Before each person, sooner or later, life poses the problem of choice: to save yourself, your physical life, your comfortable and soft nest, where you are completely safe, or break the bonds of fear.

Perform an extraordinary Act (this word can only sound with a capital letter): save a human life, help a widow, go against a stronger one, upholding justice. We offer a short essay "Courage and cowardice" on this topic.

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Meaning of concepts

A quote from the "Song of the Falcon" by Maxim Gorky is the best way to characterize the attitude towards brave people. They are admired, they deeds glorify. Surely all of us, listening to the story of someone's feat, mentally try on the situation for ourselves: “Could I do the same? Would I have the courage?" First, let's understand what this means be brave.

What kind of person can be called brave? According to Ozhegov, it is "not knowing fear, resolute." “Brave, fearless” - this is the definition of another great connoisseur V.I. Dahl.

A bit of reasoning

So what is courage? From many it can be concluded that this special quality, allowing a person not to be afraid of anything that threatens life, health, position in society, personal security.

What does it mean to be brave and courageous? Go towards hostile circumstances, ignoring any risks?

Partly so, but this concept is still worth considering more broadly and fully. Let's try to write an essay-reasoning on this topic in order to "separate the wheat from the chaff."

Composition "Courage and cowardice" let's start with the introduction, where we will try to define these two concepts.

Is it possible to call courage the absence of fear, the desire to rush "headlong" towards dangers? Of course not. But to be able overcome your own fears, doubts and always act as your conscience dictates, regardless of how the act will affect your future life - this means to be brave.

Synonyms

When you start writing about what courage is, the essay will be incomplete if you do not make an attempt to pick up for this concept that accurately reflects the essence of the concept under consideration:

• bravery,
• courage,
• fearlessness.

What are the qualities of courage and courage manifested in? First of all - in the ability to fight back not to the enemy and circumstances, but to myself: own hesitation, uncertainty, desire to avoid danger and difficulties.

Therefore, the story of a bold deed does not always tell of a large-scale feat. Sometimes this is a modest work about how the hero managed to help a kid frightened by the upcoming flight on an airplane. At the same time, he himself was so afraid of flying that when taking off, his heart “went to his heels” with horror. And you yourself are not afraid to fly - this is already not courage, but just act of kindness to the child.

Attention! If you want to become a brave person, overcome your fear by helping others.

Essence of antithesis

Two opposite concepts are inseparable from each other. Most strikingly, the brave act of one person illustrates the cowardice shown by another. At the same time, the coward gives various arguments that allow him to justify himself in his own eyes and in front of others. Why didn't he help a first-grader whose tablet was taken away from him by two older guys? Yes, how could I do this, the frightened one will answer when:

• there were two of them, and I was one;
• they are still stronger;
• next was the PE teacher - so he had to intervene, because he is an adult.

Personal courage manifests itself in different ways. What does it mean to be a real hero:

• throw himself into a fight and protect the weak, although he himself never engaged in wrestling;
• take the old woman out of the burning house;
• object to the boss, who unfairly deprived the bonus of a competent specialist because of personal hostility.

Final essay on courage should not be about such actions like jumping out a third-story window or running across a red light. That will be a story not about courage, but about stupidity and recklessness.

Such pseudo-bravery is of no interest to anyone: does not benefit people, it only makes it worse for both the “hero” himself and his relatives.

What do we talk about when we talk about courage? Not only about overcoming your own fears, but also that our action must necessarily give benefit who really needs help.

The point of view of the classics

Examples of courage are often found in works of art. Unforgettable classics and more modern authors talking about brave deeds. These stories are remembered for a long time, because this topic affects everyone, regardless of the specific circumstances.

The most famous examples of courageous deeds in literature:

• the heroism of the girls from the story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” by Boris Vasiliev;
• the resilience of the unknown soldier from the book of the same author “He was not on the lists”, who defended the Brest Fortress almost literally to the last drop of blood;
• the courage of the “weakling” Pierre Bezukhov from Leo Tolstoy, who rushed to save a girl from a burning house and protected a young Armenian woman from French marauders;
• the courageous actions of the teacher from Rasputin's "French Lessons", who was not afraid of being fired in difficult, hungry times because of an attempt to help a little boy.

There are a lot of books whose heroes are truly brave people. But as in life, what does it mean to be fearless brave man in real life?

Plan-cluster for writing an essay on the topic "Courage and cowardice".

Life examples

Most often faced with the need risk yourself to save other representatives of such professions as:

• fireman,
• pilot,
• military,
• rescuer.

But what kind of person shall we call courageous? Is it only a rescuer or a fire fighter? In life, everything is much more complicated.

Examples of courage that we can observe in life include duel in 1837 Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and his courageous behavior in the last days before his death. He would raised a challenge to society, not only to enemies, but also to friends who did not understand him, protecting himself and his innocent wife. Only after his death did the poet's relatives realize that he had to endure. Many, until the end of their days, accused themselves of inaction, which left him alone to fight with the whole world.

Truly brave people are Yevgenia Ginzburg and her husband, whom she met in the Stalinist camps of the late 1930s. last century. He helped others giving yourself entirely and not thinking about the need survive on your own. In terrible conditions, he remained a Man with a capital letter.

From the latter - the life story of Elizaveta Petrovna Glinka, whom everyone affectionately called Dr. Lisa. Having founded a charitable foundation, this woman always went to help where it was needed, bullets whistled and blood flowed. She I didn't think about myself, but only about those to whom her support could save a life or make her last days and hours a little happier.

Courage and cowardice. Direction of the final essay

How to prepare for the final essay

Conclusion

Everyone has their own arguments that reinforce the concepts of “courage and cowardice. When preparing a final essay on this topic, any student is free to bring own point of view.

But, whatever the words, the chief judge in this case - conscience. It is she who prompts what act should be called bold, and what should be ashamed, how cowardice. Let's listen to her and our own hearts.

All arguments for the final essay in the direction of "Courage and cowardice". Does it take courage to say no?

Some people are shy. Such people very often do not know how to refuse, which is used by others. The heroine of the story by A.P. Chekhov "". Yulia Vasilievna works as a governess for the narrator. She is characterized by shyness, but this quality of her reaches the point of absurdity. Even when she is openly oppressed, unfairly deprived of her earnings, she is silent, because her character does not allow her to fight back and say no. The behavior of the heroine shows us that courage is needed not only in emergency situations, but also in everyday life, when you need to stand up for yourself.

