38. Phonetic transcription and its signs. Phonemic transcription.
Transcription - This is a written image of the sounds of the language with the help of special characters, with the aim of accurately transmitting the pronunciation. International transcription is used as the main one. With its help, you can record the sound of any word, regardless of whether it belongs to any language. International Phonetic Alphabet(eng. International Phonetic Alphabet, abbr. IPA; fr. Alphabet phonetique international, abbr. API) - a system of characters for recording transcriptions based on the Latin alphabet. Designed and maintained by the International Phonetic Association MFA, the symbols for the MFA were chosen so that they harmonized with the Latin alphabet. Therefore, most characters are letters of the Latin and Greek alphabets or their modifications. Many British dictionaries, including educational dictionaries, such as Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, now use the international phonetic alphabet to convey the pronunciation of words. However, most American publications (and some British ones) use their own designations, which are considered more intuitive for readers unfamiliar with MFAs. The colon after the sign means that the sound is long and you need to pronounce it a little longer. In the English dictionaries, there are two types of stresses, the main and the secondary, and both are placed in front of the stressed syllable. In transcription, the main emphasis is placed at the top - [... ʹ ...], and secondary below [... ͵ ...]. Both types of stress are used in polysyllabic and compound words. It is also worth mentioning that there are rules under which certain sounds and letters are not pronounced. In transcription, they are placed in parentheses - [.. (..) ..].
2) Phonemic transcription transmits each word according to the composition of phonemes, without reflecting the variations and variations that arise in weak positions. It is used in the recordings of examples and paradigms of grammar, where the structural rather than the pronunciation side of the matter is important. Its principle: each phoneme, regardless of position, is always depicted with the same sign. Phonemic transcription needs a much smaller number of characters than phonetic, since the number of phonemes is always less than the number of options and variations. It is close to those spelling systems that consistently carry out the phonemic principle (for example, Russian), and is far from spelling where the spelling is based on etymological and traditional principles (for example, in French and English spelling).
Of the transcriptions used in the practice of the Soviet Union, most often there is either a system of the International Phonetic Association on a Latin graphic basis (IPA;
in French AIP “Association Internationale Phonetique”, in English IPA “International Phonetic Association”, see table on p. 378-379), or the Russian Phonetic Alphabet (XRF) on the Russian graphic basis (existing in different versions).
During phonetic transcription, the text is divided into speech measures by a vertical line, which is placed at the end of each measure; an indication of the place of emphasis is mandatory ("before the stressed syllable).
In phonemic transcription, stress is not indicated, and transcribed morphemes are hyphenated within words separated by spaces.
Phonetic and phonemic transcription sample:
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I could not dry, because it got wet through. |
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This transcription can be either synthetic (the phoneme as a whole is represented by a letter) or analytical (each phoneme attribute is represented by a separate letter, number or a separate diacritical icon).
Vowels: Consonants:
Monophthongs
see [p] pen
[ɪ] sit [b] bad
[e] ten [t] tea
[æ] hat [d] did
[ɑ:] arm [k] cat
[ɔ] got [g] get
[ɔ:] saw [ʧ] chin
too [ʤ] June
[u] put [f] fall
[ʌ] cup [v] voice
[ə:] fur [θ] thin
[ə] a go [ð] then
Diphthongs [z] zoo
page [ʃ] she
[əu] home [ʒ] vis ion
five [h] how
now [m] man
[ɔɪ] join [n] no
[ɪə] near [ŋ] sing
hair [l] leg
pure [r] red
[j] yes
Trifthongs [w] wet
fire
our
layer
[əuə] mower
[ɔɪə] loyal
UNIT 6
Vowel Positional Longitude
The longitude of the English monophthongs (both short and long) and diphthongs depends on their position in the word. The following cases are most important for practical language learning:
1) the same vowel is longer in the stressed syllable than in the unstressed one;
the same vowel is longer in the final position and before the voiced consonant than before the deaf.
I. Long vowels, [α:], [ɔ:],, [ә:] and diphthongs in an unstressed position become half-long. In transcription, a half-term is denoted by a single dot, for example: [ә "pα: t] apart and partition. Diphthong in the noun ["aυtleı] outlay longer than in a verb.
The duration of the vowel is markedly reduced if it is followed by one or more unstressed syllables, for example: lead, but ["lı · dә] leader; [α: sk] ask, but ["α · skıŋ]; more significant abbreviation: [α: t] art - ["α · tfυl] artful - ["αtfυlı] artfully.
However, if long vowels and diphthongs are followed by a stressed syllable, they have a long longitude, for example: ["bı: f" steık] beefsteak.
II. Three quantitative allophone of long phonemes are traditionally distinguished depending on positional conditions:
lingering - at the end of a word;
semi-prolonged - before voiced consonants and sonants;
abbreviated - before deaf consonants.
see[ı:] - seed [ı∙] - seat [ı]
Short phonemes lengthen before voiced consonants and decline before deaf:
pill [ı∙] – pick [ı]
Note that fluctuations in the longitude of the vowels can cause the boundaries between the traditionally long and short vowels to blur, or even long ones to be shorter than short ones. For example, the vowel in beat may be shorter than short [ı] in bid.
In general, the characteristics of the positional longitude of English vowels can be represented by the following table:
Remember that in all cases, changes in duration are vowels notchange their quality.
sı: - sı: d - sı ∙ t - sıt kα: - kα: d - kα ∙ t - kʌt sә: - sә: v - sә ∙ f hı ∙ z - hı ∙ mmm - hıs
fı: - fı: d - fı ∙ t - fit ko: - kɔ: d - kɔ ∙ t - kɔt se ∙ d - se ∙ lll - set mʌ ∙ d - mʌ ∙ mm - mʌst
bı: - bı: d - bı ∙ t - bit lu: - lu: z - lu ∙ s - lυk lɔ ∙ b - lɔ ∙ lll - lɔs wυ ∙ d - wυ ∙ lll - lυk
wә: k - "wә ∙ kә teık -" teıkıŋ sı: - "sı ∙ ıŋ α: t -" α ∙ tfυl - "αtfυlı
lә: n - "lә ∙ nıŋ fαınd -" fαındıŋ mαunt - "mαuntıŋ α: m -" α ∙ mә - "αmәmәnt
UNIT 7
[ı:] - long intense non-labialized vowel (diphthoid) of the front row of a high rise (closed) narrow variety; long tense unrounded front close (high) diphthongoid of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in the front of the oral cavity, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the middle part of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, and the lips are somewhat stretched. This sound is pronounced as a tapering diphthoid: the middle part of the tongue begins to slide from the position for [ı], then rises to [i] and ends [j].
[ t] - anterior lingual apical-alveolar ocular occlusive explosive deaf (strong) oral consonant; forelingual apical alveolar occlusive plosive voiceless (fortis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, the middle and back of the tongue are omitted. English [t] is stronger than Russian [t] and pronounced with aspiration.
[ d] - anterior lingual apical-alveolar occlusive occlusive (weak) oral consonant; forelingual apical alveolar occlusive plosive voiced (lenis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, the middle and back of the tongue are omitted. English voiced [d] is much weaker than deaf [t]. Unlike Russian [d], English [d] at the end of words is partially stunned.
[ p] - labial labial explosive deaf (strong) oral consonant; bilabial occlusive plosive voiceless (fortis) oral consonant. When pronouncing lips, closing, form a complete barrier. English [p] is pronounced with aspiration. It is characterized by strong articulation, especially at the end of the word.
[ b] - labial labial explosive sonorous (weak) oral consonant; bilabial occlusive plosive voiced (lenis) oral consonant. When pronouncing lips, closing, form a complete barrier. At the end of the words, English [b] is partially stunned.
[ s] - anterior lingual apical alveolar slotted fricative deaf (strong) oral consonant; forelingual apical alveolar constrictive fricative noise voiceless (fortis) oral consonant.
[ z] - anterior lingual apical alveolar slit fricative voiced (weak) oral consonant; forelingual apical alveolar constrictive fricative noise voiced (lenis) oral consonant. When pronouncing [s] and [z], a narrow gap forms between the tip of the tongue and the alveoli, resulting in a strong whistling noise. Unlike the English consonants [s] and [z], Russians [c] and [z] are characterized by dorsal-dental articulation.
