became the home of the only autonomous Swiss colony in history. The rapid development of Shabo - a village in the Belgorod-Dnestrovsky district of the Odessa region - lasted for almost a century and a half, right up to the Second World War.
As for the homeland of the Vikings, in 1784, in exchange for trade benefits in the port of the Swedish city of Gothenburg, France sold a small island of San Barthélemy to the Swedes, who renamed it the largest settlement, the port of Gustavia, in honor of their king Gustav III.
7. Social aspects
The average life expectancy for the Swiss is 83 years, for the Swedes - 82. The Swiss retire at 65, while the Swedes can work up to 67. The current prime minister even advocates raising the retirement age to 75!
But as for the conditions of maternity leave, then the difference is much more significant. In Switzerland, after the birth of a child, every working woman is entitled to maternity leave of 14-16 weeks, during which she is paid 80% of her wages.
In Sweden, maternity leave is 69 weeks (feel the difference?) And is also paid at the rate of 80% of the salary. By the way, in no other European country will you see so many dads with strollers as in Sweden. And the thing is that not only mothers, but also fathers can go on maternity leave here, which they use with pleasure.
In Switzerland, all medicine in the country is paid, and life and health insurance is compulsory. In Sweden, all medicine is free. Moreover, if a resident of a country has serious diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis or viral diseases, then even medicines are provided at the expense of the state. Even obesity is treated free of charge.
Another question is that the quality of medical care in Sweden will leave you a little confused. As they say here - they won't let you die, but they won't heal either.
An example from my life. My blood pressure dropped sharply, and so much that I had to move to the hospital “from bench to bench”. Having waited a couple of hours in line and got to see the Swedish Aesculapius, I did not expect to hear the following question - how many cups of coffee do you drink a day? One? What are you, it is also impossible, with your pressure you need at least three!
But there is another extreme. One of my acquaintances underwent plastic surgery at the expense of the state only because she was able to prove that she had postpartum depression and she simply needed a change in her appearance.
8. Working hours of shops
Saturday, at 18.10 hours, I am asked to leave the Swiss supermarket COOP as they close. Well, okay, I think I'll shop on Sunday. Imagine my surprise when on Sunday the supermarket was closed altogether. It turns out that this day in Switzerland is a mandatory weekend.
Here I understand that I will never again complain that most Swedish supermarkets close at 22.00, and shops with clothes at 18.00.
In general, I got the impression that only fountains work around the clock in Switzerland. In Geneva, I counted about 10 different fountains, in all of Switzerland there are more than 1,500.
9. Restaurant bill
It's expensive in Switzerland. And not just expensive, but very expensive. And even if here the taxes are the lowest in Europe (the rate for an individual varies from 12% to 16% depending on the region), but your budget is significantly cut if you are a fan of eating in a restaurant.
A dinner for two in the center of Geneva will cost you no less than 120 francs (110 euros), about the same price as the famous Swiss watch SWATCH.
Taxes in Sweden are much higher (33% per individual), but the prices in restaurants are much lower. A dinner in the center of Stockholm will cost you around 700 CZK (75 euros) for two.
Well, as for tips, both in Sweden and Switzerland, the cost of service is already included in the bill, so the waiters do not expect generous gestures from you. Although, of course, no one will be offended if you leave 7-10% of the bill for good service.
10. Features of national cuisine
I will not touch on traditional cuisine, you can read about it in endless guidebooks. And then, who is not familiar with meatballs with lingonberry sauce or has not tried fondue? I'd better tell you about the side of the Swedish and Swiss cuisine, which causes confusion among tourists.
Still, the Olympic championship in the field of strange food should be given to the Swedes with their rotten surstroemming herring. Say this magic word in the presence of a Viking descendant and, at least, you will see an ugly grimace on his face. And this dish appeared in Swedish cuisine like this.
Once in the 16th century, when the country was involved in hostilities with a neighboring state and the commercial supply of salt was drastically reduced, it was decided to salt herring with less salt. Of course, this disrupted the normal canning process and over time the herring began to ferment. But in an atmosphere of war and famine, the Swedes even considered such a dish an exquisite delicacy, well, just think - "sour slightly".
By the way, since the appearance of this dish, not a single tragic incident has been officially recorded. So - eat to your health!
As for the "downside" of Swiss cuisine, there is a completely confusing story. Either the Swiss are picky enough in their food and throw away everything that smells slightly, or they hide their “culinary oddities” well. In general, apart from blue cheese and slightly sour wine, nothing strange was found in this country.
