Problems and heroes of the novel "Eugene Onegin"

Before talking about the problems and the main characters of the novel in the poem "Eugene Onegin", it is necessary to clearly understand the peculiarities of the genre of this work. The genre of "Eugene Onegin" is lyric-epic. Consequently, the novel is based on the inextricable interaction of two plots: the epic (the main characters of which are Onegin and Tatiana) and the lyrical (where the main character is the narrator, on whose behalf the story is told). The lyrical plot is not just equal in the novel - it dominates, because all the events of real life and the life of the novel are presented to the reader through the prism of the author's perception, the author's assessment.

The key, central problem in the novel is the problem of the goal and meaning of life, because at the turning points of history, which became for Russia the era after the Decembrist uprising, a radical reassessment of values ​​takes place in the minds of people. And at such a time, the artist's highest moral duty is to point out to society the eternal values, to give firm moral guidelines. The best people of the Pushkin - Decembrist - generation seem to be "out of the game": they are either disappointed in the old ideals, or they do not have the opportunity to fight for them in new conditions, to put them into practice. The next generation - the one that Lermontov calls "the gloomy crowd and soon forgotten" - was initially "brought to its knees." Due to the peculiarities of the genre, the novel, which literary criticism rightly interprets as a kind of "lyric diary" of the author, reflects the very process of re-evaluating the entire system of moral values. Time in the novel flows in such a way that we see the characters in dynamics, trace their spiritual path. Before our very eyes, all the main characters are going through a period of formation, painfully searching for the truth, determining their place in the world, the purpose of their existence.

The central image of the novel is that of the author. For all the autobiographical character of this character, in no case can he be identified with Pushkin, if only because the world of the novel is an ideal, fictional world. Therefore, when we talk about the image of the author, we do not mean Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin personally, but the lyric hero of the novel "Eugene Onegin".

So, before us is the author's lyric diary; frank conversation with the reader, where confessional moments are interspersed with light chatter. The author is sometimes serious, sometimes frivolous, sometimes evilly ironic, sometimes just cheerful, sometimes sad and always sharp. And most importantly, he is always absolutely sincere with the reader. Lyrical digressions reflect the changes in the author's feelings, his ability to both light flirting (characteristic of "windy youth") and deep admiration for his beloved (compare stanzas XXXII and XXXIII of the first chapter of the novel).

We, the enemies of Hymen,

In home life we ​​see one

A series of tiresome pictures ...

The spouse is perceived as an object of ridicule:

Cuckold majestic

Always happy with myself

With my lunch and my wife.

But let us pay attention to the opposition of these verses and lines of "Excerpts

from Onegin's journey ":

My ideal now is the mistress

My desires are peace

Yes, a cabbage pot, but a big one.

What in his youth seemed a sign of limitation, spiritual and mental scarcity, in his mature years turns out to be the only correct, moral way. And in no case should the author be suspected of hypocrisy: we are talking about the spiritual maturation of a person, about a normal change in value criteria:

Blessed is he who was young from a young age,

Blessed is he who matured in time.

The tragedy of the protagonist largely stems from Onegin's inability to "ripen in time", from the "premature old age of the soul." What happened harmoniously in the author's life, although not painlessly, became the cause of the tragedy in the fate of his hero.

The search for the meaning of life takes place in different planes of existence. The plot of the novel is based on the love of the main characters. Therefore, the manifestation of a person's essence in the choice of a beloved, in the nature of feelings is the most important feature of the image, which determines his entire attitude to life. Love for the author and for his heroine Tatiana is a huge, intense spiritual work. For Lensky, this is a necessary romantic attribute, which is why he chooses Olga, devoid of individuality, in which all the typical features of the heroines of sentimental novels have merged:

Her portrait, he is very nice,

I used to love him myself,

But he bothered me immensely.

For Onegin, love is "the science of tender passion." He learns the true feeling by the end of the novel, when the experience of suffering comes.

"Eugene Onegin" is a realistic work, and realism, unlike other artistic methods, does not imply any final and only correct solution to the main problem. On the contrary, it requires an ambiguous interpretation of this problem:

This is how nature created us,

It is inclined to contradiction.

The ability to reflect the "tendency" of human nature to "contradict", the complexity and variability of the identity of the individual in the world are the hallmarks of Pushkin's realism. The duality of the image of the author himself lies in the fact that he assesses his generation in its integrity, without ceasing to feel like a representative of a generation endowed with common advantages and disadvantages. Pushkin emphasizes this duality of self-awareness of the lyric hero of the novel: "We all learned a little ...", "We honor everyone with zeros ...", "We all look at Napoleons", "So people, I first repent, // There is nothing to do friends..."

The consciousness of a person, the system of his life values ​​is largely formed by the moral laws adopted in society. The author himself assesses the influence of high society ambiguously. The first chapter gives a sharply satirical depiction of the light and pastime of the secular youth. The tragic 6th chapter, where the young poet dies, ends with a lyrical digression: the author's reflections on the age boundary that he is preparing to step over: "Can I really be thirty soon?" And he calls on the "young inspiration" to save the "poet's soul" from death, not to let "... turn to stone // In the deadening ecstasy of light, // In this pool, where I am with you // Swimming, dear friends!" So, a whirlpool that deadens the soul. But here's the 8th chapter:

And now I am a muse for the first time

I bring you to a social event.

She likes the order slim

Oligarchic conversations

And the coldness of calm pride,

And this mixture of ranks and years.

Very correctly explains this contradiction Yu.M. Lotman: "The image of light received double illumination: on the one hand, the world is soulless and mechanistic, it remained an object of condemnation, on the other, as a sphere in which Russian culture develops, life is inspired by the play of intellectual and spiritual forces, poetry, pride, like the world of Karamzin and the Decembrists, Zhukovsky and the author of "Eugene Onegin" himself, he retains unconditional value. Society is heterogeneous. It depends on the person himself whether he accepts the moral laws of the faint-hearted majority or the best representatives of the world "(Lotman Y. M. Roman A. S. Pushkin" Eugene Onegin ": Commentary. SPb., 1995).

