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Two captains: the main characters of the novel by Benjamin Kaverin

Veniamin Kaverin owns, perhaps, one of the key novels of the adventure genre, which children of the Soviet era were read to. The novel was written in the 1940s, but the popularity and relevance of the novel continues today. We are talking about a cult thing - about the novel "Two Captains", the main characters of which are complex and vivid images.

"Fight and seek, find and not give up"

These words, as if cut from the poem Ullis (Odysseus) by Alfred Tennyson, are the motto of Kaverin's novel. The work begins surprisingly: not with its own memory, but with someone else's memory. In the city of Ensk, located on the periphery of Russia, the body of a deceased postman was found. He had a bag with him, and in the bag - letters. The main character lives on the first pages of the novel with these letters, and especially the young man remembers the lines connected with polar expeditions, with travels to the north ... And the novel “Two Captains”, the main characters of which are fighting, looking for, finding and not giving up, is imbued with the spirit of adventure. Therefore, the work, like the nautical novels of Fenimore Cooper and Raphael Sabatini, occupies one of the main places on the shelf of young readers.

Since you are with us, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with Veniamin Kaverin.

It is curious that the lines that the writer made the motto of the novel are simultaneously taken as an epitaph. The words are engraved on a cross commemorating Robert Falcon Scott's polar expedition, which never returned home.

Thus, the work of Benjamin Kaverin is dedicated to the topic of searches. If the French writer Marcel Proust's heroes are looking for lost time, then here the heroes are busy looking for a lost polar expedition ... and love.

Heroes of the novel "Two Captains"

The classification of the characters of the work is traditional: here the figures of the first plan and figures of the second plan stand out, the main characters and, accordingly, the minor characters. First, let's talk about who plays the main role in this literary scene.

main characters

Alexander Grigoriev

The name of Alexander in the novel most often appears in an affectionate form - Sanya. Of course, Sanya is a positive character. The young man, like other heroes of the foreground, has a difficult fate and many trials. The young man's first test is of a physiological nature - it is dumbness. One day, Sani's father is accused of murder and is arrested. Little Sanya is the only one who knows the name of the real criminal, but the boy cannot give the name, since he cannot speak. In the future, Sanya will be cured of a strange sound ailment, but his father will already die in custody by that time.

Sanya's mother will marry again, and her stepfather, as befits a plot in works of this kind, will turn out to be a bad person - tough, callous, mean and selfish. Later, Sanya also experiences the death of his mother. He is left with Aunt Dasha - the one who read letters to the boy from the bag of the deceased postman. But her aunt decides that Sanya and her sister should live in a shelter. Then Sanya and the boy's close friend (Peter) flee - first to Moscow, and then to Turkestan. Adventures begin in the capital ... Moscow presents its friends not with gifts, but with the latest cruelties of "adult" life.

Escaping to Moscow, Sanya plans to stay for the first time with his friend's uncle, but Petya's relative, as it turned out, was called to the front. Ungrateful work and a game of hide and seek with checks in the capital await young guys. During one of these checks, Sana cannot escape, and the boy is sent to a school for street children ...

The novel covers many years, and these years, in all situations described in the novel, Sanya appears as a noble, purposeful, strong person - in spirit and body. When, visiting a friend, through Sanya's fault, the lactometer - a device for checking the composition of milk - accidentally breaks down - Katya, the boy's friend, wants to protect her comrade, but Sanya does not allow the girl to take the blame. In this case, the hero shows nobility. Alexander is close to the struggle for justice, the young man is also courageous and proud. However, pride is not peculiar to the character. Sanya truly believes in his ideals and follows his principles. He is loyal and capable of desperate love. Meanwhile, rationality is not alien to the young man either: in many situations Sanya shows real analytical thinking.

After a falling out with Katya - already during his teenage years - Sanya goes to summer school and prepares to fulfill his childhood dream - to find out what happened to the polar expedition, which he read about as a child, in strange letters half tainted by sea water.

Ekaterina Tatarinova

Katya is Sanya's friend, whom we have already mentioned above. The house of her parents becomes for Sani a whole “brave new world”, similar to Ali Baba's cave. The apartment seems to the hero a strange world full of mysteries and dangers.

Katya is the daughter of Captain Tatarinov. However, the story of this captain Sanya will hear from his friend not now, but after 4 years. Then the heroes will meet again, recognize each other. Sanya will tell Katya that she is going to become a pilot, and Katya will tell him the story of her family.

In 1912, in June, Captain Tatarinov left for an expedition (the captain went from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok) on the ship "Saint Mary", but before that he came briefly to the already familiar Ensk to say goodbye to his relatives. After that, the captain and the expedition disappeared. The captain's wife repeatedly turned to the emperor with a request for help in finding a husband, but it was believed that the captain could die: if this is so, and Tatarinov died, it was only because of her own negligence and negligence in relation to state property.

Once again, Sanya got the opportunity to reread the letters that he had heard from his aunt as a child. Suddenly the young man realized: these letters are about Captain Tatarinov and the expedition.

Nikolay Antonovich Tatarinov

In his apartment (and he was the head of the school where Sanya was sent in Moscow) the Tatarinov family lived, including Katya, Sanya's friend. Nikolai was Katya's uncle. The man did not feel affection and sympathy for the girl's father, that is, for his cousin, since, firstly, he was in love with his brother's wife, Marya Vasilievna, and secondly, he considered him ungrateful.

Sanya considered Nikolai Antonovich as the main "danger" of the Tatarinovs' apartment. Once Nikolai acts meanly: Marya Vasilievna did not feel reciprocity towards him, but the woman, meanwhile, was sympathetic to the geography teacher - a certain Korablev. Sometimes he came to visit, and one day he made a marriage proposal. Marya refused. But, despite this, in the mind of Nikolai Antonovich, an insidious plan still arose - to make sure that Korablev did not come anymore, and for this - to interfere with his work, so that he was limited in teaching geography. Sanya told the teacher about everything, and therefore Nikolai drove the young man out of the house. Katya, not believing Sanya and his story about her uncle's meanness, takes offense at her friend for a long time.

However, this was not the meanest act of Nikolai Antonovich. The worst part was that the expedition was lost precisely through his fault - for the most part. Nikolai was responsible for the equipment of the polar explorers who went on the expedition, and due to his fault this equipment was completely unusable. Sanya cannot prove it, because the facts were carried away by salt water, which blurred the words in the letters. But the young man remembers what was written there.

Subsequently, Katya becomes Sanya's lover. Realizing the truth, the girl will leave the Tatarinovs' house: at that time Katya will already be a respected person, a geologist, the head of the expedition. Nikolai Antonovich will receive his own: the scoundrel will be exposed, and he will be forced to leave, disgraced and humiliated.

And although Nikolai Antonovich is more of a secondary character, we introduced him into this description in order to give the characterization integrity. Now, however, let's move on to the next figures in the novel.

Supporting characters

Marya Vasilievna Tatarinova

We have already begun the story about Marya Vasilievna. The woman is very unhappy: firstly, Marya loses her husband, secondly, the heroine loses the company of her likable Korablev, and thirdly, she is forced to marry a man whom she does not love.

As you might guess, Marya Vasilievna becomes the wife of Nikolai Antonovich. This is because the woman felt guilty and that she allegedly owed Nikolai for the care given to her, mother and daughter. But one day Marya Vasilievna learns from Sani about what a "terrible person" Nikolai Antonovich was. The young man did not know that the latter had already become the husband of a poor woman.

Marya Vasilievna felt guilty before her husband (captain), felt like a traitor. In the end, the heroine breaks down and commits suicide: the woman was poisoned, and the doctors could not help her in time and save her.

Here the reader again encounters drama in the relationship between Sanya and Katya: at her mother's funeral, Katya does not want to talk to Sanya, because Nikolai managed to convince the girl that Sanya was to blame for the death of Marya Vasilyevna, and the letters were about a completely different person.

In the end, Nikolai Antonovich will still be exposed. Sanya will do it, but only after the end of the war.

Romashov / Chamomile

We encounter this hero when, reading the book, we come to the story with Korablev. After all, Grigoriev told the young man what he had heard from Nikolai Tatarinov, and then considered Korablev a traitor, who reported everything to Tatarinov.

But the traitor in this situation was not Korablev at all, but Romashov, nicknamed Daisy.

Chamomile is an exclusively and completely negative character. Vile, cowardly, capable only of low and vile deeds. Since childhood, Camomile has been interested in his own benefit, and for her sake the hero can even go to blackmail friends and relatives.

The worst thing is that one day Sanya will find out: Camomile entered the Tatarinovs' house, got into the trust and, it seems, will marry Katya a little more. The girl did not immediately understand that Chamomile was only familiar with betrayal, and he himself was a two-faced and morally dirty person. It is Daisy who will be Nikolai's accomplice in denigrating the name of Sani Grigoriev, when Sanya wants to present materials about the fate of the captain of the missing expedition ...

However, falling in love with Katya will play a cruel joke with Camomile: he will offer Sanya services in exposing Nikolai's guilt. Payment - Sanya's refusal to be with Katya. However, Grigoriev turned out to be more noble: Sanya talks about the proposal of Camomile to Nikolai Antonovich. However, he could no longer play against the former accomplice.

When Sanya and Katya's trip to the north to search for the missing expedition fails, and Sanya goes to the front - to the war with Spain, Katya will meet her old "friend" again. Chamomile will convince the girl that he saved Sanya, who was wounded, but Grigoriev died tragically. However, now the girl will not believe it. Chamomile, indeed, lied: Romashov did not save Alexander at all, but betrayed him by taking his things. As a result, justice will prevail, and Chamomile will be condemned.

Ivan Pavlovich Korablev

We go back again to study in more detail the already familiar personality of the geography teacher. Often Ivan takes exactly the position of a victim, because Korablev is unfairly tortured at school - because of his love for Marya Vasilyevna, Sanya accuses him of betraying his trust ...

In fact, Korablev embodies such traits as kindness, sincerity, naivety and simplicity, honesty, openness and justice. The teacher loves his job, work, worries about the children he teaches.

Ivan Pavlovich will play an important role in the relationship between Sanya and Katya: Korablev will help lovers many times.

Valentin (Valya) Zhukov

As we know, the theme of friendship occupies a particularly important place in the novel "Two Captains", the main characters of the work constantly find themselves in situations where friendship and betrayal collide with each other in an unequal struggle. According to the laws of the genre, at first it will seem to the reader that evil is winning, but then the good will definitely prevail.

So, Valya Zhukov is Sani's comrade. At first, Sanya was also friends with Petya (Peter Skovorodnikov). Together the boys fled to the capital, but then they parted ways. Petya managed to escape during the check, and subsequently Grigoriev learned that Peter was still in Moscow and was engaged in art. Also, within the walls of the Academy of Arts, Alexandra (Sasha) Grigorieva, Sanya's sister, who eventually became Petya's wife, studied.

Valya Zhukov and Romashka are comrades who appeared at Sania's while studying at a school for street children. Valya is the antipode of Chamomile. Valya is an intelligent, honest, fair, responsible and reliable, wonderful and loyal friend. Zhukov becomes the husband of Katya's best friend, Kira, and the young man also has a career as a prominent scientist.

Sasha Grigorieva

Sister Sani is an artist and the wife of his friend Petit. Events develop, and later Sana will manage to publish an article about the polar expedition and about Captain Tatarinov ... Sasha will by that time live in Moscow, raise his son. But then the girl exudes illness. It is not possible to recover: Sasha will die.

Nina Kapitonovna

For Grigoriev, the old woman was a treasure in the "Ali Baba's cave", because she always treated him to goodies. Nina Kapitonovna introduces Sanya to the circle of the Tatarinov family: once, Sanya helped a woman carry heavy bags ... Nina is Marya Vasilyevna's mother.

Ivan Ivanovich

This is a doctor who was able to cure Sanya from dumbness. But this was not the only meeting of our characters. Further, fate confronts them at a time when Sana managed to get him to be assigned to the North. Here, in the Zapolyarny Territory, Ivan Ivanovich gives Sanya the notes of the navigator of the ship "Saint Mary". The navigator, as it turned out, died in 1914, but from those letters Sanya learned about the fate of the missing captain.

Decryption letters, love

The young man, carried away by the ideas of finding polar explorers, is studying at the Leningrad summer school, reading and sorting through difficult letters. The zealous young man learns that the captain, Katya's father, has released his companions to look for a new land and develop it. The captain himself, Katya's father, did not leave the ship. Mary's Land is the place that Sani's investigation points to, there may be traces of a lost expedition.

Grigoriev will achieve great success in this endeavor. Later, the desire to find traces of the expedition again brings the young man to Katya. However, the expedition will not take place this time….

The reader will again encounter the characters when 5 years have passed for them: Sanya returns, having managed to escape after the war with Spain, but Katya is no longer in Moscow ...

We see how hard fate throws the heroes. Now Sanya is forced to go on a personal "expedition" - in search of lost love. Grigoriev is looking for a wife in Moscow, then he goes to Yaroslavl, and then to Novosibirsk ... During his travels, Sanya manages - by sheer coincidence (due to the need to make an emergency landing) - to find the remains of the ship "Holy Mary", the body of the deceased captain and his records ... In Polyarny - a town not far from this place - Sanya meets Katya.

Executor: Miroshnikov Maxim, student of 7 "K" class

Leader:Pitinova Natalya Petrovna, teacher of Russian language and literature

ANALYSIS OF ROMAN VENIAMIN KAVERIN

"TWO CAPTAINS"

Foreword. Biography of V.A. Kaverin

Kaverin Veniamin Alexandrovich (1902 - 1989), prose writer.

Born on April 6 (NS 19) in Pskov in the family of a musician. In 1912 he entered the Pskov gymnasium. "A friend of my older brother Y. Tynyanov, later a well-known writer, was my first literary teacher who inspired me with an ardent love for Russian literature," he writes V. Kaverin.

As a sixteen-year-old boy, he arrived in Moscow and in 1919, graduated from high school here. He wrote poetry. In 1920 he transferred from Moscow University to Petrogradskiy, at the same time he entered the Institute of Oriental Languages, graduated from both. He remained at the university in graduate school, where for six years he was engaged in scientific work and in 1929 he defended his dissertation entitled “Baron Brambeus. The story of Osip Senkovsky ". In 1921, together with M. Zoshchenko, N. Tikhonov, Vs. Ivanov was the organizer of the Serapion Brothers literary group.

It was first published in the almanac of this group in 1922 (story "Chronicle of the city of Leipzig for 18 ... year"). In the same decade, he wrote stories and stories: "Masters and Apprentices" (1923), "The Suit of Diamonds" (1927), "The End of the Khaza" (1926), the story about the life of scientists "Brawler, or Evenings on Vasilievsky Island" (1929 ). I decided to become a professional writer, finally devoting myself to literary creativity.

In 1934 - 1936. writes his first novel "The Fulfillment of Desires", in which he set the task not only to convey his knowledge of life, but also to develop his own literary style. It succeeded, the novel was a success.

The most popular work of Kaverin was a novel for youth - "Two captains", the first volume of which was completed in 1938. The outbreak of the Patriotic War stopped work on the second volume. During the war, Kaverin wrote front-line correspondence, military essays, stories. At his request, he was sent to the Northern Fleet. It was there, communicating with pilots and submariners on a daily basis, that I realized in which direction the work on the second volume of "Two Captains" would go. In 1944, the second volume of the novel was published.

In 1949 - 1956. worked on the trilogy "Open Book", about the formation and development of microbiology in the country, about the goals of science, about the character of the scientist. The book has gained immense popularity among the reader.

In 1962, Kaverin published the story "Seven Unclean Pairs", which tells about the first days of the war. In the same year, the story "Oblique Rain" was written. In the 1970s he created a book of memoirs "In the Old House", as well as the trilogy "Illuminated Windows", in the 1980s - "Drawing", "Verlioka", "Evening Day".

