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Territorial waters

09.02.2024

- (Territorial waters) the entire part of the sea over which the jurisdiction of a given state extends is called territorial waters, and the border of the water itself is the border of T.V. According to international law, usually the jurisdiction of a state extends to three ... ... Maritime Dictionary

- (territorial waters) Part of the sea washing the shores of a country, which, according to international law, is subject to the jurisdiction of that country. Historically, territorial waters were considered waters three miles wide from the coast, which was practically... ... Dictionary of business terms

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- (territorial sea) sea waters adjacent to the land territory or internal waters of a state, included in its territory and under its sovereignty. The width of the territorial waters of the Russian Federation is 12 nautical miles.... ... Political science. Dictionary.

territorial waters- Sea waters, as well as the seabed below them and the adjacent airspace, adjacent to the coast or internal waters of a state and forming part of its territory, which is under its sovereignty. → Fig. 326... Dictionary of Geography

Territorial waters- TERRITORIAL WATERS, in international law, sea waters adjacent to the land territory or internal waters of a state. They are part of the territory of the state and are under its sovereignty (operates in territorial waters... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

TERRITORIAL WATERS- sea waters adjacent to the land territory or internal waters of a given country, included in its territory and under its sovereignty. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea established the width for coastal states... ... Legal encyclopedia

See Territorial Sea... Legal Dictionary

- (English territorial waters) sea area adjacent to the coast or internal waters of the country and forming part of the state territory over which the sovereignty of the coastal state applies. The countdown is carried out in three ways: a) from... ... Economic dictionary

territorial waters- a strip of sea (ocean) adjacent to the mainland coast or islands under the sovereignty of the coastal state, and forming part of its territory. The width of territorial waters is usually no more than 12 nautical miles. Mode… … Marine Biographical Dictionary

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Sea waters in international law

How is the size of the part of the sea that is under the jurisdiction of the coastal state determined? Until the 18th century a method was practiced in which the border of the maritime possessions of states was limited by the horizon line visible from the shore. Later, many countries began to consider as their maritime possessions the water area, all points of which could be reached by their longest-range coastal firearms. The more advanced a country was in the production of weapons, the larger area of ​​the sea it could control. As a rule, the subject territory was limited to the distance of a cannonball from the coast - an average of 3 nautical miles (1 nautical mile - 1852 m).

By the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. The United States and some Western European countries have declared their maritime space, extending exactly three miles from the coast. By the end of the 19th century. The development of technology has made it possible to increase the range of artillery to 20 km or more. At this time, the concept of “adjacent waters” began to be used in international law. In 1776, England declared a part of the sea extending up to 12 miles from its shores to be a “customs zone.” In 1799, the United States followed the example of England, in 1817 - France, and in 1909 - Russia.

Before the adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, different countries tried to establish their jurisdiction over waters in different ways. Australia, Germany, Qatar, UK and US maintained a distance of 3 nautical miles; Algeria, Cuba, India, Indonesia and the USSR considered their territorial waters to be 12 nautical miles, and Cameroon, Gambia, Madagascar and Tanzania - 50 nautical miles. Some Latin American countries, in particular Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Nicaragua, have declared their claims to maritime areas adjacent to their coasts up to a distance of 200 nautical miles. Subsequently, the African state of Sierra Leone established a similar norm.

Different countries unilaterally declared special rights to certain, specially designated water areas. In 1916, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs notified other countries that the open islands in the Arctic Ocean, located in the northern extension of the land territory of Siberia, belonged to Russia. In 1926, a resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR “On the lands and islands in the Arctic Ocean belonging to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” was adopted. The resolution stated that all lands and islands (open and likely to be open) located between 32°5"E and 168°50"W. (later the longitudes were somewhat clarified) north of Siberia and other adjacent areas, belong to the USSR.

Ratification of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea by countries around the world

Countries that have ratified the Convention are highlighted in dark (among them the Russian Federation).
The lightest shade corresponds to countries that have not ratified the Convention (among them the United States, which is in no hurry to voluntarily limit its “national interests”).
“Intermediate gray” - countries that have not signed the Convention at all (Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Turkey, Venezuela, Peru)

At the First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, held in Geneva in 1958, four major conventions were adopted: on the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, on the high seas, on the continental shelf, on fisheries and on the protection of living resources of the high seas. However, the participants in this conference were a rather narrow circle of states.

