The leading direction of Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century is romanticism. Romanticism arose in the 1790s, first in Germany and then spread throughout Western Europe.
The main features of romanticism:
· Interest in folklore and national history.
· Portrayal of extraordinary characters in exceptional circumstances. Interest in the unconscious, intuitive.
· Appeal to eternal ideals (love, beauty), discord with modern reality.
Russian literature was most influenced by English and German romanticism. But, in addition, there are actually Russian preconditions for the emergence of Russian romanticism. First of all, this is the Patriotic War of 1812, which clearly showed the greatness and strength of the common people. But after the end of the war, Alexander I not only did not abolish serfdom, but also began to pursue a much tougher policy. As a result, a pronounced feeling of disappointment and dissatisfaction arose in Russian society. So the soil arose for the emergence of romanticism.
The originality of Russian romanticism:
1. Historical optimism - the hope to overcome the contradictions between the ideal and reality.
2. Russian romantics did not accept the cult of a proud and selfish personality.
The founder of Russian romanticism is V.A. Zhukovsky. Romanticism includes the work of the poets Denis Davydov, Nikolai Yazykov, Kondraty Ryleev, Yevgeny Baratynsky.
Ø The task. Read the poems carefully, find features of romanticism in them.
Weaned from a friendly branch,
Tell me, a lonely leaf
Where are you flying? .. "I don't know myself;
The thunderstorm broke the dear oak;
Since then, along the valleys, over the mountains
Wearable by chance
I strive where fate tells me
Where in the world everything goes
Where does the bay leaf rush,
And a light pink leaf. "
V. Zhukovsky
Don't laugh at the young generation!
You will never understand
How can you live by one aspiration,
Only a thirst for will and good ...
You won't understand how it burns
With the courage of the abusive chest of a fighter,
How holy the youth dies,
Faithful to the motto to the end!
So don't call them home
And do not interfere with their aspirations, -
After all, each of the fighters is a hero!
Be proud of the young generation!
Topic 1.2 A.S. Pushkin (1799-1837). Life and creative path. The main themes and motives of A.S. Pushkin
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born on May 26 (June 6) 1799 in Moscow, in the German settlement. Brought up by French tutors, he learned from home teaching only an excellent knowledge of French and a love of reading.
In 1811 Pushkin entered the newly opened Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. After graduating from the Lyceum in June 1817, with the rank of collegiate secretary, Pushkin was assigned to serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where he did not work even a day, completely devoting himself to creativity. The poems "Freedom", "To Chaadaev", "Village", "On Arakcheeva" belong to this period.
Even before graduating from the Lyceum, in 1817, he began to write the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", which he finished in March 1820.
In May he was exiled to the south of Russia for "flooding Russia with outrageous poetry." In July 1823, Pushkin was transferred under the command of Count Vorontsov, and he moved to Odessa. In Mikhailovsky, where he was exiled in 1824, Pushkin developed as a realist artist: he continued to write Eugene Onegin, began Boris Godunov, wrote poetry to Davydov, To Vorontsov, To Alexander I, etc. ...
In 1828 Pushkin arbitrarily left for the Caucasus. Impressions from this trip are conveyed in his essays "Travel to Arzrum", poems "Caucasus", "Landfall", "On the hills of Georgia".
In 1830, a cholera epidemic forced him to stay for several months in Boldino. This period of the poet's work is known as "Boldinskaya Autumn". In Boldino, such works were written as "The Tale of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin", "Little Tragedies", "A House in Kolomna", "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda", the poems "Elegy", "Demons", "Forgiveness" and many others, finished "Eugene Onegin".
In the summer of 1831, Pushkin again entered the civil service at the Foreign Collegium with the right to access the state archive. He began to write The History of Pugachev, the historical research The History of Peter I.
The last years of Pushkin's life passed in a difficult atmosphere of increasingly aggravated relations with the tsar and enmity towards the poet from influential circles of the court and bureaucratic aristocracy. But, although in such conditions creative work could not be intense, it was in recent years that The Queen of Spades, Egyptian Nights, The Captain's Daughter, the Bronze Horseman poem, and fairy tales were written.