Analysis of the novel "Two Captains"

I got acquainted with a wonderful literary work - the novel "Two Captains" this summer, reading the "summer" literature recommended by the teacher. This novel was written by Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin, a wonderful Soviet writer. The book was published in 1944, and in 1945 the writer received the Stalin Prize for it.

It is no exaggeration to say that "Two Captains" is a cultivated book of several generations of Soviet people. I liked the novel very much too. I read it almost in one breath, and the heroes of the book became my friends. I believe that the novel helps the reader to solve many important questions.

In my opinion, the novel "Two Captains" is a book about a search - a search for truth, one's life path, one's moral and moral position. It is no coincidence that its heroes are captains - people who are looking for new ways and leading others!

In the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin stories pass before us two main characters - Sani Grigoriev and Captain Tatarinov.

IN the center of the novel is the fate of Captain Sani Grigoriev. As a boy, fate connects him with another captain - the missing captain Tatarinov, and his family. We can say that Sanya devotes his whole life to finding out the truth about Tatarinov's expedition and restoring the defamed name of this person.

In the process of searching for the truth, Sanya matures, learns life, he has to make fundamental, sometimes very difficult, decisions.

The events of the novel take place in several places - the city of Ensk, Moscow and Leningrad. The author describes the 30s and years of the Great Patriotic War - the time of childhood and youth of Sani Grigoriev. The book is full of memorable events, important and unexpected plot twists.

Many of them are associated with the image of Sani, with his honest and courageous deeds.

I remember the episode when Grigoriev, rereading old letters, learns the truth about Captain Tatarinov: it was the man who made an important discovery - he discovered the Northern Land, which he named after his wife - Maria. Sanya also learns about the vile role of the cousin of the captain Nikolai Antonovich - he made it so that most of the equipment on the schooner Tatarinov was unusable. Almost the entire expedition was killed by this man!

Sanya seeks to "restore justice" and tell everything about Nikolai Antonovich. But at the same time, Grigoriev only makes it worse - in his own words, he practically kills Tatarinov's widow. This event repels Sanya and Katya - Tatarinov's daughter, with whom the hero falls in love.

Thus, the author of the book shows that there are no unambiguous actions in life. What seems to be right can turn into its opposite side at any moment. You need to carefully consider all the consequences before committing any important act.

Also, the most memorable events for me in the book were the discovery by captain Grigoriev, becoming an adult, of the navigator Tatarinov's diary, which, after many obstacles, was published in Pravda. This means that people learned about the true meaning of Tatarinov's expedition, learned the truth about this heroic captain.

Almost at the end of the novel, Grigoriev finds the body of Ivan Lvovich. This means that the hero's mission is complete. The Geographical Society hears Sani's report, where he tells the whole truth about Tatarinov's expedition.

Sanka's whole life is connected with the feat of a brave captain, since childhood he is equal to brave explorer of the North and in adulthood finds the expedition "St. Mary "fulfilling his duty to the memory of Ivan Lvovich.

V. Kaverin did not just invent the hero of his work, Captain Tatarinov. He took advantage of the history of two brave conquerors of the Far North. One of them was Sedov. From another he took the actual story of his journey. It was Brusilov. The drift of the "Saint Mary" exactly repeats the drift of the Brusilovskaya "Saint Anna". The diary of navigator Klimov is completely based on the diary of navigator "St. Anna" Albanov - one of the two surviving members of this tragic expedition.

So, how did Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov grow up? It was a boy born into a poor fishing family on the shores of the Azov Sea (Krasnodar Territory). In his youth, he went as a sailor on oil tankers between Batum and Novorossiysk. Then he passed the exam for "naval ensign" and served in the Hydrographic Department, with proud indifference enduring the arrogant non-recognition of the officers.

Tatarinov read a lot, took notes on the margins of books. He argued with Nansen. Either the captain "completely agreed", then "completely disagree" with him. He reproached him for the fact that, before reaching the pole of some four hundred kilometers, Nansen turned to the ground. The ingenious thought: “Ice will solve its problem by itself” was written there. On a piece of yellowed paper that fell out of Nansen's book, Ivan Lvovich Tatarinov wrote in his hand: “Amundsen wants to leave Norway the honor of opening the North Pole at all costs, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat. " He wanted, like Nansen, to go, perhaps further north with drifting ice, and then reach the pole on dogs.

In mid-June 1912, the schooner “St. Maria ”left St. Petersburg for Vladivostok. At first, the ship went on the planned course, but in the Kara Sea, the "Holy Mary" froze and slowly began to move northward along with the polar ice. Thus, willingly or not, the captain had to abandon the original intention - to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. “But every cloud has a silver lining! A completely different thought now interests me, ”he wrote in a letter to his wife. Ice was even in the cabins, and every morning they had to cut it down with an ax. It was a very arduous journey, but all the people held up well and probably would have done the job if they hadn't been late with the equipment and if the equipment weren't so bad. The team owed all its failures to the betrayal of Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov.Of the sixty dogs he sold to the team in Arkhangelsk, most had to be shot on Novaya Zemlya. “We took a risk, we knew that we were taking a risk, but we did not expect such a blow,” wrote Tatarinov, “The main failure is a mistake that has to be paid for every day, every minute, that I entrusted the equipment of the expedition to Nikolai ... "

Among the captain's farewell letters were a map of the filmed area and business papers. One of them was a copy of the obligation, according to which the captain refuses any remuneration in advance, all commercial production upon his return to the "Main Land" belongs to Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov, the captain is responsible with all his property to Tatarinov in case of loss of the vessel.

But despite the difficulties, he managed to draw conclusions from his observations and formulas, proposed by him, allow you to subtract the speed and direction of ice movement in any area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean. This seems almost unbelievable when you remember that the relatively short drift of St. Mary ”took place in places that, it would seem, do not provide data for such broad results.

The captain was left alone, all his comrades were killed, he could no longer walk, was freezing on the move, on halts, he could not even get warm while eating, his legs were frostbitten. “I am afraid that we are finished, and I have no hope even that you will ever read these lines. We can no longer walk, we are freezing on the move, at halts, we cannot even get warm while eating, ”we read his lines.

Tatarinov understood that soon his turn was also, but he was not at all afraid of death, because he did more than in his power to stay alive.

His story ended not in defeat and unknown death, but in victory.

At the end of the war, making a report to the Geographical Society, Sanya Grigoriev said that the facts that were established by the expedition of Captain Tatarinov did not lose their significance. So, on the basis of the study of drift, the famous polar explorer Professor V. suggested the existence of an unknown island between the 78th and 80th parallels, and this island was discovered in 1935 - and exactly where V. determined its place. The constant drift established by Nansen was confirmed by the voyage of Captain Tatarinov, and the formulas for the comparative movement of ice and wind represent an enormous contribution to Russian science.

The films of the expedition were developed, which had lain in the ground for about thirty years.

On them he appears to us - a tall man in a fur hat, in fur boots tied under the knees with straps. He stands, stubbornly bowing his head, leaning on a gun, and a dead bear, with folded paws like a kitten, lies at his feet. This was a strong, fearless soul!

Everyone stood up when he appeared on the screen, and such a silence, such a solemn silence reigned in the hall that no one dared even breathe, let alone say a word.

“… It’s bitter for me to think about all the things that I could have done if it were not for the fact that they helped me, but at least not hindered me. One consolation is that by my labors new vast lands have been discovered and annexed to Russia ... ”, we read the lines written by the brave captain. He named the land after his wife, Marya Vasilievna.

And in the last hours of his life he was not thinking about himself, but worried about his family: "My dear Mashenka, somehow you will live without me!"

A courageous and clear character, purity of thought, clarity of purpose - all this denounces a person of great soul.

And Captain Tatarinov is buried as a hero. Ships entering the Yenisei Gulf see his grave from afar. They walk past her, flags at half-mast, and cannon fireworks thunder. The tomb was built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the unsetting polar sun. The following words are carved at the height of human growth: “Here rests the body of Captain I.L. Tatarinov, who made one of the most courageous voyages and died on the way back from the Severnaya Zemlya discovered by him in June 1915. "Fight and seek, find and not give up!"- this is the motto of the work.

That is why all the heroes of the story consider I.L. Tatarinov is a hero. Because he was a fearless man, fought with death, and despite everything he achieved his goal.

As a result, the truth triumphs - Nikolai Antonovich is punished, and the name of Sani is now inextricably linked with the name of Tatarinov: "Such captains move humanity and science forward".

And, in my opinion, this is absolutely true. Tatarinov's discovery was very important for science. But the act of Sani, who devoted many years to restoring justice, can also be called a feat - both scientific and human. This hero has always lived by the laws of goodness and justice, never went to meanness. This is precisely what helped him to withstand the most severe conditions.

We can say the same about Sania's wife - Katya Tatarinova.By strength of character, this woman is on a par with her husband. She went through all the trials that befell her, but remained faithful to Sana, carried her love to the end. And this despite the fact that many people tried to tear apart the heroes. One of them is an imaginary friend of Sani "Romashka" - Romashov. On the account of this man there were many meannesses - betrayals, betrayals, lies.

As a result, he was also punished - he was sent to prison. Another villain, Nikolai Antonovich, was also punished, who was expelled from science in disgrace.

Conclusions.

Based on what I said above, we come to the conclusion that "Two Captains" and his heroes teach us a lot. “In all trials it is necessary to maintain dignity in oneself, to always remain human. Under any circumstances, one must be faithful to good, love, light. Only then is it possible to cope with all the tests ”, - says the writer V. Kaverin.

And the heroes of his book show us that we need to face life, to meet any difficulties. Then you are guaranteed an interesting life full of adventures and real deeds. A life that will not be ashamed to remember in old age.

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Introduction

mythological novel image

"Two captains" - adventure novel soviet the writer Veniamin Kaverin, which was written by him in the years 1938-1944. The novel went through more than a hundred reprints. Kaverin was awarded for him Stalin Prize second degree (1946). The book has been translated into many foreign languages. First published: the first volume in the magazine "Koster", # 8-12, 1938. The first separate edition - V. Kaverin. Two captains. Drawings, binding, flyleaf and title of Yu. Syrnev. Frontispiece by V. Konashevich. M.-L. Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, publishing house of children's literature 1940 464 p.

The book tells about the amazing fate of a mute from a provincial town Enska, who honorably goes through the trials of war and homelessness in order to win the heart of his beloved girl. After the unfair arrest of his father and the death of his mother, Alexander Grigoriev was sent to an orphanage. Having escaped to Moscow, he finds himself first in a distribution center for street children, and then in a commune school. He is irresistibly attracted by the apartment of the school director Nikolai Antonovich, where the latter's cousin, Katya Tatarinova, lives.

Katya's father, Captain Ivan Tatarinov, who in 1912 led the expedition that discovered the Northern Land, disappeared without a trace several years ago. Sanya suspects that Nikolai Antonovich, in love with Katya's mother, Maria Vasilievna, contributed to this. Maria Vasilievna believes Sana and commits suicide. Sanya is accused of libel and kicked out of the Tatarinovs' house. And then he takes an oath to find an expedition and prove his case. He becomes a pilot and collects information about the expedition bit by bit.

After the start Great Patriotic War Sanya serves in Air force... During one of the sorties, he discovers a ship with Captain Tatarinov's reports. The finds become the final touch and allow him to shed light on the circumstances of the death of the expedition and to justify himself in the eyes of Katya, who had previously become his wife.

The motto of the novel - the words "Fight and seek, find and not give up" - this is the final line from the textbook poem lord Tennyson « Ulysses" (in the original: To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield). This line is also engraved on the cross in memory of the deceased expeditions R. Scott to the South Pole, on the Observation Hill.

The novel was screened twice (in 1955 and in 1976), and in 2001 the musical "Nord-Ost" was created based on the novel. The heroes of the film, namely the two captains, were given a memorial "yatnik in the writer's homeland, in Psokov, which in the novel is referred to as the town of Ensk. In 2001, a museum of the novel was created in the Psokov children's library.

In 2003, the main square of the city of Polyarny in the Murmansk region was named the Two Captains Square. It was from this place that the expeditions of the navigators Vladimir Rusanov and Georgy Brusilov set out on a voyage.

Relevance of the work.The theme “Mythological basis in V. Kaverin's novel“ Two Captains ”” was chosen by me because of the high degree of its relevance and importance in modern conditions. This is due to the wide public response and active interest in this issue.

To begin with, it should be said that the topic of this work is of great educational and practical interest to me. The problematic of the issue is very relevant in modern reality. From year to year, scientists and experts are paying more and more attention to this topic. Here it is worth noting such names as D.A. Alekseev, B. Begak, V. Borisova, who made a significant contribution to the study and development of conceptual issues of this topic.

The amazing story of Sani Grigoriev, one of the two captains in Kaverin's novel, begins with an equally amazing find: a bag full of letters. However, it turns out that these "worthless" foreign letters are still quite suitable for the role of a fascinating "epistolary novel", the content of which soon becomes a common achievement. The letter, which tells about the dramatic history of the Arctic expedition of Captain Tatarinov and addressed to his wife, acquires fateful significance for Sani Grigoriev: his entire further existence is subordinated to the search for the addressee, and subsequently to the search for the missing expedition. Guided by this high aspiration, Sanya literally bursts into someone else's life. Having turned into a polar pilot and a member of the Tatarinov family, Grigoriev essentially replaces and displaces the deceased hero-captain. So, from the appropriation of someone else's letter to the appropriation of someone else's fate, the logic of his life unfolds.

The theoretical basis of the course workserved as monographic sources, materials of scientific and industry periodicals directly related to the topic. The prototypes of the heroes of the work.

Object of study:plot and images of heroes.

Subject of study: mythological motives, plots, symbols in creativity in the novel "Two Captains".

Purpose of the study: complex consideration of the question of the influence of mythology on the novel by V. Kaverin.

To achieve this goal, the following were set tasks:

Reveal the attitude and frequency of Kaverin's appeal to mythology;

To study the main features of mythological heroes in the images of the novel "Two Captains";

Determine the forms of penetration of mythological motives and plots into the novel "Two Captains";

Consider the main stages of Kaverin's appeal to mythological subjects.

To solve the set tasks, methods such as descriptive, historical-comparative are used.

1. N conceptro mythological themes and motives

The myth stands at the origins of verbal art, mythological representations and plots occupy a significant place in the oral folklore tradition of various peoples. Mythological motives played a large role in the genesis of literary plots, mythological themes, images, characters are used and reinterpreted in literature almost throughout its history.

In the history of the epic, military strength and courage, the "fierce" heroic character completely overshadow witchcraft and magic. Historical tradition is gradually pushing back the myth, the mythical early time is transformed into the glorious era of the early mighty statehood. However, some features of the myth can be preserved in the most developed epics.

Due to the fact that in modern literary criticism there is no term "mythological elements", at the beginning of this work it is advisable to give a definition of this concept. For this, it is necessary to turn to works on mythology, which present opinions about the essence of the myth, its properties, functions. It would be much easier to define mythological elements as constituent parts of one or another myth (plots, heroes, images of animate and inanimate nature, etc.), but when giving such a definition, one should also take into account the subconscious appeal of the authors of works to archetypal constructions (as V. N. Toporov, “some features in the work of great writers could be understood as sometimes an unconscious appeal to elementary semantic oppositions, well known in mythology”, B. Groys speaks about “archaic, about which we can say that it is also at the beginning of time , as well as in the depths of the human psyche as its unconscious beginning. "

So, what is the myth, and after it - what can be called mythological elements?

The word "myth" (mkhYuipzh) - "word", "story", "speech" - comes from ancient Greek. Initially, it was understood as a set of absolute (sacred) value-worldview truths opposed to everyday empirical (profane) truths expressed by an ordinary "word" (eTrpzh), notes prof. A.V. Semushkin. Since the V century. BC, writes J.-P. Vernan, in philosophy and history, the "myth" opposed to the "logos", with which they initially coincided in meaning (only later did logos begin to mean the ability to think, reason), acquired a derogatory connotation, denoting a fruitless, unfounded statement, devoid of support on strict evidence or reliable evidence (however, even in this case, he, disqualified from the point of view of truth, did not apply to the sacred texts about gods and heroes).

