The word "Kalmyks" comes from
Turkic language. Literally it
means "remainder". Central
Asia is considered their homeland
ancestors - Western Mongols,
who were engaged in breeding
cattle and wandered across the steppe in
searching for better pastures.
The history of the people dates back to the end of the XVI - beginning of the XVII
century, when the separated part of the Oirat tribe
moved to the lands of the lower Volga, to
territory of the modern Republic of Kalmykia, where
they became part of the Russian Empire. Kalmyks –
born riders and successful warriors.
Currently their number is about
200 thousand.
The basis of traditional economics
was nomadic cattle breeding
(dominated by sheep, horses,
cattle, goats,
camels). In the middle of the 19th century with
the emergence of stationary
villages began to raise pigs.
Kalmyks who settled in the coastal regions of the Volga and Caspian Sea
were engaged in fishing. Rye was sown on the lands of Kalmykia,
wheat, millet, buckwheat, oats, industrial crops (mustard,
tobacco, flax). Gardening appeared in the mid-19th century, and from the beginning of the 20th
centuries - melon growing and gardening, then flood rice sowing.
The basis
modern
farms
grazing
cattle breeding combined with commercial fishing,
agriculture
And
industry
By
processing
agricultural products. The traditional settlement had a circular layout - the most
convenient from the point of view of defense for a nomadic lifestyle. To the center
circle, cattle were driven in for the night, property was stored there, and
public gatherings.
By the time they came to Russia, the Kalmyks retained the organization,
uniting several families. They settled in khotons - family-related settlements. Married children set up their tents
not far from my father's tent.
Since the beginning of the 19th century, stationary settlements with linear
layout.
Traditional home
Knownthree
type
traditional
dwellings:
wagon,
dugout
And
semi-dugout.
Kibitka
This
yurt
Mongolian
sample.
Initially
she
was installed
on
4-wheeled cart and so on
moved
in
time
migrations.
Co
time
the cart disappeared, but the term
The "kibitka" has been preserved.
Dugouts and half-dugouts of the poor people's dwellings, with walls
from raw or chopped
turf bricks, clay
or turf roof.
Housing
INlate 19th century
wealthy and noble
Kalmykov
appeared
Russian type buildings:
wooden
V
Caspian regions,
brick - in the western ones.
IN
modern
villages
Kalmykia
prevail
typical
two-three-apartment houses. For
workers' settlements more
typical 2- and 3-story
houses with 4 - 12 apartments. IN
cities
typical
multi-story houses.
Religion
In the 13th century, Kalmyks became acquainted with Buddhism. At 16century, its northern branch - Lamaism became national
religion of the Kalmyks. Kalmyk Lamaists
maintained direct contact with Tibet, where
The top hierarch of the school is the Dalai Lama. Kalmyks,
who from the end of the 17th century began to settle in the Don, Ural,
Ukraine accepted Orthodoxy.
In relation to the Lamaist clergy, the royal
the government pursued a policy of limiting it
numbers, and also organized repressions
against the persistence of various folk
beliefs: shamanism, fetishism, fire cult and
hearth.
Religion
By 1917 in Kalmykia92 khuruls operated
(monastery, temple). TO
1943 when it started
deportation of Kalmyks,
there was none. WITH
late 80s of the 20th century
revival has begun
Buddhist community.
Gradually disappears from
treatment term
"Lamaism", replaceable
"Buddhism".
Simultaneously
are being reborn
national
Tsagalgan holidays,
Uryus Sar Religion Crafts
Developed artistic crafts - embroidery
(special multi-color seams on women's clothing),
metal processing (chasing and engraving
metal parts of the saddle, bridle, cases and
handles of knives, smoking pipes, butts
guns, bracelets, earrings), leather embossing, carving
woodworking (furniture, architectural details of houses
noble Kalmyks).
Traditional food
The basis of nutrition is meat andmilk.
Meat dishes: broth with
meat, seasoned
raw onions;
meat baked in
sealed container (in
past - carcass,
baked for
days without access to air
a hole covered with earth,
where they bred
fire); noodles with meat and
onions; dumplings; finely
chopped innards
ram.