In 1960, the Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea took place. However, she was unable to make decisions.

In 1973, the III UN Conference on the Law of the Sea was convened, which lasted until 1982. The result of its activities was the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Convention was adopted in Montego Bay (Jamaica) on December 10, 1982 and entered into force in 1994. Russia ratified it in 1997.

The convention defined a 12-mile zone territorial waters(territorial sea - approx. 22 km from the coast). In this zone, riparian countries have full jurisdiction. Vessels and ships (including military ones) of foreign states have the right of “innocent passage” through these territories. Within 12 nautical miles, coastal countries have ownership of all living and non-living resources of the ocean.

In addition to territorial waters, the Convention also defined “ adjacent waters» - up to 24 nautical miles from the coast; in this zone, coastal states conduct their immigration, sanitary, customs and environmental policies.

For states consisting entirely of islands, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Maldives and Seychelles, the Convention provides for a special status - “ archipelago state" The distance of territorial and contiguous waters, as well as exclusive economic zones for such countries, is measured from the outermost point of the outermost island. This principle applies only to islands that are sovereign states in their own right and are not part of any mainland country.

The Convention enshrines the concept of “ exclusive economic zone" Each coastal state has the right to claim an exclusive economic zone (200 nautical miles from the coast), within which it has the right to explore and exploit living and non-living resources. Within their exclusive economic zones, states have the right to regulate construction activities, as well as to use existing ocean infrastructure for economic, scientific and environmental purposes. However, coastal countries do not have ownership rights over the sea itself or its resources within the exclusive economic zone, but all states in the world have the right to build pipelines and lay cable routes there.

Map of exclusive economic zones, subject to special rights of coastal and island countries

Top 15 countries in the world by water area
exclusive economic zones (EEZ),
including territorial waters (TV)

A country

IES and TV area,
thousand km 2
USA 11 351
France 11 035
Australia 8 148
Russia 7 566
Canada 5 599*
Japan 4 479
New Zealand 4 084
Great Britain 3 974
Brazil 3 661
Chile 2 018
Portugal 1 727
India 1 642
Madagascar 1 225
Argentina 1 159
China 877

* Almost half of this area is within Canada's vast territorial waters. Canada's exclusive economic zone without territorial waters is 2,756 thousand km 2.

Zones are specifically specified continental shelf. The Geneva Conference of 1958 determined that the shelf also includes underwater ridges that are a continuation of the continental land. Article 76 of the 1982 Convention specifies that the shelf boundary cannot extend further than 350 miles (approx. 650 km) from the boundaries of the internal sea. Currently, the question of to what extent the bottom of the Arctic Ocean can be considered as a continental shelf has acquired particular importance for Russia. Scientists received a political order to prove that the Lomonosov Ridge (runs from the New Siberian Islands towards the North Pole between 140° and 150° E), as well as the Mendeleev Rise (runs from Wrangel Island to the center of the Arctic Ocean) are extensions of the Russian continental shelf . If this thesis can be substantiated at the international level, it will significantly expand Russia’s rights in the Arctic Ocean under the Convention. For the ruling regime in the country, this is a matter of prestige, because by ratifying the Convention in 1997 (and, as is customary, without particularly thinking about national interests), the state lost the legal basis for control over a gigantic part of the Arctic sector (in other words, it gave away to everyone who wanted it). , which belonged to our people). To prove now that what was given is ours, and thereby restore some rights over what was lost, means for the ruling regime to be somewhat rehabilitated in public opinion. For more information about the situation with the Arctic sector of Russia, see: “Geography”, No. 1/2007, p. 5–7.

The modern period is characterized by strict legislation and harsh practices of many states protecting natural resources located in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf. States take an even more strict approach to protecting wealth in the territorial sea. Examples are the actions of the Norwegians in relation to Russian fishing vessels, Russian border guards in the Far East in relation to the Japanese. The federal laws “On Internal Sea Waters, the Territorial Sea and the Adjacent Zone” of 1998, “On the Exclusive Economic Zone” of 1998, “On the Continental Shelf” of 1995, and “On the State Border of the Russian Federation” of 1993 are designed to protect Russia’s marine wealth. d. They provide for the arrest of ships of any flag for illegal fishing and other fishing.