[ f] deaf (strong) oral consonant; labiodental constrictive noise fricative voiceless (fortis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the inner surface of the lower lip loosely presses against the upper teeth, forming a gap for the passage of a stream of air. English [f] is stronger than the corresponding Russian consonant, especially at the end of words.
[ v] - labial crevice fricative voiced (weak) oral consonant; labiodental constrictive noise fricative voiced (lenis) oral consonant. It is much shorter and weaker [f]. At the end of words, voiced [v] is partially stunned.
[ m] - labial labial nasal sonant; bilabial occlusive nasal sonorant. When pronouncing, the lips, closing, form a complete barrier, but the soft palate is lowered, and a stream of air passes through the nasal cavity.
[n] - anterior lingual apical alveolar occlusal nasal sonant; forelingual apical- alveolar occlusive nasal sonorant. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, but the soft palate is lowered, and a stream of air passes through the nasal cavity. Russian sound [n] - nasal dorsal-dental sonant.
[h] - slotted fricative pharyngeal (laryngeal) dull consonant; constrictive fricative glottal voiceless consonant. The sound [h] occurs only in front of the vowels and, by ear, is only an exhalation, in which air passes through the larynx without causing vibration of the vocal cords. The gap is wide and the friction noise is weak. When pronouncing Russian [x], the back of the tongue rises high to the soft palate, thereby creating a barrier to a stream of air and a narrower gap.
sı: fı: bı: hı: pı: nı:
sı: d fı: d bı: d hı: d pı: z nı: z
sı: t fı: t bı: t hı: t pı: s nı: s
Note.
Lack of palatalization of consonants in front vowels (in this case.
Aspiration of consonants [p], [t] at the beginning of a word before a vowel.
Strong articulation of deaf consonants and weak, partially stunned articulation of voiced consonants at the end of a word.
Meet. Feel. Feed. Veal. Mean. Heal. Steal.
Ap "peal. Es" teem. In "deed." Seaman. "Frequency.
Re "treave. Re" veal. Ma "chine. Ex" tremes.
“Creature.” Freeman. "Leaflet.
The eagles. The easel. The evening.
The east. The epoch. The easiness.
The emu. The east end. The eaves.
The easterness. The eels. The ease.
"Each" man "took his" kit to the "end of the" quay.
I "wish" Eve could "get them" all to a "gree.
It’s "easier to" speak than to "read.
"How many" people have you in "vited to the" meeting?
We "don’t ex" pect to "leave till this" evening.
I would "like to" see some "tweed, please.
I "feel it my" duty to "speak to his" teacher.
After "reading for only" three "minutes he" fell into a "deep" sleep.
UNIT 8
[ı] - a short, unstressed, non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the anterior high-pitched row of high rise (half-closed) of a wide variety; short lax unrounded front-retracted close (high) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in the front of the oral cavity, the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, but much lower than with the corresponding Russian [and], the tip of the tongue is in the lower teeth, the lips are slightly stretched. To avoid mistakes like Russian [and], the language must be slightly pulled back and the sound cut.
[ k] - posterior lingual velar occlusive explosive deaf (strong) oral consonant; backlingual velar occlusive plosive voiceless (fortis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the back of the tongue touches the soft palate, forming a complete barrier. English [k] is stronger than Russian [k] and pronounced with aspiration.
[ g] - backlingual velar occlusive explosive voiced (weak) oral consonant; backlingual velar occlusive plosive voiced (lenis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the back of the tongue touches the soft palate, forming a complete barrier. English voiced [g] is much weaker than deaf [k]. At the end, not completely stunned.
[ l] - anterior lingual apical alveolar lateral (lateral) slotted sonant; forelingual apical alveolar lateral constrictive sonorant. It is formed by the passage of a jet of air on both sides of the tongue, with the tip of the tongue pressed against the alveoli. Sonant [l] has two main shades depending on the position in the syllable: light coloured (palatalized) shade sounds before vowels. It is formed by raising the middle back of the tongue to the hard palate. Dark the (solid) shade [ł] sounds at the end of words and before consonants. It is formed by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, i.e. Velarization occurs.
[ r] - anterior lingual alveolar cacumin median slit sonant; forelingual post-alveolar cacuminal median constrictive sonorant. Cacuminal (tip) consonants are articulated with the tip of the tongue, which is raised and slightly bent. When pronouncing [r], the tip of the tongue is raised to the posterior slope of the alveoli, and a spoon-shaped cavity forms in the front of the tongue.
[ ŋ ] - posterior lingual nasal sonant; backlingual velar occlusive nasal sonorant. Represents a nasal pair [g]. When pronouncing, the back of the tongue touches the soft palate, the tip of the tongue is pressed to the lower teeth, the mouth is wide open. The sound [ŋ] in English is always pronounced before the letters “k” and “g” in the combinations “ng”, “nk” (for example, so ng , mo nkey ["mʌŋkı]). However, sometimes the combination of“ ng ”between [ŋ] and the vowel is pronounced explosive [g] (for example, jungle [ʤʌŋgl]). The use of the sound combination [ŋg] is subject to the following rules:
1) [ŋg] never occurs at the end of a word, only [ŋ] is used in this position: string;
2) [ŋg] is found only in words of non-verbal origin: finger ["fıŋgə], angry [" æŋgrı], English ["ıŋglıʃ];
3) [ŋg] is used in the formation of a comparative and superlative adjectives ending in “ng”: stronger ["strɔŋgə], longest [" lɔŋgəst].
Assimilation (assimilation) - This is a qualitative assimilation of adjacent consonants. Sounds, connecting inside a word or in a stream of speech at the junction of words, can influence each other, making neighboring sounds more or less similar in their articulation. As a result, various positional variants of consonant phonemes arise. The direction of the assimilation process may be different; varies depending on this progressive (progressive), regressive (regressive) and mutual (reciprocal) assimilation.
At progressiveassimilation of the previous sound affects the next, likening it to yourself. So, in combination with a deaf consonant with a sonant, the latter is muffled. For example, in combinations under the influence of deaf sounds, the sonants [r] are stunned: ["prızn],,, [ʃrıl].
At mutual (double)assimilation of both adjacent sounds affect each other. For example, in combination, the sound [t] stuns the beginning [r], and the sound [r] affects [t], making it alveolar, as cumulative. When opened, the tip of the tongue retains its cull position. First, a narrower passage is formed for the air flow, which turns the beginning of the sonant into a noisy slotted hole, a bit like a sound [ʃ]:, and in the case of c - a sound [ʒ]:.
Lateral burst (lateralplosion) formed if an explosive sound is followed by a lateral sonant [l]:,. The tip of the tongue remains on the alveoli, and at the moment when the edges of the tongue fall, the air slides along the edges of the tongue with a faint noise resembling an explosion. The sonant in such cases becomes syllabic.
ıt ıs ız ın pınnn pıłłł tınnn dınnn bıd tıp rıp sıt - sı: t sık - sı: k fit - fı: t
ıłłł lıp fıłłł tıłłł bıłłł mılk lıst sınnn zıŋk kıŋŋ lıp - lı: p kıl - kı: l lıd - lı: d
"lıkıŋ" klıpıŋ "drıpıŋ" vızıtıŋ "prıntıŋ" fıksıŋ kın - kı: n bıt - bı: t pıl - pı: l
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Vowel positional longitude [ı], [ı:].
Lack of palatalization of consonants before vowels [ı], [ı:].
Apical-alveolar way of speech organs when pronouncing consonants [t], [d], [n].
Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k] at the beginning of a word before a vowel.
Lengthening sonants after short vowels.
Light and dark shades [l] in the corresponding positions.
Mutual assimilation in combination and progressive assimilation in combination.
Ex. 2
sıŋ stıŋ rıŋ sprıŋ kıŋ klıŋ brıŋ sın - sıŋ klıŋ - klıŋk "klıŋıŋ -" klıŋkıŋ
sıŋs stıŋs rıŋs sprıŋs kıŋs klıŋs brıŋs kın - kıŋ stıŋ - stıŋk "stıŋıŋ -" stıŋkıŋ
"sıŋıŋ" stıŋıŋ "rıŋıŋ" sprıŋıŋ "klıŋıŋ" brıŋıŋ pın - pıŋ sıŋ - sıŋk "sıŋıŋ -" sıŋkıŋ
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Do not allow the replacement of the posterolinguistic [не] with the lingual [n].
