Lesson topic: "The inner world of the Russian hut."
(Grade 5 Program of B.M. Nemensky)
Lesson type: combined(a lesson in new knowledge and practical work)
The purpose of the lesson:
To form in students figurative ideas about the organization, the wise arrangement of the inner space of the hut and decor by a person.
Introduce the concept of interior, its features in a peasant dwelling; to form the concept of spiritual and material.
Tasks:
Educational:
Continue acquainting students with the living conditions of peasants, emphasizing that they have remained almost unchanged over the centuries.
Pay attention to the richness of traditions and customs associated with the world of the peasant hut.
To involve students in the search for antiques, the design of the exhibition, the collection of proverbs and sayings on the topic of the lesson, which contributes to increasing interest in the subject and the development of students' creative abilities.
Emphasize the originality, talent of the Russian people, its simplicity and deep spirituality.
Developing:
Enhance cognitive interest in history.
Develop children's horizons, memory, students' attention, thinking, the ability to analyze.
To summarize, graphic skills associated with housing charting, imagination and fantasy.
Educational:
To instill in students an interest in the historical past of the Motherland.
To educate an aesthetic and artistic taste in the process of perceiving educational material.
Visual range: presentation on the topic of the lesson, illustrations for Russian fairy tales, epics,
drawings of an empty room.
Musical row: folk songs.
Equipment and materials: brushes, paints, a jar for water, pencils, A4 sheets, PC, projector, screen.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment. (2 minutes)
Teacher:
My friends, I am very glad
Enter your friendly class
And for me there is already a reward
Attention of your clever eyes,
I know everyone in the class is a genius
But without labor, talent is not for the future,
Let's pick up brushes, paints
And together we will compose a lesson.
Today we have guests from the schools of the Vygonichi district at an after-school lesson. In the Vygoniichi region there are many villages and villages with their own history and facades of old houses, which are preserved to this day in their original form.
All this is the history and cultural heritage of our Motherland, which we must protect and preserve, otherwise we will not have a past, and the people who do not know their history and traditions have no future.
2. Updating basic knowledge. (5 minutes)
SLIDE number 1
Teacher:
Russian hut ... This is not the first time we met her in our lessons and extracurricular activities, and again we turn to her image.
What does the concept of a village or a wooden house mean to you?
(A rural, wooden house is the cradle of peasant Russia. A person, feeling himself unprotected from cosmic forces and elements, strove to create his own world, his home - kind and comfortable. Your microcosm, small universe.)
Teacher:
Guys, let's remember what the construction of a country house is like ?? (The pediment of the hut is the forehead, the front part of the facade is the face, the middle beam on the ceiling is the mattress - the Milky Way, the floor is the ground, the windows are the eyes.)
What model of the world does it represent? What did the hut personify? (The combination of three cosmic elements - heaven, earth and the underworld.)
How was the Russian hut built? What tool?
(It is a pity that few ancient wooden structures have survived to this day. Some of them were destroyed by fires in the dashing years, others did not spare time. But we still know that our ancestors built their houses with the help of one ax. There is not a single nail in such a building. After all, nails rust, and with them the wood also deteriorates.)
Teacher:
Well done boys,
Are we all around the hut !?
What do you think, if we go into the hut, what will we be able to talk about and what new things will we learn?
"The inner world of a peasant hut"
Today in the lesson we will continue our acquaintance with the inner world of the Russian hut, its interior and decoration, we will consolidate the knowledge about the organization and wise arrangement of the inner space of the hut by a person.
And for this, magic words are needed - I summarize everything you just said about the hut in verses:
| In their native land And protected from evil. | What did the master cut The door opened slightly Here the hut opened to us. |
Teacher:
In the hut there is the same order that is observed in nature, everything is harmonious and perfect.
Let's find out what was in the Russian hut.
Entering the hut we will see under the ceiling FOLLOWS(shelves), peasant utensils were located on them: dishes, baskets, baskets. The dishes were usually wooden or earthenware.
