Chapter IX Grand Duke John Daniilovich, nicknamed Kalita. 1328-1340 Northern Russia is resting. Moscow is the head of Russia. Metropolitan's prediction. Khan's mercy to John. The generosity of the Pskovites. Special Bishop in Pskov. Incidents of Novgorod. Zakamsk silver. Policy

GRAND DUKE IVAN KALITA
(1328-1340)

When Prince Ivan was born is not known for certain. The chroniclers did not note such an insignificant event as the birth of another, fourth son in the family Daniil of Moscow. This probably happened around 1288. The name of Ivan Kalita was first heard in 1304, when Mikhail Tverskoy And Yuri Moskovsky There was a dispute in the Horde about the great reign. Ivan Danilovich was sent by his elder brother Yuri to protect Pereyaslavl-Zalessky from the encroachments of the Tver residents and coped with the task brilliantly. Boyar Iakinf (in common parlance - Akinf), who went over to Mikhail Tverskoy along with other noble people from the retinue of the former Grand Duke Andrey Alexandrovich, was sent by his new master to capture Pereyaslavl-Zalessky in a bold raid. However, Moscow intelligence did not sleep. Having received news from Tver, young Ivan Danilovich, who was sitting in Pereyaslavl, took energetic and reasonable measures. He forced not only the Pereyaslavl people, but also his own boyars to kiss the cross for loyalty to the Moscow cause. This suggests that the possibility of betrayal was very real. At the same time, Ivan sent a messenger to Moscow for reinforcements. When the Tver residents approached the city, Ivan led his army to meet them. He probably already knew about the approach of the Moscow army and agreed with its leaders about a simultaneous attack on the Tver people from the front and rear.
Despite all the advantages of the Muscovites and, probably, their numerical superiority, Akinf entered the battle. He fought with the courage of despair and laid his head under the Moscow sabers. Along with him, his son-in-law David died in this battle.
This fierce battle, in which Ivan Danilovich happened to participate at the age of about 16 years, remained forever in his memory. At the end of his life, he founded a monastery in Pereyaslavl with a temple in the name of the Dormition of the Mother of God. The monastery was built on a hill (“on Goritsy”), not far from the place where the battle between Ivan and Akinthos took place.

While Prince Yuri Danilovich rushed from one side of Rus' to another, his younger brother Ivan mostly stayed in Moscow. Here he grew up, matured, and started a large family. Muscovites knew him as a zealous owner and a good manager, but at the same time as a pious, “Christ-loving” person. Pious, Ivan could, however, if necessary, firmly stand up for his truth. In war, he knew how to act quickly and decisively.

In 1322, Ivan Kalita made his first trip to the Horde. Apparently, he went to the Horde to get a label for the Nizhny Novgorod principality, which remained ownerless after the death of his brother Boris Danilovich. He returned from Khan Uzbek with the Horde army, led by the khan’s ambassador, Akhmyl, to whom the khan set the task of establishing order in the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. Akhmyl plundered Yaroslavl and returned to Uzbek with the booty. The appearance of Akhmyl was preceded by a war between Moscow and Tver. Tver paid the Horde exit to the Grand Duke, but Yuri “forgot” to send it to the khan. This “forgetfulness” cost Yuri Danilovich his power, and ultimately his life. And although he was killed by the Tver prince Dmitry, everything suggests that Yuri would not have returned from the Horde to Rus' in any case.

The news of the death of Prince Yuri Danilovich in the Horde reached Moscow somewhere at the very end of 1325. And on February 8, 1326, on the first Saturday of Lent, Muscovites met the coffin with the body of Yuri, brought from the Horde. Prince Yuri Danilovich was dear to Muscovites as their long-time leader and tireless fighter for the rise of Moscow. They sincerely grieved for him. The Novgorod chronicler, probably from the words of Archbishop Moses, a witness to the events, narrates: “And his brother Prince Ivan wept for him and all the people, young and old, wept greatly.” Having buried Yuri, Ivan remained the heir to all the affairs and worries with which his older brother was so burdened.
Having founded the Assumption Cathedral together with the Metropolitan, Ivan Danilovich was in no hurry to go to the Horde, but patiently waited for Uzbek to make a decision himself. The prince left Moscow only somewhere in mid-October 1326, having received news of the execution of Prince Dmitry Tverskoy in the Horde, which took place on September 15, 1326.
Khan Uzbek eventually handed over the label to the great reign to Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy, which, naturally, did not suit either the Moscow boyars or Ivan Kalita. Chance came to their aid.