The route of the North European Gas Pipeline under construction
(Nordstream - Nord Stream; indicated by a thick line) passes through the exclusive economic zones of several Baltic countries(zone boundaries are given by thin lines)

Open waters refer to oceanic and marine areas outside national jurisdictions. All countries, including those that are landlocked, have the right to navigate open waters. However, there are some regulations to protect marine life and prevent marine pollution. All civil and military aircraft also have the right to fly freely across open waters. All countries in the world have the right to fish in open waters, but must also adhere to their obligations under international agreements. Any country in the world has the right to build pipelines and cable routes along the ocean floor, as well as to conduct scientific research activities in open waters, if these activities have peaceful purposes and do not interfere with international maritime navigation.

Conducting scientific research at sea is another area regulated by the Convention. Western countries advocated freedom of research, with the condition that research countries would be required to notify the purpose of their research. Developing countries, on the contrary, advocated a system that would require formal permission to be obtained from the countries in whose exclusive economic zones the research was to be conducted. To the dissatisfaction of most developed countries, the Convention actually protected the position of developing countries: in order to conduct research activities in the exclusive economic zones of states, it is necessary to obtain official permits. However, after receiving a request to conduct research work in its waters, countries do not have the right to unreasonably delay their response, and in case of refusal they are obliged to give reasons for it. To obtain permission, any research work must be exclusively peaceful in nature.

The issue of extracting mineral resources from the seabed turned out to be extremely painful. Finding an answer to a simple question: “Who has the right to mine the seabed for the purpose of extracting resources?” - took a lot of time. One group of states (mainly industrialized ones) insisted that those countries that have the necessary technical and economic means for this have the right to engage in this activity. Another group (primarily developing countries) called for the creation of an international regime that would ensure that a portion of the revenue generated by seabed resource extraction was distributed to the countries most in need. According to the Convention, the resources lying on the bottom of the open ocean are the property of all mankind and no country can claim ownership of them or any part of them. Western countries saw in the above principle a manifestation of the ideology of socialism and were in no hurry to join the agreement. In 1990, the UN Secretary-General began a series of consultations with interested countries regarding possible changes to the convention, which, four years later, led to the signing of an agreement that became part of the Convention on the Law of the Sea. Industrialized countries were given the opportunity to block the adoption of any decision they did not like, and corporations engaged in the extraction of minerals on the seabed received a number of financial benefits.

Scheme for dividing the sea area into zones, according to the 1982 Convention.
(not to scale):

1 - internal waters;
2 - territorial waters (up to 12 nautical miles from the coast);
3 - adjacent waters (up to 24 miles);
4 - exclusive economic zone (up to 200 miles);
5 - continental shelf (no more than 350 miles or no more than 100 miles from the depth mark of 2500 m);
6 - open sea (open water space).

For the first time in the history of international law, the Convention created a mechanism for the peaceful resolution of disputes between states regarding maritime activities. The UN International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea occupies a special place among the envisaged procedures. The seat of the Tribunal is the city of Hamburg (Germany). The Tribunal is composed of 21 members "selected from among persons of the highest reputation for impartiality and fairness and who are recognized authorities in the law of the sea."

Based on materials:
A.L. KOLODKINA//
UN Convention
on the Law of the Sea 1982;
International legal
issues of Arctic development//
News;
International
information Agency Washington ProFile;
Wikipedia

After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, changes occurred to the maritime boundaries in the Black Sea. As a result of this, most likely, the South Stream gas pipeline will take a different route. In addition, Russia is gaining new opportunities to export its products through the port in Kerch. It will be interesting to get acquainted with the maps of the new borders. In the Black Sea, 12 nautical miles from the coast are the territorial waters of the state, 250 miles constitute a special economic zone. According to the 2003 agreement on the Sea of ​​Azov, the territorial waters of the countries are limited to a 5-kilometer zone, the remaining waters are in joint economic ownership. In addition to this, you can also look at the project of a new bridge connecting the Taman Peninsula with Crimea. The Greeks called the Kerch Strait the Cimmerian Bosphorus, but the Greeks called the strait separating Asia Minor from the Balkan Peninsula the Thracian Bosphorus.
P.S. I think few people know that the legendary Colchis of the Argonauts was not located in swampy Georgia, as some philologists naively believe, but... on the banks of the Thracian Bosphorus (“Bull Passage”). The ships of the ancient Achaeans were called beads ("bulls") or minotaurs ("bulls of Minos") - that's why this strait was so named, sometimes the Achaeans called sea ships hippocamps ("sea horses"), so on their noses there were images or heads of a bull, or the head of a seahorse. The ancient Greeks called the Black Sea the Pontus Euxine (“Hospitable Sea”), and the Phoenicians called the North Sea (“Ashkenas”). But we will turn to Colchis after a careful study of the path of the Argonauts, which was the Golden Fleece - the goal of their journey...