SLIDE number 6
For newborns, an elegant hut was hung from the ceiling LYULKU... The cradle was fixed on a flexible pole to the mat.
SLIDE number 7
Floor - earth - covered WOMEN HANDS- tracks.
SLIDE NO.
To illuminate the hut in the evening, they used LUCINA, which was put in LIGHT.
SLIDE NO.
In a peasant house BAKE was - a nurse, protector from the cold, a healer from diseases. It is no coincidence that baking is a common character often found in Russian fairy tales.
What fairy tales do you know about the oven?
“What is in the oven - all swords on the table ”- says the Russian proverb. The stove serves not only for heating the home, but also for cooking. On it you can dry food for future use - mushrooms, for example (or you can dry felt boots after a winter walk). On the stove it was possible “Warm the bones”For the elderly - for this she was equipped with a couch. At the bottom of the stove, you can see a recess for storing firewood. It was believed that a brownie lived behind the stove - the keeper of the hearth. During the matchmaking, the bride was traditionally hidden behind the stove. The Russian stove is a home, a place surrounded by reverence for the entire peasant family: it is a source of existence and prosperity.
The stove is a clean place, you cannot spit on the stove and burn garbage in it. The guest who entered the hut, first of all, leaned his palms against the stove, thus giving honor to the hostess of the house and asking the brownie for favors.
Near the mouth of the furnace, there are iron grips on - the hood, with which they put in the furnace and take out the cast iron from the furnace. And also nearby is a poker and a shovel for baking bread. The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to the warmth of the soul ”.
There was no ceiling in the hut where the stove was fired "in black": the smoke came out of the window under the very roof. Such peasant huts were called smoked. Only the rich had a stove with a chimney and a hut with a ceiling. Why is that? In the smoky hut, all the walls were black and smoked. It turns out that such smoky walls do not rot longer, the hut could serve for a hundred years, and the stove without a chimney "ate" less firewood.
"Having guessed the peasant, he put a hut on the stove"
Wishing to convey his state of mind, the person said: “As if warmed up by the stove. "Where is the coziest place in the house? On the stove:"Don't feed with bread, just don't drive it from the oven."They swore by the oven in the veracity of their words:"If I'm lying, so God forbid at least choke on the stove."They say about a person who does not understand anything about the events:"Like I fell off the stove."
SLIDE
Before us on the left RED CORNER hut. The spiritual center of the house. Spiritual - from the word “soul”. It also happens to the right, it all depends on which corner the stove was in at the entrance - the red corner was located diagonally from the stove.
Why is this corner called red? Do not know ?
What does the word red mean? Red means beautiful, in charge. Illuminated the dawn in the morning.
Initially, houses were built so that this corner of the house was directed towardssoutheast... With the east united the idea of paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope; to the east they turned with prayers, spells, conspiracies.
Icon always hung with the face to the east, where the sun rises - the embodiment of kindness. This rule was followed by everyone: be it a peasant hut, royal chambers or merchant mansions. In case of any misfortune or fire, the icon was taken out of the hut first.
All significant events in family life were noted in the red corner. A table was set here, at which both everyday meals and festive feasts and rituals were held.
GAME BOYAR
SLIDE NO.
One of the material objects was TABLE... They treated the table with respect and called it “God's palm,” which is why it was impossible for children to hit the table or climb on it. Along the walls were wide STORES. Benches differed from benches in that the benches were firmly attached to the walls, and the benches could be freely moved from place to place.
SLIDE number 12
WOMEN'S CORNER
Who spent the most time at the stove?
The corner opposite the stove was called so - woman's kut, female corner. Here the hostess, closer to the stove, cooked food, there was a cupboard for storing kitchen utensils - dishware.
Therefore, the part where the oven stood was called the female half. The hostesses were spinning and doing needlework there.
SLIDE №13
MEN'S CORNER
A shop was arranged from the door to the side wall. KONIK where men were engaged in household work. The vertical plaque often depicted a horse, hence the name. This place was the male half.