In 1327, an uprising against the Tatar prince Shevkal (Cholkhan) began in Tver, ending with the destruction of the Tatars. Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy either led this uprising or joined it. (Read more about the uprising in the article "Prince Alexander Tverskoy") In any case, in the eyes of the Horde khan, he became a rebel who should have been punished.
The Uzbek was an intelligent, decisive and stern man. Having learned about the tragedy in Tver, he handled the matter very wisely: he called Ivan Danilovich to him, gave fifty thousand people and, promising if the military operation was successful, to give him a label for the great reign, he sent him to Tver. The Horde army, reinforced by Suzdal and Muscovites, captured Tver, Kashin, Torzhok. The Temniks, in joy, almost moved to Novgorod. But the Novgorodians managed to buy themselves off. Like an overfed boa constrictor, the Horde warrior stretched south, towards the warmth. Khan Uzbek was pleased and, as promised, issued to Ivan Danilovich “the most merciful letter for his great reign,” and in addition, permission to personally collect the khan’s tribute from all Russian principalities.

We must pay tribute to the Grand Duke of Vladimir Ivan Danilovich, he used the khan’s mercy in a masterly, wise manner, as a statesman. In the summer of 1328, Ivan Kalita won another bloodless victory in the Horde. The chronicle reports that, in addition to the lands from the great reign of Vladimir, Khan Uzbek “and other principalities gave him to Moscow.” These were three huge territories, the centers of which were the cities of Galich, Beloozero and Uglich. The grandson of Ivan Kalita, Prince Dmitry Donskoy, transferring these lands to his sons, called them in his will “the purchases of his grandfather.” Most likely, Ivan Danilovich bought labels in the Horde that gave him the right to lifelong management of these areas. The crushing local princes (mainly from the Rostov house) were not able to timely and fully pay the due tribute to the khan's treasury. The Moscow prince assumed their debts and payment obligations, and for this received the right of supreme power over vast forest territories. These areas were of great strategic importance for the struggle with Novgorod for the Russian North. In addition, Uglich and its surroundings had a very advantageous position on the Volga: waterways to the Tver, Novgorod and Belozersk lands began from here. Finally, the forest principalities were rich in fur-bearing animals. Valuable furs constituted the most important source of replenishment of the treasury of the Moscow prince. “Soft gold” was the main article of Russian trade with its eastern and western neighbors.

All his life, Ivan Danilovich wore a money bag (kalyta) on his belt, as if showing everyone the essence of his policy, domestic and foreign. All the money that the Grand Duke obtained by collecting Horde tribute from the Russian land, he spent on the development and strengthening of the Moscow principality. The main concern of the new Grand Duke was peace. Ivan wanted to give the country peace, to stop the Horde “rats”. It is difficult to even imagine how difficult this task was. But Kalita managed to achieve his goal. The chronicler, who worked in the second half of the 14th century, looking back at the times of Ivan Danilovich, allowed himself a small but very interesting reasoning. Having reported on the arrival of Kalita to the great reign in 1328, he adds: “And from then on there was great silence for 40 years and the abomination of the Russian land ceased to be fought and the Christians were slaughtered, and the Christians rested and put in order from the great languor of many burdens, from Tatar violence, and there was henceforth there is great silence throughout the whole earth.” This “great silence” lasted, according to the chronicler, for forty years - from 1328 until the outbreak of the Muscovite-Lithuanian wars in 1368.

“Of course, the “great silence” existed not only in the imagination of Moscow scribes. This was a political reality that gave hope for change. It became possible only due to the fact that Prince Ivan, and later his sons Semyon the Proud and Ivan the Red, were able to ensure the full and timely payment of the Horde tribute from the Russian lands. The rulers of the Horde, Khans Uzbek (1313 - 1341) and Janibek (1341 - 1357), were completely satisfied with this state of affairs and did not interfere with the gradual strengthening of the Moscow princely house. The basis for the “great silence,” for which Ivan Kalita was so revered by contemporaries, descendants and historians, was the regular collection of Horde tribute. This success of the Moscow prince became possible only thanks to the general strengthening of the state principle in the life of North-Eastern Rus'. Of course, on this path he could not do without violence. Restoring order was carried out using medieval methods. Written sources have preserved the complaints and groans of the appanage nobility, who fell under the heavy millstones of the Moscow order.”(Borisov. “Ivan Kalita”)

