Eugene Onegin "- a novel written by Pushkin, is one of the cult Russian works that have won worldwide fame and translated into many languages. It is also one of the novels written in poetic form, which gives it a special style and attitude to the work of a wide range of readers who often quote excerpts by heart, remembering them from school.
Alexander Sergeevich spent about seven years to complete the narrative line. He begins work on the first stanzas at the beginning of May 23rd, having settled in the territory of Chisinau and completes the last stanzas of the work on September 25th, 1830 in Boldin.
ChapterI
Begins to create a poetic work Pushkin in Kishinev on May 9, 1823. Finishes it in the same year on October 22 in the territory of Odessa. Then the author revised what he had written, so the chapter was published only in 1825, and the second edition was published already at the end of March 1829, when the book was actually finished.
ChapterII
The poet begins the second chapter as soon as the first has been completed. By November 3, 17 first stanzas were written, and on December 8, it was completed and included 39. In 1824, the author revised the chapter and added new stanzas, it was only released in 1826, but with a special indication of when it was written. In 1830 it was released in another edition.
ChapterIII
Pushkin began writing the passage on February 8, 1824 in the resort Odessa, and by June he managed to finish writing to the place where Tatiana writes a letter to her beloved. The rest of the part he creates in his beloved Mikhailovsky and completed on October 2, 1824, was published in the middle of October twenty-seventh.
ChapterIV
In October 1824, while in Mikhailovsky, the poet begins to write another chapter, which stretches for a couple of years due to other creative ideas. This happened due to the fact that the author during this time worked on such works as "Boris Godunov" and "Count Nikulin". The author finished work on the chapter on January 6, 1826, at this moment the author is finishing the last stanza.
ChapterV
The author begins the fifth chapter a few days before finishing the previous one. But it took time to write, as it was created with significant breaks in creativity. On November 22, 1826, Alexander Sergeevich finished this part of the story, and after that it was edited several times until the finished version was obtained.
The edition was combined with the previous part of the story and printed on the last day of January 1828.
ChapterVI
Alexander Sergeevich began to create a fragment of the work while in Mikhailovsky during 1826. There are no exact dates of writing, since the original manuscripts have not survived. It is assumed that he finished it in August 1827, and in 1828 it was published for a wide range of readers.
ChapterVii
According to critics, the seventh chapter began immediately after the sixth was written. So about August 1827. The story itself was written with long breaks in creativity, and by mid-February 1828 only 12 stanzas had been created. The chapter was completed in Malinniki, and after that it was published as a book, but only by the middle of March 1830.
ChapterVIII
It began on December 24, 1829 and ended only at the end of September 1830 on the territory of Boldino. On October 5, 1831, on the territory of Tsarskoye Selo, Pushkin writes an excerpt of Onegin's written appeal to his beloved. The entire chapter was published in 1832, and the cover bears the inscription: "The last chapter of Eugene Onegin."
Chapter about Onegin's journey
Part of the narrative was not printed in the whole novel, but was written, according to the author's assumption, he wanted to place it in eighth place immediately after the seventh chapter, and lead to Onegin's death in the work.
ChapterX (drafts)
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin planned to release a part of the work, but it was never published, and only separate excerpts and drafts reached the modern reader. Presumably, the author was going to send the main character on a long journey across the territory of the Caucasus, where he was to be killed.
But the sad ending did not reach the reader, it was already quite tragic, since Eugene himself later realized the feelings that were strong in him, and his beloved had already managed to get married.
A distinctive feature is that all chapters were published separately, and only then the whole book was published. The society of that time was looking forward to the release of the next excerpts in order to find out how the fate of Eugene Onegin ended, who could not see sincere feelings in time. Some of the parts never saw the light of day, like chapter ten. Readers can only guess how the fate of the main characters developed after the end of the book narration.
The history of the creation of Eugene Onegin briefly
"Eugene Onegin" is the first work written in a realistic direction and the only example of a novel in verse in Russian literature. To this day, it occupies an important place in the multifaceted work of the great Russian poet and writer Alexander Pushkin. The writing process from the first to the last stanzas of the novel took many years. Over the years, some of the most important events in the history of the country have taken place. At the same time, Pushkin was "reborn" as the first realist writer of Russian literature, the old view of reality was destroyed. This, of course, is reflected in the novel. The ideas and tasks of Alexander Pushkin as an author change, the compositional structure and plan of "Onegin" take on a different look, the characters and fates of his heroes lose a certain part of romanticism.
Alexander Sergeevich has been working on the novel for over seven years. The whole soul of the poet was brought to life in the work. According to the poet himself, the novel was "the fruit of the mind of cold observations and the heart of woeful notes."
Alexander Sergeevich began the process of creating the novel in the spring of 1823 in Kishinev, while in exile. Despite the clear influence of romanticism, the work is written in a realistic style. The novel was supposed to have nine chapters, but in the end, eight remain. Fearing long-term persecution by the authorities, the poet destroyed fragments of the chapter "Onegin's Journey", which could become provocative.
The novel in verse was published in editions. This is called a "general edition". Excerpts were printed in magazines. Readers were eagerly awaiting the release of the new chapter. And each of them made a splash in society.
The first complete edition came out only in 1833. The last lifetime publication took place in January 1837 and contained copyright corrections and misprints. Subsequent editions were subjected to severe criticism and censorship. Names were changed, spelling was unified.