1.Borders of Russia and other countries in the Black Sea before the annexation of Crimea
2. Borders of Russia and other countries in the Black Sea after the annexation of Crimea

3. Oil and gas fields in the basin of the Black and Azov seas and land
4. Kerch Strait and crossings from mainland Russia to Crimea
5. The border in the Black Sea between Ukraine and Romania after the decision of the International Court of Justice on February 3, 2009, when 79.4% of the disputed territories of the oil and gas shelf were transferred to Romania

Territorial waters are part of the coastal waters subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of a particular state. The United Nations has clearly defined the width of the zone - 12 measured from the coastline at the moment of maximum low tide.

Inland waters

Territorial waters are also internal waters, including rivers, lakes, narrow bays, fjords, etc. Absolute sovereignty applies here, not subject to the rules of the Maritime Convention.

The water area between the islands of the archipelagos is, under certain conditions, internal waters. A number of countries (Indonesia, Philippines) have a large internal zone, which imposes restrictions on the passage of foreign ships. In order not to impede navigation, the government approves sea corridors for simplified navigation.

Territorial sea

Officially, the part of the sea (ocean) within the 12-mile zone adopted by the UN is considered territorial. Countries neighboring by sea usually agree bilaterally on the delimitation of areas of responsibility. If an agreement cannot be reached, the border is determined by equidistant points from land areas.

In practice, some states interpret the law of the sea in their own way, including the exclusive sovereign zone of waters outside the territorial sea. The causes of disputes are biological resources, natural resources, and strategic location.

Adjacent zone

The territorial waters of the state have a continuation of 12 miles. A kind of buffer was created as a checkpoint. Here, border forces can partially control navigation, catch poachers and pirates, and identify violators of sanitary, migration, and customs laws.

Military vessels of foreign countries, as a rule, must obtain permission to cross the adjacent zone, and submarines must move on the surface. However, the requirements are not clearly stated and are partly regulated by regional agreements, or the “law of the strong.”

Exclusive economic zone

Territorial waters are not only a 24-mile area of ​​special responsibility. National states have the right of primary development of the so-called exclusive economic zone. It extends 370 km (200 nautical miles) from the coastline (or internal waters), if there are no territorial restrictions in the form of maritime borders of neighboring countries.

The state in the EEZ can individually (or with partners) extract minerals, develop hydrocarbon deposits, catch fish and other seafood, build wind turbines and conduct geological exploration, etc. Even the construction of artificial islands and their economic use is allowed.

Meanwhile, maritime law prohibits interfering with air transportation and the peaceful passage of ships of other countries. The laying of communications and pipelines is permitted. The party also undertakes to protect the natural environment and eliminate the consequences of environmental disasters.

Shelf zone

The territorial sea also includes part of the extended continental shelf. The powers of states within the shelf zone are in many ways similar to those of the EEZ. These territories may overlap, in which case the rules of economic zones take precedence.

If the shelf extends beyond the exclusive economic zone and is proven to be an underwater continuation of the continental part of the country, the state has the authority to extract natural resources, conduct fishing, etc. The economic activity zone extends beyond the EEZ from 200 to 350 nautical miles from the coastline.

Territorial waters of Russia

The Russian Federation controls a vast maritime territory. The border stretches for 38,800 km. Inland waters include the Cheshskaya Bay and Pecherskaya Bay. thanks to the Kuril ridge, it is also part of the territorial waters with an exclusive area of ​​​​responsibility. It is prohibited for other countries to fish here without special permits.

The economic zone occupies over 4 million km 2. It completely includes the seas:

  • Karskoe;
  • Laptev;
  • East Siberian;
  • Okhotsk;
  • White.

Partially:

  • Black;
  • Azovskoe;
  • Caspian;
  • Baltic;
  • Barentsevo;
  • Chukotka;
  • Beringovo;
  • Japanese;
  • Pacific Ocean;
  • Arctic.