At the end of 1835, Pushkin received permission to publish his journal, which he named "Sovremennik".
In the winter of 1837, between A.S. Pushkin and Georges Dantes had a conflict that led to a duel on January 27, 1837. In this duel, the poet was mortally wounded and died two days later. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was buried at the walls of the Svyatogorsk monastery, near the Mikhailovskoe estate.
The following periods are distinguished in the work of Pushkin:
1) .1813. - May 1817 - Lyceum period. Time for poetic self-determination, time for choosing a path. "To a friend poet", "Memories in Tsarskoe Selo"
2) June 1817 - May 1820 - Petersburg period. A decisive stage in the formation of the original poetic style of Pushkin. "Liberty", "Village", "To Chaadaev", "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
3) May 1820 - August 1824 - the period of southern exile. Romantic lyrics. "The daylight is extinguished", "The flying ridge is thinning out clouds", "To Ovid", "Song of the prophetic Oleg", "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Brothers - robbers", "Bakhchisarai fountain", "Gypsies"
4) August 1824 - September 1826 - the period of exile in Mikhailovskoye. Time to change aesthetic guidelines. "To the Sea", "The Prophet", "I Remember a Wonderful Moment", "Burnt Letter", "Count Nulin", "Boris Godunov", 3-6 chapters of "Eugene Onegin"
5) September 1826 - September 1830 - creativity of the second half of the 20s. "Arion", "In the depths of Siberian ores", "Stanza", "Poet", "Poet", "Do I wander along noisy streets", "Poltava", "Arap of Peter the Great"
6) September - November 1830 - Boldinskaya autumn. The most fruitful period of creativity. “The Tale of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin”. "House in Kolomna", "Little Tragedies" ("The Covetous Knight", "Mozart and Salieri", "The Stone Guest", "Feast during the Plague", "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda", "Elegy", " Demons ", finished" Eugene Onegin "
7) 1831. - 1836 - creativity of the 30s. "The Captain's Daughter", "The Bronze Horseman", "The Queen of Spades", "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish", "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs", "I Visited Again", "Hermit Fathers and Blameless Wives", "I he erected a monument not made by hands "
By the end of the 18th century, classicism and sentimentalism as integral trends no longer exist. In the depths of outdated classicism and sentimentalism, a new direction began to emerge, which was later called pre-romanticism .
Pre-romanticism is a common European phenomenon in literature at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. At the beginning of the 19th century, pre-romanticism was most clearly manifested in the work of poets and prose writers who united in 1801 into the "Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Sciences and Arts", which included I.P. Pnin, A.Kh. Vostokov, V.V. Popugaev, A.F. Merzlyakov, K.N. Batyushkov, V.A. and N.A. Radishchevs, N.I. Gnedich. Russian pre-romanticism was formed under the influence of the ideas of the French enlighteners Rousseau, Herder and Montesquieu.
There are two significant differences between pre-romanticism and romanticism proper, and both of them are associated with the character of the hero. If the romantic hero was, as a rule, a rebel, torn apart by contradictions, then the hero of pre-romanticism, experiencing a conflict with the outside world, does not enter into the struggle with circumstances... The hero of romanticism is a contradictory personality, the hero of pre-romanticism is a suffering and lonely personality, but complete and harmonious.
Alexey Fyodorovich Merzlyakov
The most striking figure of pre-romanticism was Alexey Fyodorovich Merzlyakov (1778 - 1830), professor at Moscow University, translator, teacher of Vyazemsky, Tyutchev and Lermontov. The leading genre in Merzlyakov's lyrics was Russian song - a poem close in poetics to folk songs. The poet's world is full of special beauty: such images as a red sun, a bright moon, scarlet roses, rustling springs, green gardens, clean rivers are frequent in his poems. The hero of Merzlyakov's poetry is a lonely young man suffering without love and understanding from his loved ones. The heroine of Merzlyakov's poetry is a beautiful maiden, beautiful by nature and likened to birds and animals. The best works of Merzlyakov include "Among the flat valley", "Curly not sticky", "Solovushko", "Waiting". In his works, the subjective and personal principle prevails, and in this sense Merzlyakov is the predecessor of the poet A.V. Koltsov.