The predominance of mythological consciousness refers mainly to the archaic (primitive) era and is associated primarily with its cultural life, in the system of semantic organization of which myth played a dominant role. The English ethnographer B. Malinovsky gave the myth primarily the practical functions of maintaining

However, the main thing in the myth is the content, and not at all compliance with historical evidence. In myths, events are considered in time sequence, but often the specific time of the event does not matter and only the starting point for the beginning of the story is important.

In the XVII century. English philosopher Francis Bacon in his work "On the Wisdom of the Ancients" argued that myths in poetic form preserve the most ancient philosophy: moral maxims or scientific truths, the meaning of which is hidden under the cover of symbols and allegories. Free fantasy, expressed in myth, according to the German philosopher Herder is not something absurd, but is an expression of the childhood age of humanity, "the philosophical experience of the human soul, which dreams before it wakes up."

1.1 Signs and characteristicsmyth

Mythology as a science of myths has a rich and long history. The first attempts to rethink the mythological material were undertaken in antiquity. But to date, no consensus has been formed about the myth. Of course, there are points of contact in the works of researchers. Starting from these points, it seems to us possible to single out the main properties and features of the myth.

Representatives of various scientific schools focus on different aspects of the myth. So Raglan (Cambridge Ritual School) defines myths as ritual texts, Cassirer (a representative of the symbolic theory) speaks of their symbolism, Losev (the theory of mythopoetism) - on the coincidence in the myth of a common idea and a sensual image, Afanasyev calls myth the most ancient poetry, Barthes - a communicative system ... The existing theories are summarized in Meletinsky's book The Poetics of Myth.

The article by A.V. The Guligs list the so-called "signs of myth":

1. Merging of the real and the ideal (thought and action).

2. Unconscious level of thinking (mastering the meaning of the myth, we destroy the myth itself).

3. Syncretism of reflection (this includes: the indivisibility of the subject and the object, the absence of differences between the natural and the supernatural).

Freudenberg notes the essential characteristics of myth, defining it in his book "Myth and the Literature of Antiquity": "Figurative representation in the form of several metaphors, where there is no our logical, formal logical causality and where a thing, space, time are understood indivisibly and concretely, where man and the world are subject-object-unity, - this special constructive system of figurative representations, when it is expressed in words, we call a myth. " Based on this definition, it becomes clear that the main characteristics of the myth follow from the peculiarities of mythological thinking. Following the works of A.F. Loseva V.A. Markov argues that in mythological thinking they do not differ: object and subject, thing and its properties, name and object, word and action, society and space, man and the universe, natural and supernatural, and the universal principle of mythological thinking is the principle of participation (“everything there is everything ”, the logic of werewolf). Meletinsky is sure that mythological thinking is expressed in an indistinct separation of subject and object, object and sign, thing and word, creature and its name, thing and its attributes, single and multiple, spatial and temporal relations, origin and essence.

In their works, various researchers note the following characteristics of the myth: sacralization of the mythical "time of the first creation", which is the reason for the established world order (Eliade); indivisibility of image and meaning (Potebnya); general animation and personalization (Losev); close connection with the ritual; cyclical time model; metaphorical nature; symbolic meaning (Meletinsky).

In the article "On the interpretation of myth in the literature of Russian symbolism" G. Shelogurova tries to draw preliminary conclusions about what is meant by myth in modern philological science:

1. The myth is unanimously recognized as a product of collective artistic creation.

2. The myth is determined by the lack of distinction between the plane of expression and the plane of content.

3. The myth is seen as a universal model for constructing symbols.

4. Myths are the most important source of plots and images at all times of the development of art.

1.2 Functions of myth inworks

Now it seems to us possible to define the functions of myth in symbolic works:

1. The myth is used by the Symbolists as a means to create symbols.

2. With the help of myth, it becomes possible to express some additional ideas in the work.

3. A myth is a means of generalizing literary material.

4. In some cases, the Symbolists use myth as an artistic device.

5. The myth serves as a visual, meaningful example.

6. Based on the above, the myth cannot but fulfill a structuring function (Meletinsky: “Mythologism has become a tool for structuring the narrative (using mythological symbolism)”). 1

In the next chapter, we will consider how fair our conclusions are for the lyric works of Bryusov. To do this, we explore the cycles of different times of writing, entirely built on mythological and historical subjects: "Lovers of the Ages" (1897-1901), "Eternal Truth of Idols" (1904-1905), "Eternal Truth of Idols" (1906-1908), "Powerful shadows "(1911-1912)," In the mask "(1913-1914).

2. The mythology of the images of the novel

The novel by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains" is one of the brightest works of Russian adventure literature of the 20th century. This story of love and loyalty, courage and determination has not left indifferent either an adult or a young reader for many years.

The book was called "a novel of education", "an adventure novel", "an idyllic-sentimental novel," but it was not accused of self-deception. And the writer himself said that "this is a novel about justice and that it is more interesting (and said so!) To be honest and courageous than a coward and a liar." And he also said that it was "a novel about the inevitability of the truth."

On the motto of the heroes of the "Two Captains" "Fight and seek, find and not give up!" more than one generation of those has grown up who adequately responded to all sorts of challenges of the time.

Fight and seek, find and not give up. From English: That strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. The primary source is the poem "Ulysses" by the English poet Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), whose 70 years of literary activity are dedicated to the valiant and happy heroes. These lines were carved on the grave of the polar explorer Robert Scott (1868-1912). Eager to reach the South Pole first, he nevertheless came second, three days after the Norwegian pioneer Roald Amundsen had been there. Robert Scott and his companions died on the way back.

In Russian, these words became popular after the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin (1902-1989). The main character of the novel, Sanya Grigoriev, who dreams of polar expeditions, makes these words the motto of his whole life. It is quoted as a phrase-symbol of loyalty to one's goal and to one's principles. “Fight” (including with one's own weaknesses) is the first task of a person. “Seeking” means having a humane goal in front of you. “Find” is to make a dream come true. And if there are new difficulties, then “don't give up”.

The novel is filled with symbols that are part of mythology. Every image, every action has a symbolic meaning.

This novel can be considered a hymn to friendship. Sanya Grigoriev carried this friendship throughout his life. An episode when Sanya and his friend Petka made a "bloody oath of friendship." The words the boys uttered were: “Fight and seek, find and not give up”; they turned into a symbol of their life as the heroes of the novel, determined their character.

Sanya could have died during the war, his profession was dangerous in itself. But in spite of everything, he survived and fulfilled his promise to find the missing expedition. What helped him in life? A high sense of duty, perseverance, perseverance, dedication, honesty - all these character traits helped Sanya Grigoriev survive in order to find traces of the expedition and Katya's love. “You have such love that the most terrible grief will recede before it: it will meet, look into the eyes and retreat. Nobody else, it seems, knows how to love like that, only you and Sanya. So strong, so stubborn, all my life. Where is there to die when you are so loved? - says Pyotr Skovorodnikov.

In our time, the time of the Internet, technology, speed, such love may seem like a myth to many. And how you want it to touch everyone, provoke them to accomplish feats and discoveries.

Once in Moscow, Sanya meets the Tatarinov family. Why is he drawn to this house, what attracts him? The Tatarinovs' apartment becomes for the boy something like Ali - Baba's cave with its treasures, mysteries and dangers. Nina Kapitonovna, who feeds Sanya with lunches, is a "treasure", Maria Vasilievna, "neither a widow, nor a husband's wife," who always walks in black and often sinks into melancholy - a "mystery", Nikolai Antonovich - "danger." In this house he found many interesting books with which he "fell ill" and the fate of Katya's father, Captain Tatarinov, excited and interested him.

It is difficult to imagine how Sani Grigoriev's life would have turned out if an amazing person Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov had not met on his way. One frosty winter evening, someone knocked on the window of the house where two small children lived. When the children opened the door, an exhausted frostbitten man burst into the room. This was Dr. Ivan Ivanovich, who had escaped from exile. He lived with the children for several days, showed the children tricks, taught them to bake potatoes on sticks, and most importantly, taught the dumb boy to talk. Who could have known then that these two people, a little dumb boy and an adult who was hiding from all people, would be bound by a strong faithful male friendship for life.

Several years will pass, and they will meet again, the doctor and the boy, in Moscow, in the hospital, and the doctor will fight for the boy's life for many months. The new meeting will take place in the Arctic, where Sanya will work. Together they, the polar pilot Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov, will fly to save a man, fall into a terrible blizzard, and only thanks to the resourcefulness and skill of the young pilot will they be able to land a faulty plane and spend several days in the tundra among the Nenets. Here, in the harsh conditions of the North, the true qualities of both Sani Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov will manifest themselves.

Three meetings between Sanya and the doctor also have a symbolic meaning. First, three is a fabulous number. This is the first number in a number of traditions (including ancient Chinese), or the first of the odd numbers. Opens a number series and qualifies as a perfect number (image of absolute perfection). The first number to which the word "everything" is assigned. One of the most positive emblem numbers in symbolism, religious thought, mythology and folklore. Sacred, lucky number 3. It bears the meaning of high quality or high degree of expressiveness of the action. It shows mainly positive qualities: the sacredness of a perfect deed, courage and tremendous strength, both physical and spiritual, the importance of something. In addition, the number 3 symbolizes the completeness and completeness of a certain sequence that has a beginning, middle and end. The number 3 symbolizes the integrity, the threefold nature of the world, its versatility, the trinity of the creative, destructive and preserving forces of nature - reconciling and balancing their beginning, happy harmony, creative perfection and good luck.

Secondly, these meetings changed the life of the protagonist.

As for the image of Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov, it is very reminiscent of the mythological biblical image of Judas Iscariot, who betrayed his mentor, his brother in Christ Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. Nikolai Antonovich also betrayed his cousin, sending his expedition to certain death. Portrait and actions of N.A. Tatarinova is also very close to the image of Judas.

None of the disciples noticed when this red-haired and ugly Jew first appeared near Christ, but for a long time he relentlessly walked along their path, intervened in conversations, provided small services, bowed, smiled and cursed. And then he became completely accustomed, deceiving the weary vision, then suddenly he caught his eyes and ears, irritating them, like something unprecedentedly ugly, deceitful and disgusting.

A bright detail in Kaverin's portrait is a kind of accent that helps to demonstrate the essence of the person being portrayed. For example, Nikolai Antonovich's thick fingers resembling "some hairy caterpillars, it seems, cabbage mongrels" (64) - a detail that adds negative connotations to the image of this person, as well as the constantly emphasized in the portrait "a golden tooth that previously somehow illuminated everything face ”(64), but faded towards old age. The golden tooth will become a sign of the absolute falsity of the antagonist Sani Grigoriev. The permanently "striking" incurable acne on the face of Sanya's stepfather is a sign of impurity of thoughts and dishonesty of behavior.

He was a good manager, and the pupils respected him. They came to him with different proposals, and he listened carefully to them. Sanya Grigoriev also liked it at first. But when he was at their home, he noticed that everyone did not treat him well, although he was very attentive to everyone. With all the guests who came to him, he was kind and cheerful. He did not like Sanya and every time he visited them, he began to teach him. Despite his pleasant appearance, Nikolai Antonovich was a mean, low man. This is evidenced by his actions. Nikolai Antonovich - he made it so that most of the equipment on the schooner Tatarinov was unusable. Almost the entire expedition was killed by this man! He persuaded Romashov to eavesdrop on everything that was said about him at school and to inform him. He arranged a whole conspiracy against Ivan Pavlovich Korablev, wanting to expel him from school, because the guys loved and respected him and because he asked for the hand of Marya Vasilyevna, whom he himself was deeply in love with and whom he wanted to marry. It was Nikolai Antonovich who was to blame for the death of his brother Tatarinov: it was he who was engaged in equipping the expedition and did everything possible so that it did not come back. He in every possible way prevented Grigoriev from conducting an investigation into the case of the missing expedition. Moreover, he took advantage of the letters that Sanya Grigoriev found, and defended himself, became a professor. In an effort to escape punishment and shame in the event of exposure, he exposed another person, von Vyshimirsky, under attack, when all the evidence proving his guilt was collected. These and other actions speak of him as a low, mean, dishonorable, envious person. How much villainy he committed in his life, how many innocent people he killed, how many people he made unhappy. He is worthy only of contempt and condemnation.

What kind of person is Chamomile?

Sanya met Romashov at school 4 - a commune, where Ivan Pavlovich Korablev took him. Their beds were side by side. The boys became friends. Sanya did not like in Romashov that he talked about money all the time, saved it up, lent it at interest. Very soon Sanya became convinced of the meanness of this man. Sanya found out that, at the request of Nikolai Antonovich, Romashka overheard everything that was said about the head of the school, wrote it down in a separate book, and then reported it to Nikolai Antonovich for a fee. He also told him that Sanya had heard the plot of the teachers' council against Korablev and wanted to tell his teacher about everything. On another occasion, he dirty gossip to Nikolai Antonovich about Katya and Sanya, for which Katya was sent on vacation to Ensk, and Sanya was no longer allowed into the Tatarinovs' house. The letter that Katya wrote to Sanya before her departure did not reach Sanya either, and this was also the work of Chamomile. Chamomile sank to the point that he rummaged in Sani's suitcase, wanting to find some dirt on him. The older Daisy got, the more his meanness became. He even went so far that he began to collect documents for Nikolai Antonovich, his beloved teacher and patron, proving his guilt in the death of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, and was ready to sell them to Sanya in exchange for Katya, with whom he was in love. Why sell important papers, he was ready to kill a childhood friend in cold blood in order to fulfill his dirty goals. All of Chamomile's actions are low, mean, dishonorable.

* What brings Romashka and Nikolai Antonovich closer, how are they similar?

These are low, mean, cowardly, envious people. They commit dishonorable acts to achieve their goals. They stop at nothing. They have neither honor nor conscience. Ivan Pavlovich Korablev calls Nikolai Antonovich a terrible person, and Romashov a person who has absolutely no morality. These two people stand against each other. Even love doesn't make them prettier. In love, both are selfish. In achieving their goals, they put their interests, their feelings above all else! Disregarding the feelings and interests of the person they love, acting low and mean. Even the war did not change Chamomile. Katya reflected: “He saw death, he became bored in this world of pretense and lies, which was his world before. But she was deeply mistaken. Romashov was ready to kill Sanya, because no one would have known about this and he would have remained unpunished. But Sanya was lucky, fate favored him again, and again, giving chance after chance.

Comparing "The Two Captains" with the canonical examples of the adventure genre, we easily discover that V. Kaverin masterfully uses a dynamically intense plot for a broad realistic narration, during which the two main characters of the novel - Sanya Grigoriev and Katya Tatarinova - tell with great sincerity and excitement "about time and about myself. " All kinds of adventures here are by no means an end in themselves, for they do not determine the essence of the story of the two captains - these are only the circumstances of the real biography, put by the author as the basis of the novel, which eloquently testifies that the life of Soviet people is full of rich events, that our heroic time is full of exciting romance.

"Two Captains" is, in essence, a novel about truth and happiness. In the fate of the protagonist of the novel, these concepts are inseparable. Of course, Sanya Grigoriev wins a lot in our eyes because he accomplished many feats in his life - he fought against the Nazis in Spain, flew over the Arctic, fought heroically on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, for which he was awarded several military orders. But it is curious that for all his exceptional perseverance, rare diligence, composure and strong-willed determination, Captain Grigoriev does not perform exceptional feats, his chest is not adorned with the Hero's Star, as many readers and sincere fans of Sanya would probably like. He accomplishes such feats as can be accomplished by every Soviet person who ardently loves his socialist homeland. Does Sanya Grigoriev lose from this in any way? Of course not!