The "faint-hearted majority", "friends" surrounding a person in a "deadening" "pool of light" do not appear in the novel by chance. Just as "the science of tender passion" became a caricature of true love, so a caricature of true friendship - secular friendship. "Friends have nothing to do" - this is the author's verdict to the friendship between Onegin and Lensky. Friendship without a deep spiritual community is just a temporary empty union. And this caricature of secular friendships enrages the author: "... save us from friends, God!" Compare the caustic lines about the "friends" slander in the fourth chapter of the novel with the heartfelt verses about the nanny (stanza XXXV):

But I am the fruit of my dreams

And harmonious undertakings

I only read to the old nanny,

To the friend of my youth ...

A full-fledged life is impossible without disinterested dedication in friendship - that is why these secular "friendships" are so terrible for the author. For in true friendship, betrayal is the most terrible sin that can not be justified by anything, in a secular parody of friendship, betrayal is in the order of things, normal. For the author, the inability to make friends is a terrible sign of the moral degradation of modern society.

But there is no friendship between us.

Destroying all prejudices,

We honor everyone with zeros

And in units - yourself.

We all look at Napoleons,

Millions of two-legged creatures

For us, the tool is one;

We feel wild and funny.

Let's pay attention to these verses, they are one of the most important, central in Russian literature of the XIX century. Pushkin's formula will form the basis of "Crime and Punishment", "War and Peace". The Napoleonic theme was first recognized and formulated by Pushkin as a problem of the goal of human life. Napoleon appears here not as a romantic image, but as a symbol of a psychological mood, according to which a person, for the sake of his desires, is ready to suppress and destroy any obstacle: after all, the people around are only "two-legged creatures"!

The author himself sees the meaning of life in fulfilling his destiny. The entire novel is full of deep reflections on art, the image of the author in this sense is unambiguous: he is, first of all, a poet, his life is unthinkable outside creativity, outside of intense spiritual work.

In this, Eugene is directly opposite to him. And not at all because he does not plow and sow before our eyes. He has no need for work, in the search for his destiny. And Onegin's education, and his attempts to immerse himself in reading, and his wuxi

Eugene Onegin reflected the whole life of Russian society at the beginning of the 19th century. However, two centuries later, this work is interesting not only in historical and literary terms, but also in terms of the relevance of the questions that Pushkin posed to the reading public. Everyone, opening the novel, found something of their own in it, empathized with the heroes, noted the ease and mastery of the style. And quotes from this work have long become aphorisms, they are pronounced even by those who have not read the book itself.

A.S. Pushkin created this work for about 8 years (1823-1831). The history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin" began in Chisinau in 1823. It reflected the experience of "Ruslan and Lyudmila", but the subject of the image was not historical and folklore characters, but modern heroes and the author himself. Also, the poet begins to work in line with realism, gradually abandoning romanticism. During the period of Mikhailovsky exile, he continued to work on the book, and completed it already during his forced imprisonment in the village of Boldino (Pushkin was detained by cholera). Thus, the creative history of the work has absorbed the most “fertile” years of the creator, when his skill was evolving at a breakneck pace. So his novel reflected everything that he learned during this time, everything that he knew and felt. Perhaps the work owes its depth to this circumstance.

The author himself calls his novel "a collection of colorful chapters", each of the 8 chapters has relative independence, because the writing of "Eugene Onegin" lasted a long time, and each episode opened a certain stage in Pushkin's life. The book came out in parts, the release of each became an event in the world of literature. The full edition was not published until 1837.

Genre and composition

A.S. Pushkin defined his work as a novel in verse, emphasizing that it is lyric-epic: the plot line, expressed by the love story of the heroes (epic beginning), is adjacent to digressions and author's reflections (lyrical beginning). That is why the genre of "Eugene Onegin" is called a "novel".

Eugene Onegin consists of 8 chapters. In the first chapters, readers get to know the central character Eugene, move with him to the village and meet their future friend, Vladimir Lensky. Further, the drama of the narrative increases due to the appearance of the Larin family, especially Tatiana. The sixth chapter is the culmination of the relationship between Lensky and Onegin and the flight of the protagonist. And in the finale of the work, the storyline of Eugene and Tatiana ends.

Lyrical digressions are connected with the narration, but it is also a dialogue with the reader, they emphasize the "free" form, the closeness to intimate conversation. The same factor can explain the incompleteness, openness of the finale of each chapter and the novel as a whole.

About what?

A young, but already disillusioned with life, a nobleman inherits an estate in the village, goes there, hoping to dispel his blues. begins with the fact that he was forced to sit with a sick uncle, who left his family nest to his nephew. However, the village life soon bores the hero, his existence would become unbearable if it were not for his acquaintance with the poet Vladimir Lensky. Friends are "ice and fire", but differences did not interfere with friendly relations. will help you figure it out.

Lensky introduces a friend to the Larins' family: an old mother, sisters Olga and Tatiana. The poet has long been in love with Olga, a windy coquette. The character of Tatiana, who herself falls in love with Eugene, is much more serious and whole. Her imagination has long drawn a hero, it only remains for someone to appear. The girl suffers, is tormented, writes a romantic letter. Onegin, on the other hand, is flattered, but realizes that he cannot respond to such a passionate feeling, so he gives a harsh rebuke to the heroine. This circumstance plunges her into depression, she anticipates trouble. And the trouble really came. Onegin decides to take revenge on Lensky because of an accidental spat, but chooses a terrible means: flirting with Olga. The poet is offended, calls yesterday's friend to a duel. But the culprit kills the "slave of honor" and leaves forever. The essence of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is not even to show all this. The main thing worth paying attention to is the description of Russian life and the psychologism of the characters, which develops under the influence of the depicted atmosphere.

However, the relationship between Tatyana and Eugene is not over. They meet at a secular evening, where the hero sees not a naive girl, but a mature woman in full splendor. And he falls in love himself. He is also tormented and writes a message. And he meets the same rebuke. Yes, the beauty has not forgotten anything, but it's too late, she is "given to another":. A failed lover is left with nothing.