And instead of an epilogue….
- Penalty for incorrect parking in Switzerland - 40 euros, in Sweden - from 65 to 100 euros
- The unemployment rate in Switzerland is 3.2%, in Sweden - 7.8%.
- Swiss citizenship can be obtained after 12 years, and if married to a citizen of this country, then after 5 years. In Sweden, the maximum waiting period for citizenship is 5 years, for married people - 3 years.
- Both countries adhered to neutrality during the Second World War, which partially contributed to the rapid development of industry and economy in the post-war years.
If it seems to you that something in my article was exaggerated and does not reflect the real picture, write - we will discuss!
Swedish Gothenburg. Readers didn't quite like it. The main complaints boiled down to the fact that the houses are too simple, the grills should be banned so as not to stink, the playgrounds should be removed so that the children would not make noise, and the yards should be closed with fences. And most importantly, where are the parking lots ?! Here's what you wrote:
i personally somehow do not like it when someone else's balcony on a neighboring house is a couple of meters from my window
Expensive, shit. For 20-30 million rubles, something could be done much more original than the Soviet five-story buildings. And the houses are too close, window to window, plus very darkened courtyards are obtained, even from a photo on a sunny day it can be seen. Well, for the carriages it was necessary to think over some place, to build a multi-level parking lot either next to or under the houses. Even taking into account that not all apartments are inhabited, it is already clear that there are not enough places, for 5 photos the asshole parked right at the entrance. Okay, in old soviet five-story buildings, they do this, but for new houses with apartments for 20-30 million, this is not normal.
With the public grill, I have questions. Are the neighbors forced to inhale all these smoky smells?
Did not like:
1. Balconies that cannot be glazed. Maybe it will do in that climate - but when there is snow on the balcony for 4-5 months a year, it is very inconvenient.
2. Solution with garbage. Those. need:
- keep 4 tanks at home instead of one (or get dirty daily with sorting).
- everything, something larger than a soccer ball, obviously needs to be taken out of the house by yourself.
3. Grill benches right under the apartment windows. It will be uncomfortable even if all the neighbors are quiet and not drinking.
And where to put the cars?
Reminiscent of a typical resort hotel courtyard. Would I like to live in a public space where everything is in sight? More likely no than yes.
I agree. All these shops, playgrounds, public areas must be removed. Stick columns to houses, close yards with fences and make parking there. Now it's clear where Conchita came from.
Today let's see how ordinary Swedes live. Is there any order there?
01. Here is the simplest working area on the outskirts. This is the cheapest accommodation in the city. No fancy courtyards for you. Instead of tiles - asphalt. Note how clean the facades are. Nobody glazes the balconies, nobody makes outbuildings for themselves.
02. There are parking lots on the outskirts of the neighborhoods. Everyone has their own place, everyone pays for it. 
03. There are also storage rooms in the courtyards where you can hide junk. 
04. The courtyards are incredibly clean. All lawns are neatly trimmed, everywhere there are flower beds. 
05. One of the courtyards. Public area. 
06. Another option. ALCOHOLICS WILL BE GOING HERE !? Why do they do it? 
07. There are no large playgrounds near houses. They will put a couple of logs and a slide for the little ones at most. Large playgrounds and sports grounds will be equipped far from residential buildings on the outskirts of the block so that the noise does not disturb the residents. There is a playground, a football field, and a picnic area. 
08. Let's go back to the yard. You cannot drive to the entrances, let alone park near them. 
09. Cute 
10. Bicycle parking 
11. Entrance to the entrance 
12. Everything was done with incredible quality. Every pebble is perfect. No rubbish, no illegal ads, no wires. It's amazing how these rotten and spiritless Swedes manage to maintain such an order? 
13.
14. And this, as I understand it, is generally social housing. 
15. But here, too, they try to maintain order. 
16.
17.
18.
19. Multi-storey buildings are not built here. There are only a few buildings in the entire city. 
20. Let's take a look at another area. It is also old, it was built in the 60s. Here's the plan. As you can see, all the courtyards are pedestrianized. 
21. Entrances to the entrances 
22. Here is the yard itself 
23. Poles with a tied kite are placed on the roofs. This is to scare away seagulls. Since the sea is nearby, gulls can build a nest on the roof of a house, and when chicks appear, they will begin to attack people. 
24. There are shops on the first floors. 
25. Kindergarten with a small area. 
26. There is even a Russian school. 
27.