Avoid intrusion [g] between [ŋ] and the vowel.
Remember that consonants lose aspiration after the consonant [s]: sprıŋ, stıŋ.
Ex. 3
rıp - trıp drı: m - trı: drıp - trıp
rıŋ - sprıŋ "brıtı \u200b\u200bʃ -" prıtı drıll - trıll
rı: d - krı: d grım - krı: m drıb - trık
rı: zn - prızn vrıl - frı: drı: m - trı: t
ıtl lıtl mıdl medl "dedlı setl ketl
ət lı: st ıtl bı: ıt lı: dz strı: t ‘laɪtnıŋ
Note.When working on an exercise, you must remember that in combinations, sounds are pronounced together, you should not tear off the tip of the tongue from the alveoli, there should not be a vowel sound between the sounds.
In "finitive." Immigrant. Impossi "bility. In" scription.
In "difference. In" finity. In "dignity." Institute.
The Indies. The industry. The insects.
The issue. The impulse. The imports.
True insight. Primary interest. Deadly illness.
New issue. Steady income. Lovely image.
Mighty ocean. Filthy abuse. Clumsy effort.
Primary object. Costly operation. Deadly accuracy.
If you "want" this one it’ll "cost you" triple.
He will "get to the" cinema with "six" minutes to "spare.
It is im "possible for him to" get there in "six" minutes.
"Jim" seems "ignorant of" even the "simplest" facts of "English" history.
The "building is situ" ated near a "big" cliff.
"Tim" didn’t "get there in" winter, "did he?
"When you’ve" finished it, "give me a" ring.
It’s "difficult to contra" dict him.
UNIT 9
[e] - a short, unstressed, non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the front row of the middle rise (half-open) of a narrow variety; short lax unrounded front mid-open monophthong of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in the front of the oral cavity, the tip of the tongue is in the lower teeth, the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, the lips are slightly stretched. To avoid mistakes like Russian [e], you should open your mouth less, stretch your lips slightly and move your tongue forward.
end eb eg elm end els "eni" epik beg - bıg bed - bıd - bı: d
men sed bed get net ges felt pebl "pepə den - dın pet - pıt - pɪ: t
"betə" bedıŋ "merı" menı "redı" refərəns ded - dıd ten - tın - tɪ: n
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Vowel positional longitude.
The lack of palatalization of consonants before the vowels [e], [ı] and [ı:].
Ef "fect. E" jection. E "lection. Epi" demic.
E "xecutive. In" tention. Re "ception. De" tection
The editor. The elders. The elements.
The elephant. The emblem. The emperor.
Silly error. Busy editor. Grumpy elder.
Extra effort. Many men. Happy end.
Any reference. Primary element. Dirty entrance.
Military escort. Mighty empire. Ugly episode.
"Edgar" said he’d "wait for her at the" entrance.
"When did you" last "tell your" friend to "send it?
"Is that the" gent who "sent you the" letter?
I "think you’d better" tell the "rest of them.
There’s "plenty of" time to "get it" settled.
You "mustn’t" think "Jeff" read me "everything.
He’s "telling me he" isn’t "ready yet.
"Ed" couldn’t "mend it" very "well.
[æ] - half-long tense non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the front row of low rise (open) wide variety; half-long tense unrounded front open (low) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the mouth is quite wide open, the tongue is in the front of the oral cavity, lies flat in the mouth, the tip of the tongue is in the lower teeth, the corners of the lips are slightly extended to the sides. To avoid mistakes such as Russian [e] and [a], you should open your mouth wider and leave the tip of the tongue pressed to the lower teeth.
Ex. 5
dæd læd sæd lænd stænd æt læs bæd - bed "lætə -" letə bın - ben - bæn
sæd - sæt pæd - pæt "sændı tæn - ten" kætl - "ketl dıd - ded - dæd
æd - æt tæg - tæk "dædı mæn - men" bætə - "betə pın - pen - pæn
æz - æs læb - læp "lædə bæk - bek blænd - blend hıd - hed - hæd
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
The sound [æ] is pronounced lingeringly (longer than short vowels) before voiced consonants and briefly before deaf ones.
Lack of palatalization of consonants before vowels [æ], and [ı].
Lack of aspiration [t] after [s]: stænd.
A "cademy. At" tachment. At "tack. A" nalogy.
Un "natural. A" nalysis. Inter "national." Fantasy.
E "lastic. Re" action. "Gallery. An" tagonism.
The atmosphere. The altitude. The abstract.
The attitude. The antonym. The adjective.
Easy access. Beastly appetite. Silly ass.
Deadly accuracy. Literary amateur. Easy atmosphere.
Lively action. Icy anger. Dusty attic.
Deadly arrow. Filthy alley. Far-away ancestor.
"Barrat" said he’d "wait for" Ann on the "platform.
You can "easily" catch the "last" bus for "Barrow.
Is "that the" man who at "tacked you?
"Baxter’s the" last "man to" want to "sack you.
I’m a "fraid" Jack "didn’t under" stand your "plan.
The "man" put his ‘bag on the" rack.
"Hasn’t" Allen "given you his" racket?
"Jack can" do it "that" way.
UNIT 10
[ ʌ ] - A short, unstressed, non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of a rear forward row of low rise (open) narrow variety; short lax unrounded back-advanced open (low) monophthong of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the mouth is half open, the lips are neutral, the tongue is slightly pulled back. The back of the tongue is slightly raised. In case of an error such as Russian [a], the language should be slightly pushed back.
Ex. 1
pʌn bʌn dʌl tʌn kʌp kʌt dʌst "mʌnı kʌb - kæb
"ʌ∫ ə" ʌglı "ʌlsə" ʌŋkl ʌp "set" hʌnı sʌk - sæk
bʌd - bʌt dʌg - dʌk hʌg - hʌk "dʌstı tʌn - tæn
kʌd - kʌt mʌg - mʌk hʌn - hʌ∫ "fʌnı fʌn - fæn
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Vowel positional longitude.
Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k].
"Grudge." Lumber. "Puddle. Lunch.
"Function." Submarine. "Hurry." Mutton.
A "bundance." Bungalow. "Summit." Number.
The uncle. The umbrella. The usher.
The upland. The undercoat. The underground.
Wealthy uncle. Hilly upland. Slow upgrowth.
Low undertone. Very unjust. Horribly ugly.
Cruelly unjust. Sadly unhappy. Shyly uneasy.
1. "Ask" Buck if he’d "like a" nother "lump of" sugar.
2. "Rutt" won’t ar "rive before" lunch on "Sunday.
3. "Mother" told her "not to" come.
4. "Don’t" touch this "money till" next "month.
5. She was as "snug as a" bug in a "rug.
6. "Something must be" done to "save the" funds.
7. With "utmost" care my "uncle un" wrapped the "bundle.
8. There "wasn’t much" sunshine in "London on" Monday.
- long tense non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back row of low rise (open) wide variety; long tense unrounded back open (low) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is slightly raised, the tip of the tongue is pulled from the lower teeth, the lips are neutral. In case of an error like Russian [a], the language should be slightly pushed back and the vowel should be lengthened.
[ t∫] - anterior lingual palatal-alveolar ocular deaf (strong) affricate;
forelingual palato-alveolar occlusive voiceless (fortis) affricate.
[ ʤ ] - anterior lingual palatal-alveolar ocular voiced (weak) affricate;
forelingual palato-alveolar occlusive voiced (lenis) affricate. Affricates are complex consonants, the first component of which is an explosive sound [t] or [d], and the second is a fricative [ʃ] or [ʒ]. When they are pronounced, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, while the middle part of the tongue rises to the hard palate. Gradually, the tip of the tongue moves away from the alveoli, thus, the complete barrier becomes incomplete. English is harder than Russian [h]. English [ʤ] has no analogue in Russian. The pronunciation of the components of the affricates [ʤ] should not be allowed separately, as in the Russian words “jazz” and “jam”.
Nasal explosion(nasalplosion) formed if an explosive sound is followed by a nasal sonant [n]:,. The tip of the tongue remains on the alveoli, and the soft palate descends, and the air bursts into the nasal cavity with a slight explosion, which resonates.
a: ba: ka: sta: a: m ba: d ka: d sta: v pa: k - pʌk
fa: - fa: m - fa: st t∫a: - t∫a: lz - t∫a: t ma: t∫ - mʌt∫
ta: - "ta: dı - ta: t ka: -" ka: bən - ka: p da: k - dʌk
ska: - "ska: lıt - ska: f ka: -" ka: gəu - "ka: stə la: st - lʌst
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Vowel positional longitude.