The main characters and their characteristics

The characters of Eugene Onegin are not a random selection of characters. This is a miniature of Russian society of that time, where all the known types of noble people are scrupulously listed: the poor landowner Larin, his secular wife, who descended in the village, the sublime and bankrupt poet Lensky, his windy and frivolous passion, etc. All of them represent imperial Russia during its heyday. No less interesting and distinctive. Below are the characteristics of the main characters:

1. Eugene Onegin is the main character of the novel. He carries in himself dissatisfaction with life, fatigue from it. Pushkin tells in detail about the environment in which the young man grew up, about how the environment shaped his character. Onegin's upbringing is typical of the nobility of those years: a superficial education aimed at being successful in a decent society. He was not prepared for real business, but exclusively for secular entertainment. Therefore, in my youth I was tired of the empty shine of balls. He has a "soul of direct nobility" (feels friendly affection for Lensky, does not deceive Tatiana, using her love). The hero is capable of a deep feeling, but he is afraid of losing his freedom. But, despite the nobility, he is an egoist, and narcissism is the basis of all his feelings. The essay contains the most detailed characterization of the character.
2. It is very different from Tatyana Larina, this image appears to be ideal: a whole, wise, devoted nature, ready for anything for love. She grew up in a healthy environment, in nature, and not in the light, so real feelings are strong in her: kindness, faith, dignity. The girl loves to read, in books she has drawn a special, romantic, mysterious image. It was this image that was embodied in Eugene. And Tatiana with all passion, truthfulness and purity gave herself up to this feeling. She did not seduce, did not flirt, but took the liberty of confessing. This brave and honest act did not find a response in Onegin's heart. He fell in love with her seven years later, when she shone in the light. Glory and wealth did not bring happiness to the woman, she married the unloved one, but Eugene's courtship is impossible, family vows are sacred to her. More on this in the essay.
3. Tatyana's sister Olga is not of much interest, there is not a single sharp corner in her, everything is round, it is not for nothing that Onegin compares her to the moon. The girl accepts Lensky's courtship. And any other person, because, why not accept, she is flirtatious and empty. A huge difference is immediately observed between the Larin sisters. The youngest daughter went to her mother, a windy socialite who was forcibly imprisoned in the village.
4. However, the poet Vladimir Lensky fell in love with the flirtatious Olga. Probably because it is easy to fill the void with your own content in dreams. The hero was still burning with a hidden fire, he felt subtly and analyzed little. Moral concepts are high in him, therefore he is alien to the light and is not poisoned by it. If Onegin talked and danced with Olga only out of boredom, then Lensky saw betrayal in this, his former friend became an insidious tempter of a sinless girl. In the maximalist perception of Vladimir, this is at once a break in relations and a duel. The poet lost in it. The author raises the question, what could await the character in case of a favorable outcome? The conclusion is disappointing: Lensky would marry Olga, become an ordinary landowner and vulgarize in routine vegetation. Also you may need.

Themes

• The main theme of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is extensive - it is Russian life. The book shows the way of life and education in the world, in the capital, village life, customs and occupations, typical and at the same time unique portraits of characters are drawn. Almost two centuries later, the characters contain features inherent in modern people, these images are deeply national.
• The theme of friendship is also reflected in Eugene Onegin. The main character and Vladimir Lensky were in close friendship. But can it be considered real? They met for the occasion, out of boredom. Eugene was sincerely attached to Vladimir, who, with his spiritual fire, warmed the hero's cold heart. However, just as quickly he is ready to offend a friend, flirting with his beloved, who is happy about it. Eugene thinks only of himself, he absolutely does not care about the feelings of other people, so he could not keep a friend.
• Love is also an important theme of the work. Almost all writers talk about it. Pushkin was no exception. True love is expressed in the image of Tatiana. It can develop in spite of everything and remain for life. Nobody loved Onegin and will not love him as much as the main character. Having missed this, you remain unhappy for life. Unlike the sacrificial, all-forgiving feelings of the girl, Onegin's emotions are pride. He was frightened by a timid girl who fell in love for the first time, for the sake of whom it would be necessary to throw the disgusting, but familiar light. But Eugene was captivated by a cold socialite beauty, who to visit is already an honor, not just love her.
• The topic of an extra person. The spirit of realism appears in the works of Pushkin. It was the environment that brought up Onegin so disappointed. It was they who preferred to see superficiality in the nobles, the focus of all their efforts at creating secular brilliance. And nothing else is needed. On the contrary, education in folk traditions, the society of ordinary people made the soul healthy, and the whole nature, like Tatyana's.
• Loyalty theme. Tatiana is faithful to her first and strongest love, and Olga is frivolous, changeable and ordinary. Larina's sisters are completely opposite. Olga reflects a typical secular girl, for whom the main thing is herself, the attitude towards her, therefore, you can change if there is a better option. As soon as Onegin said a couple of pleasant words, she forgot about Lensky, whose affection is much stronger. Tatyana's heart is true to Eugene all his life. Even when he trampled on her feelings, she waited a long time and could not find another (again, unlike Olga, who quickly consoled herself after Lensky's death). The heroine had to get married, but in her heart she continued to be faithful to Onegin, although love was no longer possible.

Problems

The problematic in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is very indicative. It reveals not only psychological and social, but also political shortcomings and even whole tragedies of the system. For example, the outdated, but no less creepy, drama of Tatiana's mother is shocking. The woman was given into marriage involuntarily, and she broke down under the onslaught of circumstances, becoming an evil and despotic mistress of the hated estate. But what topical problems he raised

• The main problem that is raised in all realism in general, and by Pushkin in Eugene Onegin in particular, is the destructive influence of secular society on the human soul. A hypocritical and greedy environment poisons the individual. It imposes external requirements of decency: a young man should know a little French, read a little fashionable literature, be decently and expensively dressed, that is, make an impression, appear, and not be. And all the feelings here are also false, they only seem. That is why secular society takes the best from people, it cools the brightest flame with its cold deceit.
• Yevgenia's blues is another problematic issue. Why does the main character get depressed? Not only because he was spoiled by society. The main reason is that he does not find an answer to the question: what is all this for? Why does he live? To go to theaters, balls and parties? The absence of a vector, a direction of movement, an awareness of the meaninglessness of existence - these are the feelings that embrace Onegin. Here we are faced with the eternal problem of the meaning of life, which is so difficult to find.
• The problem of selfishness is reflected in the image of the protagonist. Realizing that no one would love him in a cold and indifferent world, Eugene began to love himself more than anyone else in the world. Therefore, he does not care about Lensky (he only dispels boredom), about Tatyana (she can take away freedom), he thinks only of himself, but for this he is punished: he remains completely alone and is rejected by Tatyana.

