Gustave Flaubert was born on December 12, 1821 into the family of a famous surgeon, spent all his childhood and adolescence at the hospital where his father's apartment was located. From an early age, Flaubert himself thought that another field was destined for him, although he began to write already in adolescence. An interest in life, but more than death, which largely determined the semantic core of future works, arose here, within the walls of the Rouen hospital, when as a boy, secretly from his parents, Gustave made his way into the autopsy room and watched the bodies disfigured by death.

Initially educated at the Royal College of Rouen, Flaubert traveled to Paris in 1840 to study law. This decision was not dictated by the heart: jurisprudence did not interest the young man in the least. In the most romantic capital of the world, he lives more than alone, he has practically no comrades.

After studying for three years at the Sorbonne, Flaubert failed to pass the transfer exam. In the same year, he was diagnosed with a disease that resembles epilepsy in symptoms. Doctors strongly advise Gustave to lead a sedentary lifestyle, and constant seizures, the salvation of which he saw only in taking hot baths, plague him. To find salvation from the disease, the future writer goes to Italy.

The year 1845 radically changes his life vector: his father dies, and then his beloved sister, Carolina. Flaubert takes care of his sister's daughter and her husband, and also decides to return home to his mother in order to overcome the pain of loss with her. Together with her, they settle on a small, picturesque estate at Croisset, near Rouen. From that moment on, Flaubert's whole life will be associated with this place, which he left for a long time only twice.

The inheritance allowed Flaubert not to know material worries, without having an official service, he worked daily and painstakingly on his works.

In the mainstream of the then dominant romanticism in literature, his first stories were written: "Memoirs of a Madman" (1838) and "November" (1842). But in the unseen novel "Education of the Senses", work on which lasted from 1843 to 1845, notes of realism are clearly traced.

The beginning of his relationship with Louise Cole, a rather famous writer at that time, dates back to 1846, whom he met while still in Paris. This romance, spanning eight years, was the longest lasting affection in Flaubert's life. Due to the fact that the writer was very afraid to pass on his ailment by inheritance, he, not wanting to continue his family, did not make a marriage proposal to anyone, although he was always popular with women.

Fame fell on Flaubert when, in 1856, his first novel, Madame Bovary, was published in the Revue de Paris magazine, which is the writer's hallmark. Painstakingly, day after day, for five years, pondering every word he wrote, Flaubert wrote a book about how illusion can destroy reality. The plot is simple: an unremarkable, more than an ordinary bourgeois woman, in order to add color to her life, starts two intrigues, not noticing that a loving person was always there.

The novel, which ended in the heroine's suicide, made a lot of noise. The author and editors of the magazine were sued for immorality. The sensational trial ended with an acquittal. But in 1864, the Vatican added Madame Bovary to the Forbidden Books Index.

The finest psychology in revealing the image of the main character became a real discovery in literature and largely determined the path of development of the entire European novel.

In 1858, Flaubert made a trip to Africa, bringing from the voyage not only impressions, but also his second novel "Salammbô", the action of which takes the reader to ancient Carthage, making him a witness of the love of the daughter of a military leader and the leader of the barbarians. Historical accuracy and respect for every detail of the narrative allowed this book to take its rightful place in a number of historical novels.

The third novel of the writer "Education of the Senses" is devoted to the theme of the "lost generation".

French writer who is often called the creator of the modern novel. Born December 12, 1821 in Rouen, where his father was the chief physician of one of the local hospitals. From 1823 to 1840, Flaubert studied at the Royal College of Rouen, where he did not achieve much success, but showed an interest in history and a great love for literature. He read not only the romantics who were fashionable at that time, but also Cervantes and Shakespeare. At school, he met the future poet L. Bouyer (1822-1869), who became his faithful friend for life.

In 1840, Flaubert was sent to Paris to study law. After studying for three years, he failed to pass the exams, but he made friends with the writer and journalist M. Du Can (1822-1894), who became his travel companion. In 1843, Flaubert was diagnosed with a nervous disorder similar to epilepsy, and he was prescribed a sedentary lifestyle.
After his father's death in 1846, he returned to the Croisset estate near Rouen, took care of his mother and was mainly engaged in literature. Fortunately, he possessed a fortune that relieved him of the need to earn a living by pen or other means. Likewise, he was able to fulfill his travel dream and devote many years to writing a single novel. He perfected his style with utmost attention, being distracted only by professional conversations with the Goncourt brothers, I. Tennes, E. Zola, G. Maupassant and I. S. Turgenev. Even his illustrious love story is associated with the poet Louise Cole, and literary problems were the main theme in their extensive correspondence.