The difference in the duration of the vowels and [ʌ] in the same positional conditions.
The aspiration of the consonants [p], [t], [k] and its absence after [s].
t∫ɪ: z t∫ɪk t∫es t∫æp t∫a: t "t∫ʌbɪ t∫ɪ: p - ʤɪ: p et∫ - eʤ
ɪt∫ dɪt∫ fet∫ kæt∫ mʌt∫ "lekt∫ə" mɪkst∫ə "kʌlt∫ə t∫ɪn - ʤɪn rɪt∫ - rɪʤ
ʤɪ: p ʤɪm ʤest ʤæm ʤa: ʤʌst t∫ʌg - ʤʌg bæt∫ - bæʤ
brɪʤ eʤ bæʤ la: ʤ "mærɪʤɪz t∫a: ʤd mɪs" ʤʌʤd t∫a: - ʤa: ma: t∫ - ma: ʤ
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Greater hardness of English compared to Russian [h].
Integrated pronunciation of components affricates [ʤ].
Ex.7
ɪ: tn mɪtn kɪtn bʌtn pætn ɪ: tıŋ - ɪ: tn
"t∫ʌtnɪ ət naɪt raɪt nau pa: t naɪn" bɪdıŋ - bɪdn
hɪdn rɪdn sʌdn pa: dn "glædnəs" pætıŋ - pætn
"kɪdnɪ dɪdnt red neɪlz gud naɪt" rɪ: dıŋ - rɪdn
Note.When working on an exercise, you must remember that in combinations, sounds are pronounced together, you should not tear off the tip of the tongue from the alveoli, there should not be a vowel sound between the sounds.
Ex.8
A "partment. Mous" tache. E "xample." Sharpness.
Com "mander." Argument. Dis "armament.
"Bar-room.‘ Cardinal. "Darling.
The armament. The architect. The artery.
The Argentine. The article. The artist.
Pretty garden. True artist. Tiny artery. Large net.
Gloomy Arctic. Heavy arm-chair. Low archway.
Enemy army. Crafty architect. Showy article.
"Archie" asked to "wait for him in the" park.
"Hasn’t" Father "asked" Martin to "mow the" grass?
I "think I’d" rather "ask my" aunt.
We’ve "asked the" Archers to "come to the" party.
"Father" asked him "not to" park his "car" there.
"Garth’s the" last "person to" want to "bargain.
The "barman was" smart, but "not so" smart as "Charlie’s" aunt.
He "asked" Parker to "drive the" car as "fast as he" could.
UNIT 11
[ ɔ ] - short unstressed labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back row of low rise (open) wide variety; short lax rounded back open (low) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is slightly raised, the mouth is wide open, the lips are rounded. Russian [o] is less open and more ruined. In case of an error like Russian [o], one should open the mouth wider, lower and lower the tongue, round the lips without pulling them forward and slightly reduce the sound.
Ex. 1
ɔn ɔd ɔf dɔg hɔg bɔg kɔk stɔp da: k - dɔk kɔp - kʌp
tɔm dɔl dɔn ∫ɔn gɔn sɔŋ lɔŋ pa: t - pɔt rɔb - rʌb
nɔd - nɔt mɔb - mɔp lɔg - lɔk frɔg - frɔk ha: p - hɔp mɔk - mʌk
"kɔfi" sɔrı "dɔktə" lɔbstə "strɔŋgə ga: d - gɔd hɔt - hʌt
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Vowel positional longitude.
Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k].
Strong articulation of the final deaf consonants and weak voiced.
Stunning sonant [r] after the deaf in the words frɔg, strɔŋgə.
"Follower." Politics. “Honesty.” Blossom.
"Goggles." Godmother. "Locker." Stocking.
A "pollo. E" xotic. A "pology. Au" tonomy. "Knock-down.
The octopus. The office. The oranges.
The object. The obstacle. The opposite.
Very obstinate. New office. Friendly offer.
Funny opera. Solitary object. Likely odds.
Gloomy onlookers. Army officer. Lucky offspring.
This is the "very" spot where "Tom" lost his "watch.
"Ron’s" got a "cough, so" Don will "do the" shopping.
He "flew from" Ottawa to "Moscow in" three "hops.
I’ve "got to" solve a "very" knotty "problem.
He had a "lot of" bother "getting to his" office be "cause of the" thick "fog.
I "want a" bottle of "ink, some" blotting-paper, and "three" box-files.
This "cloth" wants "washing.
"Tell" Oliver to "knock me" up at "six o’ "clock.
[ ɔ: ] - long tense labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back row of the middle rise (half-open) of a narrow variety; long tense rounded back mid-open monophthong of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is raised toward the soft palate slightly higher than for [ɔ], the lips are rounded.
Binder [r] (linking [ r]) . If a word ending in a consonant [r] is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, then at the junction of the words [r] it is pronounced: and father͜͜͜͜͜ ͜ and a mother [ə "fa: ðər ͜ ənd ə" mʌðə]; more ͜ and more.
ɔ: kɔ: tɔ: pɔ: ∫ɔ: lɔ: flɔ: nɔ: t - nɔt kɔ: - ka:
fɔ: - fɔ: m - fɔ: k - "fɔ: tı ∫ɔ: t - ∫ɔp pɔ: t - pa: t
∫ɔ: - ∫ɔ: d - ∫ɔ: l - ∫ɔ: t spɔ: t - spɔt fɔ: m - fa: m
ɔ: l "ɔ: də" ɔ: ful "ɔ: gəst" ɔ: təm bɔ: d - "bɔdı bɔ: d - ba: d
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Vowel positional longitude.
Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k].
"Boarder." Norway. "Flooring." Portal.
"Footsore." Normandy. "Torso." Porcupine.
Re "sort. Dis" cord. De "formity. Ab" normal.
The order. The orchestra. The organist.
The oarsmen. The orbit. The organizer.
Planetary orbit. Bodily organ. Healthy organism.
Lonely Orphan. Showy ornament. Highly organized.
Costly ore. New orchestra. New order.
Your "daughters are" all "tall.
This per "formance" always "draws a" large "audience.
"Have you" read the extra "ordinary" story they are "all" talking a "bout?
That "tall" girl’s my "daughter.
I a "dore her" more and "more.
"Could you" show me the "shortest" way to the "port?
I "caught a" cold when I "walked a" long the "shore.
They "can’t af" ford to "buy any" more.
UNIT 12
[ υ ] - a short unstressed labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back advanced series of high rise (closed) wide variety; short lax rounded back-advanced close (high) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is slightly raised, the lips are slightly rounded. In the case of a Russian error [y], you should push the tongue forward and do not stretch your lips.
[ ʃ ] - anterior lingual apical palatal alveolar slit noisy deaf (strong) consonant; forelingual apical palato-alveolar constrictive noise fricative voiceless (fortis) consonant.
[ ʒ ] - anterior lingual apical palatal alveolar slit noisy voiced (weak) consonant; forelingual apical palato-alveolar constrictive noise fricative voiced (lenis) consonant. When they are pronounced, the tip of the tongue is located at the alveoli, and the middle part of the tongue rises to the hard palate, which explains the shade of softness that distinguishes English [ʃ] and [ʒ] from Russian solid consonants [w] and [g]. To avoid mistakes, you should raise the middle part of the tongue.
[ w] - posterior lingual labio-labial median slit sonant; backlingual bilabial median constrictive sonorant. When pronouncing, the lips are strongly rounded and pushed forward, forming a round gap. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. Then the tongue and lips instantly go into position to pronounce the next vowel. There is no similar sound in Russian. In case of a Russian error [c], it is necessary to ensure that the lower lip does not touch the lower teeth.
Mutual assimilation [tw], [ kw]. In combinations, the consonants [t] and [k] are extinguished under the influence of the labial-lip [w], while the muffled sounds [t] [k] stun the beginning [w]: twenty ["twentɪ], quite. Thus, the process likening acts in two directions at the same time, and as a result two positional variants are pronounced: rounded [t] and initially muffled [w].