From the plot of the novel, you can glean practically everything you need about the era in which the acting heroes are located: characters, conversations, interests, fashion. The author very clearly reflected the life of Russia of that period, everyday life. The atmosphere of the existence of the heroes of the novel is also true. Sometimes the novel is called historical, since in this work the era in which the main plot unfolds is almost completely conveyed. Thus, the famous Russian literary critic Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky wrote: “First of all, in Onegin we see a poetically reproduced picture of Russian society, taken at one of the most interesting moments of its development.” Based on this statement, one can assume that the critic considers the work as a historical He noted that there was not a single historical person in the novel.Belinsky believed that the novel was a genuine encyclopedia of Russian life and a truly folk work.
The novel is the most unique work of world literature. The entire volume of the work is written in an unusual "Onegin stanza", excluding letters from Eugene and Tatiana. Fourteen lines of iambic tetrameter were created by Alexander Sergeevich specifically for writing a novel in verse. The unique combination of stanzas became a distinctive feature of the work, and later in the "Onegin stanza" Mikhail Lermontov wrote the poem "Tambov Treasurer" in 1839.
A truly great work was created by Alexander Pushkin not in the simplest years of his life and the life of the country as a whole, but the novel in verse with good reason can be considered a masterpiece of not only Russian, but also world literature.
Ilya Fomich Kochkarev is one of the brightest minor characters in the work, presented as a friend of the main character of the play, Podkolesin.
Jan 24 2011
The novel "Eugene Onegin" was written by Pushkin for 8 years. It describes the events of the first quarter of the 19th century, that is, the time of creation and the time of action of the novel approximately coincide. Reading it, we understand what is unique, because before in the world there was not a single novel in verse. The lyric-epic genre of the work involves the interweaving of two plots - the epic, the main characters of which are Onegin and Tatiana, and the lyric, where the main character is a character called the Author, that is, the lyric hero of the novel. Eugene Onegin is a realistic novel. The method of realism presupposes the absence of a given, an initial clear plan for the development of the action: the images of the heroes do not develop simply by the will of the author, the development is conditioned by those psychological and historical features that are embedded in the images. Concluding Chapter VIII, he himself emphasizes this feature of the novel:
- And the distance of a free romance
- I am through the magic crystal
- I still didn't distinguish clearly.
Defining the novel as a “collection of colorful chapters,” Pushkin emphasizes another essential feature of a realistic work: the novel is, as it were, “open” in time, each chapter could be the last, but it can also have a continuation. Thus, the reader's attention is focused on the independent value of each chapter.
What makes this novel unique is the fact that the breadth of coverage of reality, the multiplot, the description of the distinctive features of the era, its color have acquired such significance and authenticity that the novel has become an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 1920s. Reading the novel, as in an encyclopedia, we can learn everything about that era: how they dressed and what was in fashion (Onegin's “wide bolivar” and Tatyana's raspberry beret), the menu of prestigious restaurants that was shown in the theater (Didlot's ballets).
Throughout the action of the novel and in lyrical digressions, the poet shows all strata of Russian society of that time: the high society of St. Petersburg, noble Moscow, the local nobility, the peasantry. This allows us to speak of “Eugene Onegin” as a truly folk work. Petersburg of that time gathered the best minds of Russia. There “Fonvizin shone”, people of art - Knyazhin, Istomina. The author knew and loved Petersburg well, he is accurate in his descriptions, not forgetting either the “salt of secular anger” or “the necessary impudent people”. Through the eyes of a resident of the capital, Moscow is also shown to us - a "fair of brides". Describing the Moscow nobility, Pushkin is often sarcastic: in drawing rooms he notices "incoherent, vulgar nonsense." But at the same time he loves Moscow, the heart of Russia: “Moscow… how much in this sound has merged for the Russian heart” (it should be doubly pleasant for a Muscovite to read such lines).
Russia, contemporary to the poet, is rural. This is probably why the gallery of characters from the local nobility in the novel is the most representative. Let's look at the characters presented to us by Pushkin. The handsome Lensky, "with a soul straight from Göttingen," is a German-style romantic, a "fan of Kant." But Lensky's poems are imitative. They are thoroughly parodic, but not individual authors are parodied in them, but the cliches of romanticism themselves. Tatiana's mother is tragic enough: "Without asking for advice, the girl was taken to the crown." She “was torn and cried at first,” but replaced with a habit: “Salted mushrooms for the winter, kept expenses, shaved her foreheads.” To retired adviser Flyanov, the poet gives a colorful description: “Heavy gossip, old jester, glutton, bribe taker and rogue.” The appearance of Pushkin's novel Eugene Onegin had a tremendous impact on the further development of Russian literature. It is also important that the main character of the novel, as it were, opens a whole gallery of “superfluous people” in Russian literature: Pechorin and Oblomov will continue it.
With the title of the novel, Pushkin emphasizes the central position of Onegin among the other heroes of the work. Onegin is a secular young, metropolitan aristocrat, who received a typical upbringing for that time under the leadership of a French tutor in the spirit of literature, torn from the national and folk soil. He leads the lives of “golden youth”: balls, walks along Nevsky Prospect, visits to theaters. Although Onegin studied “something and somehow”, he still has a high level of culture, differing in this respect from the majority of the noble society. Pushkin's hero is a product of this society, but at the same time he is alien to him. The nobility of the soul, the “sharp chilled mind” distinguish him from among the aristocratic youth, gradually lead to disillusionment with the life and interests of a secular society, to dissatisfaction with the political and social situation: No, early feelings in him cooled down, He was bored with the noise of light ...