Flaubert was brought up on the works of F. Chateaubriand and V. Hugo and gravitated towards a romantic way of depicting. All his life, he strove to suppress the lyric-romantic principle in himself for the sake of the most objective depiction of everyday reality. Starting to write early, he soon realized the conflict between the goal and the inclinations of his nature. The first of his published novels is Madame Bovary (1857).

A great creation of literature, Madame Bovary marked a turning point in the development of the modern novel. Flaubert worked on every sentence in search of the famous "right word." His interest in the form of the novel, successfully realized in the unique structure of "Madame Bovary", had a strong influence on subsequent writers who set as their goal the creation of new forms and techniques - H. James, J. Conrad, J. Joyce, M. Proust and many others.

In 1862, Flaubert's historical novel "Salammbo" appeared, in 1869 - the novel of morals "Education of the Senses", in 1874 - "The Temptation of St. Anthony", in 1877 - "Three Tales"; then Flaubert began to work hard on his long-conceived favorite work, the novel Bouvard et Péquchet, but did not manage to finish it; of the supposed two volumes, Flaubert wrote only one, and that does not have the completeness of Flaubert's other works. The end of Flaubert's life was sad: he suffered from a severe nervous illness, was gloomy and irritable, broke off relations with his best friend, Maxime Ducan; his mother died, his financial situation worsened, since he lost a significant part of his fortune to poor relatives. Flaubert did not experience complete loneliness in his old age, thanks to the tender cares of his niece, Madame Commanville, and also his friendship with George Sand; Guy de Maupassant, the son of one of his childhood friends, also gave him great consolation; Flaubert cared about the development of his young talent and was for him a strict and attentive teacher. Illness and hard literary work exhausted Flaubert's strength early; he died of a stroke. In 1890 a monument was erected to him in Rouen, the work of the famous sculptor Chapu.

(1821-12-12 )

The writer's youth is associated with the provincial cities of France, which he repeatedly described in his work. In the year Flaubert entered the Faculty of Law in Paris, but dropped out c.

Flaubert's personal life was not easy. Not wanting to put his offspring at risk of the disease (he was diagnosed with epilepsy in childhood), he did not marry and did not continue his family line, although he had several mistresses. Indeed, despite his average height, Flaubert made an impression on women who liked his green eyes and slightly curly hair. He was known as an athlete, was fond of swimming, canoeing and horse riding.

In the last years of his life, Flaubert was haunted by misfortunes: the death of his friend Bouillet in 1869, the occupation of the estate by an advancing enemy army during the Franco-Prussian war, and finally serious financial difficulties. He did not experience commercial success with the publication of his books, which for a long time aroused rejection from critics. Gustave Flaubert died on May 8 of the year as a result of a stroke.

Bibliography

Works:

• Coll. cit .: in 8 volumes - M., 1933-1938;
• Coll. cit .: in 5 volumes - M., 1956;
• About literature, art, writing. Letters. Articles: in 2 volumes - M.,.

Critical literature:

• Trenchekova V.D. - "Cinematic potential in Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary"
• Dezhurov A.S. G. Flaubert's objective novel "Madame Bovary" // Foreign Literature of the XIX century. Workshop for undergraduate, graduate students, teachers-philologists and high school students of the humanitarian profile. M.,. - S. 304-319.
• Ivaschenko A.F. Gustave Flaubert. From the history of realism in France. - M.,;
• Maurois A. Literary portraits. - M.,. - S. 175-190;
• Puzikov. Flaubert's ideological and artistic views // Puzikov. Five portraits. - M.,. - S. 68-124;
• B. G. Reizov Flaubert's work. - M.,;
• Khrapovitskaya G.N. Gustave Flaubert // History of Foreign Literature of the XIX century. - Part 2. - M.,. - S. 215-223.