Dairy products - cheese,
cottage cheese, sour cream, butter,
foam, mare's kumiss
milk, milk kvass and
sour drink from
cow's milk.
Everyday drink - tea (jomba) with
milk, butter, salt and spices, from
of which nutmeg was especially valued
nut.
Folk cuisine
Flour products - unleavened flatbreads,pieces cooked in lamb fat
dough (wrestlers), later borrowed from Russians and
Ukrainians have pancakes and bagels.
Wrestlers are, perhaps, the most
favorite delicacy of Kalmyks. This
symbol of celebration, fun and hope
for a prosperous future. In old times
wrestlers were trained only for big
holidays, give them as a gift
presented to the guests. In ordinary
days we could indulge in wrestlers
Only the rich can afford it. All
because wheat flour is the main ingredient of the dough for
wrestlers - in those days it was very expensive
expensive and was one of the most
unavailable goods.
Traditional cuisine
Kalmyks make vodka - araku Men's clothing - fitted caftan, shirt, pants,soft leather boots with felt stocking liner
for winter and canvas foot wraps for summer.
Women's clothing - a long dress up to the toes with a sleeveless vest, under
They are wearing a long shirt and pants, boots.
Particular importance was attached to women's embroidered and
men's stacked metal belts that served
an indicator of the nobility and wealth of their owners.
Folk costume
Various hatsmen and women depending on
season, family wealth, etc.
Ceremonial headdress with red
silk brush (hence the nickname
Kalmyks among neighboring peoples
"red-tissue").
Women's jewelry - earrings,
hairpins, hairpins, gold rings,
silver, bones, precious and
semiprecious stones; for men, an earring in the left ear, a ring on
ring finger, bracelet,
playing the role of an amulet.
Traditional hairstyle for men
women have braids: men and girls have one, women have two.
Holidays: New Year
Zula – New Year- This
oldest
holiday for him
there are
more than 6 centuries.
Celebrate it in
winter day
solstice (22
December) when
length
day
increases.
In Kalmyk
"Zulu" - lamp
or lamp.
Lights are lit everywhere on this day - in churches,
houses, on the streets. It was believed that the stronger
there will be a flame, the more energy will go away
to the sun. And that means it will heat up more. IN
in temples they told fortunes using lit torches - on
good year. Left on sacrificial stones
gifts to Buddhist deities.
Holidays: Tsagan Sar
In the beginning of MarchTsagan Sar is celebrated
(white month). All around
are heard
congratulations on
the end of the cold
and hungry times.
Preparations are underway for
relocation to new
pastures are waiting
livestock offspring.
Seniors accept
food from the younger ones. IN
ancient people
gathered near the temple
and waited for the dawn. General
prayer was performed
as soon as the first rays
the sun will break through
heavenly surface.
Offerings were made.
General prayer was performed as soon as
The first rays of the sun will break through the surface of the sky.
Offerings were made.
Summer holiday
The unity of land and water is celebrated by the people in Juneon the full moon. The deities were appeased with abundant
offerings to bring grass to new pastures
was juicy and rich, the cattle were well-fed and healthy, and
This means that the people were happy and prosperous.
A ritual was performed: all the cattle were gathered, and the owner
sprinkled milk and kumiss on their heads.
Tulip Festival
This holiday canbe called the youngest.
Introduced it in the early 90s
young president
republics. Noted
holiday on the second
Sunday in April when
the entire territory of Kalmykia
covered with colorful
a blanket of tulips. And the ensemble “Tulip”, which
On this day, all youth introduced the whole world to the beauty
walks, there is a performance and a variety of folk
dance
Kalmyk dance, gives
teams.
performance at open
city sites.
Epic
By the beginning of the 18th century,appear first
mentions of
epic folk
creativity
Kalmyks. Main
monuments of this
creativity
came the epic
"Dzhangar"
reflected in itself
historical
life events
people, and a song about
how
Mongolian Ubashihun Taiji fought with
Oirat tribes in
1587.