Ex. 1
gυd kυd rυm fυl bυk pυt lυk pυl - pɔ: l lυk - lɔk
wυd wυlf "∫υgə" bυlıt bυ∫ "gυdnəs fυl - fɔ: l bυl - bɔks
pυl - pυt fυl - fυt bυl - bυk kυk - kɔ: k pυt - pɔt
hυd - hυk "∫υgə -" kυkə "pυdıŋ - pυtıŋ tυk - tɔ: k wυl - wɔt
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Vowel positional longitude.
Aspiration of consonants [p], [k].
The position of the lips when pronouncing sounds [ɔ:, ɔ], the qualitative difference [ɔ: - ɔ] in all positions.
Ex. 2
ʃɪ: p ʃɪp ∫elf ∫æl ∫υt ∫ɔ: t ʃɔp "meʒә" leʒә "pleʒә" treʒә
fɪʃ dɪ∫ dæ∫ smæ∫ bυ∫ hʌ∫ wɔ∫ "vɪʒn dɪ" sɪʒn kәn "fju: ʒn ɪn" veɪʒn
"fɪ∫ɪz" dɪ∫ɪz "læ∫ɪz" spe∫әl "fi∫әmәn ə" keɪʒn ɪks "pləuʒn" ʒæbəu reɪ "ʒɪ: m
æm "bi∫әs" næ∫әnәl pe "mi∫n" pen∫n "rʌ∫ә" mɪrɑ: ʒ "gærɑ: ʒ ru: ʒ" ʒɑ: nrә pres "tɪ: ʒ
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Great softness of English [∫] compared to Russian [w].
Duration [∫] at the end of a word.
Slight muffling [ʒ] in the start and end position and full voicing between the two vowels and between the vowel and voiced consonant.
Ex. 3
wɪ: wɪ: dɪ wɪ: k wɪn wɪsl welp wen wæks wɪ: - vɪ: wɔ: lt - vɔ: lt
wɔ: wɔ: m wɔ: tə wɔz wɔsp "wɔrən wud wul" wɪntə - "vɪntə waɪn - vaɪn
"wʌndə" wʌrɪ "ɔ: lwɪz wɔt" evə "wɔndərə west - vest wau - vau
a piece of wood five windows save water wise advice
a glass of water twelve willows drive well fireworks
a bottle of wine half wasted behave well fair war
Have we any paper? Have we any milk? Have we any sweets?
Note. When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Lack of palatalization [w], [v] in front of vowels of the front row.
The energetic work of the lips, their tension and marked stiffening during articulation [w].
Prevention of replacing labio-labial [w] with labio-dental [v].
Ex. 4
twɪst twelve "twædl" nɪtwɪt bɪ "twɪ: n swɪ: t" wɔ: tə wɪn - twɪn wɪt - kwɪt wɪŋ - swɪŋ
kwɪ: n kwɪk kwesʧn "ɔ: kwəd rɪ" kwest "ɪ: kwəl wɪʧ - twɪʧ west - kwest wɔʃ - swɔʃ
swɪm swet swæm swɔt pə "sweɪd" hauswaɪf wɪ: d -twɪ: d "wɔ: tə -" kwɔ: tə wɔ: m - swɔ: m
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Partial stunning of the sonant [w] after deaf [s].
Complete stunning [w] after aspirated fortis [t] and [k], significant stubbing [t] and [k] in position in front of [w].
"Pull-up." Sugar-bush. "Footsteps." Woodwork.
“Woolsack.” Bushman. "Bookie." Goodwill.
"Pussy-cat." Pushing. "Cook-room." Cushion.
"Underwood." Bank-book. "Barefoot." Bedroom.
"Blue-book." Corkwood. "Cheerful." Input. "Childhood.
"Push-button." Rucksack. "Gas-cooker." Airwoman.
Would you "like a" nother "lump of" sugar?
Would you "wait till I’ve" had "time to" look for it?
"Put this" book "back in the" bookcase.
You "wouldn’t" like a "wooden" whistle that "wouldn’t" whistle, "would you?
You’d "better" put "on your" woolen "pull-over.
"Who" took my "cook-book?
"Would you" like some "sugar" cookies with your "pudding?
"Fuller’s the" last "person to" want to "bully you.
- long intense labialized vowel (diphthoid) of the back row of high rise (closed) of a narrow variety; long tense rounded back close (high) diphthongoid of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is located in the back of the oral cavity, the back of the tongue is significantly raised, the lips are significantly rounded. This sound is pronounced as a tapering diphthoid: the back of the tongue begins to slide from the position for [u], then moves up and back to the position. At the same time, lips are more and more rounded to the position [w]:.
u: z u: f du: ku: hu: ∫u: zu: θru: "glu: mı fu: d - fυt pυl - pu: l lυk - lu: p
mu: n ru: l bu: θ spu: n tru: θ fru: t "tru: lı nu: n - nυt fυl - fu: l bυl - bu: n
tu: - tu: l - tu: θ ∫u: - ∫u: z - ∫u: t "dru: pıŋ tu: - tυk kυk - ku: l pυt - bu: t
ku: - ku: l - ku: t du: - du: m - du: ∫ ə "klu: sıv pu: dl - pυt wυl - wu: nd
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Vowel positional longitude.
Diphthongization in vowel articulation.
The difference in the duration of the vowels and [u] in the same positional conditions.
Qualitative difference in all positions.
"Neutral." Beauty. “Cube.” Duty.
"Humour." Looting. "Flutist." Dune.
"Loop-hole." Cucumber. "Nuisance." Foolish.
La "goon. Ca" noe. "Kanga" roo. "Europe." Feudalism.
"Doodle. Dis" use. Ex "cuse." Trooper. "Bugle.
Too early. New edition. Flew east.
Sue Andrews. Too obvious. New attitude.
True answer. Few islands. Few options.
The ooze. The oolong. The oof-bird.
"Would you have" time to "do it on" Tuesday?
I was "hoping" you’d be "able to" help "June.
"Hugh’s the" last "person to" want to in "trude.
"Cooper" didn’t "tell me what to" do a "bout it.
We’re "moving" very "soon, be" fore the "end of" June.
I "knew you’d" choose "Juliet.
You "ought to be" able to "do" that.
"Sue" knew who "started the" rumour.
UNIT 13
[θ] - anterior lingual apical interdental crevice noisy fricative deaf (strong) consonant; forelingual apical interdental constrictive noise fricative voiceless (fortis) consonant.
[ð] - anterior lingual apical interdental crevice noisy fricative voiced (weak) consonant; forelingual apical interdental constrictive noise fricative voiced (lenis) consonant. When they are pronounced, the tongue is flattened and tense, its tip is between the teeth. A stream of air passes between the tongue and upper teeth, the teeth are bare. Voiced [ð] is much weaker than deaf [θ] and at the end of words is partially stunned. There are no similar sounds in Russian. In case of Russian error [s, h], it is necessary to ensure that the tip of the tongue is between the teeth, and not behind them.
Regressive Assimilation [t, d, n, l,+ θ , ð]. In regressive assimilation, the subsequent sound affects the previous one, changing its pronunciation. So, English alveolar sounds become interdental before interdental [θ, ð]:. Thus, in the indicated position, the interdental option is used instead of the alveolar.