How is courage shown in war?

Extreme conditions, as a rule, reveal the true essence of a person. Confirmation of this can be found in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". During the war, Andrei Sokolov was captured by the Germans, he was starved, kept in a punishment cell for trying to escape, but he did not lose his human dignity, did not behave like a coward. The situation is indicative when, for careless words, the camp commandant called him to his place to shoot him. But Sokolov did not retract his words, did not show his fear to the German soldiers. He was ready to face death with dignity, for which he was spared his life. However, after the war, a more serious test awaited him: he learned that his wife and daughters had died, and only a funnel remained in place of the house. His son survived, but his father's happiness was short-lived: on the last day of the war, Anatoly was killed by a sniper. Despair did not break his spirit, he found the courage to continue life. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Thus, Andrei Sokolov shows a wonderful example of how to maintain dignity, honor and remain courageous in the most difficult life situations. Such people make the world better and kinder.

How is courage shown in war? What kind of person can be called brave?

War is a terrible event in the life of any person. It takes away friends and loved ones, makes children orphans, destroys hopes. War breaks some people, makes others stronger. A striking example of a bold strong-willed personality is Alexei Meresyev, the main character of B.N. Field. Meresyev, who had dreamed of becoming a professional fighter pilot all his life, was seriously wounded in battle, and both legs were amputated in the hospital. It seems to the hero that his life is over, he cannot fly, walk, loses hope of creating a family. Being in a military hospital and seeing an example of the courage of other wounded, he understands that he must fight. Every day, overcoming physical pain, Alexey does exercises. Soon he can walk and even dance. With all his might, Meresyev is trying to achieve admission to the flight school, because only in the sky does he feel in his place. Despite the serious requirements for the pilots, Alexey receives a positive response. The girl he loves does not refuse him: after the war they get married and have a son. Aleksey Meresyev is an example of a man with an unbending will, whose courage even the war could not break.

“In battle, those who are most in danger are those who are most obsessed with fear; courage is like a wall” G.S. Crisp
Do you agree with the statement of L. Lagerlöf: "When fleeing, more soldiers always die than in battle."

In the epic novel "War and Peace" you can find many examples of human behavior in war. So, officer Zherkov manifests himself as a person who is not ready to sacrifice himself for the sake of victory. During the battle of Shengraben, he shows cowardice, which leads to the death of many soldiers. By order of Bagration, he must go to the left flank with a very important message - an order to retreat. However, Zherkov is cowardly and does not convey the message. At this time, the French are attacking the left flank, and the authorities do not know what to do, because they did not receive any orders. Chaos begins: the infantry flees into the forest, and the hussars go on the attack. Because of the actions of Zherkov, a huge number of soldiers die. During this battle, young Nikolai Rostov is wounded, he, along with the hussars, boldly rushes to the attack, while other soldiers are in disarray. Unlike Zherkov, he did not chicken out, for which he was promoted to officer. On the example of one episode in the work, we can see the consequences of courage and cowardice in the war. Fear paralyzes some and makes others act. Neither flight nor fight guarantees the salvation of a life, but courageous behavior not only preserves honor, but also gives strength in battle, which increases the chances of survival.

How are the concepts of courage and self-confidence related? Courage to admit wrong. What is the difference between true courage and false courage? What's the difference between courage and risk-taking? Does it take courage to admit your mistakes? Who can be called a coward?

Courage, expressed in excessive self-confidence, can lead to irreparable consequences. It is generally accepted that courage is a positive quality of character. This statement is true if it is associated with intelligence. but a fool is sometimes dangerous. So, in the novel "A Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov can find confirmation of this. The young cadet Grushnitsky, one of the characters in the chapter "Princess Mary", is an example of a person who pays great attention to outward manifestations of courage. He likes to have an effect on people, speaks in pompous phrases and pays excessive attention to his military uniform. He cannot be called a coward, but his courage is ostentatious, not aimed at real threats. Grushnitsky and Pechorin have a conflict, and offended pride requires a duel with Grigory. However, Grushnitsky decides on meanness and does not load the enemy's pistol. Learning about this puts him in a difficult situation: to ask for forgiveness or be killed. Unfortunately, the cadet cannot overcome his pride, he is ready to face death bravely, because recognition is unthinkable for him. His "courage" does no one any good. He dies because he does not realize that the courage to admit his mistakes is sometimes the most important thing.

How are the concepts of courage and riskiness, self-confidence, stupidity related? What is the difference between arrogance and courage?

Another character whose courage was stupid is Azamat, Bela's younger brother. He is not afraid of risk and bullets whistling over his head, but his courage is stupid, even fatal. He steals his sister from the house, risking not only his relationship with his father and his safety, but also Bela's happiness. His courage is not aimed at either self-defense or saving lives, and therefore leads to sad consequences: his father and sister die at the hands of a robber, from whom he stole a horse, and he himself is forced to flee to the mountains. Thus, courage can lead to terrible consequences if used by a person to achieve goals or protect his ego.

Courage in love. Can love inspire people to great deeds?

Love inspires people to great deeds. So, the main characters of O. Henry's story "" showed an example of courage to readers. For the sake of love, they sacrificed the most expensive: Della gave her beautiful hair, and Jim gave the watch he inherited from his father. It takes a lot of courage to realize what is really important in life. Even more courage is needed to sacrifice something for the sake of a loved one.

Can a brave person be afraid? Why shouldn't you be afraid to admit your feelings? What is the danger of indecision in love?

A. Morois in the story "" shows readers how dangerous indecision in love is. The protagonist of the story, Andre, falls in love with an actress named Jenny. He wears violets to her every Wednesday, but does not even dare to approach her. Passions boil in his soul, the walls of his room are hung with portraits of his beloved, but in real life he cannot even write a letter to her. The reason for this behavior lies in his fear of being rejected, as well as in self-doubt. He considers his passion for the actress "hopeless" and elevates Jenny to an unattainable ideal. However, this person cannot be called a "coward". A plan arises in his head: to go to war in order to accomplish a feat that will "bring" him closer to Jenny. Unfortunately, he dies there, never having time to tell her about his feelings. After his death, Jenny learns from his father that he wrote many letters, but never sent a single one. If Andre had come closer to her at least once, he would have known that for her "modesty, constancy and nobility are better than any feat." This example proves that indecision in love is dangerous because it prevents a person from becoming happy. It is likely that Andre's courage could have made two people happy, and no one would have to mourn the unnecessary feat that did not bring him closer to the main goal.