28.
29. Playgrounds 
30. Again, everything is simple: large playgrounds and sports grounds are on the outskirts of the block. 
31. The first floors have their own plot. 
33. Improvement 
34. The entrance is closed for cars. There is a way, but only for special equipment. 
35. Each entrance has closed bicycle parking. 
36. Access by card. 
37. Entrance to the entrance 
38. Ground floors 
39. Site 
40. Quality of work 
41. Public area 
42. Okay, let's see the rich neighborhood. Here, I found you another one with new houses. A courtyard for people. 
43. Houses on the bank of the canal 
44.
45.
46. \u200b\u200bCourtyards 
47. Cars don't drive here, you can safely let the children go. There are parking lots, of course. But they are underground. There is a multi-level parking on the outskirts of the block. 
48.
49.
50.
51. Entrance to the entrance 
52. Again, each tenant on the ground floor has his own plot. 
53. Grill! 
54.
55. But this is generally an egregious case. Young people are sitting and drinking! And fries the meat! Can you imagine this in our yard? They would have been taken away by the police long ago and torn to pieces by watchful old women. And here they sit. And then they will leave, leaving perfect purity. 
56. Nearby is another company. 
This is how the Swedes live. How do you like it? What did you like? What would you like to see in your yard?
Swedish people living in Finland are called "finlandssvenskar" which can be translated as Finnish Swedes, Swedish-speaking Finns, Swedish-speaking Finns, Finnish Swedes or Finno-Swedes.
They speak the Finnish dialect of Swedish, a distinctive feature of which is viscous vowel sounds, as well as a shift or loss of tonal stress.
This minority in Finland included celebrities such as
Gustaf Mannerheim / Gustav Mannerheim, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld / Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Jean Sibelius / Jan Sibelius (it's not a secret, but the great Finnish composer began to learn Finnish when he started school), Tove Jansson / Tove Jansson (probably many will be surprised, but her books are written in Swedish) and others.
Archaeological excavations show that as early as the Bronze Age there were trade contacts, cultural exchanges, as well as migrations between (modern) Finland and Sweden. The question of when and how the Swedish language arrived in Finland is very difficult, because archaeological finds do not explain much about the language. Scientists claim that in the Iron Age the Aland Islands were already a Swedish-speaking region, but closer to 800, the Swedish Vikings moved to mainland Finland.
Traditionally, it is believed that Finland was conquered by Sweden, presumably in the 1150s, when King Eric IX of Sweden organized a crusade to Christianize the pagans of the Finns. From that time until 1809, present-day Finland was divided into several Swedish provinces.
Today, 5.5% of the Finnish population consider Swedish to be their mother tongue, and 41% of the population consider it their second mother tongue, so the country has two official languages \u200b\u200b- Finnish and Swedish.
Since Swedish is the state language, all children learn it, including in Finnish-language schools. Many consider it unnecessary to learn the language of their Swedish minority. Some schools call Swedish lessons "forced Swedish", but there are those who consider Swedish a "bonus" and are happy to learn it.
Learning Swedish is considered by many to be a musty remnant of the period when Finland belonged to Sweden, i.e. a kind of atavism of colonial coercion that exists in modern Finland.
The tone of the debate about the status of the Swedish language in Finland has become increasingly sharp in recent years. Many bilingual (Finno-Swedes / finlandsvenskar) and Finnish journalists who support the Swedish language have received threats, even death threats.
Walking around Helsinki in the evening and talking to your companion in Swedish, you can quite hear the phrase thrown after you: "In Finland we speak Finnish." There were cases of beatings right at the hot dog kiosk of those who ordered these sausages in Swedish.
Basically, Swedes live in four regions of Finland, where 90% of the population speaks Swedish:
- Nyland, a coastal region in southern Finland;
- Åboland, an archipelago southwest of Åbo (Turku) in the province of Egentliga Finland;
- Österbotten, a coastal region in western Finland;
- Åland (Åland Islands).
Norway Norway - 28.73 thousand people
Australia Australia - 100,000
Old Russian name of the XV-XVI centuries. - Sveiskie Germans.
Language
Swedish belongs to the Germanic group (Scandinavian subgroup) of Indo-European languages. It is closest to Danish and Norwegian. There are groups of Central Swedish, Jets and Norlan in Sweden, Gutni on about. Gotland, Eastern Swedish in Finland.