θθθ - θɪn θɪk θɪsl θɪmbl θɪ: m θeft θɔ: t θʌm ððð - ðɪs ðɪ: z ðen ðem ðæt ðeɪ ðεә
mɪθ bɪ "nɪ: θ smɪθ tɪ: θ depθ stelθ keɪθ wɪð brɪ: ð smu: ð beɪð" aɪðә "naɪðә
"eθɪk" ɪ: θә "meθәd" ægәθә pә "θetɪk" æθlɪ: t "leðә" leɪðәm "feðә" fæðәm "gæðә tә" geðә
sss - θθθ sɪn - θɪn sɪŋ - θɪŋ sɪk - θɪk θʌm - sʌm θɪmbl - sɪmbl
zzz - ððð tɪ: ð - tɪ: z kləuz - kləuð maus - mauð
fff - θθθ fɪn - θɪn - sɪn mɪf - mɪθ - mɪs def - deθ - desk
"ænθәm ðә sɪksθ ðә naɪnθ stelθ" tel ðәm
"sɪnθɪsɪs ðә sevnθ ðә tenθ" stelθɪ "sel ðәm
"sɪnθɪsaɪz ðɪ eɪtθ ðɪ ɪ" levenθ "fɪlθɪ" fɪl ðәm
"ɪ: t ðәm" nɪ: d ðәm ɪn "ðɪs bәt" ðɪs
"nɪt ðәm" fɪ: d ðәm ɪn "ðæt bәt" ðæt
"mɪ: t ðәm" lɪ: d ðәm ɪn "ðɪ: z bәt" ðɪ: z
әt "ðɪs әnd" ðɪs ɪts "ðɪs ɪts ðә" sekәnd
әt "ðæt әnd" ðæt ɪts "ðæt ɪts ðә" sevnθ
әt "ðɪ: z әnd" ðɪ: z ɪts "θɪn ɪts ðә" naɪnθ
"send` ðɪ: z "bend` ðɪ: z "lend` ðɪ: z
ɪn "ðɪs" kɪt∫ɪn ɪn "ðæt" pælɪs ðә "θɪ: m ðә" meθәd ðә "smɪθs
ɪn "ðɪs" flæt ɪn "ðæt" θɪәtә ðә "θɪ: f ðә" depθ ðә "fɪfθ
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Qualitative difference based on the place of articulation, the impossibility of their assimilation.
Vigorous pronouncing strong [θ], including at the end of the word.
Partially stunning a faint [ð] at the end of a word.
Transition from alveolar articulation to interdental consonants before [θ, ð].
Kate’s things She likes this author. Has the bell gone?
Pete’s thoughts He wants this thermometer. Was the rule easy?
Granny’s thimble She needs those scissors. Is there any chalk?
London’s theaters. He supports this victory. Is this time suitable?
As the workman, so is the work. Is it as easy as that?
Necessity is the mother of invention. Was the theme difficult?
1. What’s the matter with your brother? - I think he’s been overworking.
2. Would you like something in the front stalls? - I suppose there’s nothing further back, is there?
3. Could you tell me how much this parcel to France is? - I think I’d better look that up. Was there anything else?
4. Apparently it’s going to turn colder. - Still, another month should see us through the worst of it.
5. Monday is their day off. - It’s Thursday as far as I remember.
6. She’s thirty-five this Thursday. - I didn’t know that.
7. Let’s ask Smith to do it. - Smith’s the busiest of them.
8. Are you always so busy as that? - June’s the worst month of the year
part of the time in front of the blackboard
half of the group at the top of the class
one of the family at the end of the street
Both of them are coming. They are of the same opinion.
Leave them alone. Tell me the number of the flat.
1. Have we any warm water? - There must be some in one of those white jugs.
2. Do you think I ought to ask Mrs Wilson? - Certainly. She’s always willing to help and give a piece of wise advice.
3. They won’t have to wait long for the bus, will they? - No, I believe there’s a bus every quarter of an hour.
4. Did they all stay in town after they got married? - No, one of the women went to live in her native village.
5. Why don’t you want to go for a drive with us? - That would be very nice.
6. Can we choose? - Yes, we may have what we like.
7. We haven’t seen much of you lately. - No, I’ve had about five weeks in Vienna.
8. How’s your father keeping? - He’s been off work for a day or two.
[j] - Middle-language fissured median palatal sonant; mediolingual constrictive median palatal sonorant. When pronouncing, the middle part of the tongue is raised to a firm palate, but not as high as in the case of Russian [th]. The edges of the tongue are pressed to the upper teeth, forming a passage for air along the middle of the tongue. English [j] is much weaker than Russian [j].
Progressive assimilation [s, f, θ , p, t, k, h + j]. Sonant [j], following strong, dull consonants, is stunned. Partial stunning occurs in combination with consonants, and complete stunning with consonants:,,, ["tju: zdeɪ].
With continuous pronunciation occurs mutual assimilationresulting in affricates, and the combination can be pronounced as [ʧ], but as [ʤ]: ["grætiʧu: d," eʤukeit, "wuʤu :," dɪʤu:]. In addition, the continuous pronunciation of the combination can be interpreted as [ʃ], but as [ʒ]: ["ɪʃu:], [" vɪʒuəl].
Ex.5
jɪ: ld jel jes jet jɑ: d jʌŋ jɔ: n ə "sju: m ən" θju: zɪæzm pi "kju: ljə
et - jet el - jel es - jes "hju: mən ri" fju: z ə "mju: z
ju: nju: "dju: tɪ" bju: tɪ kən "tɪnju:" si: njə "wiljəm ɪ" tæljən.
ju: fju: kju: sju: t "sju: pə tju: n tju: b" pjænəu fə "mɪljə bɪ" jɔnd
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Weak articulation of English [j].
Stun [j] after the strong.
Affrication.
A "buse." Bureau. "Cucumber." Durable. Euro "pean.
"Fusion. Ex" cuse. "Hercules. In" fusion. "Lure.
"Mutiny." Numeral. Obs "curity." Purity. "Queue.
Re "pute." Suitable. "Tuneless. U" tility. "Viewpoint.
Converted yacht. Back yard. Slight yawn.
Previous yield. Happy youth. Thoughtless youngster.
His "duty was to be" very "accurate in re" porting the "news.
She "certainly" knew that her "nephew was" fond of "music.
"Juliet’s" failure was no "news to me.
His "duty was to" supervise the "issue of" documents.
My "traveling com" panion was a "brilliant" youth.
"Hugh was a" cheerful "young" man and a "good" companion.
Your o "pinion is" highly "valued.
She "certainly" knew that her "pupils" knew "nothing.
UNIT 14
[ ə: ] - long tense non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of a mixed series of medium rise of a narrow variety; long tense unrounded mixed mid-open monophthong of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is raised, the back of the tongue lies flat, the tip of the tongue is near the lower teeth, the lips are tense and stretched, opening the teeth slightly, the solution between the jaws is narrow. To avoid a mistake like Russian [o], the tongue needs to be slightly advanced, achieving a flat style, leaving the lips in a neutral position.
Ex. 1
ə: ə: n ə: l ə: θ kə: hə: t lə: n t∫ə: t∫ ten - tə: n pə: - pɔ:
sə: - sə: v - sə: f bə: - bə: d - bə: θ bed - bə: d fə: - fɔ:
kə: - "kə: lı - kə: n - kə: t ben - bə: n wə: d - wɔ: d
hə: - "hə: mıt - hə: b - hə: t" feðə - fə: ðə bə: n - bɔ: n
slə: - "lə: nıŋ - lə: n - lə: t∫" pen∫n - "pə: sn" wə: kə - "wɔ: kıŋ
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Lack of palatalization before [ə:].
Longitude Position [ə:].
"Workshop." Surgeon. "Journey." Surface.
"Thursday. Re" hearsal. De "tergent. In" terpreter.
Ex "cursion. E" mergency. "Turbine. Re" search.
The earth. The earthquake. The earnings.
The urbanist. The earl-king. The earnestness.
Very early. Thirsty earth. Truly earnest.
Salary earner. Wealthy earl. Costly earthwork.
True earnestness. New urn. Quietly urbane.
"Bert’s the" last "person to" want to "hurt you.
Is "Earny" going to "leave by the" eight "thirty?
Which "work d’you" want her to "finish" first?
I’ll re "turn the" journals when I "come on" Thursday.
They’ll be "serving" lunch "earlier on" Thursday.
The "curtain" fell and the re "hearsal was ad" journed.
"Earnest was dis" turbingly dis "cursive through" out the "journey.
The "first and the" third "verses were" most "difficult to" learn.
[ ə ] – a very short (neutral) unstressed non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of a mixed series of medium rise of a wide variety; very short (neutral) lax unrounded mixed mid-open monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing this vowel in the beginning and in the middle of the word, the whole language is slightly raised. The sound [ə] resembles a sample of the vocal cords: it is very concise and does not have a clear articulation.
There are three main variants of the phoneme [ə], which differ in the degree of brevity: 1 ) final (at the end of the word before the pause), the most open, resembling a vowel [ʌ], pronounced without tension, for example: Cuba ["kju: bə ʌ], America [ə" merıkə ʌ]; 2) most closed (next to velar consonants, resembling a Russian sound [s], for example: conduct, to go; 3) most commonvowel tone [ə] (at the beginning and middle of a word, if not nearby, resembling a vowel [ə:] without tension and longitude, for example: about [ə "baυt], concert [" kɔnsət], a man [ə "mæn].