The emptiness of life torments Onegin, he is possessed by blues, boredom, and he leaves secular society, trying to engage in socially useful activities. The lordly upbringing, lack of habit to work ("hard work he was sick of") played a role, and Onegin does not complete any of his undertakings. He lives "without purpose, without work." In the village, Onegin behaves humanely towards the peasants, but he does not think about their fate, he is more tormented by his own moods, a sense of the emptiness of life.
Having broken with secular society and being cut off from the life of the people, he loses touch with people. He rejects the love of Tatyana Larina, a gifted, morally pure girl, unable to unravel the depth of her requests, the originality of her nature. Onegin kills his friend Lensky, succumbing to class prejudices, frightened of "the whisper, the laugh of fools." In a depressed state of mind, Onegin leaves the village and begins wandering around Russia. These wanderings give him the opportunity to look more fully at life, to re-evaluate his attitude to the surrounding reality, to understand how fruitlessly he wasted his life. Onegin returns to the capital and meets the same picture of the life of a secular society. Love for Tatiana, now a married woman, flares up in him. But Tatiana unraveled the selfishness and selfishness underlying feelings for her, and rejects Onegin's love. With Onegin's love for Tatyana, Pushkin emphasizes that his hero is capable of moral revival, that this is a person who has not cooled to everything, the forces of life are still boiling in him, which, according to the poet's plan, should have awakened Onegin's desire for social activity.
The image of Eugene Onegin opens up a whole gallery of “superfluous people”. Following Pushkin, the images of Pechorin, Oblomov, Rudin, Laevsky were created. All these images are an artistic reflection of Russian reality.
"Eugene Onegin" is a realistic novel in verse, as it presented to the reader truly vivid images of Russian people of the early 19th century. The novel provides a broad artistic generalization of the main trends in Russian social development. We can say about the novel in the words of the poet himself - this is, in which “the century and modern man are reflected”. VG Belinsky called Pushkin's novel "Encyclopedia of Russian Life".
In this novel, as in an encyclopedia, you can learn everything about the era, about the culture of that time: about how they dressed and what was in fashion ("wide bolivar", tailcoat, Onegin's vest, Tatyana's raspberry beret), menus of prestigious restaurants (" bloody steak ”, cheese, fizzy au, champagne, Strasbourg pie), which was shown in the theater (Diderot's ballets), who performed (dancer Istomin). You can even put together a precise daily routine for a young person. No wonder PA Pletnev, a friend of Pushkin, wrote about the first chapter of Eugene Onegin: “Your Onegin will be a pocket mirror of Russian youth”.
Throughout the action of the novel and in lyrical digressions, the poet shows all strata of Russian society of that time: the high society of Petersburg, noble Moscow, the local nobility, the peasantry - that is, the entire people. This allows us to speak of “Eugene Onegin” as a truly folk work.
Petersburg at that time was the habitat of the best people of Russia - the Decembrists, writers. There “Fonvizin, a friend of freedom, shone, people of art - Knyazhnin, Istomina. The author knew and loved Petersburg well, he is accurate in his descriptions, not forgetting either “about the salt of secular anger”, “not about the necessary fools,” “starched impudents,” and the like.
Through the eyes of a resident of the capital, Moscow is shown to us - “the fair of brides”. Moscow is provincial, somewhat patriarchal. Describing the Moscow nobility, Pushkin is often sarcastic: in drawing rooms he notices "incoherent vulgar nonsense." But at the same time, the poet loves Moscow, the heart of Russia: “Moscow ... How much of this sound has merged for the Russian heart”. He is proud of Moscow in 1912: “Napoleon, intoxicated with his last happiness, waited in vain for Moscow kneeling with the keys of the old Kremlin”.
The poet's contemporary Russia is rural, and he emphasizes this with a play on words in the epigraph to the second chapter. This is probably why the gallery of characters from the local nobility in the novel is the most representative. Let's try to consider the main types of landowners shown by Pushkin. A comparison with another great study of Russian life in the 19th century - Gogol's poem Dead Souls suggests itself.
Handsome Lensky, “with a straight Göttingham soul,” is a romantic of the German warehouse, “Kant's admirer,” if he didn’t die in a duel, he could, according to the author, have the future of a great poet or, twenty years later, turn into a sort of Manilov and end his life like old Larin or Onegin's uncle.
The tenth chapter of Onegin is entirely devoted to the Decembrists. Pushkin unites himself with the Decembrists Lunin and Yakushkin, foreseeing "in this crowd of noblemen liberators of the peasants." The appearance of Pushkin's novel Eugene Onegin had a tremendous impact on the further development of Russian literature. The soulful lyricism inherent in the novel has become an integral feature of The Noble Nest, and the World, The Cherry Orchard. It is also important that the protagonist of the novel, as it were, opens a whole gallery of “superfluous people” in Russian literature: Pechorin, Rudin, Oblomov.
Need a cheat sheet? Then save - "Creative history of the creation of the novel" Eugene Onegin ". Literary works!"Eugene Onegin" - a novel in verse, written in 1823-1831, one of the most significant works of Russian literature.
"Eugene Onegin" creation history
Pushkin worked on this novel for over seven years, from 1823 to 1831. The novel was, according to the poet, "the fruit" of "the mind, cold observations and the heart of woeful notes." Pushkin called the work on it a heroic deed - of all his creative heritage, he described only Boris Godunov with the same word. The work shows the dramatic fate of the best people of the noble intelligentsia against a wide background of paintings of Russian life.