Having received an order from the khan to collect arrears in Rostov (or simply taking over this item of income from the khan's treasury), Prince Ivan soon took harsh measures against the indebted Rostovites. The governors Vasily Kocheva and Mina sent by him committed a real pogrom in Rostov. By violence and sometimes torture, they forced residents to give up their last money and valuables. Apparently, Prince Ivan paid the khan's treasury the arrears of the Horde tribute from Rostov, and for this, three years later, he received from the khan the right to include the Sretensky half of the Rostov principality in the grand ducal possessions.

And life continually presented Kalita with increasingly difficult tasks. Ivan Danilovich continued to try to avoid military clashes with his compatriots, but he pursued the policy of centralizing power harshly and stopped at nothing to achieve his goal. He had known for a long time that the Novgorodians, trading with the peoples of the Trans-Urals, received a lot of silver from them. Several times he tried to influence the merchants of Veliky Novgorod, to force them to pay a share of profitable trade to the treasury of the Grand Duke. Merchants refused to pay “silver money”.
In 1333, Kalita's patience came to an end. He gathered squads of the princes of Nizovsky and Ryazan and invaded the Novgorod land. The campaign was purely predatory and demonstrative. The army of Ivan Danilovich took Bezhetsk and Torzhok and began to devastate the surroundings of these cities. The damage to the Novgorod land was considerable, but it was difficult for the Novgorodians to cope with the strong army of the Grand Duke, supported by Khan Uzbek. All attempts to settle the matter peacefully - through ransom, through negotiations - were unsuccessful. Kalita rejected the offers of the frightened Novgorodians, took all the loot and pointedly led the army home. Then he appeared in the Horde with another portion of tribute and rich gifts to the khan, his wife, and nobles. A natural question arises: where did Ivan Kalita get the money for the Horde tribute, gifts to the khans and at the same time to strengthen his principality. According to Borisov, author of the book “Ivan Kalita,” the answer is ridiculously simple:

“The Moscow prince, with a firm hand, brought relative order to the lawlessness of anarchy, theft and local tyranny that reigned in Rus'. A huge amount of funds (including those that should have been used to pay the Horde tribute) were simply stolen by all sorts of “strong people.” This orgy of robbery was complemented by robbery on the roads, which greatly hampered trade between cities.
One of the ancient sources speaks with praise of Ivan Kalita for the fact that he “rectified the Russian land from thieves and robbers.” One can only guess how much effort it cost him and how many robber nests built in the thickets of the forest were discovered, captured and destroyed by the Moscow governors.”

Prince Ivan was able to really take on this work only after he had made significant changes to the legal norms of that time. According to ancient tradition, large landowners (boyars, monasteries, episcopal sees) had the right to trial in all criminal cases without exception within their estates. However, not all patrimonial owners had the opportunity to wage a successful fight against bandits or seasoned lone criminals. In addition, even after catching the villains, local judges often released them for a bribe. Only the strong hand of the central government could properly organize this complex matter.
Ivan Kalita began to remove the most serious criminal cases from the jurisdiction of the patrimonial authorities and transfer them to his administration. His letter to the Novgorod Yuriev Monastery has been preserved. According to it, monastic people living in the city of Volok (modern Volokolamsk) must sue their monastic authorities in all cases “other than theft, robbery, and murder.” The prince entrusts the investigation and punishment of these crimes to his governors.
The case of the Yuriev estates is no exception. Researchers of ancient Russian law note that in the Moscow lands the princely administration took the fight against serious crimes into its own hands much earlier than in other Russian principalities.
But the main thieves were always representatives of the local nobility. Prince Ivan dealt with them “regardless of their faces.” The fate of the Rostov “eparch of the city (thousand), the oldest bolyarin” Averky, suspended by his feet and tortured half to death by Moscow executioners, serves as an example of the means by which Ivan Danilovich knocked down the arrogance of these people.