"bıtə ʌ 2) kə s" nekt 3) ə "bυk
"betə kən" tınjυ: ə "hen
"letə kə" lʌmbəs ə "weı
"sıstə gə" rılə "æbsənt
"mʌðə tə kʌm ðə" dɔg
"fa: ðə loŋ ə" gəυ pə "teıtəυ
"∫υgə" bæg əv "bəυnz sə" praız
"aıðə" pæk əv "wυlvz" gəυ tə "taυn
ə "fekt - ı" fekt "sıtə -" sıtı
ək "sept - ik" sept "reızəz -" reızız
"a: mə -" a: mı "betə -" betı
"weıtə -" weıtı "ɔfısəz -" ɔfısız
A "bandon. A" lert. A "board. A" byss.
Ad "dress. Ad" vance. Ap "peal. A" mount.
Of "fence. Of" ficial. O "pinion. Un" til.
"Octopus." Bagman. "Factory." General.
"Lantern." Mackerel. "Mammoth." Netherlands.
"Patron." Second. "Weapon." Herald. "Pattern.
The "class was" left for "half an" hour or · so.
There must be "no de" lay.
"Try" not to "make a" fool of your "self.
I have "known her from a" child.
"Tell them that" someone was "asking for them here.
"Who would have" thought of it?
I can "always" do with a "cup of" tea.
This does "not" take her "more than an" hour.
A lossbang (loss of plosion).With a combination of two connecting explosive consonants, the first mastering consonant loses the explosion. When joining consonants with the same position in the organs of speech (p / b; t / d / ʧ / ʤ; k / g), a complete explosion loss occurs: boo kcase, chea p book, dar k garden wen t down, tha t joke (a similar phenomenon is observed in Russian: by ddjerk, and kkordeon). When combining consonants with different positions of the organs of speech (k / t, g / d, etc.), the loss of an explosion is incomplete: a ct, be ggeddon don’t tgo goo dbook. In Russian, in a similar case, both sounds are pronounced the same with an explosion: a ct, fa ct.
a ttraction lam p-post do g-collar pos t-date
ba d days gran d jury bi g gap los t chance
coc ktail chee k bone ba gpipe ou tcome
car d games traffi c problems la g behind
Diamond cut diamond.
Best defense is attack.
A watched pot never boils.
Dad can’t drink black coffee today.
Last Tuesday I helped Ted to pump two flat tires.
That tap dripped twice as fast two days ago.
They met Jane at midday to take her out to lunch in a big café.
Kate picked eight pounds of fruit to make jam.
UNIT 15
[ eɪ ] - diphthong. The diphthong core [e] is a short non-labialized vowel of the front row of the middle rise of a narrow variety. From position [e], the speech organs move to the position for articulation [ɪ], the full sound of which is not achieved. The diphthong core should not be replaced by Russian [e], and the second element by Russian [th].
Ex. 1
eɪ eɪl eɪt "eɪljən" eɪʤənt beɪ beɪð beɪt
deɪ seɪ neɪm reɪn beɪd heɪ heɪl heɪt
teɪp keɪt weɪst breɪk keɪp weɪ weɪl weɪt
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Weakened articulation of the second element of diphthong.
Ex. 2
They escaped. Gray iron.
Gray eyes. Stay at home.
Sly agent. Old saying.
Remarkably able. Timely aid.
Rosy age. Lofty aim.
Tasty ale. Only eight.
1. I’ll "take the" papers when I "come a" little "later.
2. Gray’s pronunci "ation is" quite "different from" Bacon’s.
3. Will you "wait till I’ve" had "time to ar" range it?
4. Is "Jane" going to "leave by the" eight "twenty-" eight?
5. Grace "wants you to" take the "class to" day.
6. Payne "said he’d" wait for us at the "station.
7. They’ll "play the" game "later in the" day.
8. The "train was de" railed by a "violent" gale.
[ aɪ ] - diphthong. The diphthong core [a] is a short, non-labialized vowel of the front low-rise row of a wide variety. This is an open front sound; as a monophthong he does not occur. When pronouncing [a] the jaw is lowered, the lips are slightly stretched, the tongue is advanced, the tip of the tongue sways the lower teeth. From position [a], the speech organs move to the position for articulation [ɪ], the full sound of which is not achieved.
Ex. 4
aɪ aɪl aɪs "aɪdl" aɪðə paɪ paɪn paɪk meɪl maɪl kɑ: t kʌt kaɪt
traɪ skaɪ dɪ "naɪ 'verɪfaɪ kəm'plaɪ taɪ taɪm taɪt weɪn waɪn pɑ: k pʌk paɪk
maɪn faɪl raɪt gaɪd vaɪs ʃaɪn laɪ laɪm laɪk beɪt baɪt kɑ: v kʌf laɪf
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Weakened articulation of the second element of diphthong.
Longitude diphthong.
My office. Dry onions.
High altitude. Spy agency.
Dry air. Nearby alley.
Heavy ice-drift. Continually idle.
Bitterly ironical. Masterly irony.
Rocky island. Lonely isolation.
1. The 'island is' nine 'miles' long.
2. The 'climate’s' pretty 'mild in' Ireland.
3. I 'don’t' think you’ll 'mind my' trying it 'several' times?
4. Out of 'sight, out of' mind.
5. You must 'light a' fire to 'warm the' dining-room.
6. I should 'like you to' write your re'ply on 'Friday.
7. Will you 'have' time to 'type a' few 'lines for me?
UNIT 16
[au] - diphthong. The diphthong core [a] is a short, non-labialized vowel of the front low-rise row of a wide variety. This is an open front sound; as a monophthong he does not occur. When pronouncing [a] the jaw is lowered, the lips are slightly extended, the tongue is advanced (but not as much as [a] in the diphthong), the tip of the tongue touches the front lower teeth. From position [a] the speech organs move to the position for articulation [u], the full sound of which is not achieved. In case of an error such as Russian [ay], you should advance the language forward, making the diphthong core more forward, and also significantly weaken the second element.
aul auns aut auʧ 'autlɔ: hau haul haus stɑ: stʌn staut
nau kau 'enɪhau vau' aɪbrau rau raund raut pɑ: pʌn paund
taun paund haus mauθ staut dau daun daut fɑ: fʌn faund
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
The weakness of the second element of diphthong.
Longitude diphthong.
The front position of the tongue when pronouncing the core [a] as opposed to the back position and [ʌ]
Jolly outburst. Lucky outcome.
Misty outline. Daily output.
Two ounces. New outlook.
Three outlaws. Slow outflow.
Dirty outskirts. Friendly outlander.
1. Mr 'Brown was' not al'lowed to' go 'out of the' house.
2. 'Howell' ploughed the 'ground a'round his' house.
3. How long a'go did she 'buy' that 'blouse?
4. He 'fell' down and 'got a' bad 'cut over his' eyebrow.
5. It 'took her about an' hour to 'get to' town.
6. I 'really' must 'go' now.
7. How 'long will you' be 'out?
[ ə u] - diphthong. The core of diphthong [ə] is a short non-labialized vowel of a mixed series of medium rise of a narrow variety. Articulation [ə] is close to articulation [ə:]. After pronouncing the core, the tongue makes a slight upward movement and moves back in the direction of articulation [u], the full sound of which is not achieved. By the end of the pronunciation, lips are rounded. In case of an error like Russian [oh], you should push the tongue forward, do not stick out your lips.
Ex. 4
ə: əun əuk əuθ əuts 'əunlɪ' əupn təu təud təust kʌt kɔt kɔ: t kəut
sə: səu nəu sləu rəu 'wɪndəu' nærəu grəu grəun grəuθ pʌk pɔk pɔ: k pəuk
gə: l gəul bəut kəup gəut həu'tel 'fəutəu ləu ləud ləuf stʌk stɔk stɔ: k stəuk
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Lip movement when pronouncing diphthong [əu].
Longitude diphthong.
The movement of the tongue from the back to the middle when pronouncing the chain [ʌ-ɔ-ɔ: - əu].
Lack of palatalization before [əu].
Slow answer. Photo album.
Narrow entrance. Yellow emblem.
Wealthy owner. Angry oath.
New overture. Lofty ode.
Currently open. Dirty overalls.
1. 'No, I' don’t 'think so - or' rather I 'don’t' know.