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky
Actually romanticism began to take shape in Russia in the second decade of the 19th century - initially in the work of V.A. Zhukovsky and K.N. Batyushkov. Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky (1783 - 1852) is considered the founder of Russian romanticism. His poetic outlook was formed under the influence of the works of Derzhavin and Karamzin, as well as under the influence of German romantic lyrics. The main motive of Zhukovsky's poetry is evil fate gravitating over human life... Zhukovsky worked in the genres of ballads, elegies, poems, fairy tales, and romantic stories.
In the elegies, Zhukovsky for the first time showed the human soul filled with suffering. His elegies are philosophical in nature. Main idea - thought about the transience and mystery of life ("Sea", "Evening", "Rural cemetery").
Romanticism reached its peak in the work of E.A. Baratynsky, D.V. Venevitinov, the Decembrist poets and early A.S. Pushkin. The decline of Russian romanticism is associated with the work of M.Yu. Lermontov and F.I. Tyutchev.
Characteristic features of romanticism as an artistic method.
1. The general trend of romanticism - rejection of the surrounding world, its denial... For the romantic hero, there are two worlds: the real world, but imperfect, and the dream world, the ideal world. These worlds are tragically separated in the hero's mind.
2. A romantic hero is rebel hero... His struggle to make his dream come true ends either with the collapse of the dream or the death of the hero.
3. The hero of the romantic work is outside social and historical ties... His character, as a rule, was formed by itself, and not under the influence of the era, historical circumstances.
5. Romantic hero lives and acts in exceptional, often extreme circumstances - in a situation of lack of freedom, war, dangerous travel, in an exotic country, etc.
6. The poetry of romantics is characterized by the use of images-symbols. For example, among the poets of the philosophical trend, a rose is a symbol of rapidly fading beauty, a stone is a symbol of eternity and immobility; among the poets of the civil-heroic movement, the dagger or sword are symbols of the struggle for freedom, and the names of the tyrannical fighters contain a hint of the need to fight the unlimited power of the monarch (for example, Brutus, the murderer of Julius Caesar, was considered by the Decembrist poets as a positive historical personality).
7. Romanticism subjective at its core. The works of romantics are of a confessional nature.
Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov
In Russian romanticism, 4 trends are distinguished:
and) philosophical
(Batyushkov, Baratynsky, Venevitinov, Tyutchev),
b) civil heroic
(Ryleev, Kuchelbeker, Vyazemsky, Odoevsky),
in) elegiac
(Zhukovsky),
d) lermontovskoe
.
The first two currents - philosophical and civic-heroic - opposed each other, since they pursued opposite goals. The second two - elegiac and Lermontov - were special models of romanticism.
Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev
The work of the poets belonging to the philosophical trend was based on the ideas of English and German romanticism. They believed that romantic poetry should focus only on the eternal themes of love, death, art, nature. Everything vain, momentary was considered as a topic unworthy of the poet's pen.
In this respect, they opposed the poets of the civic and heroic movement, who considered it their sacred duty to address social problems in poetry, to awaken and instill in the reader patriotic feelings, to urge him to fight against autocracy and social injustice. Decembrist poets considered any deviations from civil themes unacceptable for true romantics.
Romanticism in European literature
European romanticism of the 19th century is remarkable in that, in its own way, most of its works have a fantastic basis. These are numerous fabulous legends, novellas and stories.
The main countries in which romanticism as a literary trend manifested itself most expressively are France, England and Germany.
This artistic phenomenon has several stages:
1.1801-1815. The beginning of the formation of romantic aesthetics.
2.1815-1830. The formation and flowering of the current, the definition of the main postulates of this direction.
3.1830-1848. Romanticism takes on more social forms.
Each of the above countries has made its own, special contribution to the development of this cultural phenomenon. In France, romantic literary works were more political, and writers were hostile to the new bourgeoisie. This society, according to French leaders, ruined the integrity of the individual, its beauty and freedom of spirit.
In English legends, romanticism has existed for a long time, but until the end of the 18th century it did not stand out as a separate literary movement. English works, unlike French ones, are filled with Gothic, religion, national folklore, culture of peasant and workers' societies (including spiritual ones). In addition, English prose and lyrics are filled with journeys to distant lands and exploration of foreign lands.