Pushkin began work on Onegin in May 1823 in Chisinau, during his exile. The author abandoned romanticism as the leading creative method and began to write a realistic novel in verse, although the influence of romanticism is still noticeable in the first chapters. Initially, it was assumed that the novel in verse would consist of 9 chapters, but later Pushkin reworked its structure, leaving only 8 chapters. He excluded from the main text of the work the chapter "Onegin's Journey", including fragments of it as an appendix to the main text. There was a fragment of this chapter, where, according to some sources, it was described how Onegin sees military settlements near the Odessa pier, and then comments and judgments followed, in some places in an excessively harsh tone. Fearing possible persecution by the authorities, Pushkin destroyed this fragment of Onegin's Travels.
The novel covers events from 1819 to 1825: from the foreign campaigns of the Russian army after the defeat of Napoleon to the Decembrist uprising. These were the years of development of Russian society, the reign of Alexander I. The plot of the novel is simple and well known, in the center of it is a love story. In general, the novel "Eugene Onegin" reflects the events of the first quarter of the 19th century, that is, the time of creation and the time of action of the novel approximately coincide.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin created a novel in verse like Lord Byron's poem "Don Juan". Defining the novel as a "collection of colorful chapters", Pushkin singles out one of the features of this work: the novel is, as it were, "opened" in time (each chapter could be the last, but it can also have a continuation), thereby drawing the readers' attention to the independence and integrity of each chapters. The novel became truly an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 1820s, since the breadth of the topics covered in it, the detailing of everyday life, the multi-plot nature of the composition, the depth of the description of the characters' characters still reliably demonstrate to the readers the peculiarities of the life of that era.
This is what gave the basis for V. G. Belinsky in his article "Eugene Onegin" to conclude:
"Onegin can be called an encyclopedia of Russian life and a highly popular work."
From the novel, as well as from the encyclopedia, you can learn almost everything about the era: how they dressed and what was in fashion, what people appreciated most of all, what they talked about, what interests they lived. All Russian life is reflected in "Eugene Onegin". Briefly, but quite clearly, the author showed the serf village, lordly Moscow, secular St. Petersburg. Pushkin faithfully depicted the environment in which the main characters of his novel, Tatyana Larina and Eugene Onegin, live, reproduced the atmosphere of the city noble salons, in which Onegin's youth passed.
History of creation. "Eugene Onegin", the first Russian realistic novel, is the most significant work of Pushkin, which has a long history of creation, covering several periods of the poet's work. According to the calculations of Pushkin himself, the work on the novel lasted for 7 years, 4 months, 17 days - from May 1823 to September 26, 1830, and in 1831 “Onegin's Letter to Tatiana” was also written. The publication of the work was carried out as it was created: first, separate chapters came out, and only in 1833 the first full edition was published. Up to this time, Pushkin did not stop making certain adjustments to the text.The novel was, according to the poet, "the fruit of the mind of cold observations and the heart of woeful notes."
Completing work on the last chapter of the novel in 1830, Pushkin sketched out his rough plan, which looks like this:
Part one. Foreword. 1st canto. Khandra (Chisinau, Odessa, 1823); 2nd canto. Poet (Odessa, 1824); 3rd canto. Young Lady (Odessa, Mikhailovskoe, 1824).
Part two. 4th canto. Village (Mikhailovskoe, 1825); 5th canto. Name days (Mikhailovskoe, 1825, 1826); 6th canto. Duel (Mikhailovskoe, 1826).
Part three. 7th canto. Moscow (Mikhailovskoe, Petersburg, 1827, 1828); Canto 8. Wandering (Moscow, Pavlovsk, Boldino, 1829); 9th canto. Big Light (Boldino, 1830).
In the final version, Pushkin had to make certain adjustments to the plan: for censorship reasons, he excluded Chapter 8 - “Wandering”. Now it is being published as an appendix to the novel - "Excerpts from Onegin's Journey", and the final 9th \u200b\u200bchapter - "The Big World" - has become, accordingly, the eighth. In this form, in 1833, the novel was published as a separate edition.
In addition, there is an assumption about the existence of chapter 10, which was written in the autumn of Boldin 1830, but on October 19 was burned by the poet , since it was devoted to the depiction of the era of the Napoleonic wars and the birth of Decembrism and contained a number of dangerous political allusions. Minor fragments of this chapter (16 stanzas), encrypted by Pushkin, have survived. The key to the cipher was found only at the beginning of the 20th century by the Pushkinist NO. Morozov, and then other researchers supplemented the decrypted text. But the controversy about the legitimacy of the assertion that these fragments really represent parts of the 10th chapter of the novel that has not survived still does not subside.
Direction and genre. Eugene Onegin is the first Russian realistic socio-psychological novel, and, what is important, not a prosaic novel, but a novel in verse. For Pushkin, the choice of an artistic method - not romantic, but realistic, was fundamentally important in creating this work.
Starting work on the novel during the period of southern exile, when romanticism dominates the poet's work, Pushkin soon becomes convinced that the peculiarities of the romantic method do not make it possible to solve the problem. Although in terms of genre, the poet is guided to a certain extent by Byron's romantic poem Don Juan, he rejects the one-sidedness of the romantic point of view.
Pushkin wanted to show in his novel a young man, typical of his time, against a broad background of the picture of his contemporary life, to reveal the origins of the characters being created, to show their inner logic and relationship with the conditions in which they find themselves. All this led to the creation of truly typical characters that manifest themselves in typical circumstances, which is what distinguishes realistic works.