Idea

The main idea of ​​the novel "Eugene Onegin" is to criticize the existing order of life, which condemns more or less outstanding natures to loneliness and death. After all, there is so much potential in Eugene, but there is no case, only secular intrigues. How much spiritual fire is in Vladimir, and besides his death, only vulgarization in a feudal, stifling environment can await him. There is so much spiritual beauty and intelligence in Tatyana, and she can only be the mistress of secular evenings, dress up and conduct empty conversations.

People who do not think, do not reflect, do not suffer - these are those who are suitable for the existing reality. This is a consumer society, which lives at the expense of others, which shines at a time when those "others" vegetate in poverty and filth. The thoughts that Pushkin thought about deserve attention to this day, remain important and urgent.

Another meaning of Eugene Onegin, which Pushkin laid down in his work, is to show how important it is to preserve individuality and virtue when temptations and fashions are rampant around them, which have dominated more than one generation of people. While Eugene was chasing new trends, pretending to be the cold and disappointed hero Byron, Tatiana listened to the voice of her heart and remained true to herself. Therefore, she finds happiness in love, albeit unrequited, and he is only boredom in everything and everyone.

Features of the novel

The novel "Eugene Onegin" is a fundamentally new phenomenon in the literature of the early 19th century. He has a special composition - it is a "novel in verse", a lyric-epic work of a large volume. In lyrical digressions, the image of the author, his thoughts, feelings and ideas, which he wants to convey to readers, looms.

Pushkin amazes with the lightness, melodiousness of his language. His literary style is devoid of ponderousness, didacticism, the author is able to speak about complex and important things simply and clearly. Of course, much needs to be read between the lines, since the harsh censorship was ruthless to geniuses, but the poet was also not a bastard, so he was able to tell in the elegance of his verse about the socio-political problems of his state, which were successfully hushed up in print. It is important to understand that before Alexander Sergeevich, Russian poetry was different, he made a kind of "revolution of the game."

The feature also lies in the system of images. Eugene Onegin is the first in the gallery of "superfluous people", which contains a huge potential, unable to find embodiment. Tatyana Larina “raised” female images from the place “the main character needs to love someone” to an independent and integral portrait of a Russian woman. Tatiana is one of the first heroines who looks stronger and more significant than the main character, and does not hide in his shadow. This is how the direction of the novel "Eugene Onegin" manifests itself - realism, which more than once will open the topic of an extra person and touch upon the difficult fate of women. By the way, we also described this feature in the essay "".

Realism in the novel "Eugene Onegin"

"Eugene Onegin" commemorates Pushkin's transition to realism. In this novel, the author for the first time raises the topic of man and society. Personality is not perceived separately, it is part of a society that educates, leaves a certain imprint or completely shapes people.

The main characters are typical, but unique at the same time. Eugene is an authentic secular nobleman: disappointed, superficially educated, but at the same time not like those around him - noble, intelligent, observant. Tatiana is an ordinary provincial young lady: she was brought up on French novels, filled with the sweet dreams of these works, but at the same time she is a “Russian soul”, a wise, virtuous, loving, harmonious nature.

It is precisely in the fact that for two centuries readers have seen themselves and their acquaintances in the heroes, it is in the inescapable relevance of the novel that its realistic orientation is expressed.

Criticism

The novel "Eugene Onegin" evoked a great response from readers and critics. According to E.A. Baratynsky: "Each one interprets them in his own way: some praise, others scold and read everything." Contemporaries scolded Pushkin for the "labyrinth of retreats", for the insufficiently spelled out character of the protagonist, for the negligence of the language. The reviewer Faddey Bulgarin was especially distinguished, who supported the government and conservative literature.

However, V.G. Belinsky, who called it “the encyclopedia of Russian life,” a historical work, despite the absence of historical characters. Indeed, a modern lover of fine literature can study Eugene Onegin from this point of view in order to learn more about the noble society of the early 19th century.

And a century later, the comprehension of the novel in verse continued. Yu.M. Lotman saw complexity and paradox in the work. This is not just a collection of quotes familiar from childhood, it is an "organic world". All this proves the relevance of the work and its significance for Russian national culture.

What does it teach?

Pushkin showed the life of young people, how their fate can develop. Of course, fate depends not only on the environment, but also on the heroes themselves, but the influence of society is indisputable. The poet showed the main enemy that amazes young nobles: idleness, aimlessness of existence. The conclusion of Alexander Sergeevich is simple: the creator urges not to limit himself to secular conventions, stupid rules, but to live a full life, guided by moral and spiritual components.

These ideas remain relevant to this day, modern people often face a choice: live in harmony with themselves or break themselves for some benefit or public recognition. Choosing the second path, chasing illusory dreams, you can lose yourself and with horror find that life is over, and nothing has been done. This is what you need to fear most of all.

Interesting? Keep it on your wall!

Problems of the meaning of life, happiness, duty in the novel "Eugene Onegin".

In the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the novel "Eugene Onegin" occupies a special place. Pushkin wrote it for eight years: from 1823 to 1831. This time was very difficult in the history of Russia. The events of December 14, 1825 abruptly turned the history of the country, directed it in a different direction. A change of eras took place: work on the novel began during the reign of Alexander I, continued and completed during the reign of Nicholas I, when all the moral guidelines in society changed dramatically.

Before analyzing the novel, it is necessary to clearly understand the features of the genre of this work. The genre “Eugene Onegin” is lyric-epic. Consequently, the novel is based on the inextricable interaction of two plots: the epic (the main characters of which are Onegin and Tatiana) and the lyrical (where the main character is the narrator). The lyrical plot dominates in the novel, since all the events of real life and the novel life of the heroes are presented to the reader through the prism of the author's perception, the author's assessment.

The problems of the goal and meaning of life are key, central in the novel, because at the turning points in history, which became for Russia the era after the December uprising, a radical reassessment of values ​​takes place in the minds of people. And at such a time, the artist's highest moral duty is to point society to eternal values, to give firm moral guidelines. The best people of the Pushkin - Decembrist - generation seem to be "out of the game": they are either disappointed in the old ideals, or they do not have the opportunity in the new conditions to fight for them, to put them into practice. The next generation - the one that Lermontov calls “the gloomy crowd and soon forgotten” - was initially “brought to its knees”. Due to the peculiarities of the genre, the novel reflects the very process of reassessment of all moral values. Time in the novel flows in such a way that we see the characters in dynamics, trace their spiritual path. Before our very eyes, all the main characters are going through a period of formation, painfully searching for the truth, determining their place in the world, the purpose of their existence.