In Germany, romanticism as a literary movement was formed under the influence of idealist philosophy. The basis was the individuality and freedom of man, oppressed by feudalism, as well as the perception of the universe as a single living system. Almost every German work is permeated with reflections on the existence of man and the life of his spirit.
The most famous works of European literature in the style of romanticism are:
1. the treatise "The Genius of Christianity", the stories "Atala" and "Rene" by Chateaubriand;
2. novels "Dolphin", "Corinna, or Italy" by Germaine de Stael;
3. the novel "Adolphe" by Benjamin Constant;
4. the novel "Confessions of the Son of the Century" by Musset;
5. the novel "Saint-Mar" by Vigny;
6. Manifesto "Preface" to the work "Cromwell"
7. the novel "Notre Dame Cathedral" by Hugo;
8. Drama "Henry III and His Court", a series of novels about the Musketeers, "The Count of Monte Cristo" and "Queen Margot" by Dumas;
9. the novels "Indiana", "The Wandering Apprentice", "Horace", "Consuelo" by Georges Sand;
10. Manifesto "Racine and Shakespeare" by Stendhal;
11. poems "The Old Sailor" and "Christabel" by Coleridge;
12. "Oriental Poems" and "Manfred" by Byron;
13. collected works of Balzac;
14. novel "Ivanhoe" by Walter Scott;
15. collections of short stories, fairy tales and novels by Hoffmann.
Romanticism in Russian literature
Russian romanticism of the 19th century was a direct consequence of rebellious sentiments and anticipation of turning points in the country's history. The socio-historical prerequisites for the emergence of romanticism in Russia are the aggravation of the crisis of the serf system, the nationwide upsurge of 1812, and the formation of noble revolutionism.
Romantic ideas, moods, and art forms clearly emerged in Russian literature at the end of the 1800s. Initially, however, they interbred with the heterogeneous pre-romantic traditions of sentimentalism (Zhukovsky), anacreontic "light poetry" (K.N.Batyushkov, P.A.Vyazemsky, young Pushkin, N.M. - K.F. Ryleev, V.K.Küchelbecker, A.I. Odoevsky, etc.). The pinnacle of Russian romanticism of the first period (before 1825) was the work of Pushkin (a number of romantic poems and a cycle of "southern poems").
After 1823, in connection with the defeat of the Decembrists, the romantic principle intensified and acquired an independent expression (later the work of the Decembrist writers, the philosophical lyrics of EA Baratynsky and the poets - "wisdom" - DV Venevitinov, SP Shevyrev, A. S. Khomyakova).
Romantic prose is developing (A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, early works of N.V. Gogol, A.I. Herzen). The peak of the second period was the work of M.Yu. Lermontov. Another summit phenomenon of Russian poetry and, at the same time, the completion of the romantic tradition in Russian literature is the philosophical lyric poetry of F.I.
In the literature of that time, two directions stand out:
Psychological - which was based on the description and analysis of feelings and experiences.
Civil - based on the propaganda of the fight against modern society.
The general and main idea of \u200b\u200ball novelists was that a poet or writer should behave in accordance with the ideals that he described in his works.
The most striking examples of romanticism in the literature of Russia of the XIX century are:
1. novellas "Ondine", "Prisoner of Chillon", ballads "Forest Tsar", "Fisherman", "Lenora" by Zhukovsky;
2. compositions "Eugene Onegin", "The Queen of Spades" by Pushkin;
3. "The Night Before Christmas" by Gogol;
4. "A Hero of Our Time" by Lermontov.
romantic european russian american
ANSWERS TO EXAMINATION ON LITERATURE
Romanticism is the largest trend in European and American literature and art of the late 18th - first half of the 19th century. In the 18th century everything that was fantastic, unusual and strange was called romantic (from English - romantic). At the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries. the term "romanticism" designates a new direction opposing classicism. Romanticism was a reaction to the crisis of all the preceding great styles - baroque, rococo, empire.