In the hero of the novel we are conquered not only by his actions, but by his entire spiritual makeup, his heroic character in its very inner essence. Have you noticed that about some of the exploits of his hero, committed by him at the front, the writer is simply silent. The point, of course, is not the number of feats. Before us is not so much a desperately brave man, a sort of captain "rip his head" - before us, first of all, a principled, convinced, ideological defender of the truth, before us is the image of a Soviet youth, "Shaken by the idea of \u200b\u200bjustice" as the author himself points out. And this is the main thing in the appearance of Sani Grigoriev, which captivated us in him from the very first meeting - even when we knew nothing about his participation in the Great Patriotic War.

We already knew that Sanya Grigoriev would grow up to be a courageous and brave person when we heard the boy's oath “Fight and seek, find and not give up”. We, of course, throughout the entire novel are concerned about the question of whether the main character will find the traces of Captain Tatarinov, whether justice will prevail, but we are really captured by himself process achieving the set goal. This process is difficult and complicated, but that is why it is interesting and instructive for us.

For us, Sanya Grigoriev would not be a true hero if we knew only about his exploits and knew little about the formation of his character. In the fate of the hero of the novel, his difficult childhood is also important for us, and his courageous clashes back in school with the scoundrel and self-lover Romashka, with the cleverly disguised careerist Nikolai Antonovich, and his pure love for Katya Tatarinova, and loyalty to no matter what. became a noble boyish oath. And how perfectly the dedication and perseverance in the character of the hero is revealed when we follow step by step how he achieves the implementation of his goal - to become a polar pilot in order to be able to fly in the skies of the Arctic! We cannot ignore his passionate passion for aviation and polar travel, which engulfed Sanya while still at school. Therefore, Sanya Grigoriev becomes a courageous and brave person, that he does not lose sight of the main goal of his life for a single day.

Happiness is won through work, truth is affirmed in the struggle - such a conclusion can be drawn from all the trials of life that fell to the lot of Sani Grigoriev. And, frankly, there were quite a few of them. The homelessness had hardly ended when clashes with strong and dodgy enemies began. Sometimes he suffered temporary setbacks, which he had to endure very painfully. But strong natures do not bend from this - they are tempered in severe trials.

2.1 The mythology of the novel's polar discoveries

Any writer has the right to fiction. But where is she, the line, the invisible line between truth and myth? Sometimes they are so closely intertwined, as, for example, in the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin, a work of fiction that most reliably resembles the real events of 1912 in the development of the Arctic.

Three Russian polar expeditions entered the Northern Ocean in 1912, all three ended tragically: the expedition of V.A. Rusanov. perished entirely, the expedition of Brusilov G.L. - almost entirely, and in the expedition of G. Sedov. I killed three, including the head of the expedition. In general, the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century were interesting for through voyages along the Northern Sea Route, the Chelyuskin epic, heroes of Papanin.

The young but already well-known writer V. Kaverin became interested in all this, became interested in people, bright personalities, whose deeds and characters aroused only respect. He reads literature, memoirs, collections of documents; listens to stories N.V. Pinegin, friend and member of the expedition of the brave polar explorer Sedov; sees finds made in the mid-thirties on unnamed islands in the Kara Sea. Also during the Great Patriotic War, he himself, being a correspondent for Izvestia, visited the North.

And in 1944 the novel "Two Captains" was published. The author was literally inundated with questions about the prototypes of the main characters - Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev. He took advantage of the history of two brave conquerors of the Far North. From one I took on a courageous and clear character, purity of thought, clarity of purpose - everything that distinguishes a person of a great soul. It was Sedov. The other has the actual history of his journey. It was Brusilov. " These heroes became the prototypes of Captain Tatarinov.

Let's try to figure out what is true, what is a myth, how the writer Kaverin managed to combine the realities of the expeditions of Sedov and Brusilov in the history of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. And although the writer himself did not mention the name of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Rusanov among the prototypes of the hero of Captain Tatarinov, some facts claim that the realities of Rusanov's expedition were also reflected in the novel “Two Captains”.

Lieutenant Georgy Lvovich Brusilov, a hereditary sailor, in 1912 led an expedition on the sailing-steam schooner "Saint Anna". He intended to pass with one wintering from St. Petersburg around Scandinavia and further along the Northern Sea Route to Vladivostok. But "Saint Anna" did not come to Vladivostok either a year later or in subsequent years. On the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the ice covered the schooner, she began to drift north to high latitudes. The ship failed to break free of ice captivity in the summer of 1913. During the longest drift in the history of Russian Arctic research (1575 kilometers in a year and a half), Brusilov's expedition conducted meteorological observations, depth measurements, studied currents and ice regime in the northern part of the Kara Sea, which until that time was completely unknown to science. Almost two years of ice captivity have passed.

On April 23 (10), 1914, when the "Saint Anna" was at 830 north latitude and 60 0 east longitude, with Brusilov's consent, eleven members of the crew left the schooner, led by navigator Valerian Ivanovich Albanov. The group hoped to reach the nearest coast, to Franz Josef Land, to deliver the materials of the expedition, which allowed scientists to characterize the underwater relief of the northern part of the Kara Sea and identify a meridional depression at the bottom about 500 kilometers long (St. Anna Trough). Only a few people reached the Franz Josef archipelago, but only two of them, Albanov himself and the sailor A. Konrad, were lucky to escape. They were quite accidentally discovered at Cape Flora by members of another Russian expedition under the command of G. Sedov (Sedov himself had already died by this time).

The schooner with G. Brusilov himself, the sister of mercy E. Zhdanko, the first woman to participate in the high-latitude drift, and eleven crew members disappeared without a trace.

The geographical result of the campaign of the navigator Albanov's group, which cost the lives of nine sailors, was the assertion that King Oscar and Peterman, previously marked on the maps of the Land, do not actually exist.

We know, in general terms, the drama of St. Anne and her crew thanks to Albanov's diary, which was published in 1917 under the title South to Franz Josef Land. Why were only two saved? This is quite clear from the diary. The people in the group that left the schooner were very motley: strong and weak, reckless and weak in spirit, disciplined and dishonest. Those who had the most chance survived. Albanov from the ship "St. Anna" was transferred mail to the mainland. Albanov reached, but none of those to whom they were intended received the letters. Where did they go? This is still a mystery.

And now let's turn to Kaverin's novel "Two Captains". From the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, only the navigator of the long voyage I. Klimov returned. This is what he writes to Maria Vasilievna, the wife of Captain Tatarinov: “I hasten to inform you that Ivan Lvovich is alive and well. Four months ago, in accordance with his instructions, I left the schooner and with me thirteen crew members. I will not talk about our difficult journey to Franz Josef Land on floating ice. I can only say that from our group I alone safely (except for the frostbitten legs) reached Cape Flora. The "Saint Foka" of the expedition of Lieutenant Sedov picked me up and took me to Arkhangelsk. "Holy Mary" froze in the Kara Sea and since October 1913 has been constantly moving north along with the polar ice. When we left, the schooner was at latitude 820 55. "She stands calmly in the middle of the ice field, or rather, stood from the autumn of 1913 until I left."

Sanya Grigoriev's senior friend, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov, after almost twenty years, in 1932, explains to Sanya that the group photo of the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov “was presented by the navigator of the“ St. Mary ”Ivan Dmitrievich Klimov. In 1914 he was brought to Arkhangelsk with frostbitten legs, and he died in a city hospital from blood poisoning. " After Klimov's death, two notebooks and letters remained. The hospital sent these letters to the addresses, but the notebooks and photographs remained with Ivan Ivanovich. The persistent Sanya Grigoriev once said to Nikolai Antonich Tatarinov, a cousin of the missing captain Tatarinov, that he would find the expedition: "I do not believe that it disappeared without a trace."

And so in 1935, Sanya Grigoriev, day after day, parses Klimov's diaries, among which he finds an interesting map - a map of the drift of "St. Mary" "from October 1912 to April 1914, and the drift was shown in those places where the so-called Earth lay. Peterman. "But who knows that this fact was first established by Captain Tatarinov on the schooner" Saint Mary "?" - exclaims Sanya Grigoriev.

Captain Tatarinov had to go from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. From the captain's letter to his wife: “About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through a telegraphic expedition to the Yugorsky Shara. We walked freely on the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining. A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as to some of my companions - childish or reckless. "

What is this thought? Sanya finds the answer to this in the notes of Captain Tatarinov: “The human mind was so absorbed in this task that its solution, in spite of the harsh grave that the travelers for the most part found there, became a continuous national competition. Almost all civilized countries took part in this competition, and only there were no Russians, but meanwhile the ardent impulses of the Russian people to open the North Pole manifested themselves in the time of Lomonosov and have not faded away to this day. Amundsen wants to leave Norway the honor of opening the North Pole at all costs, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat. " (From a letter to the head of the Main Hydrographic Directorate, April 17, 1911). So this is where Captain Tatarinov was aiming !. "He wanted, like Nansen, to go as far north as possible with drifting ice, and then get to the Pole on dogs."

Tatarinov's expedition failed. Even Amundsen said: "The success of any expedition depends entirely on its equipment." Indeed, his brother Nikolai Antonovich rendered a "disservice" in the preparation and equipment of Tatarinov's expedition. For reasons of failure, Tatarinov's expedition was similar to G.Ya. Sedov, who in 1912 tried to penetrate the North Pole. After 352 days of ice captivity off the north-western coast of Novaya Zemlya in August 1913, Sedov took the ship “Holy Great Martyr Fock” out of the bay and sent it to Franz Josef Land. The Foka's second wintering site was Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island. On February 2, 1914, Sedov, despite complete exhaustion, accompanied by two sailors - volunteers A. Pustoshny and G. Linnik on three dog sleds went to the Pole. After a severe cold, he died on February 20 and was buried by his companions at Cape Auk (Rudolf Island). The expedition was poorly prepared. G. Sedov was not familiar with the history of the exploration of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, he did not know the latest maps of the ocean section along which he was going to reach the North Pole. He himself did not check the equipment thoroughly. His temperament, desire to conquer the North Pole faster at all costs prevailed over the clear organization of the expedition. So these are important reasons for the outcome of the expedition and the tragic death of G. Sedov.

Earlier it was already mentioned about the meetings of Kaverin with Pinegin. Nikolai Vasilievich Pinegin is not only an artist and writer, but also a researcher of the Arctic. During Sedov's last expedition in 1912, Pinegin shot the first documentary about the Arctic, the footage of which, combined with the artist's personal memories, helped Kaverin to brighten up the picture of the events of that time.

Let's go back to Kaverin's novel. From a letter from Captain Tatarinov to his wife: “I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula on the maps. Meanwhile, being at latitude 790 35 "east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. I am convinced that this is the land. So far I called it by your name." Sanya Grigoriev finds out that it is was Severnaya Zemlya, discovered in 1913 by Lieutenant B.A. Vilkitsky.

After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia needed to have its own way of escorting ships to the Great Ocean, so as not to depend on Suez or other channels of warm countries. The authorities decided to create a Hydrographic Expedition and thoroughly survey the least difficult section from the Bering Strait to the mouth of the Lena, so that it could pass from east to west, from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk or St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition was A.I. Vilkitsky, and after his death, since 1913 - his son, Boris Andreevich Vilkitsky. It was he who, during the navigation of 1913, dispelled the legend about the existence of Sannikov Land, but discovered a new archipelago. On August 21 (September 3), 1913, a huge archipelago covered with eternal snow was seen north of Cape Chelyuskin. Consequently, from Cape Chelyuskin to the north is not an open ocean, but a strait, later called the B. Vilkitsky Strait. The archipelago was originally named the Land of Emperor Nicholas II. It has been called the Northern Land since 1926.

In March 1935, pilot Alexander Grigoriev, having made an emergency landing on the Taimyr Peninsula, accidentally discovered an old brass hook, which had turned green with time, with the inscription “Schooner“ Holy Mary ”. Nenets Ivan Vylko explains that a boat with a hook and a man was found by local residents on the coast of Taimyr, the coast closest to Severnaya Zemlya. By the way, there is reason to believe that it was no coincidence that the author of the novel gave the Nenets hero the surname Vylko. A close friend of the Arctic explorer Rusanov, a participant in his 1911 expedition was the Nenets artist Ilya Konstantinovich Vylko, who later became the chairman of the council of Novaya Zemlya (“President of Novaya Zemlya”).

Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov was a polar geologist and navigator. His last expedition on the motor-sailing ship "Hercules" sailed to the Arctic Ocean in 1912. The expedition reached the Spitsbergen archipelago and discovered four new coal deposits there. Rusanov then made an attempt to go through the Northeast Passage. Having reached Cape Desire on Novaya Zemlya, the expedition went missing.

It is not known exactly where the Hercules died. But it is known that the expedition not only sailed, but also some part of it went on foot, for the Hercules almost certainly died, as evidenced by objects found in the mid-30s on the islands near the Taimyr coast. In 1934, hydrographers discovered a wooden post on one of the islands with the inscription “Hercules - 1913”. Traces of the expedition were found in the Minin skerries off the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and on Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya). And in the seventies, the search for Rusanov's expedition was conducted by the expedition of the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. In the same area, two hooks were found, as if in confirmation of the intuitive guess of the writer Kaverin. According to experts, they belonged to the Rusanovites.

Captain Alexander Grigoriev, following his motto "Fight and seek, find and not give up", in 1942 nevertheless found the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, or rather, what was left of it. He calculated the path that the captain Tatarinov had to take, if it is considered indisputable that he returned to Severnaya Zemlya, which he called "The Land of Mary": from 790 35 latitude, between the 86th and 87th meridians, to the Russian Islands and to the Nordenskjold archipelago. Then, probably after many wanderings from Cape Sterlegov to the mouth of the Pyasina, where the old Nenets Vylko found a boat on sledges. Then to the Yenisei, because the Yenisei was for Tatarinov the only hope to meet people and help. He walked along the seaward side of the coastal islands, if possible - straight. Sanya found the last camp of Captain Tatarinov, found his farewell letters, photographic films, found his remains. Captain Grigoriev conveyed to the people the farewell words of Captain Tatarinov: “It’s bitter for me to think about all the deeds that I could have done if they didn’t just help me, but at least not hinder me. What to do? One consolation is that by my labors vast new lands were discovered and annexed to Russia. "

In the novel's finale, we read: “Ships entering the Yenisei Gulf see from afar the grave of Captain Tatarinov. They pass by her, flags at half-mast, and the cannon fireworks, and a long echo rolls on without stopping.

The tomb was built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the unsetting polar sun.

At the height of human growth, the following words are carved:

“The body of Captain I.L. Tatarinov, who made one of the most daring travels and died on the way back from the Severnaya Zemlya discovered by him in June 1915. Fight and seek, find and not give up! "

Reading these lines of Kaverin's novel, one involuntarily recalls the obelisk erected in 1912 in the eternal snows of Antarctica in honor of Robert Scott and four of his comrades. There is a gravestone inscription on it. And the final words of the poem "Ulysses" by the classic of British poetry of the 19th century Alfred Tennyson: "To strive, to seek, to find and not yield" (which translated from English means: "Fight and seek, find and not give up!"). Much later, with the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin, these very words became the life motto of millions of readers, a loud appeal for Soviet polar explorers of different generations.

Probably, the literary critic N. Likhacheva was wrong, who attacked The Two Captains when the novel was not yet fully published. After all, the image of Captain Tatarinov is generalized, collective, fictional. The right to fiction gives the author an artistic style, not a scientific one. The best features of the characters of the Arctic explorers, as well as mistakes, miscalculations, historical realities of the expeditions of Brusilov, Sedov, Rusanov - all this is associated with the hero of Kaverin.

And Sanya Grigoriev, like Captain Tatarinov, is the fiction of the writer. But this hero also has his own prototypes. One of them is Professor M.I. Lobashov.