The folk poem "Dzhangar" contains
several thousand verses combined into
independent songs. They sing of the heroes' battle with
foreign enemies for freedom and independence
people. The feat of the heroes of this epic is
protection of the country of Bumba - an illusory place where
always a peaceful sky, a sea of happiness and peace.
Epic
Another monument of the folk epic is “The Tale of Gesar”. In himthe struggle for justice is also glorified.
Kalmyk symbols: lotus
Those lucky ones who at leastseen once in my life
lotus blossom (badm,
badm tsetsg) will hardly be forgotten
this is indescribable
spectacle. Beautiful tender
the flowers of this plant are like
as if floating above the surface
water. Petals and leaves
covered with the finest
waxy coating,
which shimmers
mother of pearl, and drops of water
they sparkle like
gems.
Kalmyks are the only Mongol-speaking people in Europe who profess Buddhism and are a representative of the nomadic culture. Central Asia is considered their homeland, their ancestors are Western Mongols, who raised livestock and roamed the steppe in search of better pastures.
The history of the people dates back to the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, when the separated part of the Oirat tribe moved to the lands of the lower Volga, to the territory of the modern Republic of Kalmykia, where they became part of the Russian Empire. Kalmyks are born horsemen and successful warriors.
Currently their number is about 200 thousand.
Culture and life of the people of Kalmykia
Spiritual culture was formed for centuries under the common Mongolian and Oirat traditions, and then it was influenced and introduced new features by strengthening ties with other nationalities of Russia. Thus, ancient traditions, enriched by the influence of historical transformations, have become the core of modern culture.
By the beginning of the 18th century, thanks to researchers, the first mentions of the epic folk art of the Kalmyks appeared. The main monuments of this creativity were the epic “Dzhangar”, which reflected historical events in the life of the people, and the song about how the Mongolian Ubashi Khun Taiji fought with the Oirat tribes in 1587. According to the plan, it stands next to the song “About the exploits of the hero Sanala” and represents one of the verses of “Dzhangara”.
(Kalmyks in traditional clothes)
According to the recognition of the Russian orientalist and Mongolian B. Ya. Vladimirtsov, it expresses the national spirit, aspirations, hopes and expectations of the people. The real world, everyday life is shown, but presented as an ideal. That is why it is a folk poem.
"Dzhangar" contains several thousand poems combined into independent songs. They glorify the battle of heroes with foreign enemies for the freedom and independence of the people. The feat of the heroes of this epic is to protect the country of Bumba - an illusory place where there is always a peaceful sky, a sea of happiness and peace.
Another monument of the folk epic is “The Tale of Gesar”. It also glorifies the struggle for justice.
(Yurt)
The people have always glorified the ordinary person in their oral epic as unusually brave, resourceful and infinitely kind. On the other hand, the greed of secular rulers, feudal lords and representatives of the clergy who steal from their own people is ridiculed. They are presented in an absurd, comic form. And a simple person with worldly wisdom is always ready to speak out against the tyranny of the oppressors, defending those who are poor and disadvantaged. And victory will always be his.
Customs and holidays of Kalmyks
New Year
Zul - (originally the 25th day of the month of Cow) in its modern form, which became the New Year - is an ancient holiday, so beloved by the people. It dates back more than 6 centuries. It is celebrated on the day of the winter solstice (December 22), when the length of the day increases. In Kalmyk “zul” is a lamp or lamp. Lights are lit everywhere on this day - in churches, houses, on the streets. It was believed that the stronger the flame, the more energy would be released to the sun. And that means it will heat up more. In the temples they used to tell fortunes using lit torches - for a successful year. Gifts to Buddhist deities were left on sacrificial stones.
The coming of spring
At the beginning of March, Tsagan Sar (white month) is celebrated. Congratulations are heard all around on the end of the cold and hungry time. Preparations are underway for relocation to new pastures, and livestock are awaiting offspring. The elders accept food from the younger ones. In ancient times, people gathered near the temple and waited for the dawn. General prayer was performed as soon as the first rays of the sun broke through the heavenly surface. Offerings were made.