The search for the meaning of life takes place in different planes of existence. The plot of the novel is based on the love of the main characters. Therefore, the manifestation of a person's essence in the choice of a beloved, in the nature of feelings is the most important feature of the image, which determines his entire attitude to life. Lyrical digressions reflect the changes in the author's feelings, his ability to both light flirting (characteristic of "windy youth"), and true deep admiration for his beloved.

... we, enemies of Hymen,

In home life we ​​see one

A series of tiresome pictures ...

The spouse is perceived as an object of ridicule:

... a stately cuckold,

Always happy with myself

With my lunch and my wife.

But it is necessary to pay attention to the opposition of these verses and the lines of "Excerpts from Onegin's journey":

My ideal now is the mistress

My desires are peace ...

What in his youth seemed a sign of limitation, spiritual and mental scarcity, in his mature years turns out to be the only correct, moral way. And in no case should the author be suspected of hypocrisy: it is about maturing, about the spiritual maturation of a person, about a normal change in value criteria:

Blessed is he who was young from a young age,

Blessed is he who matured in time.

After all, the tragedy of the main characters stems from Onegin's inability to “ripen in time”, due to the premature old age of the soul:

I thought: freedom and peace

A replacement for happiness. Oh my God!

How wrong I was, how I was punished.

Love for the author and for his heroine Tatiana is a huge, intense spiritual work. For Lensky, this is a necessary romantic attribute, which is why he chooses Olga, devoid of individuality, in which all the typical features of the heroine of sentimental novels have merged. For Onegin, love is “the science of tender passion”. He learns the true feeling by the end of the novel: when the experience of suffering comes.

Human consciousness, the system of life values, as you know, is largely shaped by the moral laws adopted in society. The author himself assesses the influence of high society ambiguously. Chapter 1 gives a harshly satirical depiction of light. The tragic 6th chapter ends with a lyrical digression: the author's reflections on the age boundary that he is preparing to step over. And he calls on the "young inspiration" to save the poet's soul from death, not to give

…petrify

In the deadening rapture of light,

In this pool, where I am with you

Swimming, dear friends!

Society is not homogeneous. It depends on the person himself whether he accepts the moral laws of the faint-hearted majority or the best representatives of the world.

The image of “dear friends” surrounding a person in a “deadening” “pool of light” appears in the novel for a reason. Just as “the science of tender passion” became a caricature of true love, so a caricature of true friendship - secular friendship. “Friends have nothing to do” - such is the verdict of the author. Friendship without a deep spiritual community is just a temporary empty union. A full-fledged life is impossible without disinterested dedication in friendship - that is why these "secular" friendships are so terrible for the author. For the author, the inability to make friends is a terrible sign of the moral degradation of modern society.

The author himself acquires the meaning of life in the fulfillment of his destiny. The entire novel is full of deep reflections on art, the image of the author in this sense is unambiguous: he is, first of all, a poet, his life is unthinkable outside creativity, outside of intense spiritual work. In this, Eugene is directly opposite to him. And not at all because he does not plow and sow before our eyes. He has no need for work. Both Onegin's education, and his attempts to immerse himself in reading, and his effort to write (“yawning, took up the pen”) the author perceives ironically: “He was sick of stubborn work.”

Especially important in Eugene Onegin is the problem of duty and happiness. In fact, Tatyana Larina is not a love heroine, she is a heroine of conscience. Appearing on the pages of the novel as a 17-year-old provincial girl dreaming of happiness with her lover, she grows before our eyes into a surprisingly holistic heroine, for whom the concepts of honor and duty are above all. Olga, Lensky's fiancée, soon forgot the deceased young man: "the young ulan captured her." For Tatiana, Lensky's death is a tragedy. She curses herself for continuing to love Onegin: "She must hate her brother's killer in him." A heightened sense of duty dominates the image of Tatiana. Happiness with Onegin is impossible for her: there is no happiness built on dishonor, on the misfortune of another person. Tatiana's choice is the highest moral choice, the meaning of life for her is in accordance with the highest moral criteria.

The climax of the plot is the 6th chapter, the duel of Onegin and Lensky. The value of life is tested by death. Onegin commits a tragic mistake. At this moment, the opposition of his understanding of honor and duty to the meaning that Tatyana puts into these words is especially vivid. For Onegin, the concept of "secular honor" turns out to be more significant than a moral duty - and he pays a terrible price for the admitted displacement of moral criteria: he has the blood of his murdered friend forever on him.

The author compares two possible paths for Lensky: the sublime and the down-to-earth. And for him, what is more important is not what fate is more real - it is important that there will be none, Lensky is killed. For a light that does not know the true meaning of life, human life itself is nothing.

And happiness was so possible, so
close ... Chapter VIII, stanza XLVIII

Was happiness possible?

Lesson objectives:

Educational: the formation of conscious skills and knowledge of working with text

Developing: speech development - enrichment and complication of vocabulary.

Educational: purposeful formation of such moral qualities as responsibility and honesty in relation to the chosen position.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment.

2. The stage of preparing students for the active assimilation of knowledge.

3. The stage of generalization and systematization of the studied.

4. Stage of information of students about homework.

Methods and forms of work:

1. Greetings.

2. Heuristic conversation.

3. The task of a reproductive nature. :

Preparation for the lesson:

Students:

Should know the content of the work of A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Chapter 8).

During the classes

Organizational moment.

The beginning of the lesson.

Work with text.

- What facts of the author's biography are described in the beginning of the 8th chapter? (A story about a lyceum, a link,knowledge about the Caucasus, Crimea, Moldova, but most importantly— inner world, movement of creative thought, developmentthe state of mind of the author.)

- Pushkin needed five stanzas to remember his whole life. There was youth - she left, there were friends, but they were destroyed. But the memory of them remained, loyalty to the ideas for which they gave their lives, went to the Nerchinsk mines. The muse remained, she is unchanged, she will always remain pure and

bright, she will help to live:

And now I am a muse for the first time ...