What actions can be called courageous? What is the feat of a doctor? Why is it important to be bold in life? What does it mean to be brave in everyday life?

Dr. Dymov is a noble man who has chosen to serve people as his profession. Only indifference to others, their troubles and illnesses can serve as the reason for such a choice. Despite the hardships in family life, Dymov thinks about his patients more than about himself. His dedication to work often threatens him with dangers, so he dies saving the boy from diphtheria. He manifests himself as a hero by doing what he was not obliged to do. His courage, loyalty to his profession and duty do not allow him to do otherwise. To be a doctor with a capital letter, you must be courageous and resolute, such as Osip Ivanovich Dymov.

What does cowardice lead to? What actions does cowardice push a person to? Why is cowardice dangerous? What is the difference between fear and cowardice? Who can be called a coward? Can a brave person be afraid? Is it possible to say that there is only one step from fear to cowardice? Cowardice is a sentence? How do extreme conditions affect courage? Why is it important to have courage in making your decisions? Can cowardice hinder the development of personality? Do you agree with Diderot's statement: "We consider a coward who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence"? Do you agree with the statement of Confucius: “Cowardice is knowing what to do and not to do it”

It's hard to be brave all the time. Sometimes even strong and honest people with high moral principles can be frightened, as, for example, the hero of the story V.V. Zheleznikova Dima Somov. His character traits, such as "courage", "correctness" set him apart from other guys from the very beginning, he appears before readers as a hero who does not allow offending the weak, protects animals, strives for independence and loves work. During the campaign, Dima saves Lena from her classmates, who began to scare her by wearing the "muzzles" of animals. It is for this reason that Lenochka Bessoltseva falls in love with him.

But over time, we observe the moral decline of the "hero" Dima. At first, he is frightened by the problem with his classmate's brother and violates his principle. He does not talk about the fact that his classmate Valya is a flayer, because he is afraid of his brother. But the next act showed a completely different side of Dima Somov. He deliberately let the whole class think about what Lena told the teacher about the disruption of the lesson, although he did it himself. The reason for this act was cowardice. Further, Dima Somov plunges deeper and deeper into the abyss of fear. Even when Lena was boycotted, they mocked her, Somov could not confess, although he had a lot of chances. This hero was paralyzed by fear, turning him from a "hero" into an ordinary "coward", devaluing all his positive qualities.

This hero shows us another truth: we are all woven from contradictions. Sometimes we are brave, sometimes we are afraid. But there is a huge gap between fear and cowardice. Cowardice is not useful, it is dangerous, because it pushes a person to bad deeds, awakens base instincts. And fear is something that is inherent in everyone. A person who performs a feat may be afraid. Heroes are afraid, ordinary people are afraid, and this is normal, fear itself is a condition for the survival of the species. But cowardice is already a formed character trait.

What does it mean to be brave? How does courage affect the formation of personality? In what situations in life is courage best manifested? What is true courage? What actions can be called courageous? Courage is the resistance to fear, not the absence of it. Can a brave person be afraid?

Lena Bessoltseva is one of the most powerful characters in Russian literature. In her example, we can see a huge gap between fear and cowardice. This is a little girl who finds herself in an unfair situation. Fear is inherent in her: she is frightened by the cruelty of children, she is afraid of stuffed animals at night. But in fact, she turns out to be the most courageous of all the heroes, because she is able to stand up for those who are weaker, she is not afraid of general condemnation, she is not afraid to be special, not like others. Lena proves her courage many times, such as when she rushes to Dima's aid when he is in danger, even though he betrayed her. Her example taught the whole class goodness, showed that everything in the world is not always decided by force. “And longing, such a desperate longing for human purity, for selfless courage and nobility, more and more captured their hearts and demanded a way out.”

Is it necessary to defend the truth, to fight for justice? Do you agree with Diderot's statement: "We consider a coward who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence"? Why is it important to have the courage to stand up for your ideals? Why are people afraid to speak their mind? Do you agree with the statement of Confucius: “Cowardice is knowing what to do and not to do it”

It takes courage to fight injustice. The hero of the story, Vasilyev, saw injustice, but due to his weakness of character, he could not resist the team and its leader, the Iron Button. This hero tries not to offend Lena Bessoltseva, refuses to beat her, but at the same time tries to remain neutral. Vasiliev tries to protect Lena, but he lacks character and courage. On the one hand, there is hope that this character will improve. Perhaps the example of the brave Lena Bessoltseva will help him overcome his fears and teach him to stand up for the truth, even if everyone around him is against it. On the other hand, Vasiliev's behavior and what his inaction led to teaches us that you cannot stand aside if you understand that injustice is happening. Vasiliev's tacit consent is instructive, since many of us face similar situations in life. But there is a question that every person must ask himself before making a choice: is there anything worse than knowing about injustice, being a witness to it and just being silent? Courage, like cowardice, is a matter of choice.

Do you agree with the saying: “You can never live happily when you are trembling with fear all the time”? How is hypocrisy related to cowardice? Why is fear dangerous? Can fear stop a person from living? How do you understand the saying of Helvetius: “To be completely devoid of courage, one must be completely devoid of desires”? How do you understand the stable expression: “fear has big eyes”? Can it be argued that a person is afraid of what he does not know? How do you understand Shakespeare's saying: "Cowards die many times before death, the brave die only once"?

"The Wise Piskar" is an instructive story about how fear is dangerous. Piskar lived and trembled all his life. He considered himself very smart because he made a cave in which he could be safe, but the downside of this existence was the complete absence of real life. He did not create a family, he did not find friends, he did not breathe deeply, he did not eat his fill, he did not live, he just sat in his hole. He sometimes thought about whether there was any benefit from his existence for someone, he understood that there was not, but fear did not allow him to leave his comfort and safety zone. So Piskar died without knowing any joy in life. In this instructive allegory, many people can see themselves. This story teaches us not to be afraid of life. Yes, it is full of dangers and disappointments, but if you are afraid of everything, then when will you live?

Do you agree with the words of Plutarch: "Courage is the beginning of victory"? Is it important to be able to overcome your fears? Why fight fears? What does it mean to be brave? Can you cultivate courage? Do you agree with Balzac's statement: "Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to the indecisive"? Can a brave person be afraid?