Peasant goods were kept under the bench. And on the wall hung a horse harness, clothes and accessories for work. There was one more thing on the male side ... It simultaneously served as a shop, and a bed, and a storage of things.
Guess what this is about?
SLIDE number 14
Of course it is BOX... Over time, he replaced the bunks. There was a large chest in the corner for storing clothes. Caskets and chests were made to store jewelry. The chests came in different sizes. Small chests not intended for sitting were calledchests . Large chests were upholstered with iron strips for strength, and they often made a bracket for the lock. They were decorated with carvings, forged metal patterns and drawings. And they kept things and jewelry in chests.
5. Summing up.
Teacher:
Today you will get acquainted with the interior of a peasant hut.
To continue we have to find out what is INTERIOR? (Discussion of the word by childrenINTERIOR is the interior view of the room, its decoration.)
6.Practical work. (15 min)
(Safety instructions for working with scissors)
See, we opened our jaws -
You can put paper in it,
Paper in our mouth
Divided into parts.
Work in groups. The guys agree that they will draw which item from the interior. After drawing, they are cut out and attached to a previously prepared drawing of an empty room. (music sounds in the background)
7. Reflection on the results of the lesson.(5 minutes)
Demonstration of completed works of children.
- Well done guys, pay attention to what kind of creative work we did.
(Teams receive grades by evaluating each other)
Questions to fix the new topic:
What was considered the main thing in the hut?
The shop that was set up for men?
What was used to store clothes?
How is each piece decorated?
This is our culture, which reflects the character, manners, customs and traditions of our people.
8. Homework:
In continuation of the topic, find information about the objects of folk life
Teacher:
| An ax knocked, chips flew, Then the log lay down to the log, Oakum is like a beard There are a number of portraits on the wall, | The one entering the hut made obeisances, And the oven in the hut was the head, The fire was burning, the stove was buzzing, A dark table, a bench under it, | Peasant labor is never easy: The hut lived a full life: I waited from the war, hut, getting old, Yes, Russia is powerful and united, |
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Slide captions:
The inner world of the Russian hut Completed by: Okhapkina Nadezhda Nikolaevna, art teacher MBOU "Secondary School No. 35" G. Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Region
Russian villages blended wonderfully harmoniously with the surrounding nature. Feeling his home as a particle of nature, where everything is subordinated to order, expediency and beauty, the peasant felt protected and strong, and therefore free.
The peasant perceived his dwelling as a special world. The house had three vertical tiers, reminiscent of the three worlds. The ceiling, attic and roof were like the world above, light, transformed.
The hut reminded of the assimilated, earthly, sanctified world, in which human life proceeded.
The podklet (underground) reminded of the world of evil, evil spirits. It was considered a great punishment if the prankster was locked underground.
The entire porch was decorated with carved openwork valances. Steps led to the porch. The porch is the "open arms" of the house. It connects him with the street, neighbors. "Living in neighbors - being in conversations." Let's go up the porch and open the door.
Entering the hut, willy-nilly, everyone must bow to the owners, or even a bump on the forehead can be stuffed: the door to the hut is low. And the threshold, on the contrary, is high, so that there is less muzzle. The threshold was given special significance: it was considered the border between the inner and outer worlds. They crossed it with prayer and the sign of the cross.
The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with aromas of dry herbs and baked dough. Entering the hut, you immediately pay attention to the stove, it takes up almost half of the hut. The whole life, the whole life of a peasant is connected with the stove. It is not for nothing that it is said: “The oven heats and boils, bakes and fries. She will feed, dry and delight the soul. "
In front of the mouth of the furnace, a pole is well arranged - a wide thick board on which pots and cast iron are placed.
Near the mouth of the furnace there are iron grips at attention, with which they put in the furnace and take out the pots.
There was also a wooden tub of water near the stove.
On the side, the oven was closed with a wall or a box was attached in the form of a cabinet with doors - golbets. Often it was painted with bright colors, birds and animals were depicted on it.