This also gives the right to call "Eugene Onegin" a social novel, since in it Pushkin shows the noble Russia of the 20s of the XIX century, raises the most important problems of the era and seeks to explain various social phenomena. The poet does not simply describe events in the life of an ordinary nobleman; he endows the hero with a bright and at the same time typical for a secular society character, explains the origin of his apathy and boredom, the reasons for his actions. Moreover, the events unfold against such a detailed and carefully written material background that Eugene Onegin can also be called a social and everyday novel.
It is also important that Pushkin subjects to careful analysis not only the external circumstances of the heroes' lives, but also their inner world. On many pages, he achieves extraordinary psychological skill, which makes it possible to better understand his characters. That is why Eugene Onegin can rightfully be called a psychological novel.
His hero changes under the influence of life's circumstances and becomes capable of real, serious feelings. And let happiness bypasses him, as often happens in real life, but he loves, he worries - that's why the image of Onegin (not a conventionally romantic, but a real, living hero) so impressed Pushkin's contemporaries. Many in themselves and in their acquaintances found his features, like the features of other characters in the novel - Tatyana, Lensky, Olga - so true was the image of typical people of that era.
At the same time, Eugene Onegin also contains features of a love story with a love story traditional for that era. The hero, tired of the light, goes to travel, meets a girl who falls in love with him. For some reason, the hero either cannot love her - then everything ends tragically, or reciprocates her, and, although at first circumstances prevent them from being together, everything ends well. It is noteworthy that Pushkin deprives such a story of a romantic connotation and gives a completely different solution. Despite all the changes that took place in the lives of the heroes and led to the emergence of mutual feelings, due to circumstances they cannot be together and are forced to leave. Thus, the plot of the novel is given clear realism.
But the novel's innovation lies not only in its realism. Even at the beginning of work on it, Pushkin in a letter to P.A. Vyazemsky noted: "I am now writing not a novel, but a novel in verse - a devilish difference." A novel as an epic work assumes the author's detachment from the events described and objectivity in their assessment; the poetic form enhances the lyrical principle associated with the personality of the creator. That is why “Eugene Onegin” is usually referred to as lyric-epic works, which combine the features inherent in epic and lyric poetry. Indeed, in the novel “Eugene Onegin” there are two artistic layers, two worlds - the world of “epic” heroes (Onegin, Tatiana, Lensky and other characters) and the world of the author, reflected in lyrical digressions.
Pushkin's novel was written onegin stanza , which was based on a sonnet. But the 14-line tetrameter Pushkin iambic had a different rhyme scheme -abab vvgg deed lj :
“My uncle has the most honest rules,
When seriously ill,
He made himself respect
And I could not have imagined it better.
His example to others is science;
But oh my god what a boredom
Sitting with a sick person day and night,
Without leaving a single step away!
What a base deceit
To amuse half-dead
To correct his pillows,
It's sad to bring medicine
Sigh and think to yourself:
When will the devil take you? "
Composition of the novel. The main technique in the construction of the novel is mirror symmetry (or ring composition). The way of its expression is the change of the heroes' positions in the novel. First, Tatiana and Eugene meet, Tatiana falls in love with him, suffers from unrequited love, the author empathizes with her and mentally accompanies her heroine. At the meeting, Onegin reads her a “sermon”. Then there is a duel between Onegin and Lensky - an event whose compositional role is the denouement of the personal storyline and the determination of the development of a love affair. When Tatyana and Onegin meet in St. Petersburg, he finds himself in her place, and all events are repeated in the same sequence, only the author is next to Onegin. This so-called ring composition allows us to return to the past and gives the impression of the novel as a harmonious, complete whole.
Also an essential feature of the composition is the presence lyrical digressionsin the novel. With their help, the image of a lyrical hero is created, which makes the novel lyrical.
Heroes of the novel . The main character, after whom the novel is named, - Eugene Onegin... At the beginning of the novel, he is 18 years old. This is a young aristocrat from the capital who received a typical secular upbringing. Onegin was born into a wealthy but ruined noble family. His childhood was spent in isolation from everything Russian, national. He was brought up by a French tutor who,
So that the child is not exhausted,
I taught him everything in jest,
I did not bother with strict morality,
Slightly scolded for pranks
And he took me to the Summer Garden ”.
Thus, Onegin's upbringing and education were rather superficial.
But the Pushkin hero still received that minimum of knowledge that was considered mandatory in the noble environment. He “knew enough Latin to disassemble epigraphs”, remembered “the days of past jokes from Romulus to the present day,” and had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe political economy of Adam Smith. In the eyes of society, he was a brilliant representative of the youth of his time, and all this thanks to the impeccable French language, graceful manners, wit and the art of maintaining a conversation. He led a lifestyle typical for young people of that time: he attended balls, theaters, restaurants. Wealth, luxury, enjoyment of life, success in society and among women - that is what attracted the protagonist of the novel.
But secular entertainment terribly bothered Onegin, who had “long yawned among the fashionable and old halls”. He is bored both at balls and in the theater: "... He turned away, and yawned, and said:" It's time to replace everyone; I endured ballets for a long time, but I got tired of Didlo ". This is not surprising - it took the hero of the novel about eight years to socialize. But he was smart and stood well above the typical representatives of the secular society. Therefore, over time, Onegin felt disgust for an empty idle life. "A harsh, chilled mind" and satiety of pleasures made Onegin disappointed, "the Russian blues took possession of him."