The main feature of romanticism is the idealization of the past (Ancient Rome - Roma, hence the name). Then romanticism begins to idealize the era of antiquity and the Middle Ages).
Romantics dreamed of a holistic solution to all the contradictions of life. The discord between ideal and reality acquires extraordinary acuteness and tension in romanticism, which is the essence of the so-called romantic double world. Romantics discovered the extraordinary complexity and depth of the spiritual world of man, the inner infinity of human individuality. For them, man is a microcosm, a small universe. An intense interest in strong and vivid feelings and secret movements of the soul, in its night side, a craving for the intuitive and the unconscious are the essential features of the romantic worldview. The demand for historicity and nationality of art is one of the enduring conquests of romantic art. The historicism of romantics' thinking is clearly manifested in the genre of the historical novel (W. Scott, F. Cooper, W. Hugo). In the field of aesthetics, romanticism opposes the classical "imitation of nature" with the creative activity of the artist with the right to transform the real world.
Hence the following features of the poetics of a romantic work:
Symbols of images
Brightness, colorfulness of the language
Scenic
Personification of nature
Wealth of feelings and shades
Russian romanticism borrows a lot from Western European romanticism, but at the same time it solves the problems of its own national self-determination. Russian romanticism, in comparison with Western European, has its own specificity, its own national-historical roots.
Romantics claimedthat the highest value is a human person, in whose soul is a beautiful and mysterious world; only here you can find inexhaustible sources of true beauty and high feelings. Behind all this, one can see (albeit not always clearly) a new concept of a person who cannot and should no longer subordinate himself to the power of class-feudal morality.
A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" (summary)
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born in Moscow. From an early age, Pushkin was brought up in a literary environment. His father was a connoisseur of literature, had a large library, his uncle was a poet. The Pushkin House was visited by Karamzin, Zhukovsky, Dmitriev. Communication with his grandmother, with Arina Rodionovna, with uncle Nikita Kozlov gave a lot of impressions to young Pushkin. Father and uncle decided to assign Alexander to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he began to study in 1811. A lot has been said about the role of the Lyceum in the formation of Pushkin's personality. Let us recall the names of friends whom Pushkin found at the Lyceum: Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, Anton Delvig. They always remained loyal and close friends to Pushkin. At the Lyceum, Pushkin began to write poetry, in 1814 the first poem "To a friend to the poet" was published. After graduating from the Lyceum, Pushkin did not return to Moscow, in 1817 he moved to St. Petersburg and was enrolled in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. In St. Petersburg, he communicated in a secular society, in a literary environment, attended balls, theaters. In 1820 he completed the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila, the first major work. For the epigrams, free poetry, which quickly spread across St. Petersburg, in 1820 Pushkin was sent to southern exile. For four years he moved to different cities: Yekaterinoslav, Chisinau, Odessa. During this exile he wrote romantic southern poems "The Prisoner of the Caucasus", "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai", "The Robber Brothers", and in 1823 he began work on a novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". In 1824, Pushkin was sent into northern exile to the estate of his parents, Mikhailovskoye, where, after the family had left, he lived with a nanny. There he continued to work on Eugene Onegin, wrote Boris Godunov and poems. There, in Mikhailovskoye, his friends visited, there Pushchin brought Pushkin "Woe from Wit", while there, Pushkin corresponded. There he heard the news of the Decembrist uprising, in which many of his friends participated, and of their execution. On September 4, 1826, Nicholas 1 unexpectedly summoned Pushkin to Moscow. But the freedom granted by the king was short-lived. Already in 1328, a decree of the State Council was issued on the supervision of Pushkin. In the same year, he voluntarily left for the Caucasus, where his friends served. In 1830, Pushkin wooed N. Goncharova. Before getting married, he went to the estate in Boldino, where he was forced to stay due to quarantine. This period in Pushkin's work is called the Boldinskaya Autumn, during which he wrote a large number of literary works of various genres. On May 15, 1831, Pushkin married and moved to Petersburg. During these years he worked a lot in archives, wrote works on historical themes. These are "Dubrovsky", "The Captain's Daughter", "The History of Pugachev". Pushkin magazine "Contemporary", was its editor, talked Belinsky, Gogol, with artists. Difficulties arose again when Pushkin was forced to communicate in court circles. On February 9, 1837, Pushkin shot himself in a duel with Dantes, was fatally and died on February 10 at his house on the Moika.