The corner to the right of the stove was called the woman's kut. Here the hostess was in command, everything was adapted for cooking.
Another corner to the left of the stove was called red, that is, beautiful. The red corner was facing southeast. He received the first rays of the sun and, as it were, personified the dawn. Here, on an elegant corner shelf (shrine), icons were installed, an icon lamp burned. A table was set in the red corner, at which the whole family dined. This part of the house was the most honorable. If the host wanted to show a guest special respect, he would invite him to the front corner.
From the door to the side wall, a shop was arranged - a horseman, this was the place of the male half. Here, on autumn and winter evenings, men were doing shoe repairs, making and repairing horse harness.
Under the ceiling, half-boxes with utensils were reinforced, and wooden floorings were arranged near the stove - beds, they slept on. And during gatherings or weddings, children would climb up there and gaze with curiosity at everything that was happening in the hut.
A significant place in the hut was occupied by a wooden weaving mill - cross, on which women weaved. Its individual parts were often decorated with round rosettes - signs of the sun, as well as sculptural images of horses.
For a newborn, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling. Swaying gently, she lulled the baby to the song of the peasant woman.
When dusk descended, they burned a torch. For this, a forged light served.
Rainbow homespun rugs stretched across the floor. They really looked like a road creeping along the ground. Many northern villages have preserved houses with painted interiors. Sometimes it seems that the whole world is contained in an old house: trees and herbs, birds and animals, earthly and heavenly, visible and invisible.
The house resembles a ship on which a family floats and rescues on the restless sea of life, where everyone lives in harmony with each other and in harmony. A simple village hut, and how much wisdom and meaning she has absorbed! The interior of the hut is as high an art as everything that was created by the talented Russian people.
Literature Goryaeva N.A., Ostrovskaya O.V. Arts and Crafts in Human Life: A Textbook on Fine Arts for Grade 5. 2013.
On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The inner world of the Russian hut
Development of a lesson for grade 5 on the topic: "The inner world of the Russian hut." The material is presented in an accessible form for children, the ability to conduct a dialogue. Through the lesson, students are introduced to the basic concepts in ...
Outline of a fine art lesson in grade 5 The inner world of the Russian hut
The outline of the fine arts lesson was drawn up on the basis of the "Decorative and Applied Arts in Human Life" program, the author of BM Nemensky. The lesson is compiled in accordance with the new provisions and requirements ...
Electronic presentation of the 1st quarter fine arts lesson. Topic: "The inner world of the Russian hut"
Electronic presentation of the 1st quarter fine arts lesson. Topic: "The inner world of the Russian hut" ...
The inner world of the Russian hut (Can be used for distance learning).
With verb, purse and bar
The house was built with a carved porch,
With a deliberate peasant taste
And each with its own face
V. Fedotov
In a low light with a casement window
The lamp glows in the twilight of the night:
A weak light will completely freeze,
It will shower the walls with trembling light.
The new light is cleanly tidied up:
The curtain of the window whitens in the dark;
The floor is smoothly stripped; the ceiling is even;
The breakup stove became in a corner.
On the walls - styling with grandfather's goodness,
A narrow bench covered with a carpet
Dyed embroidery hoop with extendable chair
And a carved bed with a colored canopy.
Here there is the same order that is observed in nature, everything is like in nature - harmonious and perfect.
The ceiling is the sky, the floor is the earth, the underground is the underworld, the windows are light.
The ceiling was associated in folk performances with the sky; the matitza (the middle beam carrying the wooden ceiling) personified the Milky Way. Way in the sky.
Under the ceiling there were polavoshniks, on which peasant utensils were located. The dishes were usually wooden or earthenware. And near the stove, a wooden flooring was strengthened - the floor. We slept on the beds.
Almost in every hut there was a loom - red, on which women weaved.
There was not much furniture in the hut, and it did not differ in variety - a table, benches, chests, dish shelves - that's probably all.
For newborns, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling of the hut. The cradle was fixed on a flexible pole to the mat.