Ethnic history
In the ethnogenesis of the Swedes, the main role was played by the Yots (Gyots), that is, the Goths and Sves. A variant of the pronunciation of the term "yot" is "yut", the name of the ancestors of modern Danes. Svei, according to one version, is interpreted as “ours”. Hence the ethnonym "Swedes" and the name of Sweden, in the original Sverige. Finns and Sami also took part in the ethnogenesis of the Swedes. The oldest written monuments of the Swedes date back to the 9th century. In the XI-XII centuries. the consolidation of the nation began with the formation of the state. In the Viking Age (IX-XI centuries), the ancestors of the Swedes made campaigns to Finland and Russia, up to Constantinople. There is a version that, first of all, the Swedish Vikings were involved in the formation or strengthening of statehood in Russia. These Vikings were just called "Rus".
In the XIV-XV centuries. Sweden was part of the union along with Norway and Denmark (under the rule of Denmark).
Folk costume for men is a linen shirt with a standing collar, a woolen jacket with two rows of buttons, a cloth or suede vest, knee-length pants, stockings, a hat. Festive clothing is decorated with lace and embroidery. Women wear white canvas shirts with long sleeves, linen blouses embroidered on the chest and on the collar, bodices, skirts with an apron, shoulder scarves, belts with pockets. From shoes - shoes.
Traditional holiday dishes are rice porridge with raisins, fried goose, apple cake, sweet beer, smoked meats, cookies. The peasants bake loaves from rye flour, cakes from rye or barley flour.
Holidays
- January 7 - Feast of the Three Kings (Epiphany).
- January 13 - Knut Day. On this day, Christmas trees are taken apart in the country, and candies from the bags that decorated the New Year's beauty are distributed to children. All New Year's festivities also end on this day.
- April 30 - Walpurgis Night. The people of the country are celebrating the coming of spring. Thousands of people go out into the streets, kindle fires, dance in circles and listen to funny songs performed by choirs (most often male).
- Midsummer - (Summer Solstice) - Ivan Kupala in Sweden. Traditionally, on the evening before, girls collect seven different types of flowers in the field and put them under the pillow, then the betrothed will dream.
- December 13 - Saint Lucia Day. Traditionally, children prepare a festive breakfast for their parents - cookies and hot chocolate, dressed in smart costumes: boys - a stargazer, and girls - a white dress. Also on this day in the morning it is customary to visit teachers.
- Christmas night - Swedish Santa Claus brings gifts late at night, because before opening them, you need to devote a lot of time to feasting and communication. The Christmas table is a gourmet paradise. The main dish of the Christmas table is Christmas ham in a grilled sauce that includes mustard and bread crumbs.
National dishes of Sweden - rice porridge with raisins, fried goose, smoked meats, sweet beer, cookies, apple cake.
see also
Write a review on the article "Swedes"
Notes
Literature
- Encyclopedia "Nations and Religions of the World", M., 1998.
- Berlin P. These Strange Swedes \u003d The Xenophobic Guide to the Swedes. - M .: Egmont Russia Ltd, 2001 .-- 96 p. - ISBN 5-85044-405-X.
An excerpt characterizing the Swedes
He pointed to a monastery with towers on the mountain. He smiled, his eyes narrowed and lit up.- But it would be good, gentlemen!
The officers laughed.
- If only to scare these nuns. Italians, they say, are young. Indeed, I would give five years of my life!
“They’re bored, after all,” said the bolder officer, laughing.
Meanwhile, the officer of the suite, standing in front, was pointing something out to the general; the general looked through the telescope.
- Well, it is, it is, - the general said angrily, lowering the receiver from his eyes and shrugging his shoulders, - it is so, they will start hitting the crossing. And why are they lingering there?
On the other side, the enemy and his battery were visible with a simple eye, from which a milky white smoke appeared. A long-range shot rang out in the wake of the smoke, and it was clear how our troops hurried across the crossing.
Nesvitsky, panting, got up and, smiling, went up to the general.
- Would you like to have a snack for your Excellency? - he said.
- It's not a good thing, - said the general, without answering him, - ours hesitated.
- Shouldn't I go, Your Excellency? - said Nesvitsky.
“Yes, go, please,” the general said, repeating what had already been ordered in detail, “and tell the hussars to cross the last and light the bridge, as I ordered, so that the combustible materials on the bridge still be examined.
“Very well,” answered Nesvitsky.
He called a Cossack with a horse, ordered to remove the purse and flask and easily threw his heavy body onto the saddle.