“Languishing in spiritual emptiness,” this young man fell into depression. He tries to find the meaning of life in some kind of activity. The first such attempt was literary work, but “nothing came out of his pen”, since the upbringing system did not teach him how to work (“hard work he was sick of”). Onegin “read, read, but everything was useless”. On this, however, our hero does not stop. On his estate, he makes another attempt at practical activity: he replaces corvee (obligatory work on the landowner's field) with a quitrent (monetary tax). As a result, the life of serfs becomes easier. But, having carried out one reform, and that one out of boredom, “just to spend time,” Onegin again plunges into a blues. This gives VG Belinsky a reason to write: “The inactivity and vulgarity of life strangle him, he does not even know what he needs, what he wants, but he ... knows very well that he does not need, that he does not want that what the proud mediocrity is so happy with is so happy. "
At the same time, we see that Onegin was not alien to the prejudices of the world. They could only be overcome by contact with real life. In the novel, Pushkin shows the contradictions in Onegin's thinking and behavior, the struggle between the “old” and the “new” in his mind, comparing him with other heroes of the novel: Lensky and Tatiana, weaving their fates.
The complexity and contradictory character of the Pushkin hero in his relationship with Tatyana, the daughter of the provincial landowner Larin, is especially clearly revealed.
In the new neighbor, the girl saw the ideal that had long been formed under the influence of books. A bored, disappointed nobleman seems to her to be a romantic hero, he is not like other landowners. “The whole inner world of Tatiana was in a thirst for love,” writes V. G. Belinsky about the state of the girl, who was left to her secret dreams all day long:
Her imagination has long been
Burning with bliss and melancholy,
Alkalo of fatal food;
Long sincere longing
Her young breasts were pressed against her;
The soul was waiting ... for someone
And she waited ... Eyes were opened;
She said: it's him!
All the best, pure, light woke up in Onegin's soul:
Your sincerity is dear to me,
She brought excitement
Feelings that have long ceased
But Eugene Onegin does not accept Tatyana's love, explaining that he was “not created for bliss,” that is, for family life. Indifference to life, passivity, "desire for peace", inner emptiness suppressed sincere feelings. Subsequently, he will be punished for his mistake by loneliness.
In Pushkin's hero there is such a quality as “direct nobility of the soul”. He is sincerely attached to Lensky. Onegin and Lensky stood out from their midst for their high intelligence and disdain for the prosaic life of their neighbors, landlords. However, they were completely opposite in character. One was a cold, disappointed skeptic, the other an enthusiastic romantic, an idealist.
They converge.
Wave and stone
Poems and prose, ice and fire ...
Onegin does not like people at all, does not believe in their kindness and himself ruins his friend, killing him in a duel.
In the image of Onegin, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin truthfully portrayed an intelligent nobleman who stands above secular society, but has no purpose in life. He does not want to live like other nobles, he cannot live otherwise. Therefore, disappointment and melancholy become his constant companions.
AS Pushkin is critical of his hero. He sees both the trouble and the guilt of Onegin. The poet blames not only his hero, but also the society that formed such people. Onegin cannot be considered an exception among the noble youth, this is a typical character for the 20s of the 19th century.
Tatiana Larina
- Pushkin's favorite heroine - is a vivid type of Russian woman of the Pushkin era. It is not for nothing that the wives of the Decembrists M. Volkonskaya, N. Fonvizina are mentioned among the prototypes of this heroine.
The very choice of the name "Tatiana", not covered by the literary tradition, is associated with "the memory of old or maiden". Pushkin emphasizes the originality of his heroine not only by the choice of a name, but also by her strange position in her own family: "She seemed to be a stranger in her own family."
The formation of Tatiana's character was influenced by two elements: the book, associated with French love stories, and the folk-national tradition. "Russian soul" Tatiana loves the customs of "dear old days", she is captivated by terrible stories from childhood.
Much brings this heroine closer to Onegin: she is alone in society - he is unsociable; her dreaminess and strangeness are his identity. Both Onegin and Tatiana stand out sharply against the background of their environment.
But not the "young rake", but Tatiana becomes the embodiment of the author's ideal. The inner life of the heroine is not due to secular idleness, but to the influence of free nature. Tatiana was raised not by a governess, but by a simple Russian peasant woman.
The patriarchal way of life of the “simple Russian family” of the Larins is closely connected with traditional folk rituals and customs: here there are pancakes for Shrovetide, and podvodny songs, and a round swing.
The poetics of folk fortune-telling is embodied in Tatyana's famous dream. He, as it were, predetermines the fate of the girl, foreshadowing a quarrel between two friends, and the death of Lensky, and an imminent marriage.
Endowed with an ardent imagination and a dreamy soul, Tatiana at first glance recognized in Onegin that ideal, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich she had formed from sentimental novels. Perhaps the girl intuitively felt the similarity between Onegin and herself and realized that they were made for each other.
The fact that Tatyana was the first to write a love letter is explained by her simplicity, trustfulness, and ignorance of deception. And Onegin's rebuke, in my opinion, not only did not cool Tatyana's feelings, but strengthened them: "No, poor Tatyana is burning with more joyless passion."
Onegin continues to live in her imagination. Even when he left the village, Tatiana, visiting the manor house, vividly feels the presence of her chosen one, Everything here reminds of him: the cue forgotten on the billiards, "and the table with a faded lamp, and a pile of books", and Lord Byron's portrait, and cast-iron statuette of Napoleon. Reading Onegin's books helps the girl to understand Eugene's inner world, to think about his true nature: "Is he really a parody?"