The most striking and significant artistic direction in world literature of the first quarter of the 19th century was romanticism. Romanticism took shape at the end of the 18th century in Germany, somewhat later in England, and then spread to all European countries.
Unlike classicism, for which the main idea was the subordination of personal interests to public interests, romanticism turned to the inner world of man. Romantic writers are interested in a person as an individual. The main idea in romantic literature is the idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom and harmonious development of the individual. The basis of the plots of romantic works is the conflict of personality and society, unusual events, phenomena and people. Romantics, disappointed in reality, turn to the mysterious, mysterious, fantastic. They are attracted by past historical eras, vivid pictures of exotic nature, life and customs of distant countries and peoples who did not know European civilization.
The heroes of romantic works are always in conflict with society. They are either rebels, wanderers, or dreamers, creative people. The main feature of the depiction of a person in romantic art is the exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances. The romantic hero is created according to the principle of contrast with the modern person. If a modern person is petty, hypocritical, selfish, then the romantic hero is large-scale, generous, with noble passions and aspirations. This thought, for example, sounds in the poem by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov "Borodino": "Yes, there were people in our time, / Not that the current tribe, / Heroes - not you!"
In romantic works, the personal position of the artist in relation to the events depicted and the main character is of great importance. In romantic works, a passionate confession of the author himself often sounds.
Romantic works are distinguished by the author's desire for the ideal. Some writers were looking for an ideal in the future, so they tried to show life as it should be. The heroes of their works are people of action, active, restless, searching natures. This feature is typical for the work of Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, the romantic period of the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Other romantic writers were looking for their ideal in the distant past, in the world of ancient folk tales. This feature of romanticism manifested itself in the poetry of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky.
In an effort to highlight the personality of the author in their works, romantic writers rejected the system of genres established by classicism. They boldly modified old genres and created new ones: lyric-epic poem, ballad, lyric poem, psychological story.
In Western Europe, romanticism arose as a result of disappointment with the results of the French Revolution of 1789. The emergence of romanticism in Russia is associated with both European history and the Patriotic War of 1812. After the victory over Napoleon, a critical attitude towards serfdom increased. Many Russian writers could not come to terms with the injustice of serfdom. The main features of Russian romanticism were the cult of a free personality, the assertion of its high dignity, the right to equality and justice, protest against violence and despotism. Russian literature entered the era of romanticism almost simultaneously with English and German - at the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries. The era of romanticism has become a brilliant page in the history of Russian literature. The largest representatives of this trend were Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov, Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov, early Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The formation and development of Russian romanticism began with the work of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky (1783-1852). Elegies ("Rural cemetery", "Evening", "Sea") and ballads ("Lyudmila", "Svetlana") occupy a significant place in his work. For Zhukovsky and the poets of his school, psychologism, individualization of character, striving for emotional expressiveness are characteristic. Not accepting modern reality, they idealized patriarchal antiquity, strove to portray something wonderful, mysterious, depicted the lyrical hero's experiences about ruined love, lost friendship, and the short duration of human life. This current of Russian romanticism is usually called religious and moral .
In Russian literature, romanticism in the first decades of the nineteenth century was closely associated with classicism and sentimentalism. The current in Russian romanticism associated with the traditions of classicism is usually called civil romanticism. The hero of the works of representatives of civil romanticism is the Decembrist poet Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. In search of heroic plots and images, he turned to Russian history. Ryleev created a cycle of poetic stories about various historical figures, their exploits or crimes. He called these stories dumas (“duma” is a genre of Ukrainian folklore). The most famous "thoughts" - "Ivan Susanin", "Dmitry Donskoy", "Death of Ermak".
Ryleev himself called himself a citizen. He expressed his understanding of civil romanticism in the poem "Citizen" (1824). Common to these currents of Russian romanticism is their rejection of reality and the desire to oppose it with their ideal. The main achievement of Russian romantics was the ability to reproduce human characters in their inner complexity and contradictions.