I bring you to a social event ... In the first chapter we saw a glimpse of the St. Petersburg ball, essentially from the street, through the window:

Shadows walk along solid windows ...

In the 8th chapter we are at a social event. There are many attractive things in the world:

You can admire the Noisy cramped area, The flickering of dresses and speeches, The appearance of slow guests Before the young mistress, And the dark frame of men Around the ladies, like near pictures.

The appearance of Onegin: for everyone he seems to be a stranger.

- Was Onegin a stranger to secular society? (Not.)

- Light decided that he was smart and very nice. A whole series of questions appears. Who can ask them? Author? A regular at social events?

Where was he for three years? This bewilderment can be compared with the words of Molchalin: “How surprised we were! You ought to serve in Moscow with us! "

- Gossip about him. ("He makes an eccentric.") Who will he appear? (Vthe high society is accustomed to non-humans, and "the decency of tied masks", and those who do not look like them,— countries-are not clear.)

- What advice do they give Onegin? ( Advise him"To be a kind little like everyone else.")

- Is Onegin familiar to the light? (Yes, he spent eight yearshere. But something in him was not the same as ineveryone, and now? "That conversations are too frequent //We are happy to accept things, // That stupidity is windyand evil, // That looks are important to important people // And whatmediocrity is one // We can handle it and not countrieson the?" "The taciturns are blissful in the world"; idealmediocrity: "Blessed is he who was young from his youth,// Blessed is he who ripened in time, // Who graduallylife cold // With the years I knew how to endure; //Whodid not indulge in strange dreams, // Who is the secular rabbledid not shy away, // About whom they kept repeating for a century: // NN pre-red man "; Pushkin's conviction: one cannot betrayyouth! "It is unbearable to see before oneself // Od-there is a long row of dinners, // Look at life asrite "; excerpts from Onegin's journey will be answeredto the question with what load he came to the fall of 1824 Route: Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Astra-Han - Caucasus— Crimea - Odessa. Onegin introduces-Xia with homeland.)

Conclusion: Onegin arrives in St. Petersburg renewed.

- Why did Onegin get, like Chatsky, from the ship to the ball? (Irreconcilable hostility to society, in Onegina deep inner life that didn't exist before.)

On the blackboard - the topic of the lesson:

"TATIANA AND EUGENE IN CHAPTER VIIIROMANA. MORAL PROBLEMS OF THE ROMAN "EVGENY ONEGIN"

- And now a new meeting of heroes takes place. Tatyana appears, and Onegin does not recognize her and does. As Pushkin describes, what was Tatyana like, what did she do without? (She was leisurely, // Not cold,not talkative, // Without an arrogant gaze for everyone, // Withoutdesire for success, // Without these little antics, //Without imitative undertakings ...)

- Why Onegin, who did not love Tatiana in the tree, is now seized with such an all-consuming passion? (Changed heroes, updated Onegin nowcan appreciate the depth of Tatiana's soul.)

- What has changed in Tatiana? (She learned to "masterto be herself ", as Evgeny advised her whenthen.) Why is Onegin so attracted to her?

- And what about Eugene? ( What about him? What country is he inin a dream? // What stirred in the depths // Soulscool and lazy? // Annoyance? Vanity?Or again// Care of youth is love?)
What's going on with him? How has he changed?

Expressive recitation of Onegin's letters... What character do we see in the letter? What feelings do they have?

Listening to an excerpt from Tchaikovsky's opera "Eugene Onegin".
Your impression. How does the music, the stage play of the actors help to understand the characters, to convey feelings?
Teacher's word.

- The compositional scheme of the novel is simple. The main characters change roles towards the end of the book:

1. SHE loves HIM - HE does not notice HER. SHE writes a letter to HIM - she listens to HIS sermon.

2. HE loves HER - SHE does not notice HIM. HE writes letters to HER - he listens to HER confession (sermon, after all, rebuke).

But this simple construction only emphasizes the complexity of human experiences, which outwardly fit into such a simple scheme. How much more beautiful is Onegin's feeling!

- He again turned to books, as in his youth. The circle of reading very definitely tells the reader - contemporary A.S. Pushkin: Gibbon, Rousseau, Gore der, Madame de Stael, Belle, Fontenelle - philosophers, educators, scientists. These are not two or three novels

which reflected “the century and modern man, loved by Onegin before. This is a circle of reading de-cabrists, people striving for action. ",

“But this is not enough. For Onegin, now everything that was inaccessible to him three years ago is revealed.

The poet, a friend of his heroes, wishes them happiness with all his heart. But happiness is impossible. There are controversies about the ending of the novel. Different points of view appear, each of which in its own way relies on the text of the novel. In addition, each generation reads Pushkin in its own way.

Eight years after the death of Pushkin, in 1845, V.G. Belinsky wrote his famous articles about Eugene Onegin. 80s. In connection with

By opening the monument in Moscow in 1880, FM Dostoevsky made a speech at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, in which he expressed his interpretation of the novel's finale.

Assignment: Get to know the reflections on the ending of the novel and on the images of Tatiana and Onegin
famous Russian writers: Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky and Fedor
Mikhailovich Dostoevsky... Group work: Write out abstracts from articles. which express the thoughts and attitudes of critics towards the ending of the novel and the images of the heroes.

The tragedy of Chapter VIII is that Tatiana did not understand One-gin and his love. A democrat, a man of the 40s, Belinsky put above all the freedom of the human person, he condemns Tatyana for sacrificing her love for the sake of loyalty to her husband, whom she does not love, but only respects.

F. M. Dostoevsky:“Tatiana is the ideal of woman, the ideal of man. Her behavior in chapter 8 is the embodiment of moral perfection, because what“... can a person base his happiness on the misfortune of another? Happiness is not only in the pleasures of love. And also in the highest harmony of the spirit. How can you calm the spirit if there is an unhappy, ruthless, inhuman post-pok behind? Should she flee just because it's my happiness? But what kind of happiness can there be if it is based on someone else's misfortune? ... No: a pure Russian soul decides as follows: “Let, let me alone lose my happiness, let, finally, no one and never ... my sacrifice and will not appreciate it. But I don't want to be happy by ruining another! "
Conclusion. Belinsky and Dostoevsky judge the actions of the heroes differently. Which of them is more convincing, or rather understands the motives of Tatyana's act in relation to Onegin and her own feelings? Why does Tatiana reject Onegin?
1 Research work.