The problem of overcoming fear is also revealed in Veronica Roth's novel Divergent. Beatrice Pryor, the protagonist of the story, leaves her home, the Forsaken faction, to become the Dauntless. She is afraid of the reaction of her parents, afraid of not going through the rite of initiation, of being rejected in a new place. But her main strength lies in the fact that she challenges all her fears, looks them in the face. Tris puts herself in great danger, being in the company of the Dauntless, because she is "different", people like her are destroyed. This scares her terribly, but much more she is afraid of herself. She does not understand the nature of her difference from others, she is frightened by the thought that her very existence can be dangerous for people.

The struggle with fears is one of the key problems of the novel. So, Beatrice's beloved name is For, translated from English it means "four". That is the number of fears he needs to overcome. Tris and Four fearlessly fight for their lives, for justice, for peace in the city they call home. They defeat both external enemies and internal ones, which undoubtedly characterizes them as courageous people.

Do you need courage in love? Do you agree with Russell's statement: "To be afraid of love is to be afraid of life, and to be afraid of life is to be two-thirds dead"?

A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet"
Georgy Zheltkov is a petty official whose life is devoted to unrequited love for Princess Vera. As you know, his love was born long before her marriage, but he preferred to write letters to her, pursued her. The reason for this behavior lay in his self-doubt and fear of being rejected. Perhaps if he were bolder, he could become happy with the woman he loves.

Can a person be afraid of happiness? Does it take courage to change your life? Is it necessary to take risks?

Vera Sheina was afraid to be happy and wanted a quiet marriage, without shocks, so she married a cheerful and handsome Vasily, with whom everything was very simple, but she did not experience great love. Only after the death of her admirer, looking at his dead body, Vera realized that the love that every woman dreams of had passed her by. The moral of this story is this: you need to be brave not only in everyday life, but also in love, you need to take risks without fear of being rejected. Only courage can lead to happiness, cowardice and, as a result, conformity, leads to great disappointment, as happened with Vera Sheina.

How do you understand Twain's statement: “Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence”? How is willpower related to courage? Do you agree with the words of Plutarch: "Courage is the beginning of victory"? Is it important to be able to overcome your fears? Why fight fears? What does it mean to be brave? Can you cultivate courage? Do you agree with Balzac's statement: "Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to the indecisive"? Can a brave person be afraid?

Numerous writers have addressed this topic. So, the story of E. Ilyina "The Fourth Height" is dedicated to overcoming fears. Gulya Koroleva is an example of courage in all its manifestations. Her whole life is a battle with fear, and each victory is a new height. In the work we see the life story of one person, the formation of a real personality. Every step she takes is a manifesto of determination. From the first lines of the story, little Gulya shows real courage in a variety of life situations. Overcoming children's fears, he takes a snake out of the box with his bare hands, sneaks into the cage from the elephants in the zoo. The heroine grows up, and the tests encountered in life become more serious: the first role in the cinema, the recognition of her wrong, the ability to answer for her actions. Throughout the work, she struggles with her fears, does what she is afraid of. Already an adult, Gulya Koroleva is getting married, her son is born, it seems that her fears have been defeated, she can live a calm family life, but the biggest test lies ahead of her. The war begins, and her husband goes to the front. She fears for her husband, for her son, for the future of the country. But fear does not paralyze her, does not force her to hide. The girl goes to work as a nurse in the hospital to somehow help. Unfortunately, her husband dies, and Gulya is forced to continue fighting alone. She goes to the front, unable to look at the horrors that happen to her loved ones. The heroine takes the fourth height, she dies, having defeated the last fear that lives in a person, the fear of death. On the pages of the story, we see how the main character is afraid, but she overcomes all her fears, such a person can undoubtedly be called a brave man.

FIPI comment: "This direction is based on a comparison of opposite manifestations of the human "I": readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to evade the resolution of difficult, sometimes extreme life situations. On the pages of many literary works, both heroes capable of bold actions and characters showing weakness of spirit and lack of will."

1. Courage and cowardice as abstract concepts and properties of a person (in a broad sense). Within the framework of this section, you can reflect on the following topics: Courage and cowardice as personality traits, like two sides of the same coin. Courage/cowardice as personality traits conditioned by reflexes. True and false courage/cowardice. Courage as a manifestation of excessive self-confidence. Courage and risk taking. Courage/cowardice and self-confidence. Relationship between cowardice and selfishness. The difference between rational fear and cowardice. The connection between courage and philanthropy, philanthropy, etc.

2. Courage/cowardice in minds, souls, characters. Within this section, you can reflect on the concepts: willpower, fortitude, the ability to say no, the courage to stand up for your ideals, the courage necessary to defend what you believe in. And you can also talk about cowardice, as the inability to defend one's ideals and principles. Courage or cowardice in making decisions. Courage and cowardice when accepting something new. Courage and cowardice when trying to get out of the comfort zone. Courage to admit the truth or admit your mistakes. The influence of courage and cowardice on the formation of personality. Contrasting two types of people.

3. Courage/cowardice in life. Pettiness, inability to show courage in a particular life situation.

4. Courage / cowardice in war and in extreme conditions. War exposes the most basic human fears. In war, a person is able to show previously unknown traits of character. Sometimes a person surprises himself by showing heroism and hitherto unseen fortitude. And sometimes even good people, contrary to their expectations, show cowardice. Within the framework of this section, the concept of heroism, heroism, as well as desertion, betrayal, etc. are associated with courage / cowardice.

5. Courage and cowardice in love.

COURAGE- a positive moral-volitional personality trait, manifested as determination, fearlessness, courage when performing actions associated with risk and danger. Courage allows a person to overcome the fear of something unknown, complex, new by willpower and achieve success in achieving the goal. It is not for nothing that this quality is highly revered among the people: “God owns the brave”, “The courage of the city takes”. It is also honored as the ability to speak the truth (“Dare to have your own judgment”). Courage allows you to face the truth and objectively evaluate your capabilities, not be afraid of the dark, loneliness, water, heights and other difficulties and obstacles. Courage provides a person with a sense of dignity, a sense of responsibility, security, and reliability of life.

Synonyms for Courage: courage, determination, courage, heroism, enterprise, arrogance, self-confidence, energy; presence, uplifting of spirit; spirit, courage, desire (to tell the truth), audacity, boldness; fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness; fearlessness, decisiveness, daring, heroism, courage, riskiness, desperation, audacity, innovation, daring, audacity, audacity, daring, trouble, valor, novelty, courage, masculinity.