The main holiday of summer
The unity of earth and water is celebrated by the people in June on the full moon. The deities were appeased with abundant offerings so that the grass on the new pastures would be lush and rich, the livestock would be well-fed and healthy, and therefore the people would be happy and prosperous. A ritual was performed: all the cattle gathered, and the owner sprinkled milk and kumis on their heads.
Tulip Festival
This holiday can be called the youngest. It was introduced in the early 90s by the president of the young republic. The holiday is celebrated on the second Sunday of April, when the entire territory of Kalmykia is covered with a multi-colored blanket of tulips. On this day, all the young people walk, dance groups perform. And the “Tulip” ensemble, which introduced the whole world to the beauty and diversity of Kalmyk folk dance, gives performances in open areas of the city.
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Presentation on the topic: Kalmykia
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The Republic of Kalmykia is a republic that is part of the Russian Federation, a subject of the Russian Federation, and is part of the Southern Federal District. The Republic of Kalmykia is a republic that is part of the Russian Federation, a subject of the Russian Federation, and is part of the Southern Federal District. The capital is the city of Elista.
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The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the extreme southeast of the European part of Russia. The length of the territory from north to south is 458 km, from west to east - 423 km. The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the extreme southeast of the European part of Russia. The length of the territory from north to south is 458 km, from west to east - 423 km. The region is located in zones of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts (attractive from a tourism point of view) and occupies a territory with a total area of 75.9 thousand km², which is larger than the territory of such states in Western Europe as Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland and the Netherlands.
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Fauna and flora About 60 species of mammals live on the territory of the republic. About 130 species of birds nest on the water bodies of Kalmykia and more than 50 species are encountered during seasonal migrations. 20 species of reptiles and 3 species of amphibians. Within the republic, 23 species of birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation have been recorded. The only remaining saiga population in Europe lives in Kalmykia and adjacent areas of the Astrakhan region. Currently, the size of the entire Russian saiga population is alarmingly low. According to the 2011 census, the total number of saigas in Kalmykia was only 12,870. The territory of the republic is located in a semi-desert zone, a characteristic feature of which is the completeness of the vegetation cover, manifested in a combination of steppe and desert areas, and is the most treeless region of the Russian Federation.
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Well, now about our blooming capital, Elista. Well, now about our blooming capital, Elista. For some time now it has been popular among tourists. Most of them stop by on their way to the Black Sea or come specifically to the Buddhist republic.
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"SEVEN DAYS" Pagoda Let's start "our path" with the first image - the "Seven Days" Pagoda. The "Seven Days" Pagoda is located in the central square of the city of Elista. The fifteen-meter pagoda was opened in the city in 2005, on the day of the national Kalmyk holiday Zul. The pagoda got its name due to its seven tiers, symbolizing the seven days of the week. Tibetan lamas from the Indian Gyudmed monastery were involved in the construction of the pagoda. In the very center there is a copper prayer drum, about 2 meters high, covered with gold leaf. It is designed to give harmony and peace to the residents of the city. It contains 75 million mantras. According to the Buddhist tradition, one rotation of the drum with pure thoughts is equivalent to reading all these mantras. The pagoda is surrounded by small fountains. In general, this building gives a special oriental flavor to the main city square.
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Golden Abode of Buddha Shakyamuni “Golden Abode of Buddha Shakyamuni” is the largest Buddhist temple in the Republic of Kalmykia, one of the largest Buddhist temples in Europe. Located in the center of Elista on Yuri Klykov Street. Consecrated on December 27, 2005.
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The khurul building is 56 meters high and houses the largest twelve-meter Buddha statue in Russia and Europe. The khurul building is 56 meters high and houses the largest twelve-meter Buddha statue in Russia and Europe.