This territory will become the locomotive of the economy in the future. The biological resources of waters are colossal. The shelves have rich reserves of mineral and ore raw materials, oil and gas. It is planned to build underwater robotic city-factories, where they will extract, transport, and partially process the gifts of the earth.

Conflict situations

Territorial waters are an area subject to the rules of the Maritime Convention. But not all subjects unconditionally follow its provisions. Often the delimitation of the territorial sea between neighbors results in diplomatic, even military conflicts.

For example, the United States and Libya twice (1981, 1989) clashed over the delimitation of the Gulf of Sidr. It extends deep into African territory, but is wide enough to fall within the zone of exclusive sovereignty, but Libya considered it its own. In recent years, the boundaries of the territorial waters of Nicaragua and Costa Rica cannot be divided. The diplomatic conflict is accompanied by the threat of a military clash.

Long-term disputes have been observed between Turkey and Greece, Japan and China, Indonesia and Timor. Partition could trigger large-scale wars between China, Vietnam, the Philippines, the United States and others.

Battle for the Arctic

Long-standing disputes are unfolding between the circumpolar countries. For example, the territorial waters of Russia are delimited differently by partner countries and by Russia itself. The Russian Federation considers the territory from the external borders of the Murmansk region and Chukotka to the North Pole to be a zone of strategic interests. Norway, Canada, the USA and a number of others are demanding that the zone be reduced in accordance with the rules of the Convention. Meanwhile, the United States and Canada themselves freely interpret these rules when it concerns strategic interests.

The shelves are rich in fossils and are therefore the subject of interstate disputes. For example, Russian hydrologists in the 2000s conducted unique studies that proved that the underwater Mendeleev, Lomonosov and Chukotka plateaus belong to the Asian continental shelf. Greenland (Denmark) claimed part of the territory. The 2007 expedition made it possible to document the economic interests of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region.

Since 2010, Canada has been vying for expansion to include Arctic underwater territories. In particular, they consider part of the Mendeleev Rise to be a continuation of the North American continent. Denmark is not giving up its claims either. These decisions forced Russia to revive military bases on the northern islands: Novosibirsk, Novaya Zemlya and others to protect its interests. The 2015-2016 consultations do not exclude compromise solutions on the division of shelves.

Similar conflicts are observed near the waters of Antarctica, since a number of states (Chile, Argentina, Norway, etc.) consider part of the continent to be sovereign territory. This contradicts UN decisions that recognized the icy continent as a neutral zone. In total, three dozen countries have claims to the delimitation of maritime borders.

The territorial sea is a maritime belt adjacent to the land territory (main land mass and islands) and internal waters of states and is under the sovereignty of the coastal state.

The 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone and the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (Part II) reflect the specifics of the territorial sea. In accordance with the requirements of international law, each coastal state, by national legislation, determines the legal regime of its territorial sea, since it is part of the state territory, and its external border is the state border of the coastal state at sea.

According to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, determining the status of the territorial sea of ​​the Russian Federation falls under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The Law “On the State Border of the Russian Federation” of April 1, 1993 regulates in detail the procedure and conditions for the use of this part of Russian space.

The width of the territorial sea should not exceed 12 nautical miles. Most countries have adopted a 12-mile standard (Russia, Poland, France, Japan, India, etc.). In some states, a smaller width is accepted - 6 (Greece), 4 (Norway) and even 3 nautical miles (USA, Germany, etc.).

The width of the territorial sea is measured:

1) from the low tide line; 2) from the conventional line of internal waters; 3) from straight initial (“base”) lines connecting points of the sea coast protruding into the sea (this method is used in places where the coastline is deeply indented or there is a chain of islands along the coast). The geographic coordinates of the points through which the straight baselines for measuring the territorial sea of ​​Russia pass are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and announced in Notices to Mariners (Article 5 of the Law on the State Border of the Russian Federation).

If the coasts of two states are located opposite or adjacent to each other, then the median line is used as the demarcation line of their territorial sea. It is carried out in such a way that each of its points is equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the width of the territorial sea is measured. The principle of the median line can be used as the basis for delimitation when concluding special agreements. States, taking into account various circumstances (historical, geographical, economic, etc.), have the right to choose a different method of delimitation. Such agreements were signed by the USSR with Poland on the delimitation of Soviet and Polish territorial waters in the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea (1958), and by Turkey on the determination of the maritime boundary line between Soviet and Turkish territorial waters on the Black Sea (1973).