COWARDICE- one of the expressions of cowardice; a negative, moral quality that characterizes the behavior of a person who is unable to perform actions that meet moral requirements (or, conversely, refrain from immoral actions), due to the inability to overcome fear of natural or social forces. Cowardice can be a manifestation of prudent self-love, when it is based on fears of incurring adverse consequences, someone's anger, fear of losing existing benefits or social position. It can also be subconscious, a manifestation of spontaneous fear of unknown phenomena, unknown and uncontrolled social and natural laws. In both cases, cowardice is not just an individual property of the psyche of this or that person, but a social phenomenon. It is associated either with egoism, rooted in the psychology of people over the centuries-old history of private property, or with impotence and a depressed state of a person, generated by a state of alienation (even fear of natural phenomena develops into Cowardice only under certain conditions of social existence and appropriate upbringing of a person). Communist morality condemns Cowardice, because it leads to immoral acts: to dishonesty, opportunism, lack of principle, deprives a person of the ability to be a fighter for a just cause, entails connivance with evil and injustice. Communist education of the individual and the masses, enlisting people to take an active part in building the society of the future, man's awareness of his place in the world, his purpose and possibilities, and the subordination of natural and social laws to him contribute to the gradual eradication of cowardice from the life of individuals and society as a whole.

Synonyms for cowardice: timidity, timidity, cowardice, suspiciousness, indecision, hesitation, fear; fearfulness, fear, shyness, cowardice, timidity, fearfulness, capitulation, cowardice, cowardice.

Pontius Pilate is a cowardly man. And it was for cowardice that he was punished. The procurator could have saved Yeshua Ha-Notsri from execution, but he signed the death warrant. Pontius Pilate feared for the inviolability of his power. He did not go against the Sanhedrin, ensuring his peace at the cost of the life of another person. And all this despite the fact that Yeshua was sympathetic to the procurator. Cowardice prevented saving a man. Cowardice is one of the most serious sins (according to the novel The Master and Margarita).

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

Vladimir Lensky challenged Eugene Onegin to a duel. He could cancel the fight, but he chickened out. Cowardice manifested itself in the fact that the hero reckoned with the opinion of society. Eugene Onegin thought only about what people would say about him. The result was sad: Vladimir Lensky died. If his friend had not been afraid, but preferred moral principles to public opinion, tragic consequences could have been avoided.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

The siege of the Belogorsk fortress by the troops of the impostor Pugachev showed who was considered a hero, who was a coward. Aleksey Ivanovich Shvabrin, saving his life, betrayed his homeland at the first opportunity and went over to the side of the enemy. In this case, cowardice is a synonym

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FINAL ESSAY 2017/2018. THEMATIC DIRECTION "Courage and cowardice". “The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life! M. Gorky

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Cowardice Cowardice is the most ancient human vice, And one must be especially wise here, To make a simple breakthrough through fear And retain courage in everyday life! And envy has long crept into the masses, But there is an unexpected turn - When in broad daylight, who is unkind, Blind nonsense contemptuously carries! And smiling to himself maliciously, I am glad to choke on my own sting, If only no one could see - The soul is empty, and in the heart there is discord! Courage It's good to be brave, but it's scary... A madman can not be afraid, And walk along the edge, where it's dangerous, Is it courage? Of course not. Fear is always present in us, in everyone, Someone is closer or farther, Having overcome fear in oneself once, You can live in honor and without falsehood. And pull up a boor in the train, Drowning pull ashore, Save the weak from a bully, If a person believes in himself. Fear should not control the mind, To mock you later, Therefore, every minute we need to remain a man

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This direction is based on a comparison of opposite manifestations of the human "I": readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to evade the resolution of complex, sometimes extreme life situations. On the pages of many literary works, both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will are presented.

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Courage is not in vain considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities. (W. Churchill) How can a tree bloom if its roots have dried up? So it is here: until there is proper order in the kingdom, where will military courage come from? If the leader does not constantly strengthen the army, then he is more likely to be defeated than a winner. You, having despised all this, praise only courage; and what courage is based on is not important to you. (Ivan the Terrible)

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According to the dictionary of V.S. Bezrukova, COURAGE is a positive moral and volitional personality trait, manifested as determination, fearlessness, courage when performing actions associated with risk and danger. Courage allows a person to overcome the fear of something unknown, complex, new by willpower and achieve success in achieving the goal. It is not for nothing that this quality is highly revered among the people: “God owns the brave”, “The courage of the city takes”. It is also honored as the ability to speak the truth (“Dare to have your own judgment”). Courage allows you to face the truth and objectively evaluate your capabilities, not be afraid of the dark, loneliness, water, heights and other difficulties and obstacles. Courage provides a person with a sense of dignity, a sense of responsibility, security, and reliability of life. Synonyms: courage, determination, courage, heroism, enterprise, arrogance, self-confidence, energy; presence, uplifting of spirit; spirit, courage, desire (to tell the truth), audacity, boldness; fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness; fearlessness, decisiveness, daring, heroism, courage, riskiness, desperation, audacity, innovation, daring, audacity, audacity, daring, trouble, valor, novelty, courage, masculinity.

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Cowardice is one of the expressions of cowardice; a negative, moral quality that characterizes the behavior of a person who is unable to perform actions that meet moral requirements (or, conversely, refrain from immoral actions), due to the inability to overcome fear of natural or social forces. T. can be a manifestation of prudent self-love, when it is based on fears of incurring adverse consequences, someone's anger, fear of losing existing benefits or social position. It can also be subconscious, a manifestation of spontaneous fear of unknown phenomena, unknown and uncontrolled social and natural laws. In both cases, T. is not just an individual property of the psyche of this or that person, but a social phenomenon. It is associated either with egoism, which has taken root in the psychology of people over the centuries-old history of private property, or with the impotence and depressed position of a person, generated by a state of alienation (even fear of natural phenomena develops into T. only under certain conditions of social life and the corresponding upbringing of a person). Synonyms: timidity, timidity, cowardice, suspiciousness, indecision, hesitation, fear; fearfulness, fear, shyness, cowardice, timidity, fearfulness, capitulation, cowardice, cowardice.