“Really, I'll stop by the nuns,” he said to the officers, who looked at him with a smile, and drove along the winding path downhill.
- Noot ka, where he will report, captain, stop ka! - said the general, referring to the gunner. - Get rid of boredom.
- Servant to the guns! - commanded the officer.
And a minute later the gunners merrily ran out of the fires and loaded them.
- First! - the command was heard.
The 1st number bounced briskly. Metallically, deafening, the cannon rang, and a grenade whistled over the heads of all of us under the mountain, and, not reaching the enemy far, showed the place of its fall with a smoke and burst.
The faces of the soldiers and officers cheered up at the sound; everyone got up and began to observe the movements, visible, as in the palm of your hand, below our troops and in front - the movements of the approaching enemy. The sun at that very moment completely came out of the clouds, and this beautiful sound of a lonely shot and the glitter of the bright sun merged into one cheerful and cheerful impression.
Two enemy cannonballs had already flown over the bridge, and there was a crush on the bridge. In the middle of the bridge, getting off his horse, pressed by his thick body to the railing, stood Prince Nesvitsky.
He, laughing, looked back at his Cossack, who, with two horses in the bit, stood a few steps behind him.
As soon as Prince Nesvitsky wanted to move forward, again the soldiers and carts pressed on him and again pressed him to the railing, and he had no choice but to smile.
- What you, brother, my! - said the Cossack to the Furshtat soldier with a wagon, who was pressing on the infantry crowded with wheels and horses, - what are you! No, to wait: you see, the general must pass.
But the furshtat, not paying attention to the name of the general, shouted at the soldiers who blocked his way: - Hey! fellow countrywomen! keep left, wait! - But the countrywomen, hugging shoulder to shoulder, clinging with bayonets and without interruption, moved across the bridge in one continuous mass. Looking down over the railing, Prince Nesvitsky saw fast, noisy, low waves of Ens, which, merging, rippling and bending around the piles of the bridge, overtook one another. Looking at the bridge, he saw the equally monotonous living waves of soldiers, kutases, shako with covers, knapsacks, bayonets, long guns and from under shako faces with wide cheekbones, sunken cheeks and carefree tired expressions and moving legs along the sticky mud drawn on the bridge boards ... Sometimes between the monotonous waves of soldiers, like a splash of white foam in the waves of Ens, an officer in a cloak squeezed between the soldiers, with his physiognomy different from the soldiers; sometimes, like a splinter winding along a river, a foot hussar, a batman or a resident was carried away across the bridge by waves of infantry; sometimes, like a log floating on a river, surrounded on all sides, a company or officer's carriage, laid to the top and covered with leather, sailed across the bridge.
“See, they burst like a dam,” the Cossack said, hopelessly stopping. - How many of you are still there?
- Melion without one! - a cheerful soldier walking close by in a torn greatcoat said with a wink and was hiding; another old soldier walked behind him.
- How he (he is - the enemy) will begin to fry taperich across the bridge, - said the gloomy old soldier, turning to his comrade, - you will forget to scratch.
And the soldier passed by. Another soldier followed him in a cart.
- Where, the devil, did you stuff the rolls? Said the orderly, running after the cart and groping in the rear.
And this one passed with a cart. This was followed by cheerful and, apparently, drunk soldiers.
“How can he, my dear man, blaze his butt in the very teeth…” one soldier in a high-tucked greatcoat said happily, waving his hand widely.
- That is it, that sweet ham. - answered the other with a laugh.
And they passed, so that Nesvitsky did not recognize who had been hit in the teeth and what the ham belonged to.
- Ek are in a hurry that he let the cold one, you think so, they will kill everyone. Said the non-commissioned officer angrily and reproachfully.
- As it flies past me, uncle, the core is, - said, barely holding back from laughing, with a huge mouth, a young soldier, - I just died. Really, by God, I was so frightened, trouble! Said the soldier, as if bragging that he was frightened. And this one passed. He was followed by a wagon unlike any that had passed so far. It was a steam-powered German foreskin, which seemed to be loaded with a whole house; behind the foreskin, which the German was carrying, was tied to a beautiful, motley, with a huge udder, cow. On the featherbeds sat a woman with a baby, an old woman, and a young, crimson-faced, healthy German girl. Apparently, these evicted residents were allowed through by special permission. The eyes of all the soldiers turned to the women, and as the carriage passed, moving step by step, and all the soldiers' remarks referred to only two women. On all faces there was almost the same smile of obscene thoughts about this woman.