According to V.G. Belinsky, "Visits to Onegin's house and reading his books prepared Tatyana for her transformation from a country girl into a secular lady." It seems to me that she stopped idealizing “her hero”, her passion for Onegin subsided a little, she decides to “arrange her life” without Eugene.
Soon they decide to send Tatyana to Moscow - “to the fair of brides”. And here the author fully reveals to us the Russian soul of her heroine: she touchingly says goodbye to the "cheerful nature" and "sweet, quiet light." Tatiana is stuffy in Moscow, she strives in her thoughts "to the life of the field", and "empty light" causes her sharp rejection:
But everyone in the living room is occupied
Such incoherent, vulgar nonsense;
Everything about them is so pale, indifferent,
They slander even bored ...
It is no coincidence that having married and becoming a princess, Tatiana retained the naturalness and simplicity that distinguished her so favorably from the ladies of society.
Having met Tatiana at the reception, Onegin was amazed at the change that had happened to her: instead of a "timid, in love, poor and simple girl" there appeared "an indifferent princess", "a stately, careless legislator of the hall."
But internally Tatiana remained as internally pure and moral as in her youth. That is why, in spite of her feelings for Onegin, she refuses him: “I love you (why dissemble?), But I am given to another; I will be faithful to him forever. "
According to the logic of Tatiana's character, such an ending is natural. Whole by nature, faithful to duty, brought up in the traditions of folk morality, Tatiana cannot build her happiness on her husband's dishonor.
The author values \u200b\u200bhis heroine, he repeatedly confesses his love for his “sweet ideal”. In the duel of duty and feeling, reason and passion, Tatiana wins a moral victory. And no matter how paradoxical Kuchelbecker's words sound: “The poet in Chapter 8 is like Tatiana himself,” they have a lot of meaning, because the beloved heroine is not only the ideal of a woman, but rather a human ideal, such as Pushkin wanted to see him.
"Eugene Onegin". History of creation. Concept, genre and composition of the novel.
Objectives: 1) to acquaint students with the creative history of the novel "Eugene Onegin"; show that Eugene Onegin is the first realistic novel; give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "Onegin stanza"
2) develop the artistic taste of students; develop note-taking skills;
3) foster interest in the work and personality of the writer.
"This is my best creation"
"Now I am not writing a novel, but a novel in verse - a devilish difference"
"I am writing it with rapture that I have not been with me for a long time."
A. S. Pushkin
1 . « Onegin "is the most sincere work of Pushkin, the most beloved child of his fantasy" V. G. Belinsky
Unique a work that has no genre analogues either in Russian or in world literature;
First realistic novel in Russian literature;
An exceptional phenomenon bythe breadth of coverage of Russian reality the first decades of the 19th century;
Deep national a novel based on historical fidelity and fullness of characters;
Deep lyrical composition. This is a diary novel from which we learn about Pushkin no less than about his heroes;
Lyric and epic here they are equal (the plot is epic, and the author's attitude to the plot, characters, reader is lyrical)
His images and individual details can be used for characteristics era and a historian and researcher of Russian life.
Start of work - 1823, Chisinau, Odessa.
Completion of work - 1830, Boldino
7 years 4 months 17 days, as Pushkin calculated on 09/26/30.
Chapter II - in October 1826,
Chapter III - in October 1827,
IV and V chapters - at the beginning of 1828,
VI - in March 1828,
VII - in March 1830,
VIII - in January 1832 (later excluded by the Pushkins, which became an appendix "Excerpts from Onegin's Travel"),
Chapter IX is now VIII.
In March 1833 the entire book came out.
Chapter X was encrypted and burned by the author.
The original concept has changed a lot in 7 years. First, Pushkin wanted Onegin to die.
The first chapter was published as a separate book in 1825 and caused a lot of controversy. The full text was published in 1833 with a circulation of 2500 copies.
Initially, Pushkin planned to write 13 chapters. Towards completion, he decided to write only 10 chapters. However, only 8 chapters were released. Pushkin burned chapter 10 because he feared censorship, chapter 9 was moved to the place of chapter 8. And the 8th chapter was published separately. Thus, the novel "Eugene Onegin" was published in 8 chapters.
Pushkin did not count on the possibility of Onegin appearing in print. There is nothing to think about my poem ... If ever it will be published, then surely not in Moscow and not in St. Petersburg ... I don’t know if poor Onegin will be allowed in
to the heavenly kingdom of the seal; just in case, I'll try ... "," ..To print Onegin, I'm ... ready even in a loop " - he wrote in 1823 - 1824 to Vyazemsky, Bestuzhev, A.I. Turgenev.
3
... In the preface to the 1st chapter, Pushkin writes:
"A collection of colorful chapters
Half-funny, half-sad,
Common people, ideal ... "
Novel in verse, or "big poem", "free" novel - unheard of before genre in Russian literature, combining two principles - lyric (the author's inner world through the image of spiritual processes) and epic (objective being, independent of the author). T. arr., Heroes, their fates and relationships serve for self-disclosure of the author as a person.
Author - Pushkin himself. He constantly interferes in the course of the narrative, reminds of himself ("But the north is harmful to me"), makes friends with Onegin ("The conditions of light overthrowing the burden, as he fell behind the fuss, I made friends with him at that time, I liked his features" ), in his lyrical digressions, shares with readers his reflections on a variety of life issues, expresses his ideological position. In some places, the author breaks the course of the narrative and introduces metatext elements into the text (“The reader is waiting for the rhyme“ rose ”- here, take it quickly”).