2. I 'hope you’re' both 'going' home.
3. There’s' no 'place like' home.
4. When he 'comes' home, he 'throws' open 'all the' windows.
5. 'No one' knows where the 'old' fogey ob'tained the 'loan.
6. I 'don’t' know how to 'make the' dough for 'scones.
7. I 'don’t' smoke so 'much as' Joe does.
UNIT 17
[ ɔɪ ] - diphthong. The diphthong nucleus [ɔ] is a short, slightly labialized vowel of the middle back of a wide variety. When pronouncing the core, one should be guided by the open short vowel, the middle between the monophthongs [ɔ:] and [ɔ]. From the position [ɔ], the speech organs move to the position for articulation [ɪ], the full sound of which is not achieved. In case of an error like [ouch], make the diphthong core more open and less labialized, and weaken the second element significantly.
Ex. 1
ɔɪl 'ɔɪlɪ' ɔɪlkʌp 'ɔɪlərɪ' ɔɪstə ʤɔɪ ʤɔɪn ʤɔɪst bɔ: bɔg bɔɪ
bɔɪ tɔɪ kɔɪ ɪn'ʤɔɪ ə'nɔɪ hɔɪ hɔɪdn hɔɪst kɔ: kɔd kɔɪn
nɔɪz tɔɪl pɔɪnt ʧɔɪs ʤɔɪnt kɔɪ kɔɪl kɔɪf kɔ: z bɔs ʧɔɪs
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Lip movement with diphthong [ɔɪ].
Longitude diphthong.
The movement of the tongue from the rear to the front when pronouncing the chain [ɔ: -ɔ- ɔɪ].
Costly oil. Dirty oil-can.
New oil-field. Yellow oilskin.
Wealthy oilman. Empty oil ship.
New oyster farm. Tasty oyster-sauce.
The oyster-bank. The oilcoat.
1. 'Small' boys' like 'noise-making' toys.
2. 'Most' coins are 'made of' alloys.
3. Any 'noise an'noys an' oyster, but 'noisy' noise an'noys an 'oyster' most.
4. 'Joy' cooked them in 'boiling' oil.
5. You en'joyed 'eating the' oysters, 'didn’t you?
6. 'Roy was an'noyed with the' boy because he’d 'spoiled his' toy.
7. 'Do you' know the 'boiling and' freezing 'points of' water?
[ ɪə ] - diphthong. The diphthong core [ɪ] is a short non-labialized vowel of the front row of a high rise of a wide variety. From position [ɪ], the speech organs move to the position for articulation [ə]. To avoid errors like [ɪʌ], the second element of the diphthong should be loosened.
Ex. 4
ɪə 'ɪərɪŋ hɪə tɪə mɪə rɪə rɪəl mɪ: mɪə
rɪə snɪə aɪ'dɪə fɪəs sfɪə fɪə 'fɪəful pɪ: s pɪəs
'pɪərɪəd bɪəd ɪks'pɪərɪəns ə'pɪərəns ɪə' ɪəfəun bɪ: d bɪəd
Note.When working on an exercise, consider the following:
Longitude diphthong.
Lack of palatalization of consonants before [ɪə].
Spear. Tier. Year Deer.
Beer. Sphere Fear. Sneer.
Pier. Emir. Career Dear.
Rear Sneer. Sear. Clear
Volunteer Profiteer. Overseer.
1. He 'made it' clear that his' criticism would be se'vere.
2. I 'fear he’s' far from' being sin'cere.
3. It’s 'real cash'mere, my' dear.
4. The 'day was' clear and the' boys' went to the 'pier.
5. 'Don’t' sneer at his inex'perience, 'dear.
6. Towards' night the se'vere 'weather' turned into a 'real' storm.
7. 'Steer' clear of 'Mr' Geare.
UNIT 18
Rules and signs fonetictranscription 1
Phonetic recording of the Russian word and text is made using the letters of the Russian alphabet.
The transcribed word form or text is enclosed in square brackets.
In the phonetic notation, punctuation marks and the sign of transferring part of the word form to another line are not placed, since phonetic transcription does not transmit the structure of the text, but the sound wave. The text is divided into phonetic phrases and syntagmas, or speech measures. Each phrase and syntagma represents a sound “distance”, a wave between two pauses. The latter are indicated in transcription either by one vertical line / - a short pause (this is how syntagmas are separated), or two // - a longer pause (this is how phrases are separated). At the end of the phonetic record, two vertical lines (in front of the bracket) are put as a sign of the termination of the sound stream.
The initial sound of the syntagma, as well as all proper names are transmitted in lowercase letters.
Mandatory emphasis on stressed syllables is required.
Service word in front of the significant ( proclitic) or after it ( enclitic) is written next to it (without a space) through a dash, because they are one phonetic word. One or two-syllable unstressed significant word can be written in the same way, pronounced with neighboring significant words as one phonetic word. For example: [Uznat 'is-kn'ik], [ubrat "si-st-lá], [kak-s-f-pol]] - as in the field, [vzhzh-dum] - your house.
One of the general rules of phonetic transcription is that one letter should transmit only one sound. Two different characters can be considered the same letter with different superscript (diacritical) signs,for example, b and a - the first sign denotes the percussion sound [a], the second - the unstressed sound [a] in the position of the absolute beginning of the word, for example: [acná], [arbát], [atákα], etc .; [t] and [t ’], [h] and [s’], etc. - different designations of hard and soft paired consonants, etc.
The main signs of phonetic transcription are the letters of the Russian alphabet. All letters are used, except for the two-digit (iotated) E, E, Y, Y, Z , of the consonants,,,, Щ, and also the letters Y. The signs b and b in the transcription are used in a different function: they denote strongly reduced vowels of the middle row of middle rise [b] after solid consonants and the front-middle row of upper-middle rise [b ] after the soft.
Instead of letters C n Ч, denoting fused sounds (affricates), the letter combinations [tИс] and [t "Иш") are used, which more accurately convey the specifics of the formation of these sounds, and the superscript camora("Bow") denotes the cohesive nature of their pronunciation.
Instead of the letter Щ, which means a long soft hissing sound, the longness of which in the speech flow can be reduced, the letter Ш is used with superscripts that convey the acoustic nature of the sound - [w ':], for example, [w': it,] [w ': utka] etc. If the longitude in the speech flow is reduced, then in the transcription the longitude sign is not put, for example, [borsch’s], [horsch’s].
In addition to the letters of the Russian alphabet, additional letters and signs are used in the transcription:
α - the Greek letter “alpha” to denote an unstressed vowel [a] after a consonant in the position of the absolute end of the word, for example: [ккнα], [снтˆсα] - the sun, [в’ис’óлъία] - funny;
- sign to indicate an unstressed vowel in the position of the first pre-stressed syllable (not an absolute beginning) after a solid consonant, allophone phonemes<а> and<о> ([trvá], [vlá]), hyperphemes<а/о> ([sbákα]);
[j] and [ί] - iot and i-decimal to designate phonemes allophones< j > in strong [j] and weak [ί] positions;
[γ] - the Greek letter "gamma" to denote a voiced allophone phoneme<х> in the position in front of the voiced consonant at the junction of morphemes inside the word ([tr'oγgršówί] - three-penny, [t'ˆsh'tyr'oγgran: sy] - tetrahedral, etc.) or at the junction of word forms ([ deep into] - a deep breath, [m'e "γ d'ishówί] - cheap fur);
The following diacritics are used in transcription:
akut - stress sign (ó, á, и, ы, ý, э), "- side stress (о, а);
vowel letter above a vowel letter - designation of the overtones (shade) of a given vowel sound: and e, e and, s e, e s, o, o, etc., for example: [she s santach], sun [o] further, less, n [o b] is better;
’- apostrophe - a sign of softness of consonants [t’], [d ’], [k’], [l ’], [r’];
¯,: - signs of the consonant longitude inside the word or at the junction of two words; the sign ¯ is placed above the consonant letter, and the sign: - after it: [mas: α], [v'i e s'en ': ί], [ras: ur'itˆcα], [mütrul: b] ;
ˆ - camora - a sign that is set to indicate the fused nature of the affricates: [tˆs], [t’ˆsh ’].
1H. A. Lukyanova. Modern Russian: Lectures on phonetics. Novosibirsk: NSU, 1999. S. 88–90.