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Within the framework of this direction, we will talk about indifference and responsiveness from several positions. 1. Courage and cowardice as abstract concepts and properties of a person (in a broad sense). Within the framework of this section, you can reflect on the following topics: Courage and cowardice as personality traits, like two sides of the same coin. Courage/cowardice as personality traits conditioned by reflexes. True and false courage/cowardice. Courage as a manifestation of excessive self-confidence. Courage and risk taking. Courage/cowardice and self-confidence. Relationship between cowardice and selfishness. The difference between rational fear and cowardice. The connection between courage and philanthropy, philanthropy, etc. 2. Courage/cowardice in minds, souls, characters. Within this section, you can reflect on the concepts: willpower, fortitude, the ability to say no, the courage to stand up for your ideals, the courage necessary to defend what you believe in. And you can also talk about cowardice, as the inability to defend one's ideals and principles. Courage or cowardice in making decisions. Courage and cowardice when accepting something new. Courage and cowardice when trying to get out of the comfort zone. Courage to admit the truth or admit your mistakes. The influence of courage and cowardice on the formation of personality. Contrasting two types of people.

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3. Courage/cowardice in life. Pettiness, inability to show courage in a particular life situation. 4. Courage / cowardice in war and in extreme conditions. War exposes the most basic human fears. In war, a person is able to show previously unknown traits of character. Sometimes a person surprises himself by showing heroism and hitherto unseen fortitude. And sometimes even good people, contrary to their expectations, show cowardice. Within the framework of this section, the concept of heroism, heroism, as well as desertion, betrayal, etc. are associated with courage / cowardice. 5. Courage and cowardice in love.

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Sample list of topics What does it mean to be brave? Why does a person need courage? What does cowardice lead to? What actions does cowardice push a person to? Can it be argued that courage is the engine of progress? In what situations in life is courage best manifested? Do you need courage in love? Does it take courage to admit your mistakes? Courage is the beginning of victory. Do you agree with the statement of O. de Balzac: “Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to indecisive”? How do you understand the expression “fear has big eyes”? How do you understand the words of Confucius: “Cowardice is knowing what to do and not doing it”?

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How do you understand the saying: “A fearful dog barks more than bites”? Is the saying "courage is half the battle" true? What actions can be called courageous? What is the difference between arrogance and courage? Who can be called a coward? Can you cultivate courage? How do you understand M. Twain's statement: "Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence" Do you agree with L. Berne's statement: "A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he should be feared most of all"? What are the causes of fear? Can a person with high moral principles be a coward? Cowardice is a sentence? Do you agree with the statement of B. Russell: “To be afraid of love means to be afraid of life, and to be afraid of life means to be two-thirds dead”? Can you love someone you're afraid of? Can a brave person be afraid of anything? Can it be argued that a person is afraid only of what he does not know? Do you agree with the statement of D. Diderot: “We consider a coward who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence. D. Diderot

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How do you understand F. Cooper's expression: "Fear makes the smart stupid and the strong weak"? What is the difference between true courage and false courage? Is courage always expressed in actions? How do you understand the expression: “The work of the master is afraid”? Is it embarrassing to be afraid? How do extreme conditions affect courage? How do you understand the saying of W. Shakespeare: "Cowards die many times before death, the brave die only once"? Is it possible to argue that courage and cowardice are two sides of the same coin? Why is it important to be bold in life? Do you agree with the statement of Zh.Zh. Rousseau: "Don't confuse courage with arrogance and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar both in its source and in its result"? Do you agree with G.S. Crispa: “In battle, those are most exposed to danger who are most obsessed with fear; courage is like a wall”? What does it mean to be brave in everyday life? What's the difference between courage and risk-taking? What is the difference between fear and cowardice? Do you agree with Voltaire's statement: "The success of science is a matter of time and courage of the mind"? How is willpower related to courage? Does it take courage to say "no"? Why is it important to have the courage to stand up for your ideals? Why is it important to have courage when making decisions? Does it take courage to embrace something new?

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How do you understand the saying of Helvetius: “To be completely devoid of courage, one must be completely devoid of desires”? Can cowardice hinder the development of personality? Do you agree with W. Churchill's statement: "Courage is not in vain considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities"? How does courage affect the formation of personality? Confirm or refute the statement of Thucydides: "Ignorance makes people bold, but reflection makes them indecisive." How does cowardice affect the formation of personality? What is the difference between a coward and a daredevil? Do you agree with P. Holbach: “You can never live happily when you tremble with fear all the time”? Why are people afraid to express their opinion? How is courage shown in war? Do you agree with G.Yu. Caesar: “It is easier to find people who voluntarily go to death than those who patiently endure pain”? What qualities does a person show in a war? Do you agree with G. Ibsen's statement: "Cowardice in its prime turns into cruelty"? Why does creativity require courage? Why do people show cowardice in war? How do you understand F. Bacon's statement: "Heroism is an artificial concept, because courage is relative"? Do you agree with the statement of S. Lagerlöf: “More soldiers always die in flight than in battle”? How is hypocrisy related to cowardice? Do you need courage in love? Can a coward be happy? Do you agree with the words of Plutarch: "Courage is the beginning of victory"?

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List of literature for preparation for the final essay. VC. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow" V.M. Garshin "Coward" M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", "White Guard" B.L. Vasiliev “Tomorrow there was a war”, “The dawns here are quiet” A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov" M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Scribbler" E. Remarque "Three Comrades", "All Quiet on the Western Front" A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo", "The Three Musketeers" E. Ilyin "The Fourth Height" J. London "White Fang" , "Martin Eden" V. Nabokov "Invitation to execution" S. Collins "The Hunger Games" A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet", "Olesya" W. Golding "Lord of the Flies" R. Gallego "White on Black" F.M. Dostoevsky "The Idiot" V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" J. Orwell "1984" V. Roth "Divergent" M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", "Nakhalenok" E. Hemingway "Farewell to Arms!" M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", "Song of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov" N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba", "Overcoat" M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" B.N. Polevoi "The Tale of a Real Man"

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On the pages of many literary works, both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will are presented.