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Khurul consists of 7 levels. On the first floor there is a library, a museum and a conference room. The second level is a prayer hall (dugan) with a 12-meter statue of Buddha Shakyamuni. Inside the statue are sacred objects - mantras, incense, jewelry, handfuls of earth from all regions of the republic, plants and grains growing in Kalmykia. The statue itself is covered with gold leaf and encrusted with diamonds. On the third level there are individual reception rooms, where monks, a Tibetan medicine doctor and astrologers receive believers. Also at this level is the administration. The fourth level is the residence of the head of the Buddhists of Kalmykia, Telo Tulku Rinpoche, and a small conference hall. On the fifth level is the residence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIV Tenzin Gyatso. On the sixth level there are utility rooms. On the seventh level there is a meditation room, which can only be visited by clergy. Khurul consists of 7 levels. On the first floor there is a library, a museum and a conference room. The second level is a prayer hall (dugan) with a 12-meter statue of Buddha Shakyamuni. Inside the statue are sacred objects - mantras, incense, jewelry, handfuls of earth from all regions of the republic, plants and grains growing in Kalmykia. The statue itself is covered with gold leaf and encrusted with diamonds. On the third level there are individual reception rooms, where monks, a Tibetan medicine doctor and astrologers receive believers. Also at this level is the administration. The fourth level is the residence of the head of the Buddhists of Kalmykia, Telo Tulku Rinpoche, and a small conference hall. On the fifth level is the residence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIV Tenzin Gyatso. On the sixth level there are utility rooms. On the seventh level there is a meditation room, which can only be visited by clergy. Also in accordance with the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, the residence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama is located on the top floor of the temple. It may seem luxurious, but in reality it only testifies to how much people in Kalmykia are waiting for His Holiness the Dalai Lama and dreaming that the Republic of Kalmykia will become his second home. If you go downstairs to the prayer hall, where Kalmyk and Tibetan monks read daily prayers for the well-being of all beings, you will see images of all fourteen incarnations of the Dalai Lama, skillfully painted on its walls in mineral paints and pure gold.
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Along the perimeter of the building of the “Golden Abode of Buddha Shakyamuni” is surrounded by a fence with snow-white stupas alternating every five meters. There are a total of 108 stupas around the khurul. The south gate is the main one. In total, there are four entrances in the temple fence, located in the four cardinal directions. The entire architectural plan of the monastery is in the shape of a mandala. The khurul building is surrounded by 17 pagodas with statues of the great Buddhist teachers of Nalanda Monastery. Along the perimeter of the building of the “Golden Abode of Buddha Shakyamuni” is surrounded by a fence with snow-white stupas alternating every five meters. There are a total of 108 stupas around the khurul. The south gate is the main one. In total, there are four entrances in the temple fence, located in the four cardinal directions. The entire architectural plan of the monastery is in the shape of a mandala. The khurul building is surrounded by 17 pagodas with statues of the great Buddhist teachers of Nalanda Monastery.
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The Buddhist monastery of Geden Sheddup Choy Korling The Buddhist monastery of Geden Sheddup Choy Korling in Elista (Blessed Kalmykia) was built in 1996. (“Holy Abode”) The main architect of the project of this beautiful Buddhist temple was Vladimir Gilyandikov, the main artist was Erdni Nemgirov. The complex consists of two floors and a basement. On the ground floor there is a main hall for 300 people, where services are held. In the main hall, in the altar part, there is a statue of Buddha Shakyamuni. In the altar part there is the throne of His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIV. The walls of the main hall are painted with Buddhist scenes. On the second floor there is a library of Buddhist sacred texts. The administrative services of the Buddhist temple and accounting are located in the basement. Arshansky khurul is what this temple is popularly called.
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Kazan Cathedral named after Sergius of Radonezh Also in our wonderful city is the Kazan Cathedral named after Sergius of Radonezh. This is the main Orthodox church of Kalmykia. Most of the services held in the church are headed by the Bishop of Elista and Kalmyk, His Eminence Zinovy. The cathedral was built in 1996 with the assistance of Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, who was then the head of Kalmykia, on the site of the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross destroyed in the late 30s. Consecrated in 1997 by His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Rus' during his visit to Kalmykia. The altar of the cathedral contains particles of the relics of the holy martyrs Provos, Tarakh and Andronikos (IV century). On the recommendation of Patriarch Alexy II, the parish of the Kazan Cathedral has been the legal successor of the parish of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in the city of Elista since 1995.