Links

• Russian-language site of Gustave Flaubert Biography, bibliography, texts of works, letters, gallery, forum.
• Library of French Literature - novels in Russian and French; Morua, Nabokov on "Madame Bovary"
• Collected Works in French - Probably the most complete collection of Flaubert on the Internet
• "The Temptation of St. Anthony", Letters - version 1856, translated by M. Petrovsky, Correspondence 1830-1880

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Gustave (1821 1880) is a French writer, one of the classics of bourgeois realism. R. in Rouen, in the family of the chief physician of the city hospital, who was also a landowner. In 1840 he passed the exam for a bachelor's degree, then moved to Paris to study ... Literary encyclopedia

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- (Flaubert) Gustave (12.12.1821, Rouen, - 8.5.1880, Croisset, near Rouen), French writer. Born into a family of a doctor. After graduating from the Rouen Lyceum, he entered the law faculty of the University of Paris, but developed in 1844 nervous ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Gustave Flaubert Gustave Flaubert Writer novelist Date of birth: December 12, 1821 ... Wikipedia

- (Gustave Flaubert) famous French novelist, head of the realistic school in France; genus. in 1821, in Rouen, died in 1880. His father was a very famous physician, who was in charge of the surgical department at the Rouen hospital; mother was from ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Flaubert - (1821 1880) famous French novelist, head of the realistic school in France. Along with brightly realistic works, Flaubert also wrote science fiction novels, such as, for example, the novel by Salammbo quoted in the text. First-class master of style, ... ... Historical reference book of the Russian Marxist

FLOBER - (Gustave F. (1821 1880) French writer) Oh, companion of the eternal romance, Abbot Flaubert and Zola From the heat red cassock And hats round brim. OM915 (102.2); (Even though he (the young man) was a lawyer, But he did not disdain by a poetic example: Constant was friends in him with Pushkin ... Proper name in Russian poetry of the 20th century: a dictionary of personal names

Gustave Flaubert (fr. Gustave flaubert) is a French realist prose writer, considered one of the largest European writers of the 19th century. He worked a lot on the style of his works, putting forward the theory of the "exact word" ( le mot juste). Best known as the author of the novel Madame Bovary (1856).

Born December 12, 1821 in Rouen into a petty bourgeois family. His father was a surgeon at the Rouen hospital, and his mother was the daughter of a doctor. He was the youngest child in the family. In addition to Gustave, the family had two children: an older sister and a brother. The other two children did not survive. The writer spent his childhood joylessly in the doctor's dark apartment.

The writer studied at King's College and Lyceum in Rouen, starting in 1832. There he met Ernest Chevalier, with whom he founded Art and Progress in 1834. In this edition, he first published his first public text.

In 1836 he met Eliza Schlesinger, who had a profound influence on the writer. He carried his silent passion throughout his life and reflected it in the novel "Education of the Senses".

The writer's youth is associated with the provincial cities of France, which he repeatedly described in his work. In 1840, Flaubert entered the Faculty of Law in Paris. There he led a bohemian life, met many famous people, wrote a lot. He dropped out of school in 1843 after the first epileptic stroke. In 1844, the writer settled on the banks of the Seine, near Rouen. Flaubert's lifestyle was characterized by isolation, a desire for self-isolation. He tried to devote time and energy to literary creation.

In 1846 his father died, and after a while his sister died. His father left him a solid legacy on which he could live comfortably.

Flaubert returned to Paris in 1848 to take part in the Revolution. From 1848 to 1852 he traveled to the East. He visited Egypt and Jerusalem, via Constantinople and Italy. He wrote down his impressions and used them in his works.

Since 1855, in Paris, Flaubert visited many writers, such as the Goncourt brothers, Baudelaire, and met Turgenev.

In July 1869 he was deeply shocked by the death of his friend Louis Boulet. There is evidence that Flaubert had love affairs with the mother of Guy de Maupassant, which is why they had friendly relations.

During the occupation of France by Prussia, Flaubert went into hiding with his mother and niece in Rouen. His mother died in 1872, at which time the writer was already having money problems. Health problems also begin. He sells his property, leaves an apartment in Paris. He publishes his works one by one.

The last years of the writer's life were darkened by financial problems, health problems and betrayal of friends.

Gustave Flaubert died on May 8, 1880 as a result of a stroke. The funeral was attended by many writers, including Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Edmond Goncourt, and others.

Creation

In 1849 he completed the first edition of The Temptation of St. Anthony, a philosophical drama, on which he subsequently worked throughout his life. In terms of worldview, it is imbued with ideas of disillusionment with the possibilities of cognition, which is illustrated by the clash of different religious trends and corresponding doctrines.