The floor symbolized - the earth; homespun rugs - paths sent from the door to the front windows - were a figurative expression of the idea of a path-road.
The underfloor symbolized the lower, underworld.
Window-eye - connection with the big world, white light. The house looked at the world with windows - with eyes, it connected the world of home life with the outside world.
A torch or a kerosene lamp was used to illuminate the hut in the evening. A kerosene lamp was suspended from the ceiling or placed on a table.
A simple peasant house consisted of one large room, conditionally divided into two main centers - spiritual and material.
By the material center, we mean the world of objects intended for our body, health, and well-being. In a peasant house, the source of all this was the FURNACE - a nurse, a protector from the cold, a healer from diseases. It is no coincidence that baking is a common character often found in Russian fairy tales.
“The peasant had a good understanding and put a hut on the stove,” says a Russian proverb. Indeed, the stove is the soul of the peasant house. She is both a nurse and a drinker, and a warmer for the body. There is no hut without a stove. The word "hut" itself comes from the ancient "isba", "source". Initially, the hut was called the heated part of the house. The location of the stove determined the layout of the hut. It was usually placed in the corner to the right or left of the entrance. The corner opposite the mouth of the furnace was considered the hostess's workplace. Everything here was adapted for cooking. Next to the stove there are grabs, a poker, shovels with which they put bread in the stove, a wooden tub of water, there are cast iron pots, pots and other kitchen utensils on the shelves. The recess where the fire is burning is closed by a damper. At the bottom of the stove, the baking oven is considered to be the dwelling of a brownie.
In the front corner of the hut there was a red corner. It was the most honorable place - the spiritual center of the house. In the corner, on a shelf, there were icons decorated with a woven or embroidered towel, bunches of dry herbs, and a dining table was next to it. In this part of the hut, important events took place in the life of a peasant family. The most dear guests were seated in the red corner at a table covered with an elegant tablecloth - a table top. A wide bench with a lid was arranged from the door to the side wall. On it, men were usually engaged in chores. Shoes were hemmed, harness and household items were made. Under the ceiling there were polavoshniki, on which peasant utensils were located, and near the stove, the boardwalk was strengthened - the floor. They slept on the beds, and during get-togethers or weddings, children would climb up there and watch with curiosity what was happening or listen to interesting stories from adult family members about how they lived before them. Thus passing from mouth to mouth the history of his family and the events taking place along the way.
All significant events in family life were noted in the red corner. Here, at the table, both everyday meals and festive feasts were held, many calendar rituals took place. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride, her ransom from her bridesmaids and her brother were performed in the red corner; from the red corner of her father’s house they took her to a church wedding, brought her to the groom’s house and also led her to the red corner.
During harvest, the first and last ears of the crop were placed in the red corner. Endowed, according to folk legends, with magical powers, they promised prosperity to the family, home, and the entire household. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to the hut could go to the red corner only at the special invitation of the owners. They tried to keep it clean and decorated it smartly. The very name "red" means "beautiful", "good", "light". He was removed with embroidered towels, popular prints, postcards. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelves near the red corner, the most valuable papers and items were kept.
Everywhere among Russians, the custom was widespread when laying a house to put money under the lower crown in all corners, and a larger coin was placed under the red corner.
In the Russian hut, men usually worked, rested during the day on the male half of the hut, which included a front corner with icons and a bench near the entrance. During the day, women and children were in the women's quarters near the stove. Sleeping places have also been allocated. Old people slept on the floor near the door, on the stove or on the stove, on the golbets; children and single youth - under the shelves or on the shelves. In the warm season, adult married couples spent the night in cages, hallways, in cold weather - on a bench under the beds or on a platform near the stove. Each family member knew his place at the table.
The owner of the house sat under the icons during the family meal. His eldest son was located on the right hand of his father, the second son - on the left, the third - next to his older brother. Children under marriageable age were seated on a bench running from the front corner along the facade.