However, many compatriots did not like this policy. After the departure of Ivan Danilovich, the Novgorodians reconciled with the Pskovites and Prince Alexander Mikhailovich, which dramatically changed the balance of power. We must not forget that Alexander was supported by the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Gediminas, an experienced and very authoritative politician. Kalita took these changes into account and, returning from the Horde, reconciled with the Novgorodians. They, in turn, also made concessions, broke off relations with Pskov, and promised the Grand Duke to allocate an army to march against the breakaway republic. This campaign, however, did not take place because Ivan Danilovich, overwhelmed by the desire to receive silver from the Trans-Urals into the treasury, violated the agreement with the Novgorodians and sent an army beyond the Urals. The trip was unsuccessful. Exhausted by winter roads, the warriors were unable to give a decisive battle to their rich rival and returned home with nothing. This happened in 1337.

Literally a few months later, Alexander Mikhailovich, the most implacable enemy of Ivan Kalita, went to the Horde. His own misfortunes and wanderings in other people's lands tempered the Tver prince. Before this dangerous trip, he carried out, so to speak, thorough diplomatic preparation and received the blessing of the Metropolitan of All Rus' Theognostus. Upon arrival in the Horde, Alexander was immediately invited to the khan's tent. The stern Uzbek liked the direct, open person. The Lord of the Horde, having listened to the brave, but respectful and brief speech of the guest, said that Prince Alexander, with his humble wisdom, exempts himself from execution. And Alexander returned to Tver as the prince of Tver.

It is not known exactly what arguments or documents the Moscow boyars made the khan “offended to the point of being extremely offended.” Probably the most powerful of them were introduced to Uzbek by Ivan Kalita himself, who appeared in the Horde along with his two eldest sons at the beginning of 1339. Judging by subsequent events, one might think that this was a Lithuanian-Tver conspiracy directed against the Horde. Probably, the Moscow prince managed to obtain (or fabricate) some documents in this regard.
However, at that time it was not only about the “betrayal” of Alexander Tverskoy. This visit of Kalita to the khan was distinguished by some special significance and solemnity. According to many historians, during this trip, Prince Ivan not only introduced his eldest sons to the khan, but also proposed a “spiritual letter” - a will - for approval.
Prince Ivan could justify the special, final nature of his last trip to the Horde in 1339 with only two reasons: a serious illness, a premonition of an imminent death - or the intention to take monastic vows. Probably, Kalita’s very statement about his intention to leave the political scene was a subtly calculated action. This move was supposed to impress the old khan, make him treat more favorably the young leader of the Moscow princely house, Prince Semyon Ivanovich.

During Kalita's short, but very important in its consequences, visit to the Horde in 1339, the fate of Alexander Tverskoy was sealed. Khan again made his vacillating choice of the Moscow princes. He was alarmed not only by the personal unreliability of Alexander Tverskoy, about which Moscow intercessors spoke so much. One of the most prominent rulers of the Horde, Khan Uzbek knew how to look into the future. He understood well that the rise of the Tver princely house would inevitably lead to the strengthening of anti-Horde sentiments in Rus'. It was not a matter of personalities, but of the logic of political traditions and geopolitical interests. Tver, by virtue of its geographical location, acted as a bearer of “Westernizing” sentiments in the community of lands and principalities united under the auspices of the great reign of Vladimir. In the conditions of the rapid strengthening of Lithuania, the transfer of grand-ducal power to the Tver princes could lead to a weakening of the Horde’s control over the Russian lands. The game of “pardoning” the disgraced Alexander Tverskoy was started by the khan mainly in order to give an object lesson to the Russian princes, to scare Ivan Kalita and to amuse his own vanity. Now this game was coming to an end. Continuing it was not only pointless, but also dangerous for the Horde.

Kalita briefly survived Alexander Tverskoy, who was executed in the horde. After some time, a sudden illness put Ivan Danilovich to bed, and on March 31, 1340, having accepted the schema, he died. He was buried the next day in the Church of the Archangel Michael, which he built.
According to the will left by Ivan Danilovich, the Moscow principality as a whole was divided between members of the princely family, each of whom received his own inheritance in it. The capital of the principality was considered as the common possession of all descendants of Kalita. This common ownership was expressed in the “local”, that is, joint, management of Moscow by members of the Moscow princely house.
Kalita bequeathed Moscow to his three sons - Simeon, Ivan and Andrei, who agreed to jointly own the city. It was ruled by the thousand, the deputy of the Grand Duke, and governors from the princes - co-owners. The “third” rule of Moscow was established in 1340 and lasted almost until the end of the 15th century.