First edition of Madame Bovary 1857. Title

Flaubert became famous for the publication in the magazine of the novel Madame Bovary (1856), work on which began in the fall of 1851. The writer tried to make his novel realistic and psychological. Shortly thereafter, Flaubert and the editor of the Revue de Paris were prosecuted for "defaming morality." The novel turned out to be one of the most important forerunners of literary naturalism, but it clearly expresses the author's skepticism in relation not only to modern society, but also to man in general. As B.A.Kuzmin noted,

in his work itself, Flaubert seems to be ashamed to show his sympathy for people who are not worth this sympathy, and at the same time considers it beneath his dignity to show his hatred for them. Flaubert's posture of dispassion arises as a resultant of this potential love and quite real hatred of people.

Some of the formal features of the novel noted by literary critics are a very long exposition, the absence of a traditional positive hero. The transfer of action to the province (with its sharply negative image) puts Flaubert among the writers in whose work the anti-provincial theme was one of the main ones.

Gaston Bussiere... Salammbô. 1907

The acquittal allowed the novel to be published in a separate edition (1857). The preparatory period of work on the novel "Salammbo" required a trip to the East and North Africa. So the novel appeared in 1862. This is a historical novel that tells the story of the uprising in Carthage in the third century BC.

Salammbô. Alphonse Mucha (1896)

Two years later, in September 1864, Flaubert completed work on the final version of The Education of the Senses. The third novel "Education of the Senses" (1869) was full of social problems. In particular, the novel describes the European events of 1848. The novel also includes the author's own events, such as the first love. The novel was greeted coldly, and only a few hundred copies were printed.

In 1877 he published in magazines the stories "Simple Heart", "Herodias" and "The Legend of St. Julian the Merciful", written in between work on the last novel "Bouvard and Pécuchet", which remained unfinished, although we can judge its finale by the surviving author's sketches, sufficiently detailed.

From 1877 to 1880, he edited the novel Bouvard and Pécuchet. This is a satirical work that was published after the death of the writer in 1881.

A brilliant stylist who carefully honed the style of his works, Flaubert had a tremendous influence on all subsequent literature, brought in a number of talented authors, among whom were Guy de Maupassant and Edmond Abou.

Flaubert's works were well known in Russia, and Russian critics wrote about them with sympathy. His works were translated by I.S.Turgenev, who had close friendship with Flaubert; MP Mussorgsky created an opera based on "Salammbo".

Major works

Gustave Flaubert, a contemporary of Charles Baudelaire, played a leading role in 19th century literature. He was credited with immorality and admired, and today he is one of the leading writers. The novels "Madame Bovary" and "Education of the Senses" brought him fame. His style combines elements of psychologism and naturalism. He himself considered himself a realist.

Gustave Flaubert began work on Madame Bovary in 1851 and worked for five years. The novel was published in the magazine Revue de Paris. The style of the novel is similar to that of Balzac's novels. The plot of the novel tells about Charles Bovary, who graduated from the provincial lyceum. So, he gets the position of a doctor in a small settlement. He marries a young girl, the daughter of a wealthy farmer. But the girl dreams of a beautiful life, she reproaches her husband for his inability to provide such a life and gets herself a lover.

The novel "Salammbô" was published after the novel "Madame Bovary". Flaubert began work on it in 1857. He spent three months in Tunisia studying historical sources. When it appeared in 1862, it was received with great enthusiasm. The novel begins with the mercenaries celebrating their victory in the war in the gardens of their general. Angry at the general's absence, and remembering their grievances, they smash his property. Salammbô, the general's daughter, comes to calm down the soldiers. Two mercenary leaders fall in love with this girl. The freed slave advises one of them to conquer Carthage in order to get the girl.

Work on the novel "Education of the Senses" began in September 1864 and ended in 1869. It consists of the writer's autobiographical elements. The novel tells the story of a young provincial who goes to study in Paris. There he learns friendship, art, politics and cannot decide in his views between the monarchy, republic and empire. Many women appear in his life, but they are all incomparable with Marie Arnoux, the merchant's wife, who was his first love.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel "Bouvard and Pécuchet" appeared in 1872. The author wanted to write about the vanity of his contemporaries. Later, he tried to understand the very nature of man. The novel tells how on a hot summer day two men, Bouvard and Pécuchet, meet and meet by chance. Later it turns out that they have the same profession (copier), and even have common interests. If they could, they would live outside the city. But, having received an inheritance, they still buy a farm and are engaged in agriculture. Later, their inability for this work is revealed. They try their hand at medicine, chemistry, geology, politics, but with the same result. Thus, they are returning to their profession of copying.