The women ate while sitting on side benches or stools. It was not supposed to break the once established order in the house unless absolutely necessary. The person who violated them could be severely punished. On weekdays, the hut looked rather modest. There was nothing superfluous in it: the table stood without a tablecloth, the walls were without decorations. On a festive day, the hut was transformed: the table was moved to the middle, covered with a tablecloth, festive utensils, which had previously been stored in crates, were put on the shelves. In a traditional Russian dwelling, shops ran round the walls, starting from the entrance, and served for sitting, sleeping, and storing various household items. Each shop in the hut had its own name.
A simple peasant hut, and how much wisdom and meaning it has absorbed! The interior of the hut is as high an art as everything that was created by the talented Russian people.
- Fine art lesson
- Grade 5
- I quarter
- Topic: "The inner world of the Russian hut"
- Teacher: Zozulya Yulia Andreevna
- g. Krasnoznamensk
- Updating basic knowledge
- - By what principles was the external appearance of the peasant hut decorated?
- - Why did people decorate their homes.
- In a low light with a casement window
- The lamp glows in the twilight of the night:
- A weak light will completely freeze,
- It will shower the walls with trembling light.
- The new light is cleanly tidied up:
- The curtain of the window whitens in the dark;
- The floor is smoothly stripped; the ceiling is even;
- The breakup stove became in a corner.
- On the walls - styling with grandfather's goodness,
- A narrow bench covered with a carpet
- Dyed embroidery hoop with extendable chair
- And a carved bed with a colored canopy.
- L. May
- Under the ceiling there were polavoshniks, on which peasant utensils were located, and near the stove, a wooden flooring was strengthened - shelves.
- Almost every hut had a weaving mill - red. On it women weaved.
- For a newborn, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling of the hut.
- “The stove fed, watered, healed and comforted, babies were sometimes given birth on it, but when a person grew decrepit, it helped to withstand the short death throes and calm down forever. The stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down together with the death of the whole family or home ... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth "
- A simple peasant hut, and how much wisdom and meaning it has absorbed! The interior of the hut is as high an art as everything that was created by the talented Russian people.
- List of used literature:
- Goryaeva N.A. "Decorative and applied art in human life" Moscow "Education" 2006
- Goryaeva N.A. "First steps in the world of art" Moscow "Enlightenment" 1991
- Goryaeva N.A. "Methodological guide to the textbook" Moscow "Education" 2003
- Nemensky B.M. "Art around us" Moscow "Education" 2004
- Nemensky B.M. “Fine arts and artistic work. Program "Moscow" Education "2005
- www.google.ru ( Museum-reserve of wooden architecture. Kizhi.)
- Thank you for the attention!
INNER WORLD
RUSSIAN ISSUE
1 ... What material were huts built in Russia?
1 ... What material were used to build houses in Russia?
2. What was the name of the part of the peasant house,
made from processed logs?
3.With what symbolic concepts
did the peasants connect different parts of the house?
IZBA - a room heated by a stove
"Having guessed the peasant, he put a hut on the stove"
Goddess
The main decoration of the house was the icon.
The icons were placed on the divine shelf.
In addition to icons, objects consecrated in the church were kept on the shrine: holy water, pussy willow, Easter egg.
FURNACE is the soul of the house,
the main guardian of the family,
family hearth.
OVEN - dwelling
brownie.
SIXTOK is a wide, thick board on which
housed pots, cast iron, household utensils
Where to start drawing a Russian hut?
- Determine what you will portray: the female half, the red corner, the male half, the stove ...
- Think over the layout of the drawing.
- Determine where in the picture there will be an image of the floor, ceiling, walls.
Let's get down to the practical part of the lesson, read the assignment carefully.
The sequence of constructing a perspective image of the hut
For your hands-on work, refer to the test on the slide. In the first lesson on this topic, you must perform a linear construction of the hut drawing and start the arrangement of household items in the schedule.
Red corner
table
bench
The hut is not red in the corners,
and red with pies!
The presentation was prepared according to the program of B.M. Nemensky for the art lesson in grade 5 on the theme "The inner world of the Russian hut".