To answer these questions, let's look at verbs again.
Watch Tatyana's monologue, find verbs, determine the tense. Why Tatiana,
talking to Onegin in the present, when talking about himself, uses
exclusively past tense verbs?
— Light did not spoil, did not ruin Tatiana, her soul remained the same, although during these three years she did not remain the same as it was.

- If Onegin has changed internally, then Tatyana rather externally. She has matured, became more restrained, calmer, learned to protect her soul from someone else's gaze. And this external restraint, with the same internal wealth, the same spiritual beauty that she possessed in her youth, attracts Onegin to her even more.

- Previously, happiness was not possible, because Onegin did not know how to love. Happiness is possible only now with the renewed Onegin, but (too late!) Tatyana does not consider herself entitled to sacrifice her husband's happiness for her own happiness.

In March 1825, having lost hope for personal happiness, Onegin remains alone in St. Petersburg. In the main text of the novel, Onegin remains at a crossroads - and the reader, together with him, once again thinks: what is life? How should you live? Where to go? Whom to love? With whom and for what to fight?

Summing up the lesson.

Why chapter VIII causes the most controversy and interpretation? (Pushkin does not provide a psychological explanationthe basis of events, deeds, facts.)

At the end of the novel, both protagonists are worthy of the sympathy of the readers. If one of them could be called “negative,” then the novel would not have a truly tragic sound. Love for an unworthy creature can give rise to very sad situations, but it does not become such a source of tragedy as the mutual love of two people worthy of happiness with the complete impossibility of this happiness.

At the end of the novel, Onegin is not a romantic "demon" with a prematurely aged soul. He is full of thirst for happiness, love and desire to fight for this happiness. His impulse is deeply justified and arouses readers' sympathy. But Tatiana -. a person of a different kind: it is natural for her to give up happiness in the name of higher moral values. Her spirituality is full of true spiritual beauty, which both the author and readers admire. The fact that both heroes, each in their own way, are worthy of happiness, makes the impossibility of happiness for them deeply tragic.

But who will finally explain to us the novel by A.S. Pushkin? Who will interpret Onegin in such a way that there will be nothing to add? Hopefully no one. May this book live forever, and may each new generation find something of their own in it. Very important to him.

*A task for those who are thinking.

1. Was the happy reunion of Onegin and Tatiana possible? Composing is meditation. By heart a passage (letter from Onegin).

2. Research work: “What role can grammatical categories play in a literary text? (A.S. Pushkin
"Eugene Onegin")".

Good luck with your lesson!

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is a Russian poet, prose writer and playwright of the 19th century. It is he who is the founder of Russian realism. The great poet is considered one of the most authoritative figures of his time. For eight years he created a novel in verse called "Eugene Onegin". The problems presented to the reader in this work are still relevant today. In our article you can find not only a description of the problematic and plot of the novel, but also the history of its creation, as well as many other interesting and informative information.

The history of the creation of an innovative work

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin began writing "Eugene Onegin" in 1823, and finished only in 1831. Pushkin sometimes called his novel a heroic deed. It is worth noting that it is Eugene Onegin that is the first work in the poet's repertoire, which is written in the style of realism.

Initially, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin planned to include 9 chapters in the novel, but at the end of writing he left only 8. The work describes the events of 1819 - 1825. The novel presents not only the love line, but also the vices of society. It is for this reason that the work is still relevant today.

"Eugene Onegin" is an encyclopedia of Russian life, because the detailing of everyday life and the depth of description of the characters' characters allow readers to understand the peculiarities of the life of people of the 19th century. The novel "Eugene Onegin" was published in parts (chapters). Some excerpts were published in magazines. The publication of each chapter became an extraordinary event in society. The very first part was published in 1825.

The plot of the novel

Realism in Russian literature, as already mentioned, was first presented in an innovative work by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The protagonist of the novel is Eugene Onegin. This is a young nobleman who was highly educated and led a secular lifestyle. The main thing for him was attending balls and theaters. Onegin also loved to dine with friends in the most popular places in St. Petersburg. But over time, he gets bored with this way of life, and the hero falls into a deep depression.

Learning about the deadly illness of his uncle, Eugene Onegin leaves for the village. Upon arrival, he finds out that his relative is no longer alive. Since the main character was the only heir, then all the property goes to him. Eugene Onegin believes that the village is in dire need of transformations and reforms. While these thoughts occupy the hero, he meets and begins to maintain relations with Lensky, a young landowner. The new comrade introduces Onegin to the Larins family, in which two sisters live. One of them is Tatiana, who had the misfortune at first sight to fall in love with young Eugene.

At the Larins' ball, a conflict arises between Lensky and Onegin, which went too far and ended in a duel between former friends. After Onegin kills Lensky in a fight, he leaves in despair on a journey. At this time, Tatiana is given in marriage.

Onegin and Tatiana meet at one of the balls. The protagonist suddenly awakens a belated love for the girl. Returning home, Eugene composes a love letter for Tatiana, to which she soon replies. The girl claims that she still loves the young nobleman, but cannot be with him, since she is already a married lady: "But I am given to another and will be faithful to him for ages."

Characteristics of the main character of the work

Onegin's qualities are especially clearly revealed to the reader in the first and last chapter of the novel. The main character has a rather complex character. He has a heightened sense of his own dignity, but from time to time Eugene is forced to make concessions to society, because he is afraid of being rejected. In the novel, the author devotes several lines dedicated to the childhood of the protagonist, which to a certain extent explains his current behavior. Eugene from the first days of his life was brought up superficially. At first glance, Onegin's childhood was fun and carefree, but in fact, everything that was familiar quickly caused him dissatisfaction.

A young nobleman lives.It is worth noting that Onegin acts and dresses as is customary in society - in this sense, he neglects his own desires. The image of the protagonist is quite complex and diverse. The abandonment of personal claims deprives him of the opportunity to be himself.