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Golden Gate Golden Gate "Altn Bosch" in the city of Elista Kalmykia. They are made in the traditions of Buddhist architecture. Twenty-eight paintings illustrate pages of the history and modern life of Kalmykia. The arch is the main entrance to the headquarters, a symbol of the sacred threshold, a symbol of goodness and prosperity, personifying the beginning, strength and power. Those who pass through the Golden Gate are purified spiritually, enter the high path, the path of virtue - the white road. Wishes are made here to the sound of bells.
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Sculpture Echo Another reason to visit Elista is the three-dimensional sculpture “Echo”. The sights of Elista are of great interest to tourists and guests of Kalmykia. One of the notable monuments is the sculptural composition “Echo”. The figure of a man carefully presses a dombra to his chest, which seems to merge with the body of the musician. The sculpture “Echo” is a symbol of the openness and sincerity of the Kalmyk people, receptivity to the phenomena of the surrounding world. The sculptural composition, almost 4 meters high, was made by sculptor N. Evseeva in 1996. How to get married: There is a long-standing belief that if a girl can fit through the hole in this sculpture, she will soon get married. In this regard, there are often queues for the sculpture.
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Monument to Ostap Bender The monument to Ostap Bender is located in the city on Ostap Bender Avenue. Next to the monument, in a semicircle, there are 12 chairs and tables for a simultaneous chess game. Ostap Bender is the main character of the novels by Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf”, “the great strategist”, “an ideological fighter for banknotes”, who knew “four hundred relatively honest ways of taking away (withdrawing) money.” One of the most popular heroes of a picaresque novel in Russian literature.
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City-Chess City Chess of New Vasyuki City-Chess City of Chess of New Vasyuki was built in blessed Kalmykia in 1998 to host the XXXIII World Chess Olympiad. The idea of creating a chess city in Kalmykia belongs to the famous president of the World Chess Federation FIDE, the first president of Kalmykia, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.
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Lone poplar A lonely poplar growing in the middle of the steppe, not far from Elista. About 200 years ago, a Buddhist monk brought poplar seeds here from Tibet and planted them. Only one tree has survived to this day. The poplar is considered sacred. There is a belief that if you make a wish, walk around a tree and tie a ribbon to it, your wish will definitely come true. Among the Kalmyks, poplar is considered a holy tree; people worship and pray to it. Every year you can see how people of the older generation go to worship the poplar, ask for its protection, pray for rain, for a good harvest, for a well-fed year, leave coins at the foot of the tree, light lamps, tie colored scraps to its branches. Saying a prayer, everyone thanks the sacred tree: “Thank you, poplar, for health, for children, for grandchildren, for livestock.” “Lonely Poplar” is over 100 years old. Tree height - 30-35 m. Trunk: powerful 4.5 m in girth from below, at a distance of 1 m from the ground surface.
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If you come in April... If you happen to visit Kalmykia in the spring, then you will see the beautiful steppe in all its glory, endless steppes covered with colorful carpets of blooming tulips. Flowers are always welcome, they are especially pleasing to the eye in spring. It was from the Kalmyk steppes in the 17th century that merchants traveling along the Great Silk Road first brought tulip bulbs. And today there are more than a hundred species of this plant in the world. Yellow, red and even some unimaginable colors of tulips have become a real decoration of the steppe. Their abundance and colors are breathtaking, say the steppe inhabitants. And everyone considers it their duty at this time to admire the beauty that nature has given us. Tulip blossoms are an amazing natural phenomenon that delights tourists in Kalmykia.