In 1936, in a sanatorium near Leningrad, Kaverin met the silent, always internally focused young scientist Lobashov. “This was a man in whom ardor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance with an amazing definition of purpose. He knew how to succeed in any business. A clear mind and the ability to deeply feel were visible in every judgment. " In everything, Sani Grigoriev's character traits are guessed. And many of the specific circumstances of Sanya's life were directly borrowed by the author from the biography of Lobashov. These are, for example, the silence of Sanya, the death of his father, homelessness, the commune school of the 1920s, the types of teachers and students, falling in love with the daughter of a school teacher. Talking about the history of the creation of "Two Captains", Kaverin noticed that, unlike the parents, sister, comrades of the hero, about whom the prototype of Sanya told, only separate touches were outlined in the teacher Korablev, so that the image of the teacher was completely created by the writer.

Lobashov, who became the prototype of Sani Grigoriev, told the writer about his life, immediately aroused an active interest in Kaverin, who decided not to let his imagination run wild, but to follow the story he had heard. But for the hero's life to be perceived naturally and vividly, he must be in conditions that are personally known to the writer. And unlike the prototype, who was born on the Volga, and graduated from school in Tashkent, Sanya was born in Ensk (Pskov), and graduated from school in Moscow, and she absorbed much of what happened in the school where Kaverin studied. And the state of Sanya the youth also turned out to be close to the writer. He was not an orphanage, but in the Moscow period of his life he was left completely alone in a huge, hungry and deserted Moscow. And, of course, I had to spend a lot of energy and will so as not to get lost.

And the love for Katya, which Sanya carries through her whole life, is not invented or embellished by the author; Kaverin is also here next to his hero: having married a twenty-year-old boy to Lidochka Tynyanova, he remained faithful to his love forever. And how much in common is the mood of Veniamin Alexandrovich and Sani Grigoriev when they write to their wives from the front, when they are looking for them, taken from besieged Leningrad. And Sanya fights in the North, too, because Kaverin was a military commander of TASS, and then Izvestia was in the Northern Fleet and knew firsthand both Murmansk and Polyarnoye, and the specifics of the war in the Far North, and its people.

Another person who was well acquainted with aviation and who knew the North perfectly — the talented pilot S.L. Klebanov, a wonderful, honest person, whose consultations in the study by the author of flying business were invaluable. From the biography of Klebanov, the story of a flight to the remote camp of Vanokan entered the life of Sani Grigoriev, when a disaster broke out on the way.

In general, according to Kaverin, both prototypes of Sani Grigoriev resembled each other not only by their stubbornness of character and extraordinary determination. Klebanov even outwardly resembled Lobashov - short, dense, stocky.

The great skill of the artist lies in creating such a portrait in which everything that is his and everything that is not his becomes his own, deeply original, individual.

Kaverin has a wonderful property: he gives the heroes not only his own impressions, but also his habits, and relatives, and friends. And this cute touch brings the characters closer to the reader. In the novel, the writer endowed Valya Zhukov with the desire of his older brother Sasha to cultivate the power of his gaze by looking at the black circle drawn on the ceiling for a long time. During a conversation, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich suddenly throws a chair to his interlocutor, which must be caught - this was not invented by Veniamin Alexandrovich: K.I. Chukovsky.

The hero of the novel "Two Captains" Sanya Grigoriev lived his own unique life. Readers believed in him seriously. And for more than sixty years, readers of several generations have understood and close this image. Readers admire his personal qualities of character: by willpower, thirst for knowledge and search, loyalty to the given word, dedication, perseverance in achieving the goal, love for the homeland and love for his work - all those that helped Sanya to reveal the mystery of Tatarinov's expedition.

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Any writer has the right to fiction. But where does it go, the line, the invisible line between truth and fiction? Sometimes truth and fiction are so closely intertwined, as, for example, in the novel “Two Captains” by Veniamin Kaverin, a work of fiction that most reliably resembles the real events of 1912 in the development of the Arctic.

Three Russian polar expeditions entered the Northern Ocean in 1912, all three ended tragically: the expedition of V.A. Rusanov died entirely, the expedition of G.L. Brusilov - almost entirely, and in the expedition of G. Sedov. I killed three, including the head of the expedition ... In general, the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century were interesting for through voyages along the Northern Sea Route, the Chelyuskin epic, heroes of Papanin.

The young but already well-known writer V. Kaverin became interested in all this, became interested in people, bright personalities, whose deeds and characters aroused only respect. He reads literature, memoirs, collections of documents; listens to the stories of NV Pinegin, a friend and participant of the expedition of the brave polar explorer Sedov; sees finds made in the mid-thirties on unnamed islands in the Kara Sea. Also during the Great Patriotic War, he himself, being a correspondent for Izvestia, visited the North.

And in 1944 the novel "Two Captains" was published. The author was literally inundated with questions about the prototypes of the main characters - Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev. “I took advantage of the story of two brave conquerors of the Far North. From one I took on a courageous and clear character, purity of thought, clarity of purpose - everything that distinguishes a person of great soul. It was Sedov. The other has the actual history of his journey. It was Brusilov, "Kaverin wrote about the prototypes of Captain Tatarinov in this way.

Let's try to figure out what is true, what is fiction, how the writer Kaverin managed to combine the realities of the expeditions of Sedov and Brusilov in the history of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. And even though the writer did not mention the name of Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov among the prototypes of his hero, Captain Tatarinov, we take the liberty of claiming that the realities of Rusanov's expedition were also reflected in the novel "Two Captains". This will be discussed later.

Lieutenant Georgy Lvovich Brusilov, a hereditary sailor, in 1912 led an expedition on the sailing-steam schooner "Saint Anna". He intended to pass with one wintering from St. Petersburg around Scandinavia and further along the Northern Sea Route to Vladivostok. But "Saint Anna" did not come to Vladivostok either a year later or in subsequent years. On the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the ice covered the schooner, she began to drift north to high latitudes. The ship failed to break free of ice captivity in the summer of 1913. During the longest drift in the history of Russian Arctic research (1575 kilometers in a year and a half), Brusilov's expedition conducted meteorological observations, depth measurements, studied currents and ice regime in the northern part of the Kara Sea, which until that time was completely unknown to science. Almost two years of ice captivity have passed.

On April 23 (10), 1914, when the "Saint Anna" was at 830 north latitude and 60 0 east longitude, with Brusilov's consent, eleven members of the crew left the schooner, led by navigator Valerian Ivanovich Albanov. The group hoped to reach the nearest coast, to Franz Josef Land, to deliver the materials of the expedition, which allowed scientists to characterize the underwater relief of the northern part of the Kara Sea and identify a meridional depression at the bottom about 500 kilometers long (St. Anna Trough). Only a few people reached the Franz Josef archipelago, but only two of them, Albanov himself and the sailor A. Konrad, were lucky to escape. They were quite accidentally discovered at Cape Flora by members of another Russian expedition under the command of G. Sedov (Sedov himself had already died by this time).

The schooner with G. Brusilov himself, the sister of mercy E. Zhdanko, the first woman to participate in the high-latitude drift, and eleven crew members disappeared without a trace.

The geographical result of the campaign of the navigator Albanov's group, which cost the lives of nine sailors, was the assertion that King Oscar and Peterman, previously marked on the maps of the Land, do not actually exist.

We know, in general terms, the drama of St. Anne and her crew thanks to Albanov's diary, which was published in 1917 under the title South to Franz Josef Land. Why were only two saved? This is quite clear from the diary. The people in the group that left the schooner were very motley: strong and weak, reckless and weak in spirit, disciplined and dishonest. Those who had the most chance survived. Albanov from the ship "St. Anna" was transferred mail to the mainland. Albanov reached, but none of those to whom they were intended received the letters. Where did they go? This is still a mystery.

And now let's turn to Kaverin's novel "Two Captains". From the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, only the navigator of the long voyage I. Klimov returned. This is what he writes to Maria Vasilievna, the wife of Captain Tatarinov: “I hasten to inform you that Ivan Lvovich is alive and well. Four months ago, in accordance with his instructions, I left the schooner and with me thirteen crew members I will not talk about our difficult journey to Franz Josef Land on floating ice. I can only say that from our group I alone safely (except for the frostbitten legs) reached Cape Flora. The "Saint Foka" of the expedition of Lieutenant Sedov picked me up and brought me to Arkhangelsk. The "Saint Mary" froze in the Kara Sea and since October 1913 has been constantly moving north along with the polar ice. When we left, the schooner was at latitude 820 55 '. She stands calmly in the middle of the ice field, or rather, stood from the autumn of 1913 until I left. "

Sanya Grigoriev's senior friend, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov, after almost twenty years, in 1932, explains to Sanya that the group photo of the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov “was presented by the navigator of the“ St. Mary ”Ivan Dmitrievich Klimov. In 1914 he was brought to Arkhangelsk with frostbitten legs, and he died in a city hospital from blood poisoning. " After Klimov's death, two notebooks and letters remained. The hospital sent these letters to the addresses, but the notebooks and photographs remained with Ivan Ivanovich. The persistent Sanya Grigoriev once said to Nikolai Antonich Tatarinov, a cousin of the missing captain Tatarinov, that he would find the expedition: "I do not believe that it disappeared without a trace."

And so in 1935, Sanya Grigoriev, day after day, parses Klimov's diaries, among which he finds an interesting map - a map of the drift of "St. Mary" "from October 1912 to April 1914, and the drift was shown in those places where the so-called Earth lay. Peterman. “But who knows that this fact was first established by Captain Tatarinov on the schooner“ Saint Mary ”?” Exclaims Sanya Grigoriev.

Captain Tatarinov had to go from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. From the captain's letter to his wife: “About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through a telegraphic expedition to the Yugorsky Shara. We walked freely on the planned course and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining. A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as some of my companions - childish or reckless. "

What is this thought? Sanya finds the answer to this in the notes of Captain Tatarinov: “The human mind was so absorbed in this task that its solution, in spite of the harsh grave that the travelers for the most part found there, became a continuous national competition. Almost all civilized countries took part in this competition, and only there were no Russians, but meanwhile the ardent impulses of the Russian people to open the North Pole manifested themselves in the time of Lomonosov and have not faded away to this day. Amundsen wants to leave Norway the honor of opening the North Pole at all costs, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat. "(From a letter to the head of the Main Hydrographic Directorate, April 17, 1911). So this is where Captain Tatarinov was aiming !. "He wanted, like Nansen, to go as far north as possible with drifting ice, and then get to the Pole on dogs."

Tatarinov's expedition failed. Even Amundsen said: "The success of any expedition depends entirely on its equipment." Indeed, his brother Nikolai Antonovich rendered a "disservice" in the preparation and equipment of Tatarinov's expedition. For reasons of failure, Tatarinov's expedition was similar to the expedition of G. Ya. Sedov, who in 1912 tried to penetrate the North Pole. After 352 days of ice captivity off the north-western coast of Novaya Zemlya in August 1913, Sedov took the ship “Holy Great Martyr Fock” out of the bay and sent it to Franz Josef Land. The Foka's second wintering site was Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island. On February 2, 1914, despite complete exhaustion, Sedov, accompanied by two sailors, volunteers A. Pustoshny and G. Linnik, went to the Pole on three dog sleds. After a severe cold, he died on February 20 and was buried by his companions at Cape Auk (Rudolf Island). The expedition was poorly prepared. G. Sedov was not familiar with the history of the exploration of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, he did not know the latest maps of the ocean section along which he was going to reach the North Pole. He himself did not check the equipment thoroughly. His temperament, desire to conquer the North Pole faster at all costs prevailed over the clear organization of the expedition. So these are important reasons for the outcome of the expedition and the tragic death of G. Sedov.

We have already mentioned the meetings between Kaverin and Pinegin. Nikolai Vasilievich Pinegin is not only an artist and writer, but also a researcher of the Arctic. During Sedov's last expedition in 1912, Pinegin shot the first documentary about the Arctic, the footage of which, combined with the artist's personal memories, helped Kaverin to brighten up the picture of the events of that time.

Let's go back to Kaverin's novel. From a letter from Captain Tatarinov to his wife: “I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula on the maps. Meanwhile, at latitude 790 35 ', east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. Sanya Grigoriev finds out that this was Severnaya Zemlya, discovered in 1913 by Lieutenant B.A. Vilkitsky.

After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia needed to have its own way of escorting ships to the Great Ocean, so as not to depend on Suez or other channels of warm countries. The authorities decided to create a Hydrographic Expedition and thoroughly survey the least difficult section from the Bering Strait to the mouth of the Lena, so that it could pass from east to west, from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk or St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition was at first A.I. Vilkitsky, and after his death, since 1913 - his son, Boris Andreevich Vilkitsky. It was he who, during the navigation of 1913, dispelled the legend about the existence of Sannikov Land, but discovered a new archipelago. On August 21 (September 3), 1913, a huge archipelago covered with eternal snow was seen north of Cape Chelyuskin. Consequently, from Cape Chelyuskin to the north is not an open ocean, but a strait, later called the B. Vilkitsky Strait. The archipelago was originally named the Land of Emperor Nicholas 11. It has been called the Northern Land since 1926.

In March 1935, pilot Alexander Grigoriev, having made an emergency landing on the Taimyr Peninsula, accidentally discovered an old brass hook, which had turned green with time, with the inscription “Schooner“ Holy Mary ”. Nenets Ivan Vylko explains that a boat with a hook and a man was found by local residents on the coast of Taimyr, the coast closest to Severnaya Zemlya. By the way, there is reason to believe that it was no coincidence that the author of the novel gave the Nenets hero the surname Vylko. A close friend of the Arctic explorer Rusanov, a participant in his 1911 expedition was the Nenets artist Ilya Konstantinovich Vylko, who later became the chairman of the council of Novaya Zemlya (“President of Novaya Zemlya”).

Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov was a polar geologist and navigator. His last expedition on the motor-sailing ship "Hercules" sailed to the Arctic Ocean in 1912. The expedition reached the Spitsbergen archipelago and discovered four new coal deposits there. Rusanov then made an attempt to go through the Northeast Passage. Having reached Cape Desire on Novaya Zemlya, the expedition went missing.

It is not known exactly where the Hercules died. But it is known that the expedition not only sailed, but also some part of it went on foot, for the Hercules almost certainly died, as evidenced by objects found in the mid-30s on the islands near the Taimyr coast. In 1934, hydrographers discovered a wooden post on one of the islands with the inscription “Hercules -1913”. Traces of the expedition were found in the Minin skerries off the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and on Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya). And in the seventies, the search for Rusanov's expedition was conducted by the expedition of the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. In the same area, two hooks were found, as if in confirmation of the intuitive guess of the writer Kaverin. According to experts, they belonged to the Rusanovites.

Captain Alexander Grigoriev, following his motto "Fight and seek, find and not give up", in 1942 nevertheless found the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, or rather, what was left of it. He calculated the path that the captain Tatarinov had to take, if it is considered indisputable that he returned to Severnaya Zemlya, which he called "The Land of Mary": from 790 35 latitude, between the 86th and 87th meridians, to the Russian Islands and to the Nordenskjold archipelago. Then, probably after many wanderings, from Cape Sterlegov to the mouth of the Pyasina, where the old Nenets Vylko found a boat on sledges. Then to the Yenisei, because the Yenisei was for Tatarinov the only hope to meet people and help. He walked along the seaward side of the coastal islands, if possible - straight Sanya found the last camp of Captain Tatarinov, found his farewell letters, photographic films, found his remains Captain Grigoriev conveyed to the people the farewell words of Captain Tatarinov: “It's bitter for me to think about all the deeds that I could have done, if only they didn't help me, but at least they didn't interfere. What to do? One consolation is that by my labors vast new lands were discovered and annexed to Russia. "

In the novel's finale, we read: “Ships entering the Yenisei Gulf see from afar the grave of Captain Tatarinov. They pass by her, flags at half-mast, and the cannon fireworks, and a long echo rolls on without stopping.

The tomb was built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the unsetting polar sun.