Legal regime. The territorial sea, its bottom and subsoil, and the airspace above it are an integral part of the territory of the coastal state and are under its sovereignty. The sovereignty of a coastal state over the territorial sea is exercised in compliance with international law.

The territorial sea is of great importance for international maritime traffic. This explains the main feature of its legal regime (for example, in comparison with the regime of internal sea waters), which is the right of innocent passage. Ships of all states enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea (Article 14 of the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, Article 17 of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea). No prior permission from the competent authorities of the coastal state is required for such passage.

Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of:

a) cross this sea without entering internal waters;

b) go into or out of internal waters. The passage must be continuous and fast. It includes stopping and anchoring if they are associated with normal navigation or necessary due to emergency circumstances. Submersible vehicles must follow on the surface.

In Art. 19 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides a list of actions considered as a violation of the peace, good order or security of a coastal state: the threat or use of force against a coastal state in violation of the principles of international law; any maneuvers or exercises with weapons of any kind; collection of information or propaganda to the detriment of the defense and security of the coastal state; taking off, landing or taking on board any aircraft or military device; loading or unloading goods or currency, embarking or disembarking any person contrary to the rules of the coastal state; fishing, research, hydrographic and other activities not directly related to innocent passage; interfering with communication systems.

The coastal State may enact laws and regulations relating to the safety of navigation and the regulation of the movement of vessels in the territorial sea. Fishing and other activities by foreign vessels are carried out only with the permission of the competent authorities of the coastal state or on the basis of a special agreement with it.

The coastal state has the right to establish sea corridors and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea, as well as to suspend the exercise of the right of innocent passage of foreign ships in certain areas of its territorial sea if this is necessary to ensure its safety.

The Law on the State Border of the Russian Federation states that foreign non-military vessels and warships in the territorial sea of ​​the Russian Federation enjoy the right of innocent passage, subject to compliance with international treaties and Russian legislation. Foreign warships, non-military submarines and other underwater vehicles shall carry out innocent passage through the territorial sea in the manner established by the Government of Russia.

Foreign ships, exercising the right of peaceful passage through the territorial sea, are obliged to comply with the legal regime established therein. Vessels violating this regime may be subject to measures necessary to stop the violation or to bring the violator to justice. The application of measures depends on the type of vessel (military or non-military) and the nature of the violation.

According to Art. 30 of the Law on the State Border of the Russian Federation, bodies and troops of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation within the territorial sea in relation to non-military vessels have the right: to offer to show their flag if it is not raised; interview the vessel about the purpose of entering these waters; invite the ship to change course if it leads into a no-navigation area; stop the ship and inspect it if it does not raise its flag, does not respond to interrogation signals, or does not obey demands to change course. Vessels that have committed a violation of the territorial sea regime of the Russian Federation may be stopped, inspected, detained and delivered (convoyed) to the nearest Russian port to clarify the circumstances of the violation and, if there are sufficient grounds, held accountable in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation.

Bodies and troops of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation have the right to pursue and detain a vessel outside the territorial sea of ​​the Russian Federation that has violated the rules of navigation (stay) in these waters, until this vessel enters the territorial sea of ​​its country or a third state. Pursuit on the high seas is carried out if it is started in the territorial sea of ​​Russia and is carried out continuously (hot pursuit).

According to Art. 19 of the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone and Art. 27 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the criminal jurisdiction of a coastal State shall not be exercised on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to investigate any offense committed on board the ship during its passage, except cases:

a) if the consequences of the crime extend to the coastal state;

b) if the crime violates the peace of the country or good order in the territorial sea;

c) if the captain of the ship, diplomatic agent or consul, or other official of the flag state turns to local authorities with a request for assistance;

d) if such measures are necessary to suppress illegal trade in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances.

The civil jurisdiction of a coastal State is not exercised over persons on board a vessel passing through the territorial sea. Penalty or arrest in any civil case is possible only for obligations or liabilities incurred or incurred by the vessel during or for such passage.

Warships in the territorial sea enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the coastal state. If a warship does not comply with the rules and laws of a coastal State and ignores a request made to it to comply with them, the coastal State may require it to leave the territorial sea. For damage or loss caused by a warship to a coastal state, the flag state bears international responsibility.