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If you come in August... If you visit our republic in the summer, you will see lotus blossoms. On the rumps - unique places where the Volga flows into the Caspian Sea, from mid-July to mid-August, lotuses bloom in riotous colors among the expanses of water (water lilies of amazingly delicate colors - pink, cream, white). In Russia, the lotus - “buddha flower” grows mainly in Blessed Kalmykia, the Volga delta and the Far East, and in the world - in India, the Nile Delta and Southeast Asia. Muscovites and Europeans, eager for the exotic, pay a lot of money for an excursion to artificial fields of lotuses, these rare flowers, which are significantly inferior to the natural beauty of the lotus in the Volga delta (Kalmykia Europe). The lotus originates only in silt, blooms for only two or three days. It is impossible to rip it off, and it is useless. Lotuses wither very quickly; a freshly picked bud withers literally before our eyes. What's the point of taking their lives before their deadline? The first thing that strikes you when approaching a living, bright carpet of lotus flowers is the amazing aroma of lotuses. Even if your sense of smell is not so perfect, their exquisite scent will involuntarily make you fall into a sweet slumber. The second is the enormous size of lotus flowers.
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Title Title – Republic of Kalmykia. The majority of Kalmyks live in the Republic of Kalmykia - 146.3 thousand people. (45.2% of the population of Kalmykia) according to the 1989 USSR census. There are small groups of Kalmyks in Central Asia and the Caucasus, from the countries of the so-called “far abroad” - in the USA (2 thousand people) and France (1 thousand). people).
Language The Kalmyk language belongs to the Mongolian group of the Altai language family. Dialects: Torgut dialect; Derbet dialect; Buzava dialect (Don Kalmyks); The original Kalmyk writing was created in the 17th century. This writing was created on the basis of the Uyghur-Mongolian script, which the Oirats had used since the 11th century. In 1924, in the USSR, the Oirat script was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, which was replaced by the Latin alphabet in 1930, which was again replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938. These reforms destroyed the continuity of the literary tradition of the Kalmyk people in Russia.
Ethnogenesis As a separate ethnic group, the Kalmyks were formed as a result of the arrival to the beginning. 17th century to the Lower Volga from Western Mongolia, part of the Oirat tribes - Derbets, Torguts, etc. Here they accepted Russian citizenship. Since 1667, a relatively autonomous Kalmyk Khanate existed within Russia. It was liquidated in 1771, when some of the Kalmyks, dissatisfied with the oppression by the Russian administration, left for their historical homeland. In 1920, the Kalmyk Autonomous Okrug was created, which was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1935. In 1943, Kalmyks were deported to the regions of Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan on charges of mass betrayal; more than a third of the people died during the deportation. In 1957-1958 Kalmyks returned to their place of former residence, national statehood was restored. Since 1992, its name has been the Kalmyk Republic–Khalmg Tangch.
Traditional types of economy The basis of the traditional economy of the Kalmyks was nomadic cattle breeding. The herd was dominated by sheep, horses, cows, goats and camels. With the transition to settled life, pig breeding began to be practiced. In the Volga region and the Caspian Sea, fishing played a significant role. Hunting was of no small importance, mainly saigas, but also wolves, foxes and other game. Some groups of Kalmyks have been engaged in agriculture for a long time, but it did not play a significant role. Only with the transition to settled life did his role begin to grow. Crafts were developed, including leather working, felting, wood carving, etc., including artistic ones - leather stamping, embossing and metal engraving, embroidery.
List of used literature Kalmyks // Peoples of Russia: Encyclopedia. M., 1994. - pp. 178-181. Culture and life of the Kalmyks (ethnographic research). Elista, 1977. Peoples of the European part of the USSR. T.II / Peoples of the world: Ethnographic essays. M., 1964.- pp. 742-770. Erdniev U.E. Kalmyks: historical and ethnographic essays. (2nd ed.). Elista, 1980. Kalmyk language and literature // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Todaeva B. X. Kalmyk language // Languages of the peoples of the USSR: In 5 volumes. T. 5. - Leningrad, 1968. Ubushaev N. N. Dialect system of the Kalmyk language. - Elista, 2006.
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