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Quotes for the final essay in the direction "Courage and cowardice". Be brave for the truth. Whoever dares, he ate (and sat on a horse) Courage is the beginning of victory. (Plutarch) Courage, bordering on recklessness, contains more madness than (M. Cervantes) When you are afraid, act boldly, and you will avoid the worst troubles. (G. Sachs) To be completely devoid of courage, you need to be completely devoid of desires. death than those who patiently endure pain.(J. Caesar) Who is courageous, he is brave.(Cicero) Do not confuse courage with arrogance and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar both in its source and in its result.(J.J Russo) Excessive courage is the same vice as excessive timidity (B. Johnson)

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Courage based on prudence is not called recklessness, and the exploits of the reckless should rather be attributed to mere luck than to his courage. (M. Cervantes) In battle, those who are most in danger are those who are most obsessed with fear; courage is like a wall. (Sallust) Courage replaces the fortress walls. (Sallust) To be brave means to consider everything terrible to be far and everything that inspires courage to be close. (Aristotle) ​​Heroism is an artificial concept, because courage is relative. (F. Bacon) Others show courage without having it, but there is no person who would demonstrate wit if he were not witty by nature. (J. Halifax) True courage rarely comes without stupidity. (F. Bacon)

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Ignorance makes people bold, and reflection makes them indecisive. (Thucydides) Knowing in advance what you want to do gives you courage and ease. (D. Diderot) Courage is not in vain considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities. (W. Churchill) Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence. (M. Twain) Happy is the one who boldly takes under his protection what he loves. (Ovid) Creativity requires courage. (A. Matisse) It takes a lot of courage to bring bad news to people. (R. Branson)

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The success of science is a matter of time and courage of the mind. (Voltaire) To use your own mind, you need remarkable courage. (E. Burke) Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to the indecisive. (O. Balzac) A person is afraid only of what he does not know, every fear is overcome by knowledge. (V. G. Belinsky) A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he should be feared more than anything. (L. Berne) There is nothing worse than fear itself. (F. Bacon) Cowardice can never be moral. (M. Gandhi) A coward sends threats only when he is sure of safety. (I. Goethe)

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You can never live happily when you are trembling with fear all the time. (P. Holbach) Cowardice is very harmful because it keeps the will from useful actions. (R. Descartes) We consider a coward who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence. (D. Diderot) Cowardice in its prime turns into cruelty. (G. Ibsen) Who fearfully cares about how not to lose life will never rejoice in it. (I. Kant) The difference between the brave and the coward is that the first, aware of the danger, does not feel fear, and the second feels fear, unaware of the danger. (V. O. Klyuchevsky) Cowardice - is to know what to do and not to do it. (Confucius) Fear makes the smart stupid and the strong weak. (F. Cooper) A fearful dog barks more than bites. (Curtius) When fleeing, more soldiers always die than in battle. (S. Lagerlöf) Fear is a bad mentor. (Pliny the Younger) Fear arises as a result of the impotence of the spirit. (B. Spinoza) Frightened - half defeated. (A.V. Suvorov) Cowards speak most of all about courage, and scoundrels speak about nobility. (A.N. Tolstoy)

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A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" As an example, we can take a comparison of Grinev and Shvabrin: the first is ready to die in the battle for the fortress, directly expresses his position to Pugachev, risking his life, under pain of death remained faithful to the oath, the second was afraid for his life and went over to the side of the enemy. The daughter of Captain Mironov turns out to be truly courageous. The "coward" Masha, who shuddered from the shots at the exercises in the fortress, shows remarkable courage and firmness, opposes the claims of Shvabrin, being in his full power in the fortress occupied by the Pugachevites. The title character of the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" essentially turned out to be a coward - he completely subordinated his life to the opinion of society, which he himself despised. Realizing that he is to blame for the overdue duel and can prevent it, he does not do this, as he is afraid of the opinion of the world and gossip about himself. To avoid accusations of cowardice, he kills his friend.

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A vivid example of true courage is the main character of the novel M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don" Grigory Melekhov. The First World War picked up Gregory and spun in a whirlwind of turbulent historical events. Grigory, like a true Cossack, gives himself over to the battle. He is determined and bold. Easily captures three Germans, deftly beats off a battery from the enemy, saves an officer. Evidence of his courage - St. George's crosses and medals, an officer's rank. Gregory shows courage not only in battle. He is not afraid to radically change his life, to go against the will of his father for the sake of his beloved woman. Gregory does not tolerate injustice and always speaks openly about it. He is ready to drastically change his fate, but not to change himself. Grigory Melekhov showed extraordinary courage in the search for the truth. But for him, she is not just an idea, some idealized symbol of a better human existence. He is looking for its embodiment in life. Coming into contact with many small particles of truth and ready to accept each, he often discovers their failure when faced with life, but the hero does not stop in search of truth and justice and goes to the end, making his choice at the end of the novel.

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Not afraid to completely change his life and the young monk, the hero of the poem M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri". The dream of a free life completely captured Mtsyri, a fighter by nature, forced by circumstances to live in a gloomy monastery hated by him. He, who has not lived a day in freedom, independently decides on a brave act - an escape from the monastery in the hope of returning to his homeland. Only in the wild, in those days that Mtsyri spent outside the monastery, all the wealth of his nature was revealed: love of freedom, thirst for life and struggle, perseverance in achieving the goal, unbending willpower, courage, contempt for danger, love for nature, understanding of its beauty and power. Mtsyri shows courage, the will to win in the fight against the leopard. In his story about how he descended from the rocks to the stream, contempt for danger sounds: But free youth is strong, And death seemed not terrible. Mtsyri failed to achieve his goal - to find his homeland, his people. “The prison has left its mark on me”, - this is how he explains the reason for his failure. Mtsyri fell victim to circumstances that turned out to be stronger than him (a stable motive of fate in the works of Lermontov). But he dies adamant, his spirit is not broken. Great courage is required in order to preserve oneself, one's personality under the conditions of a totalitarian regime, not to abandon one's ideals and ideas, including in creativity, not to submit to the conjuncture.