- Look, the sausage is also removed!
“Sell your mother,” another soldier said, striking on the last syllable, addressing the German, who, with his eyes downcast, walked angrily and frightenedly with a wide step.
- Ek got away like! Then the devils!
“I wish you could stand by them, Fedotov.
- We did, brother!
- Where are you going? Asked the infantry officer, who was eating an apple, also half smiling and looking at the beautiful girl.
The German closed his eyes and showed that he did not understand.
“If you want, take it for yourself,” the officer said, giving the girl an apple. The girl smiled and took it. Nesvitsky, like everyone else on the bridge, did not take his eyes off the women until they passed. When they passed, the same soldiers were walking again, with the same conversations, and finally everyone stopped. As is often the case, at the exit of the bridge, the horses in the company carriage were huddled, and the whole crowd had to wait.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Swedes | |
| Modern self-name | svenskar |
|---|---|
| Abundance and area | |
| Total: 15 million people | |
| Archaeological culture | Public |
| Language | swedish |
| Religion | lutheranism |
| Included in | scandinavians |
| Related peoples | Norwegians, Danes |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Origin | Gyotes, Svei, Dan |
The state of the Swedes was formed on the basis of unification at the turn of the 1st-2nd millennia AD. e. Gets and Svei (main groups of tribes). From the name of the last tribal group came the Russian name of the country - Sweden. By religion, most Swedes are Lutherans.
Old Russian name of the XV-XVI centuries. - Sveiskie Germans.
Language
Swedish belongs to the Germanic group (Scandinavian subgroup) of Indo-European languages. It is closest to Danish and Norwegian. There are groups of Central Swedish, Jets and Norlan in Sweden, Gutni on about. Gotland, Eastern Swedish in Finland.
Ethnic history
In the ethnogenesis of the Swedes, the main role was played by the Gyots (Yots) and the Sves. A variant of the pronunciation of the term "yot" is "yut", the name of the ancestors of modern Danes. Svei, according to one version, is interpreted as “ours”. Hence the ethnonym "Swedes" and the name of Sweden, originally Sverige. Finns and Sami also took part in the ethnogenesis of the Swedes. The oldest written monuments of the Swedes date back to the 9th century. In the XI-XII centuries. the consolidation of the nation began with the formation of the state. During the Viking Age (IX-XI centuries), the ancestors of the Swedes made campaigns to Finland and Russia, up to Constantinople
In the XIV-XV centuries. Sweden was part of the union along with Norway and Denmark (under the rule of Denmark).
Folk costume for men is a linen shirt with a standing collar, a woolen jacket with two rows of buttons, a cloth or suede vest, knee-length pants, stockings, a hat. Festive clothing is decorated with lace and embroidery. Women wear white canvas shirts with long sleeves, linen blouses embroidered on the chest and on the collar, bodices, skirts with an apron, shoulder scarves, belts with pockets. From shoes - shoes.
Traditional holiday dishes are rice porridge with raisins, fried goose, apple pie, sweet beer, smoked meats, biscuits. The peasants bake loaves from rye flour, cakes from rye or barley flour.
Holidays
- January 7 - Feast of the Three Kings (Epiphany).
- January 13 - Knut Day. On this day, Christmas trees are taken apart in the country, and candies from the bags that decorated the New Year's beauty are distributed to children. All New Year's festivities also end on this day.
- April 30 - Walpurgis Night. The people of the country are celebrating the coming of spring. Thousands of people go out into the streets, kindle fires, dance in circles and listen to funny songs performed by choirs (most often male).
- Midsummer - (Summer Solstice) - Ivan Kupala in Sweden. Traditionally, on the evening before, girls collect seven different types of flowers in the field and put them under the pillow, then the betrothed will dream.
- December 13 - Saint Lucia Day. Traditionally, children prepare a festive breakfast for their parents - cookies and hot chocolate, dressed in smart costumes: boys - a stargazer's suit, and girls - a white dress. It is also customary to visit teachers on this day in the morning.
- Christmas night - Swedish Santa Claus brings gifts late at night, because before opening them, you need to devote a lot of time to feasting and communication. The Christmas table is a gourmet paradise. The main dish of the Christmas table is Christmas ham in a grilled sauce that includes mustard and bread crumbs.
National dishes of Sweden - rice porridge with raisins, fried goose, smoked meats, sweet beer, cookies, apple cake.