At the height of human growth, the following words are carved:

“Here rests the body of Captain IL Tatarinov, who made one of the most courageous voyages and died on the way back from the Severnaya Zemlya discovered by him in June 1915. Fight and seek, find and not give up! "

Reading these lines of Kaverin's novel, one involuntarily recalls the obelisk erected in 1912 in the eternal snows of Antarctica in honor of Robert Scott and four of his comrades. There is a gravestone inscription on it. And the final words of the poem "Ulysses" by the classic of British poetry of the 19th century Alfred Tennyson: "To strive, to seek, to find and not yield" (which in English means: "Fight and seek, find and not give up!"). Much later, with the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin, these very words became the life motto of millions of readers, a loud appeal for Soviet polar explorers of different generations.

Probably, the literary critic N. Likhacheva was wrong, who attacked The Two Captains when the novel was not yet fully published. After all, the image of Captain Tatarinov is generalized, collective, fictional. The right to fiction gives the author an artistic style, not a scientific one. The best traits of the characters of the Arctic explorers, as well as mistakes, miscalculations, historical realities of the expeditions of Brusilov, Sedov, Rusanov - all this is connected with the beloved hero of Kaverin.

And Sanya Grigoriev, like Captain Tatarinov, is the fiction of the writer. But this hero also has his own prototypes. One of them is professor-geneticist M. I. Lobashov.

In 1936, in a sanatorium near Leningrad, Kaverin met the silent, always internally focused young scientist Lobashov. “This was a man in whom ardor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance - with an amazing definition of purpose. He knew how to succeed in any business. A clear mind and the ability to deeply feel were visible in every judgment. " In everything, Sani Grigoriev's character traits are guessed. And many of the specific circumstances of Sanya's life were directly borrowed by the author from the biography of Lobashov. These are, for example, the silence of Sanya, the death of his father, homelessness, the commune school of the 1920s, the types of teachers and students, falling in love with the daughter of a school teacher. Talking about the history of the creation of "Two Captains", Kaverin noticed that, unlike the parents, sister, comrades of the hero, about whom the prototype of Sanya told, only separate touches were outlined in the teacher Korablev, so that the image of the teacher was completely created by the writer.

Lobashov, who became the prototype of Sani Grigoriev, told the writer about his life, immediately aroused an active interest in Kaverin, who decided not to let his imagination run wild, but to follow the story he had heard. But for the hero's life to be perceived naturally and vividly, he must be in conditions that are personally known to the writer. And unlike the prototype, who was born on the Volga, and graduated from school in Tashkent, Sanya was born in Ensk (Pskov), and graduated from school in Moscow, and she absorbed much of what happened in the school where Kaverin studied. And the state of Sanya the youth also turned out to be close to the writer. He was not a child in an orphanage, but he recalled the Moscow period of his life: “As a sixteen-year-old boy, I was left completely alone in huge, hungry and deserted Moscow. And, of course, I had to spend a lot of energy and will so as not to get lost. "

And the love for Katya, which Sanya carries through her whole life, is not invented or embellished by the author; Kaverin is also here next to his hero: having married a twenty-year-old boy to Lidochka Tynyanova, he remained faithful to his love forever. And how much in common is the mood of Veniamin Alexandrovich and Sani Grigoriev when they write to their wives from the front, when they are looking for them, taken from besieged Leningrad. And Sanya fights in the North, too, because Kaverin was a military commander of TASS, and then Izvestia was in the Northern Fleet and knew firsthand both Murmansk and Polyarnoye, and the specifics of the war in the Far North, and its people.

Another person who was well acquainted with aviation and who knew the North perfectly — the talented pilot S. L. Klebanov, a wonderful, honest man, helped Sanya to “fit in” into the life and life of polar pilots, whose consultations in the study of the flying business were invaluable. From the biography of Klebanov, the story of a flight to the remote camp of Vanokan entered the life of Sani Grigoriev, when a disaster broke out on the way.

In general, according to Kaverin, both prototypes of Sani Grigoriev resembled each other not only by their stubbornness of character and extraordinary determination. Klebanov even outwardly resembled Lobashov - short, dense, stocky.

The great skill of the artist lies in creating such a portrait in which everything that is his and everything that is not his becomes his own, deeply original, individual. And, in our opinion, the writer Kaverin succeeded.

Kaverin filled the image of Sani Grigoriev with his personality, his life code, and the writer's credo: "Be honest, not pretend, try to tell the truth and remain yourself in the most difficult circumstances." Veniamin Alexandrovich could be mistaken, but he always remained a man of honor. And the hero of the writer Sanya Grigoriev is a man of his word, of honor.

Kaverin has a wonderful property: he gives the heroes not only his own impressions, but also his habits, and relatives, and friends. And this cute touch brings the characters closer to the reader. In the novel, the writer endowed Valya Zhukov with the desire of his older brother Sasha to cultivate the power of his gaze by looking at the black circle drawn on the ceiling for a long time. During the conversation, Dr. Ivan Ivanovich suddenly throws a chair to his interlocutor, which must be caught - this was not invented by Veniamin Alexandrovich: KI Chukovsky loved to talk so much.

The hero of the novel "Two Captains" Sanya Grigoriev lived his own unique life. Readers believed in him seriously. And for more than sixty years, readers of several generations have understood and close this image. Readers admire his personal qualities of character: by willpower, thirst for knowledge and search, loyalty to the given word, dedication, perseverance in achieving the goal, love for the homeland and love for his work - all those that helped Sanya to reveal the mystery of Tatarinov's expedition.

In our opinion, Veniamin Kaverin managed to create a work in which the realities of the real expeditions of Brusilov, Sedov, Rusanov and the fictional expedition of Captain Tatarinov were skillfully intertwined. He also managed to create images of people who are looking, determined, brave, such as Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev.

Introduction

mythological novel image

"Two captains" - adventure novel soviet the writer Veniamin Kaverin, which was written by him in the years 1938-1944. The novel went through more than a hundred reprints. Kaverin was awarded for him Stalin Prize second degree (1946). The book has been translated into many foreign languages. First published: the first volume in the magazine "Koster", # 8-12, 1938. The first separate edition - V. Kaverin. Two captains. Drawings, binding, flyleaf and title of Yu. Syrnev. Frontispiece by V. Konashevich. M.-L. Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, publishing house of children's literature 1940 464 p.

The book tells about the amazing fate of a mute from a provincial town Enska, who honorably goes through the trials of war and homelessness in order to win the heart of his beloved girl. After the unfair arrest of his father and the death of his mother, Alexander Grigoriev was sent to an orphanage. Having escaped to Moscow, he finds himself first in a distribution center for street children, and then in a commune school. He is irresistibly attracted by the apartment of the school director Nikolai Antonovich, where the latter's cousin, Katya Tatarinova, lives.

Katya's father, Captain Ivan Tatarinov, who in 1912 led the expedition that discovered the Northern Land, disappeared without a trace several years ago. Sanya suspects that Nikolai Antonovich, in love with Katya's mother, Maria Vasilievna, contributed to this. Maria Vasilievna believes Sana and commits suicide. Sanya is accused of libel and kicked out of the Tatarinovs' house. And then he takes an oath to find an expedition and prove his case. He becomes a pilot and collects information about the expedition bit by bit.

After the start Great Patriotic War Sanya serves in Air force... During one of the sorties, he discovers a ship with Captain Tatarinov's reports. The finds become the final touch and allow him to shed light on the circumstances of the death of the expedition and to justify himself in the eyes of Katya, who had previously become his wife.

The motto of the novel - the words "Fight and seek, find and not give up" - this is the final line from the textbook poem lord Tennyson « Ulysses" (in the original: To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield). This line is also engraved on the cross in memory of the deceased expeditions R. Scott to the South Pole, on the Observation Hill.

The novel was screened twice (in 1955 and in 1976), and in 2001 the musical "Nord-Ost" was created based on the novel. The heroes of the film, namely the two captains, were given a memorial "yatnik in the writer's homeland, in Psokov, which in the novel is referred to as the town of Ensk. In 2001, a museum of the novel was created in the Psokov children's library.

In 2003, the main square of the city of Polyarny in the Murmansk region was named the Two Captains Square. It was from this place that the expeditions of the navigators Vladimir Rusanov and Georgy Brusilov set out on a voyage.

Relevance of the work.The theme “Mythological basis in V. Kaverin's novel“ Two Captains ”” was chosen by me because of the high degree of its relevance and importance in modern conditions. This is due to the wide public response and active interest in this issue.

To begin with, it should be said that the topic of this work is of great educational and practical interest to me. The problematic of the issue is very relevant in modern reality. From year to year, scientists and experts are paying more and more attention to this topic. Here it is worth noting such names as D.A. Alekseev, B. Begak, V. Borisova, who made a significant contribution to the study and development of conceptual issues of this topic.

The amazing story of Sani Grigoriev, one of the two captains in Kaverin's novel, begins with an equally amazing find: a bag full of letters. However, it turns out that these "worthless" foreign letters are still quite suitable for the role of a fascinating "epistolary novel", the content of which soon becomes a common achievement. The letter, which tells about the dramatic history of the Arctic expedition of Captain Tatarinov and addressed to his wife, acquires fateful significance for Sani Grigoriev: his entire further existence is subordinated to the search for the addressee, and subsequently to the search for the missing expedition. Guided by this high aspiration, Sanya literally bursts into someone else's life. Having turned into a polar pilot and a member of the Tatarinov family, Grigoriev essentially replaces and displaces the deceased hero-captain. So, from the appropriation of someone else's letter to the appropriation of someone else's fate, the logic of his life unfolds.

The theoretical basis of the course workserved as monographic sources, materials of scientific and industry periodicals directly related to the topic. The prototypes of the heroes of the work.

Object of study:plot and images of heroes.

Subject of study: mythological motives, plots, symbols in creativity in the novel "Two Captains".

Purpose of the study: complex consideration of the question of the influence of mythology on the novel by V. Kaverin.

To achieve this goal, the following were set tasks:

Reveal the attitude and frequency of Kaverin's appeal to mythology;

To study the main features of mythological heroes in the images of the novel "Two Captains";

Determine the forms of penetration of mythological motives and plots into the novel "Two Captains";

Consider the main stages of Kaverin's appeal to mythological subjects.

To solve the set tasks, methods such as descriptive, historical-comparative are used.

1. The concept of mythological themes and motives

The myth stands at the origins of verbal art, mythological representations and plots occupy a significant place in the oral folklore tradition of various peoples. Mythological motives played a large role in the genesis of literary plots, mythological themes, images, characters are used and reinterpreted in literature almost throughout its history.

In the history of the epic, military strength and courage, the "fierce" heroic character completely overshadow witchcraft and magic. Historical tradition is gradually pushing back the myth, the mythical early time is transformed into the glorious era of the early mighty statehood. However, some features of the myth can be preserved in the most developed epics.

Due to the fact that in modern literary criticism there is no term "mythological elements", at the beginning of this work it is advisable to give a definition of this concept. For this, it is necessary to turn to works on mythology, which present opinions about the essence of the myth, its properties, functions. It would be much easier to define mythological elements as constituent parts of one or another myth (plots, heroes, images of animate and inanimate nature, etc.), but when giving such a definition, one should also take into account the subconscious appeal of the authors of works to archetypal constructions (as V. N. Toporov, “some features in the work of great writers could be understood as sometimes an unconscious appeal to elementary semantic oppositions, well known in mythology”, B. Groys speaks about “archaic, about which we can say that it is also at the beginning of time , as well as in the depths of the human psyche as its unconscious beginning. "

So, what is the myth, and after it - what can be called mythological elements?

The word "myth" (mkhYuipzh) - "word", "story", "speech" - comes from ancient Greek. Initially, it was understood as a set of absolute (sacred) value-worldview truths opposed to everyday empirical (profane) truths expressed by an ordinary "word" (eTrpzh), notes prof. A.V. Semushkin. Since the V century. BC, writes J.-P. Vernan, in philosophy and history, the "myth" opposed to the "logos", with which they initially coincided in meaning (only later did logos begin to mean the ability to think, reason), acquired a derogatory connotation, denoting a fruitless, unfounded statement, devoid of support on strict evidence or reliable evidence (however, even in this case, he, disqualified from the point of view of truth, did not apply to the sacred texts about gods and heroes).

The predominance of mythological consciousness refers mainly to the archaic (primitive) era and is associated primarily with its cultural life, in the system of semantic organization of which myth played a dominant role. The English ethnographer B. Malinovsky gave the myth primarily the practical functions of maintaining

However, the main thing in the myth is the content, and not at all compliance with historical evidence. In myths, events are considered in time sequence, but often the specific time of the event does not matter and only the starting point for the beginning of the story is important.

In the XVII century. English philosopher Francis Bacon in his work "On the Wisdom of the Ancients" argued that myths in poetic form preserve the most ancient philosophy: moral maxims or scientific truths, the meaning of which is hidden under the cover of symbols and allegories. Free fantasy, expressed in myth, according to the German philosopher Herder is not something absurd, but is an expression of the childhood age of humanity, "the philosophical experience of the human soul, which dreams before it wakes up."

1.1 Signs and characteristics of the myth

Mythology as a science of myths has a rich and long history. The first attempts to rethink the mythological material were undertaken in antiquity. But to date, no consensus has been formed about the myth. Of course, there are points of contact in the works of researchers. Starting from these points, it seems to us possible to single out the main properties and features of the myth.

Representatives of various scientific schools focus on different aspects of the myth. So Raglan (Cambridge Ritual School) defines myths as ritual texts, Cassirer (a representative of the symbolic theory) speaks of their symbolism, Losev (the theory of mythopoetism) - on the coincidence in the myth of a common idea and a sensual image, Afanasyev calls myth the most ancient poetry, Barthes - a communicative system ... The existing theories are summarized in Meletinsky's book The Poetics of Myth.

The article by A.V. The Guligs list the so-called "signs of myth":

1. Merging of the real and the ideal (thought and action).

2. Unconscious level of thinking (mastering the meaning of the myth, we destroy the myth itself).

3. Syncretism of reflection (this includes: the indivisibility of the subject and the object, the absence of differences between the natural and the supernatural).

Freudenberg notes the essential characteristics of myth, defining it in his book "Myth and the Literature of Antiquity": "Figurative representation in the form of several metaphors, where there is no our logical, formal logical causality and where a thing, space, time are understood indivisibly and concretely, where man and the world are subject-object-unity, - this special constructive system of figurative representations, when it is expressed in words, we call a myth. " Based on this definition, it becomes clear that the main characteristics of the myth follow from the peculiarities of mythological thinking. Following the works of A.F. Loseva V.A. Markov argues that in mythological thinking they do not differ: object and subject, thing and its properties, name and object, word and action, society and space, man and the universe, natural and supernatural, and the universal principle of mythological thinking is the principle of participation (“everything there is everything ”, the logic of werewolf). Meletinsky is sure that mythological thinking is expressed in an indistinct separation of subject and object, object and sign, thing and word, creature and its name, thing and its attributes, single and multiple, spatial and temporal relations, origin and essence.

In their works, various researchers note the following characteristics of the myth: sacralization of the mythical "time of the first creation", which is the reason for the established world order (Eliade); indivisibility of image and meaning (Potebnya); general animation and personalization (Losev); close connection with the ritual; cyclical time model; metaphorical nature; symbolic meaning (Meletinsky).

In the article "On the interpretation of myth in the literature of Russian symbolism" G. Shelogurova tries to draw preliminary conclusions about what is meant by myth in modern philological science:

1. The myth is unanimously recognized as a product of collective artistic creation.

2. The myth is determined by the lack of distinction between the plane of expression and the plane of content.

3. The myth is seen as a universal model for constructing symbols.

4. Myths are the most important source of plots and images at all times of the development of art.

1.2 Functions of myth in works

Now it seems to us possible to define the functions of myth in symbolic works:

1. The myth is used by the Symbolists as a means to create symbols.

2. With the help of myth, it becomes possible to express some additional ideas in the work.

3. A myth is a means of generalizing literary material.

4. In some cases, the Symbolists use myth as an artistic device.

5. The myth serves as a visual, meaningful example.

6. Based on the above, the myth cannot but fulfill a structuring function (Meletinsky: “Mythologism has become a tool for structuring the narrative (using mythological symbolism)”). 1

In the next chapter, we will consider how fair our conclusions are for the lyric works of Bryusov. To do this, we explore the cycles of different times of writing, entirely built on mythological and historical subjects: "Lovers of the Ages" (1897-1901), "Eternal Truth of Idols" (1904-1905), "Eternal Truth of Idols" (1906-1908), "Powerful shadows "(1911-1912)," In the mask "(1913-1914).