Prince of Moscow Ivan I Danilovich Kalita became famous in history as a diplomatic ruler who expanded the territory of the principality. He established relations with the Horde Khan. In 2001, Ivan Kalita was elevated to the rank of locally revered saints of Moscow.

The childhood of Ivan Kalita, who was born in Moscow, is not remarkable for historians. He was an ordinary youth who grew up in the family of Prince Danila Alexandrovich and the ruler’s wife. As a child, the boy constantly heard stories about the Tatars, who constantly raided Rus'. Many elders were afraid. Unpleasant sensations were transmitted to little Ivan, especially since in early childhood the boy witnessed the capture of Moscow.

From infancy, the boyars and father told the future ruler about what was happening in the state. At the age of 3, the child was put on a horse and began to learn horse riding. Immediately after this posag ceremony, the boy was handed over to male educators. The teachers paid more attention to the basics of government, since the prince wanted to see Ivan at the head, and not his eldest son Yuri.

Ivan Kalita was known as a cautious and prudent youth, unlike his brother, who was distinguished by a quarrelsome, harsh temperament. In 1303 Daniel dies. 21-year-old Yuri was elevated to the throne, and 15-year-old Ivan became the prince's assistant. While his elder brother was away, Ivan had to defend Pereslavl. Tough character and excellent training helped to survive, despite the small number of the army.

Diplomatic negotiations with the khans lead to dire consequences. During a trip to the Golden Horde, the newly created ruler is killed. The throne passes, as Daniil of Moscow planned, to his youngest son, Ivan Kalita.

Governing body

Ivan Kalita is an unusual ruler. From the first days, the prince did not conquer new territories, but began to promote Orthodoxy. On behalf of the ruler, the residence of the metropolitan was moved from Vladimir to Moscow. Thus, the city turned into the spiritual capital of Rus'. Moscow's authority has increased.

Problems with the division of lands began in 1327, when the people in Tver rebelled, and later the Horde ambassador was killed. Ivan Kalita went to the khan, who gave the ruler a label for the great reign. Together with the Suzdalians, the prince recaptured Tver, while Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy fled from possible punishment to Novgorod (he was later found in Pskov).

A year later, Khan Uzbek decided to divide the principalities between Ivan and Alexander Vasilyevich Suzdal. Novgorod and Kostroma went to Kalita, and Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets went to the second prince. In 1331, Alexander Vasilyevich dies, the throne is taken by Constantine. At this time, the territories subordinate to the Prince of Suzdal returned to the Grand Duchy.

In the period from 1328 to 1330, Ivan Kalita entered into two profitable marriages - his daughters married Vasily Yaroslavsky and Konstantin Rostovsky. Alliances are beneficial for the ruler, since the appanages are at the disposal of the prince. Tension between Moscow and Novgorod reached its peak in 1331.

The conflict began with the refusal of Metropolitan Theognost to install Arseny as Archbishop of Novgorod. The post was given to Vasily Kalika. At this time, Kalita makes demands for increased tribute. The refusal infuriates the ruler - the prince advances with an army to the Novgorod land. It did not come to hostilities, since Ivan planned to resolve the issue peacefully.

Kalita's behavior, namely the marriage of Simeon's son with Aigusta, daughter of Gediminas, caused concern among the Novgorodians. The rulers decided to act: an invitation followed from Narimunt, who was given the fortress of Oreshek, the patrimony of Ladoga, Korelsk, and half of Koporye. Instead of the guest, Alexander Narimuntovich came to rule, while his father remained in Lithuania. The Novgorodians did not receive support from such an alliance. Narimunt did not arrive to fight against the Swedes and recalled his son from the lands.

Only in 1336, after Metropolitan Theognost intervened in the matter, peace came between Novgorod and Kalita. Prince Ivan receives the desired tribute and the title of Novgorod ruler. Gediminas tried to take revenge on the Novgorod land for the peace concluded with Moscow, but the war never began.

In 1337, Alexander Tverskoy and his son were executed. Khan made this decision after Ivan Kalita’s denunciation. Soon the prince returns to Moscow. By order of the ruler, the bell is removed from the Church of St. Savior and transported to the capital. Kalita subdues her brother Alexander Mikhailovich.