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Many works of classical Russian literature raise the issue of fear of life in its various manifestations. In particular, many works of A.P. are devoted to the theme of fear and cowardice. Chekhov: "Fears", "Cossack", "Champagne", "Beauties", "Lights", "Steppe", "Man in a Case", "Death of an Official", "Ionych", "Lady with a Dog", "Chameleon" , "Ward No. 6", "Fear", "Black Monk", etc. The hero of the story "Fear" Dmitry Petrovich Silin is afraid of everything. According to the author of the story, he is "sick with the fear of life." The hero, according to Chekhov, is frightened by the incomprehensible and incomprehensible. For example, Silin is afraid of terrible events, catastrophes and the most ordinary events. He is afraid of life itself. Everything that is incomprehensible in the world around him is a threat to him. He reflects and tries to find answers to his questions about the meaning of life and human existence. He is convinced that people understand what they see and hear, and he poisons himself daily with his own fear. The hero of the story is always trying to hide and retire. He seems to be running away from life: he leaves the service in St. Petersburg due to the fact that he experiences feelings of fear and fear, and decides to live alone in his estate. And then he receives a second strong blow when his wife and friend betray him. When he finds out about the betrayal, fear drives him out of the house: "His hands were trembling, he was in a hurry and looked around at the house, he was probably scared." It is not surprising that the hero of the story compares himself to a newborn midge, whose life consists of nothing but horrors.

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In the story "Ward No. 6", the theme of fear also comes to the fore. The hero of the story, Andrei Efimovich, is afraid of everything and everyone. Most of all, he is afraid of reality. Nature itself looks terrible to him. The most ordinary things and objects seem frightening: "Here it is reality!" Andrey Efimovich thought. The moon, and the prison, and the nails on the fence, and the distant flame in the bone factory were terrible. The fear of the incomprehensibility of life is presented in the story "The Man in the Case". This fear causes the hero to move away from reality. The hero of the story, Belikov, is constantly trying to "hide from life" in a case. His case is made of circulars and regulations, which he constantly follows. His fear is undefined. He is afraid of everything and at the same time of nothing in particular. The most hated thing for him is not following the rules and deviating from the regulations. Even insignificant little things plunge Belikov into mystical horror. "Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, perhaps, in order to justify this timidity of his, his disgust for the present, he always praised the past and what had never happened; and the ancient languages ​​\u200b\u200bthat he taught , were for him, in essence, the same galoshes and an umbrella where he hid from real life. If Silin, because of a fear of life, tries to hide in his estate, then Belikov's fear of life makes him hide in a case of rules and strict laws and, in the end, hide underground forever.

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The fairy tale by M.E. is dedicated to the problem of fear of life. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon". The life of a minnow flashes before the reader, simple in its structure, based on fear of the potential dangers of the world order. The father and mother of the hero lived a long life and died a natural death. And before departing to another world, they bequeathed to the son to be careful, since all the inhabitants of the water world, and even a person, can destroy him at any moment. The young minnow learned the science of his parents so well that he literally imprisoned himself in an underwater hole. He came out of it only at night, when everyone was sleeping, he was malnourished and “trembled” around the clock - if only they didn’t grab him! In this fear, he lived for 100 years, really outliving his relatives, although he was a small fish that anyone can swallow. And in this sense, his life was a success. His other dream also came true - to live in such a way that no one would ever know about the existence of the wise minnow. Before his death, the hero thinks about what would happen if all the fish lived the same way as he did. And he sees: the genus of minnows would cease! All opportunities passed him by - to make friends, start a family, raise children and pass on his life experience to them. He is clearly aware of this before his death and, thinking deeply, falls asleep, and then involuntarily violates the boundaries of his hole: “his snout” is shown out of the hole. And then - scope for the reader's imagination, because the author does not report what happened to the hero, but only states that he suddenly disappeared. There were no witnesses to this incident, so not only the task of at least living unnoticed was achieved by the minnow, but also the "super task" - to disappear unnoticed as well. The author bitterly sums up the life of his hero: "He lived - trembled, and died - trembled"

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Often anxiety, caring for loved ones helps to become courageous. Remarkable courage is shown by a little boy from the story of A.I. Kuprin "The White Poodle". In the story, all the most important events are connected with the white poodle Arto. The dog is one of the artists of the wandering troupe. Grandpa Lodyzhkin appreciates him very much and says about the dog: "He feeds, waters and clothes the two of us." It is with the help of the image of a poodle that the author reveals human feelings and relationships. Grandfather and Serezha love Artoshka and treat him like a friend and family member. That is why they do not agree to sell their beloved dog for any money. But Trilly's mother believes: "Everything is sold, what is bought." When her spoiled son wanted a dog, she offered fabulous money to the artists and did not even want to listen that the dog was not for sale. When Arto could not be bought, they decided to steal it. Here, when grandfather Lodyzhkin showed weakness, Serezha shows determination and takes a brave, worthy deed of an adult: by all means return the dog. At the risk of his life, almost getting caught by the janitor, he frees his friend.

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True courage, courage in war can be shown not only by a soldier, a warrior, but also by a simple person, by the forces of circumstances involved in a terrible cycle of events. Such a story of a simple woman is described in the novel by V.A. Zakrutkin "Mother of Man". In September 1941, the Nazi troops advanced far into the depths of Soviet territory. Many regions of Ukraine and Belarus were occupied. He remained on the territory occupied by the Germans and a farm lost in the steppes, where a young woman Maria, her husband Ivan and their son Vasyatka lived happily. Having seized the previously peaceful and abundant land, the Nazis ruined everything, burned the farm, drove people to Germany, and hanged Ivan and Vasyatka. Only Mary managed to escape. Alone, she had to fight for her life and for the life of her unborn child.

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The story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov" emphasizes the problem of true and imaginary courage and heroism, which is the essence of the storyline of the work. The main characters of the story - Sotnikov and Rybak - behaved differently under the same circumstances. Rybak, being afraid, agreed to join the police, hoping to return to the partisan detachment at an opportunity. Sotnikov chooses a heroic death, because he is a man with a heightened sense of responsibility, duty, the ability not to think about himself, about his own fate, when the fate of the Motherland is being decided. Sotnikov's death was his moral triumph: "And if anything else he cared about in life, it was his last duties towards people." The fisherman, on the other hand, discovered shameful cowardice, cowardice, and for the sake of his own salvation he agreed to become a policeman: "There was an opportunity to live - this is the main thing. Everything else - then"

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Courage and cowardice are topics that have long been raised in literary works (recall the greatest monument of ancient Russian literature, The Tale of Igor's Campaign). The relevance of these topics is due to the fact that these qualities are inherent in every person, and in a situation of choice, he manifests himself either as a brave and strong-willed, or as a coward who does not want to decide anything, putting everything on other people's shoulders. The relevance of these concepts for each person is confirmed by the abundance of proverbs and sayings dedicated to cowardice and courage, aphorisms and catch phrases.

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