5 .Pushkin sets himself the task of depicting an entire historical epoch, behind fictional characters, pictures of everyday life and customs to show the life of Russia. Belinsky would later define this in words "Encyclopedia of Russian Life". "In his poem he knew how to touch on so many things, to hint at so many things that he belongs exclusively to the world of Russian nature, to the world of Russian society, ”wrote Belinsky.
What problems are touched upon in the novel?
The fate of the best representatives
noble youth in the 20s. 19th century
True and imaginary values \u200b\u200bin life
Inner freedom of a thinking person
and the dictate of secular society
Searching for the meaning of life
Love and duty
The ideal of female beauty
6. Composition... The basic principle of organizing the novel is symmetry (specularity).
Repetition of one plot situation in 3 and 8 chapters: meeting - letter - explanation. At the same time, Onegin and Tatiana seem to change places.
Petersburg plays a framing role
The axis of symmetry is Tatiana's dream.
Antithesisparts of the novel are associated with the disclosure of a particular image. Petersburg - Onegin, village - Tatiana.
Main compositional unit - chapter... Each new chapter is a new stage in the development of the plot. Stanza (14 lines - "Onegin stanza "\u003d 4 + 4 + 4 + 2; abab ssdd effe gg, i.e. cross + pair + ring + verse. Iambic tetrameter, - \\) - a small work complete in meaning and form.
This complexity makes the Onegin stanza extremely flexible in the sense of conveying the most varied shades of thought, the most varied intonational moves, etc. Literary encyclopedia
Lyrical digressions connected with the plot of the novel (large lyrical digressions - 27 and small lyrical inserts - 50).
The compositional role of the landscape- show the passage of time, characterize the spiritual world of the heroes.
Insert episodes:
Tatiana's dream
Folklore elements
The role of the household item
In the novel, two plot lines.
| Onegin - Tatiana | Onegin - Lensky |
| Acquaintance at an evening at the Larins Conversation with the nanny, letter to Onegin Explanation in the garden after two days Tatiana's dream. Birthday Tatiana in Onegin's house Departure to Moscow Meeting at a ball in St. Petersburg in two years Evening at Tatiana's. Letter to Tatiana. Explanation | Meeting in the village Conversation after the evening at the Larins Tatyana's birthday |
The main character is Eugene Onegin, “my friend,” as Pushkin says about him.
Onegin - " selfish suffering", Which is suffocated by" inactivity and vulgarity of life. " Belinsky
Onegin - " clever uselessness", The hero of the time, whom you constantly find near you or in yourself. Herzen.
Onegin - " Mitrofanushka Prostakov of a new formation». Pisarev.
Image system
| Representatives of certain categories of society |
||
| Onegin Elite Extra person | Tatyana Patriarchal nobility The ideal of the Russian soul | Lensky Nobility Romantic consciousness |
| Invisibly present always and everywhere Takes part in the fate of the heroes Shares his thoughts and feelings with the reader Discusses the morals and morals of society |
||
He is a friend of Onegin, whom he met and made friends with in St. Petersburg. He loves Tatiana and “sacredly protects” her letter to Onegin. He has preserved the poems of Lensky "Where, where have you gone".
Talking about his friends and acquaintances, the author does not remain an indifferent contemplator of the incidents in their life, a calm observer. He takes an active part in their fate, responds to their experiences, speaks of them with love, and sometimes even ironically, sometimes severely condemns the hero's behavior (for example, Onegin for accepting a challenge to a duel).
In lyrical digressions, he talks about his lyceum years, about exile, about life in the countryside, shares with the reader his plans, thoughts, speaks on social issues, literature, theater, draws pictures of nature.
The image of the poet appears in the very tone of the narration, an assessment of the phenomena of life: a critical attitude towards serfdom, a satirical image of the nobility, condemnation of the noble intelligentsia from the national soil ...
In a word, in the words of Belinsky, Pushkin's novel "Has for us, Russians, of great historical and social significance" as "The first national art work"which put "A solid foundation of new Russian poetry, new Russian literature."
On house: written answer according to the plan:
Genre "novel in verse"
"Onegin stanza"
Character system
Hero prototypes
| The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" Genre "novel in verse" Features of the composition, "mirror symmetry" "Onegin stanza" Character system Hero prototypes The value of the novel, assessment of the novel by V.G. Belinsky | The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" Genre "novel in verse" Features of the composition, "mirror symmetry" "Onegin stanza" Character system Hero prototypes The value of the novel, assessment of the novel by V.G. Belinsky |
| Genre "novel in verse" Features of the composition, "mirror symmetry" "Onegin stanza" Character system Hero prototypes The value of the novel, assessment of the novel by V.G. Belinsky | The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" Genre "novel in verse" Features of the composition, "mirror symmetry" "Onegin stanza" Character system Hero prototypes The value of the novel, assessment of the novel by V.G. Belinsky |
| The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" Genre "novel in verse" Features of the composition, "mirror symmetry" "Onegin stanza" Character system Hero prototypes The value of the novel, assessment of the novel by V.G. Belinsky | The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" Genre "novel in verse" Features of the composition, "mirror symmetry" "Onegin stanza" Character system Hero prototypes The value of the novel, assessment of the novel by V.G. Belinsky |
| The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" Genre "novel in verse" Features of the composition, "mirror symmetry" "Onegin stanza" Character system Hero prototypes The value of the novel, assessment of the novel by V.G. Belinsky | The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" Genre "novel in verse" Features of the composition, "mirror symmetry" "Onegin stanza" Character system Hero prototypes The value of the novel, assessment of the novel by V.G. Belinsky |