Kalita's biography contains many campaigns of conquest against unwanted princes. In 1339, the Moscow army was sent to Smolensk due to reluctance to pay tribute to the Horde. The conflict between Novgorod and Moscow is reviving again. Ivan was unable to resolve the dispute until the end of his life.

Ivan Kalita's policies are called controversial. The prince erects several churches on the territory of the Moscow state: the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor, the Assumption Cathedral, the Archangel Cathedral, and the Church of St. John the Climacus. During his reign (from 1328 to 1340), Kalita built the new Moscow Kremlin from oak. The ruler is distinguished by a craving for faith. Shortly before his death, Ivan writes the Siya Gospel. Now the scripture is in the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Kalita's contemporaries characterized the ruler as a flexible and persistent prince. Khan of the Horde respected and trusted the Muscovite. This helped save Moscow from the raids of the Horde. The welfare of his subjects grew, discontent disappeared. Ivan Danilovich saved the principality from plunder and war for 40 years. Kalita mercilessly dealt with his opponents and suppressed popular unrest over tribute.

Ivan I achieved unprecedented influence over some lands, including Novgorod, Tver and Pskov. During the years of his reign, the prince accumulated wealth, which was inherited by his children and grandchildren, among whom was. From the confessions of the heir it followed that Kalita acquired lands in foreign principalities.

Personal life

Ivan Kalita was married twice. In 1319, Elena became the ruler's wife. Historical data about the origin of the girl has not been preserved. They had four sons - Simeon, Daniel, Ivan and Andrey. An unknown illness ruined the health of the princely wife.

In 1332, Elena died, and a year later Ivan married again. The chosen one was Ulyana. The marriage produced four daughters - Maria, Evdokia, Feodosia, Feotinia. Kalita married off the girls for personal gain. The prince set the only condition for his sons-in-law - the ruler himself would manage the estates.

Death

A few months before his death, Ivan Kalita took monastic vows. Preventing strife between his sons, the ruler distributed property during his lifetime. Simeon the Proud became the owner of two-thirds of the inheritance. His father left him in the role of patron of the younger children. Kalita, on his deathbed, took care of the state. This division made it possible to avoid fragmentation of the Moscow principality. The prince's death came in March 1340. The funeral took place in the Archangel Cathedral, built by order of Ivan I.

History does not know another such ruler who is equally advocating for Moscow. The city was transformed during the reign of Ivan Kalita. The prince did not commit brutal murders of his opponents during the years of his reign, unlike his brother. The tradition of giving nicknames to rulers began with Ivan I. Kalita means a purse or a leather bag for storing coins.

Legend

There is a legend according to which the prince was known as a generous man.

“In the summer of 6837 (i.e. in 1329 - approx.) the great prince Ivan Danilovich went to peace in Veliky Novgorod and stood in Torzhok. And 12 men came to him pretending to be the Holy Savior with a cup for a feast. And 12 men exclaimed, pretending to be the Holy Savior: “God grant many years to the Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich of All Rus'. Give water and feed your poor." And the great prince asked the boyars and old people of Novotorzh: “What kind of people came to me?”

And the men of the new market told him: “This, sir, is not a pretender of the Holy Savior, and that cup was given to them by 40 Kaliks who came from Jerusalem.” And the great prince looked at the cup from them, put it on his crown and said: “What, brothers, will you take from me as a contribution to this cup?” The Pritrivreans answered: “Whatever you give us, we’ll take it.” And the great prince gave them a new hryvnia deposit: “Come to me every week and take from me two cups of beer, the third - honey. Also, go to my governors and mayors and to weddings, and take yourself three cups of beer.”

Memory

In those days, rulers were depicted in paintings, so one can only imagine what Ivan Kalita would have looked like in a photo. The prince's contemporaries did not focus on appearance, but rather described his character and behavior. For example, Kalita is a calculating man who was distinguished by his intelligence. The ruler was called merciful. Kalita often gave to the poor during his trips around Rus'. I tried to fulfill the requests of the people. Ivan I served to the same person several times.

In the modern world, the Moscow ruler is not forgotten. For example, specialists developed a unique car at the Moskvich plant. The vehicle is named “Moskvich “Ivan Kalita”. In 2006, the Order of Ivan Kalita, the medal of the Order of Ivan Kalita, was awarded for the first time in the Moscow region.