2. The mythology of the images of the novel

The novel by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains" is one of the brightest works of Russian adventure literature of the 20th century. This story of love and loyalty, courage and determination has not left indifferent either an adult or a young reader for many years.

The book was called "a novel of education", "an adventure novel", "an idyllic-sentimental novel," but it was not accused of self-deception. And the writer himself said that "this is a novel about justice and that it is more interesting (and said so!) To be honest and courageous than a coward and a liar." And he also said that it was "a novel about the inevitability of the truth."

On the motto of the heroes of the "Two Captains" "Fight and seek, find and not give up!" more than one generation of those has grown up who adequately responded to all sorts of challenges of the time.

Fight and seek, find and not give up. From English: That strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. The primary source is the poem "Ulysses" by the English poet Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), whose 70 years of literary activity are dedicated to the valiant and happy heroes. These lines were carved on the grave of the polar explorer Robert Scott (1868-1912). Eager to reach the South Pole first, he nevertheless came second, three days after the Norwegian pioneer Roald Amundsen had been there. Robert Scott and his companions died on the way back.

In Russian, these words became popular after the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin (1902-1989). The main character of the novel, Sanya Grigoriev, who dreams of polar expeditions, makes these words the motto of his whole life. It is quoted as a phrase-symbol of loyalty to one's goal and to one's principles. “Fight” (including with one's own weaknesses) is the first task of a person. “Seeking” means having a humane goal in front of you. “Find” is to make a dream come true. And if there are new difficulties, then “don't give up”.

The novel is filled with symbols that are part of mythology. Every image, every action has a symbolic meaning.

This novel can be considered a hymn to friendship. Sanya Grigoriev carried this friendship throughout his life. An episode when Sanya and his friend Petka made a "bloody oath of friendship." The words the boys uttered were: “Fight and seek, find and not give up”; they turned into a symbol of their life as the heroes of the novel, determined their character.

Sanya could have died during the war, his profession was dangerous in itself. But in spite of everything, he survived and fulfilled his promise to find the missing expedition. What helped him in life? A high sense of duty, perseverance, perseverance, dedication, honesty - all these character traits helped Sanya Grigoriev survive in order to find traces of the expedition and Katya's love. “You have such love that the most terrible grief will recede before it: it will meet, look into the eyes and retreat. Nobody else, it seems, knows how to love like that, only you and Sanya. So strong, so stubborn, all my life. Where is there to die when you are so loved? - says Pyotr Skovorodnikov.

In our time, the time of the Internet, technology, speed, such love may seem like a myth to many. And how you want it to touch everyone, provoke them to accomplish feats and discoveries.

Once in Moscow, Sanya meets the Tatarinov family. Why is he drawn to this house, what attracts him? The Tatarinovs' apartment becomes for the boy something like Ali - Baba's cave with its treasures, mysteries and dangers. Nina Kapitonovna, who feeds Sanya with lunches, is a "treasure", Maria Vasilievna, "neither a widow, nor a husband's wife," who always walks in black and often sinks into melancholy - a "mystery", Nikolai Antonovich - "danger." In this house he found many interesting books with which he "fell ill" and the fate of Katya's father, Captain Tatarinov, excited and interested him.

It is difficult to imagine how Sani Grigoriev's life would have turned out if an amazing person Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov had not met on his way. One frosty winter evening, someone knocked on the window of the house where two small children lived. When the children opened the door, an exhausted frostbitten man burst into the room. This was Dr. Ivan Ivanovich, who had escaped from exile. He lived with the children for several days, showed the children tricks, taught them to bake potatoes on sticks, and most importantly, taught the dumb boy to talk. Who could have known then that these two people, a little dumb boy and an adult who was hiding from all people, would be bound by a strong faithful male friendship for life.

Several years will pass, and they will meet again, the doctor and the boy, in Moscow, in the hospital, and the doctor will fight for the boy's life for many months. The new meeting will take place in the Arctic, where Sanya will work. Together they, the polar pilot Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov, will fly to save a man, fall into a terrible blizzard, and only thanks to the resourcefulness and skill of the young pilot will they be able to land a faulty plane and spend several days in the tundra among the Nenets. Here, in the harsh conditions of the North, the true qualities of both Sani Grigoriev and Doctor Pavlov will manifest themselves.

Three meetings between Sanya and the doctor also have a symbolic meaning. First, three is a fabulous number. This is the first number in a number of traditions (including ancient Chinese), or the first of the odd numbers. Opens a number series and qualifies as a perfect number (image of absolute perfection). The first number to which the word "everything" is assigned. One of the most positive emblem numbers in symbolism, religious thought, mythology and folklore. Sacred, lucky number 3. It bears the meaning of high quality or high degree of expressiveness of the action. It shows mainly positive qualities: the sacredness of a perfect deed, courage and tremendous strength, both physical and spiritual, the importance of something. In addition, the number 3 symbolizes the completeness and completeness of a certain sequence that has a beginning, middle and end. The number 3 symbolizes the integrity, the threefold nature of the world, its versatility, the trinity of the creative, destructive and preserving forces of nature - reconciling and balancing their beginning, happy harmony, creative perfection and good luck.

Secondly, these meetings changed the life of the protagonist.

As for the image of Nikolai Antonovich Tatarinov, it is very reminiscent of the mythological biblical image of Judas Iscariot, who betrayed his mentor, his brother in Christ Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. Nikolai Antonovich also betrayed his cousin, sending his expedition to certain death. Portrait and actions of N.A. Tatarinova is also very close to the image of Judas.

None of the disciples noticed when this red-haired and ugly Jew first appeared near Christ, but for a long time he relentlessly walked along their path, intervened in conversations, provided small services, bowed, smiled and cursed. And then he became completely accustomed, deceiving the weary vision, then suddenly he caught his eyes and ears, irritating them, like something unprecedentedly ugly, deceitful and disgusting.

A bright detail in Kaverin's portrait is a kind of accent that helps to demonstrate the essence of the person being portrayed. For example, Nikolai Antonovich's thick fingers resembling "some hairy caterpillars, it seems, cabbage mongrels" (64) - a detail that adds negative connotations to the image of this person, as well as the constantly emphasized in the portrait "a golden tooth that previously somehow illuminated everything face ”(64), but faded towards old age. The golden tooth will become a sign of the absolute falsity of the antagonist Sani Grigoriev. The permanently "striking" incurable acne on the face of Sanya's stepfather is a sign of impurity of thoughts and dishonesty of behavior.

He was a good manager, and the pupils respected him. They came to him with different proposals, and he listened carefully to them. Sanya Grigoriev also liked it at first. But when he was at their home, he noticed that everyone did not treat him well, although he was very attentive to everyone. With all the guests who came to him, he was kind and cheerful. He did not like Sanya and every time he visited them, he began to teach him. Despite his pleasant appearance, Nikolai Antonovich was a mean, low man. This is evidenced by his actions. Nikolai Antonovich - he made it so that most of the equipment on the schooner Tatarinov was unusable. Almost the entire expedition was killed by this man! He persuaded Romashov to eavesdrop on everything that was said about him at school and to inform him. He arranged a whole conspiracy against Ivan Pavlovich Korablev, wanting to expel him from school, because the guys loved and respected him and because he asked for the hand of Marya Vasilyevna, whom he himself was deeply in love with and whom he wanted to marry. It was Nikolai Antonovich who was to blame for the death of his brother Tatarinov: it was he who was engaged in equipping the expedition and did everything possible so that it did not come back. He in every possible way prevented Grigoriev from conducting an investigation into the case of the missing expedition. Moreover, he took advantage of the letters that Sanya Grigoriev found, and defended himself, became a professor. In an effort to escape punishment and shame in the event of exposure, he exposed another person, von Vyshimirsky, under attack, when all the evidence proving his guilt was collected. These and other actions speak of him as a low, mean, dishonorable, envious person. How much villainy he committed in his life, how many innocent people he killed, how many people he made unhappy. He is worthy only of contempt and condemnation.

What kind of person is Chamomile?

Sanya met Romashov at school 4 - a commune, where Ivan Pavlovich Korablev took him. Their beds were side by side. The boys became friends. Sanya did not like in Romashov that he talked about money all the time, saved it up, lent it at interest. Very soon Sanya became convinced of the meanness of this man. Sanya found out that, at the request of Nikolai Antonovich, Romashka overheard everything that was said about the head of the school, wrote it down in a separate book, and then reported it to Nikolai Antonovich for a fee. He also told him that Sanya had heard the plot of the teachers' council against Korablev and wanted to tell his teacher about everything. On another occasion, he dirty gossip to Nikolai Antonovich about Katya and Sanya, for which Katya was sent on vacation to Ensk, and Sanya was no longer allowed into the Tatarinovs' house. The letter that Katya wrote to Sanya before her departure did not reach Sanya either, and this was also the work of Chamomile. Chamomile sank to the point that he rummaged in Sani's suitcase, wanting to find some dirt on him. The older Daisy got, the more his meanness became. He even went so far that he began to collect documents for Nikolai Antonovich, his beloved teacher and patron, proving his guilt in the death of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, and was ready to sell them to Sanya in exchange for Katya, with whom he was in love. Why sell important papers, he was ready to kill a childhood friend in cold blood in order to fulfill his dirty goals. All of Chamomile's actions are low, mean, dishonorable.

* What brings Romashka and Nikolai Antonovich closer, how are they similar?

These are low, mean, cowardly, envious people. They commit dishonorable acts to achieve their goals. They stop at nothing. They have neither honor nor conscience. Ivan Pavlovich Korablev calls Nikolai Antonovich a terrible person, and Romashov a person who has absolutely no morality. These two people stand against each other. Even love doesn't make them prettier. In love, both are selfish. In achieving their goals, they put their interests, their feelings above all else! Disregarding the feelings and interests of the person they love, acting low and mean. Even the war did not change Chamomile. Katya reflected: “He saw death, he became bored in this world of pretense and lies, which was his world before. But she was deeply mistaken. Romashov was ready to kill Sanya, because no one would have known about this and he would have remained unpunished. But Sanya was lucky, fate favored him again, and again, giving chance after chance.

Comparing "The Two Captains" with the canonical examples of the adventure genre, we easily discover that V. Kaverin masterfully uses a dynamically intense plot for a broad realistic narration, during which the two main characters of the novel - Sanya Grigoriev and Katya Tatarinova - tell with great sincerity and excitement "about time and about myself. " All kinds of adventures here are by no means an end in themselves, for they do not determine the essence of the story of the two captains - these are only the circumstances of the real biography, put by the author as the basis of the novel, which eloquently testifies that the life of Soviet people is full of rich events, that our heroic time is full of exciting romance.

"Two Captains" is, in essence, a novel about truth and happiness. In the fate of the protagonist of the novel, these concepts are inseparable. Of course, Sanya Grigoriev wins a lot in our eyes because he accomplished many feats in his life - he fought against the Nazis in Spain, flew over the Arctic, fought heroically on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, for which he was awarded several military orders. But it is curious that for all his exceptional perseverance, rare diligence, composure and strong-willed determination, Captain Grigoriev does not perform exceptional feats, his chest is not adorned with the Hero's Star, as many readers and sincere fans of Sanya would probably like. He accomplishes such feats as can be accomplished by every Soviet person who ardently loves his socialist homeland. Does Sanya Grigoriev lose from this in any way? Of course not!

In the hero of the novel we are conquered not only by his actions, but by his entire spiritual makeup, his heroic character in its very inner essence. Have you noticed that about some of the exploits of his hero, committed by him at the front, the writer is simply silent. The point, of course, is not the number of feats. Before us is not so much a desperately brave man, a sort of captain "rip his head" - before us, first of all, a principled, convinced, ideological defender of the truth, before us is the image of a Soviet youth, "Shaken by the idea of \u200b\u200bjustice" as the author himself points out. And this is the main thing in the appearance of Sani Grigoriev, which captivated us in him from the very first meeting - even when we knew nothing about his participation in the Great Patriotic War.

We already knew that Sanya Grigoriev would grow up to be a courageous and brave person when we heard the boy's oath “Fight and seek, find and not give up”. We, of course, throughout the entire novel are concerned about the question of whether the main character will find the traces of Captain Tatarinov, whether justice will prevail, but we are really captured by himself process achieving the set goal. This process is difficult and complicated, but that is why it is interesting and instructive for us.

For us, Sanya Grigoriev would not be a true hero if we knew only about his exploits and knew little about the formation of his character. In the fate of the hero of the novel, his difficult childhood is also important for us, and his courageous clashes back in school with the scoundrel and self-lover Romashka, with the cleverly disguised careerist Nikolai Antonovich, and his pure love for Katya Tatarinova, and loyalty to no matter what. became a noble boyish oath. And how perfectly the dedication and perseverance in the character of the hero is revealed when we follow step by step how he achieves the implementation of his goal - to become a polar pilot in order to be able to fly in the skies of the Arctic! We cannot ignore his passionate passion for aviation and polar travel, which engulfed Sanya while still at school. Therefore, Sanya Grigoriev becomes a courageous and brave person, that he does not lose sight of the main goal of his life for a single day.

Happiness is won through work, truth is affirmed in the struggle - such a conclusion can be drawn from all the trials of life that fell to the lot of Sani Grigoriev. And, frankly, there were quite a few of them. The homelessness had hardly ended when clashes with strong and dodgy enemies began. Sometimes he suffered temporary setbacks, which he had to endure very painfully. But strong natures do not bend from this - they are tempered in severe trials.

2.1 The mythology of the novel's polar discoveries

Any writer has the right to fiction. But where is she, the line, the invisible line between truth and myth? Sometimes they are so closely intertwined, as, for example, in the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin, a work of fiction that most reliably resembles the real events of 1912 in the development of the Arctic.

Three Russian polar expeditions entered the Northern Ocean in 1912, all three ended tragically: the expedition of V.A. Rusanov. perished entirely, the expedition of Brusilov G.L. - almost entirely, and in the expedition of G. Sedov. I killed three, including the head of the expedition. In general, the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century were interesting for through voyages along the Northern Sea Route, the Chelyuskin epic, heroes of Papanin.

The young but already well-known writer V. Kaverin became interested in all this, became interested in people, bright personalities, whose deeds and characters aroused only respect. He reads literature, memoirs, collections of documents; listens to stories N.V. Pinegin, friend and member of the expedition of the brave polar explorer Sedov; sees finds made in the mid-thirties on unnamed islands in the Kara Sea. Also during the Great Patriotic War, he himself, being a correspondent for Izvestia, visited the North.

And in 1944 the novel "Two Captains" was published. The author was literally inundated with questions about the prototypes of the main characters - Captain Tatarinov and Captain Grigoriev. He took advantage of the history of two brave conquerors of the Far North. From one I took on a courageous and clear character, purity of thought, clarity of purpose - everything that distinguishes a person of a great soul. It was Sedov. The other has the actual history of his journey. It was Brusilov. " These heroes became the prototypes of Captain Tatarinov.

Let's try to figure out what is true, what is a myth, how the writer Kaverin managed to combine the realities of the expeditions of Sedov and Brusilov in the history of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. And although the writer himself did not mention the name of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Rusanov among the prototypes of the hero of Captain Tatarinov, some facts claim that the realities of Rusanov's expedition were also reflected in the novel “Two Captains”.