Eugene Onegin easily charmed any woman. He spent his free time surrounded by entertainment, which soon invariably bored him. Onegin does not value people. Confirmation of this is the duel with Lensky. Eugene easily kills a friend for no good reason. The positive traits of the protagonist appear before the reader at the end of the novel. Seeing Tatyana again, he realizes that nothing excites the heart like sincerity. But, unfortunately, the hero realizes this truth too late.

Life and customs of the nobility

"We all learned a little something and somehow" - a quote from the novel "Eugene Onegin", which is sometimes used today. Its meaning is a reflection of the superficial education of the higher society during the Patriotic War of 1812. The nobility in Moscow and St. Petersburg was divided in views into two groups: the first is the older generation, and the second is the young nobles. Most of them did not want to do anything and to strive for something. In those days, the priority was the knowledge of French and the ability to bow and dance correctly. This, as a rule, was the end of the craving for knowledge. This is confirmed by a quote from the novel, which, due to its veracity, will never be superfluous to repeat: "We all learned a little something and somehow."

Love and duty in the novel "Eugene Onegin"

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is a poet who worked in the last century, but his works are still relevant today. One of his most popular works is the novel "Eugene Onegin". What problems does this work pose for readers?

Happiness and duty is one of the key problems presented in the novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". It concerns not only the main character and Tatiana, but also the girl's parents. Tatyana's mother was to marry another man, the one she loved. Having entered into a marriage with an unloved person, she cried and suffered, but over time she resigned herself. Paradoxically, Tatyana repeated the fate of her mother. She loved Eugene Onegin with all her heart, and she married a completely different man. The girl puts duty over love and stays with her husband, for whom she has no feelings. Thus, upbringing affects, and the heroine sacrifices her happiness in the name of the foundations instilled from childhood.

It is difficult to argue with the fact that one of the most popular and iconic works of Pushkin is "Eugene Onegin". The problems described in the novel made the author's creation famous all over the world.

The problem of identifying the protagonist in society

In the novel "Eugene Onegin" the hero is shown in interaction with society. It is interesting how the change in external status that occurs in Onegin's life changes his habits and behavior. The main character behaves completely differently in a secular and rural environment. For example, in St. Petersburg, Onegin demonstrates politeness and education, while in the countryside, on the contrary, he neglects the rules of etiquette. Based on this, we can conclude that the main character is no stranger to hypocrisy and lies.

The problem of finding the meaning of life in the novel by Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

Different people meet on the path of life. Some have willpower, are true to their worldviews, while others, on the contrary, make many mistakes and cannot find the true path. The novel "Eugene Onegin" leads readers to many reflections. The problems associated with finding the meaning of life help to understand yourself.

The main characters of the novel are individuals who feel lonely in a secular environment. They are capable of both love and suffering. Onegin, for example, despises and this leads him to severe depression. Tatyana is the ideal of moral purity. Her main goal is to love and be loved, but the atmosphere that reigns around the heroine sometimes changes, like the people around her. Despite this, Tatiana remains innocent and morally blameless. But the main character eventually realizes whom he rejected, and this becomes the impetus for personal adjustments. Using Onegin as an example, the author of the work demonstrates how a person who comes into contact with the sincerity and spiritual beauty of another can change.

Unique Russian novel

In the 19th century, the novels of Byron and Walter Scott were very popular. From a thematic point of view, they were often associated with Pushkin's poetic novel. The first published chapters of "Eugene Onegin" caused a resonance in the society. Reviews of the work differed significantly from each other.

In an innovative creation, the author combines many genres and styles. In his novel, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin achieves the integrity and harmony of the syllable, the ways of expressing artistic thought. "Eugene Onegin" is the first novel in Russia, which is written in poetic form. Modern critics have repeatedly tried to find out what the social and literary roots of the main character of the work are - the "extra" person in society. Often they assumed that the creation was associated with Byron's Harold.

Features of the image of Tatiana

Tatiana Larina is the main character of the novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". It is noteworthy that the author in all his works describes the image of a beautiful Russian woman. Tatiana falls in love with Onegin at first sight and for the rest of her life, and she is the first to confess her feelings to him. But in Eugene's callous heart there was no room for the girl's pure love.

In the image of Tatiana, incompatible things are combined into one whole: the heroine loves to guess, reads novels and believes in omens, despite the fact that she is quite religious. Her rich inner world amazes those around her. It is for this reason that she feels comfortable in any society. She does not get bored even in the country. And the heroine is very fond of indulging in dreams.

Over time, having received declarations of love from Eugene Onegin, the girl acts wisely. Tatiana suppresses feelings in herself and decides to stay with her husband. After all, a relationship with Onegin would be disastrous for the heroine.

The moral ideal of the author

As we said earlier, Tatiana Larina does the right thing at the end of the novel. She does not hide that she still loves Eugene Onegin, but at the same time the heroine believes that she can only belong to her legal husband.

It is Tatiana who is the most positive and moral person in the work. She makes mistakes, but then draws the right conclusions and makes the right decision. If you carefully read the lines of the novel, it becomes clear that Tatiana is the ideal of the author himself. On the contrary, using the example of Onegin, he demonstrates all the vices of society, since the main character of the novel is selfish and arrogant. It was such personalities as Eugene who were prominent representatives of the nobility. Therefore, he appeared in the novel as a collective image of the high society of St. Petersburg.

The moral choice of the heroes is also curious. The most striking example is the duel between Lensky and Onegin. The main character does not want to go to it, but obeys public opinion. As a result, Lensky dies, and this is a kind of turning point. It was after the described sad event that the novel changed its measured course.

Summing up

The novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" is the first work in verse, which is written in the spirit of realism. The main characters are a young nobleman Onegin, a country girl Tatyana Larina and a landowner Lensky. A large number of storylines and images are intertwined in the novel. This is one of the reasons that makes the piece interesting and instructive. The novel also contains topical issues of any time: it touches upon the eternal search by man for the meaning of life and his place in society. The tragedy of the work is that it is very difficult to correspond to the ideas of the environment, regardless of their desires and principles. This inevitably leads to ambivalence and hypocrisy. In addition, feeling like a stranger in society, as the protagonist feels, is also psychologically difficult. And, of course, the topic invariably attracts readers. The work is written in a very lively and interesting way, so anyone who decides to read the novel "Eugene Onegin" will not be mistaken. The problems that are demonstrated in the work will prompt reflection and show what passions raged in the distant 19th century.