Lieutenant Georgy Lvovich Brusilov, a hereditary sailor, in 1912 led an expedition on the sailing-steam schooner "Saint Anna". He intended to pass with one wintering from St. Petersburg around Scandinavia and further along the Northern Sea Route to Vladivostok. But "Saint Anna" did not come to Vladivostok either a year later or in subsequent years. On the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the ice covered the schooner, she began to drift north to high latitudes. The ship failed to break free of ice captivity in the summer of 1913. During the longest drift in the history of Russian Arctic research (1575 kilometers in a year and a half), Brusilov's expedition conducted meteorological observations, depth measurements, studied currents and ice regime in the northern part of the Kara Sea, which until that time was completely unknown to science. Almost two years of ice captivity have passed.

On April 23 (10), 1914, when the "Saint Anna" was at 830 north latitude and 60 0 east longitude, with Brusilov's consent, eleven members of the crew left the schooner, led by navigator Valerian Ivanovich Albanov. The group hoped to reach the nearest coast, to Franz Josef Land, to deliver the materials of the expedition, which allowed scientists to characterize the underwater relief of the northern part of the Kara Sea and identify a meridional depression at the bottom about 500 kilometers long (St. Anna Trough). Only a few people reached the Franz Josef archipelago, but only two of them, Albanov himself and the sailor A. Konrad, were lucky to escape. They were quite accidentally discovered at Cape Flora by members of another Russian expedition under the command of G. Sedov (Sedov himself had already died by this time).

The schooner with G. Brusilov himself, the sister of mercy E. Zhdanko, the first woman to participate in the high-latitude drift, and eleven crew members disappeared without a trace.

The geographical result of the campaign of the navigator Albanov's group, which cost the lives of nine sailors, was the assertion that King Oscar and Peterman, previously marked on the maps of the Land, do not actually exist.

We know, in general terms, the drama of St. Anne and her crew thanks to Albanov's diary, which was published in 1917 under the title South to Franz Josef Land. Why were only two saved? This is quite clear from the diary. The people in the group that left the schooner were very motley: strong and weak, reckless and weak in spirit, disciplined and dishonest. Those who had the most chance survived. Albanov from the ship "St. Anna" was transferred mail to the mainland. Albanov reached, but none of those to whom they were intended received the letters. Where did they go? This is still a mystery.

And now let's turn to Kaverin's novel "Two Captains". From the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, only the navigator of the long voyage I. Klimov returned. This is what he writes to Maria Vasilievna, the wife of Captain Tatarinov: “I hasten to inform you that Ivan Lvovich is alive and well. Four months ago, in accordance with his instructions, I left the schooner and with me thirteen crew members. I will not talk about our difficult journey to Franz Josef Land on floating ice. I can only say that from our group I alone safely (except for the frostbitten legs) reached Cape Flora. The "Saint Foka" of the expedition of Lieutenant Sedov picked me up and took me to Arkhangelsk. "Holy Mary" froze in the Kara Sea and since October 1913 has been constantly moving north along with the polar ice. When we left, the schooner was at latitude 820 55. "She stands calmly in the middle of the ice field, or rather, stood from the autumn of 1913 until I left."

Sanya Grigoriev's senior friend, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich Pavlov, after almost twenty years, in 1932, explains to Sanya that the group photo of the members of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov “was presented by the navigator of the“ St. Mary ”Ivan Dmitrievich Klimov. In 1914 he was brought to Arkhangelsk with frostbitten legs, and he died in a city hospital from blood poisoning. " After Klimov's death, two notebooks and letters remained. The hospital sent these letters to the addresses, but the notebooks and photographs remained with Ivan Ivanovich. The persistent Sanya Grigoriev once said to Nikolai Antonich Tatarinov, a cousin of the missing captain Tatarinov, that he would find the expedition: "I do not believe that it disappeared without a trace."

And so in 1935, Sanya Grigoriev, day after day, parses Klimov's diaries, among which he finds an interesting map - a map of the drift of "St. Mary" "from October 1912 to April 1914, and the drift was shown in those places where the so-called Earth lay. Peterman. "But who knows that this fact was first established by Captain Tatarinov on the schooner" Saint Mary "?" - exclaims Sanya Grigoriev.

Captain Tatarinov had to go from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. From the captain's letter to his wife: “About two years have passed since I sent you a letter through a telegraphic expedition to the Yugorsky Shara. We walked freely on the planned course, and since October 1913 we have been slowly moving north along with the polar ice. Thus, willy-nilly, we had to abandon the original intention to go to Vladivostok along the coast of Siberia. But every cloud has a silver lining. A completely different thought now occupies me. I hope she does not seem to you - as to some of my companions - childish or reckless. "

What is this thought? Sanya finds the answer to this in the notes of Captain Tatarinov: “The human mind was so absorbed in this task that its solution, in spite of the harsh grave that the travelers for the most part found there, became a continuous national competition. Almost all civilized countries took part in this competition, and only there were no Russians, but meanwhile the ardent impulses of the Russian people to open the North Pole manifested themselves in the time of Lomonosov and have not faded away to this day. Amundsen wants to leave Norway the honor of opening the North Pole at all costs, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat. " (From a letter to the head of the Main Hydrographic Directorate, April 17, 1911). So this is where Captain Tatarinov was aiming !. "He wanted, like Nansen, to go as far north as possible with drifting ice, and then get to the Pole on dogs."

Tatarinov's expedition failed. Even Amundsen said: "The success of any expedition depends entirely on its equipment." Indeed, his brother Nikolai Antonovich rendered a "disservice" in the preparation and equipment of Tatarinov's expedition. For reasons of failure, Tatarinov's expedition was similar to G.Ya. Sedov, who in 1912 tried to penetrate the North Pole. After 352 days of ice captivity off the north-western coast of Novaya Zemlya in August 1913, Sedov took the ship “Holy Great Martyr Fock” out of the bay and sent it to Franz Josef Land. The Foka's second wintering site was Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island. On February 2, 1914, Sedov, despite complete exhaustion, accompanied by two sailors - volunteers A. Pustoshny and G. Linnik on three dog sleds went to the Pole. After a severe cold, he died on February 20 and was buried by his companions at Cape Auk (Rudolf Island). The expedition was poorly prepared. G. Sedov was not familiar with the history of the exploration of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, he did not know the latest maps of the ocean section along which he was going to reach the North Pole. He himself did not check the equipment thoroughly. His temperament, desire to conquer the North Pole faster at all costs prevailed over the clear organization of the expedition. So these are important reasons for the outcome of the expedition and the tragic death of G. Sedov.

Earlier it was already mentioned about the meetings of Kaverin with Pinegin. Nikolai Vasilievich Pinegin is not only an artist and writer, but also a researcher of the Arctic. During Sedov's last expedition in 1912, Pinegin shot the first documentary about the Arctic, the footage of which, combined with the artist's personal memories, helped Kaverin to brighten up the picture of the events of that time.

Let's go back to Kaverin's novel. From a letter from Captain Tatarinov to his wife: “I am writing to you about our discovery: there are no lands to the north of the Taimyr Peninsula on the maps. Meanwhile, being at latitude 790 35 "east of Greenwich, we noticed a sharp silvery stripe, slightly convex, extending from the very horizon. I am convinced that this is the land. So far I called it by your name." Sanya Grigoriev finds out that it is was Severnaya Zemlya, discovered in 1913 by Lieutenant B.A. Vilkitsky.

After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia needed to have its own way of escorting ships to the Great Ocean, so as not to depend on Suez or other channels of warm countries. The authorities decided to create a Hydrographic Expedition and thoroughly survey the least difficult section from the Bering Strait to the mouth of the Lena, so that it could pass from east to west, from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk or St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition was A.I. Vilkitsky, and after his death, since 1913 - his son, Boris Andreevich Vilkitsky. It was he who, during the navigation of 1913, dispelled the legend about the existence of Sannikov Land, but discovered a new archipelago. On August 21 (September 3), 1913, a huge archipelago covered with eternal snow was seen north of Cape Chelyuskin. Consequently, from Cape Chelyuskin to the north is not an open ocean, but a strait, later called the B. Vilkitsky Strait. The archipelago was originally named the Land of Emperor Nicholas II. It has been called the Northern Land since 1926.

In March 1935, pilot Alexander Grigoriev, having made an emergency landing on the Taimyr Peninsula, accidentally discovered an old brass hook, which had turned green with time, with the inscription “Schooner“ Holy Mary ”. Nenets Ivan Vylko explains that a boat with a hook and a man was found by local residents on the coast of Taimyr, the coast closest to Severnaya Zemlya. By the way, there is reason to believe that it was no coincidence that the author of the novel gave the Nenets hero the surname Vylko. A close friend of the Arctic explorer Rusanov, a participant in his 1911 expedition was the Nenets artist Ilya Konstantinovich Vylko, who later became the chairman of the council of Novaya Zemlya (“President of Novaya Zemlya”).

Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov was a polar geologist and navigator. His last expedition on the motor-sailing ship "Hercules" sailed to the Arctic Ocean in 1912. The expedition reached the Spitsbergen archipelago and discovered four new coal deposits there. Rusanov then made an attempt to go through the Northeast Passage. Having reached Cape Desire on Novaya Zemlya, the expedition went missing.

It is not known exactly where the Hercules died. But it is known that the expedition not only sailed, but also some part of it went on foot, for the Hercules almost certainly died, as evidenced by objects found in the mid-30s on the islands near the Taimyr coast. In 1934, hydrographers discovered a wooden post on one of the islands with the inscription “Hercules - 1913”. Traces of the expedition were found in the Minin skerries off the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and on Bolshevik Island (Severnaya Zemlya). And in the seventies, the search for Rusanov's expedition was conducted by the expedition of the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. In the same area, two hooks were found, as if in confirmation of the intuitive guess of the writer Kaverin. According to experts, they belonged to the Rusanovites.

Captain Alexander Grigoriev, following his motto "Fight and seek, find and not give up", in 1942 nevertheless found the expedition of Captain Tatarinov, or rather, what was left of it. He calculated the path that the captain Tatarinov had to take, if it is considered indisputable that he returned to Severnaya Zemlya, which he called "The Land of Mary": from 790 35 latitude, between the 86th and 87th meridians, to the Russian Islands and to the Nordenskjold archipelago. Then, probably after many wanderings from Cape Sterlegov to the mouth of the Pyasina, where the old Nenets Vylko found a boat on sledges. Then to the Yenisei, because the Yenisei was for Tatarinov the only hope to meet people and help. He walked along the seaward side of the coastal islands, if possible - straight. Sanya found the last camp of Captain Tatarinov, found his farewell letters, photographic films, found his remains. Captain Grigoriev conveyed to the people the farewell words of Captain Tatarinov: “It’s bitter for me to think about all the deeds that I could have done if they didn’t just help me, but at least not hinder me. What to do? One consolation is that by my labors vast new lands were discovered and annexed to Russia. "

In the novel's finale, we read: “Ships entering the Yenisei Gulf see from afar the grave of Captain Tatarinov. They pass by her, flags at half-mast, and the cannon fireworks, and a long echo rolls on without stopping.

The tomb was built of white stone, and it sparkles dazzlingly under the rays of the unsetting polar sun.

At the height of human growth, the following words are carved:

“The body of Captain I.L. Tatarinov, who made one of the most daring travels and died on the way back from the Severnaya Zemlya discovered by him in June 1915. Fight and seek, find and not give up! "

Reading these lines of Kaverin's novel, one involuntarily recalls the obelisk erected in 1912 in the eternal snows of Antarctica in honor of Robert Scott and four of his comrades. There is a gravestone inscription on it. And the final words of the poem "Ulysses" by the classic of British poetry of the 19th century Alfred Tennyson: "To strive, to seek, to find and not yield" (which translated from English means: "Fight and seek, find and not give up!"). Much later, with the publication of the novel "Two Captains" by Veniamin Kaverin, these very words became the life motto of millions of readers, a loud appeal for Soviet polar explorers of different generations.

Probably, the literary critic N. Likhacheva was wrong, who attacked The Two Captains when the novel was not yet fully published. After all, the image of Captain Tatarinov is generalized, collective, fictional. The right to fiction gives the author an artistic style, not a scientific one. The best features of the characters of the Arctic explorers, as well as mistakes, miscalculations, historical realities of the expeditions of Brusilov, Sedov, Rusanov - all this is associated with the hero of Kaverin.

And Sanya Grigoriev, like Captain Tatarinov, is the fiction of the writer. But this hero also has his own prototypes. One of them is Professor M.I. Lobashov.

In 1936, in a sanatorium near Leningrad, Kaverin met the silent, always internally focused young scientist Lobashov. “This was a man in whom ardor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance with an amazing definition of purpose. He knew how to succeed in any business. A clear mind and the ability to deeply feel were visible in every judgment. " In everything, Sani Grigoriev's character traits are guessed. And many of the specific circumstances of Sanya's life were directly borrowed by the author from the biography of Lobashov. These are, for example, the silence of Sanya, the death of his father, homelessness, the commune school of the 1920s, the types of teachers and students, falling in love with the daughter of a school teacher. Talking about the history of the creation of "Two Captains", Kaverin noticed that, unlike the parents, sister, comrades of the hero, about whom the prototype of Sanya told, only separate touches were outlined in the teacher Korablev, so that the image of the teacher was completely created by the writer.

Lobashov, who became the prototype of Sani Grigoriev, told the writer about his life, immediately aroused an active interest in Kaverin, who decided not to let his imagination run wild, but to follow the story he had heard. But for the hero's life to be perceived naturally and vividly, he must be in conditions that are personally known to the writer. And unlike the prototype, who was born on the Volga, and graduated from school in Tashkent, Sanya was born in Ensk (Pskov), and graduated from school in Moscow, and she absorbed much of what happened in the school where Kaverin studied. And the state of Sanya the youth also turned out to be close to the writer. He was not an orphanage, but in the Moscow period of his life he was left completely alone in a huge, hungry and deserted Moscow. And, of course, I had to spend a lot of energy and will so as not to get lost.

And the love for Katya, which Sanya carries through her whole life, is not invented or embellished by the author; Kaverin is also here next to his hero: having married a twenty-year-old boy to Lidochka Tynyanova, he remained faithful to his love forever. And how much in common is the mood of Veniamin Alexandrovich and Sani Grigoriev when they write to their wives from the front, when they are looking for them, taken from besieged Leningrad. And Sanya fights in the North, too, because Kaverin was a military commander of TASS, and then Izvestia was in the Northern Fleet and knew firsthand both Murmansk and Polyarnoye, and the specifics of the war in the Far North, and its people.

Another person who was well acquainted with aviation and who knew the North perfectly — the talented pilot S.L. Klebanov, a wonderful, honest person, whose consultations in the study by the author of flying business were invaluable. From the biography of Klebanov, the story of a flight to the remote camp of Vanokan entered the life of Sani Grigoriev, when a disaster broke out on the way.

In general, according to Kaverin, both prototypes of Sani Grigoriev resembled each other not only by their stubbornness of character and extraordinary determination. Klebanov even outwardly resembled Lobashov - short, dense, stocky.

The great skill of the artist lies in creating such a portrait in which everything that is his and everything that is not his becomes his own, deeply original, individual.

Kaverin has a wonderful property: he gives the heroes not only his own impressions, but also his habits, and relatives, and friends. And this cute touch brings the characters closer to the reader. In the novel, the writer endowed Valya Zhukov with the desire of his older brother Sasha to cultivate the power of his gaze by looking at the black circle drawn on the ceiling for a long time. During a conversation, Doctor Ivan Ivanovich suddenly throws a chair to his interlocutor, which must be caught - this was not invented by Veniamin Alexandrovich: K.I. Chukovsky.

The hero of the novel "Two Captains" Sanya Grigoriev lived his own unique life. Readers believed in him seriously. And for more than sixty years, readers of several generations have understood and close this image. Readers admire his personal qualities of character: by willpower, thirst for knowledge and search, loyalty to the given word, dedication, perseverance in achieving the goal, love for the homeland and love for his work - all those that helped Sanya to reveal the mystery of Tatarinov's expedition.

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