Yakuts are the territory of occupation. When a lightning strike is good. Whom did the Yakuts worship since ancient times?

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher professional education

NATIONAL RESEARCH

IRKUTSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Institute of Architecture and Construction

Department of Urban Construction and Economy

ESSAY

Yakuts: tradiation, beat, toculture

Completed by: student of the group EUNbz-12 P.N. Sveshnikov

Accepted by: teacher V.G. Zhitov

Normocontrol V.G. Zhitov

Irkutsk 2014

Introduction

1.3 Culture

a) religion

b) art

1.4 Tradition

a) crafts

b) dwelling

c) clothes

d) National cuisine

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

This must always be remembered. Almost four centuries have passed since the entry of Yakutia into the Russian state. The entire path traveled by the Yakuts and other northern peoples during this time, those historical events and phenomena that occurred in their history during this period, the traditional friendship of the Yakut and Russian peoples irrefutably testify that the entry of Yakutia into Russia was an event of enormous progressive significance.

The Yakuts are a people whose traditions and culture are little known to other peoples. That is why I became interested in this topic.

Friendship of peoples, harmony and peace between peoples is a very fragile and delicate thing. Therefore, in our time, the national issue is very acute, interethnic conflicts often arise. Some peoples consider themselves superior in importance and allow themselves to humiliate and destroy other peoples.

Objectives: To study the characteristics of the Yakuts as a people, to learn about their traditions, culture, way of life, language, clothes, national cuisine and faith.

To achieve this goal, I worked with literature in the libraries of the city and school, I used encyclopedias: Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Russia, theoretical materials of 8th and 9th grade textbooks on the geography of Russia (

I believe that the content of my work can be used in the lessons of geography, history, in extracurricular activities and in elective courses.

I. Yakuts. Tradition. Gen. Culture

1.1 General characteristics of Yakutia

The self-name is Sakha Sahauryanghai. The Yakuts have their own autonomy, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha). YAKUTIA (Republic of Sakha), a republic in the Russian Federation. Area 3103.2 thousand km2 (including the New Siberian Islands). Population 973.8 thousand people (2001), urban 66%; Yakuts, Russians, Ukrainians, Evenks, Evens, Chukchi. 33 districts, 13 cities. The capital is Yakutsk. Yakutia (Republic of Sakha) freely spreads in the north-east of the country. It is the largest of the Russian republics: its area is about 3 million km2, i.e. one fifth of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. How far Yakutia is from the European part of Russia can be judged by the fact that local time is six hours ahead of Moscow time.

Yakutia is located in the north of Eastern Siberia and includes the New Siberian Islands. More than 1/3 of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Most of it is occupied by vast mountain systems, highlands and plateaus. In the west - the Central Siberian plateau, bounded in the east by the Central Yakutsk lowland. In the east - the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy ridges (up to 3147 m) and the Yano-Oymyakonskoe upland located between them. In the south - the Aldan Highlands and the border Stanovoy Range. In the northern part - the North Siberian, Yano-Indigirskaya and Kolyma lowlands. In the north-east - the Yukagir plateau.

It is washed by the Laptev and East Siberian seas. Large rivers are Lena (with tributaries Olekma, Aldan and Vilyui), Anabar, Olenek, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma. Vilyui reservoir. Over 700 lakes: Mogotoevo, Nerpichye, Nejeli, etc.

Most of the territory of Yakutia is located in the middle taiga zone, which is replaced to the north by forest-tundra and tundra zones. The soils are predominantly permafrost-taiga, soddy-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest, and tundra-gley.

Yakutia is a plateau, plateau and mountains. In the northeast, the Verkhoyansk Range bent like a giant arc. Its peaks soared to a height of more than two kilometers. The mountain chains separating the basins of the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma rivers are stretched mainly in the northern and northwestern directions. Breaking through to the ocean, some rivers create narrow valleys in the mountain ranges. The most striking example is the so-called Lena pipe 2-4 km wide. Lowlands - North Siberian, Yano-Indigirskaya, Kolymskaya - stretch in the far north. The highest point of the region is Mount Pobeda (3147 m) in the Ulakhan-Chistay ridge. In terms of geological age, Yakutia is an ancient land that has accumulated innumerable riches in its depths over many millions of years and has experienced various events. On its territory, even a trace of the impact of a huge meteorite body was found - the so-called Popigai crater. Only in the 20th century began to discover the treasures of this region; their exploration and development required enormous material costs, and above all the courage and courage of the pioneers.

Most of the plains and plateaus are covered with forests, dominated by Daurian larch (tit-mas in Yakut). The widespread use of this tree is due to its adaptability to harsh conditions. Pine forests are found on the sandy terraces of large rivers - Lena, Aldan, Vilyui, Olekma. The summer landscape in the Yakut taiga is very beautiful: sun glare falls on a carpet of moss and lingonberry. There is almost no undergrowth - only young larch stands with even more delicate color of needles. In autumn, the forest turns golden; on cloudy September days, it seems to be illuminated from the inside. Thanks to the calm weather, the taiga stands in a golden garment until the snowfall.

Charans are often found - areas where vegetation is combined with bare soils. Birch trees grow from trees on such bald patches, feather grass and other representatives of the steppes grow from grasses. Paradoxically, southern plants are very close to the Arctic Circle. The reason lies in the peculiarities of the climate (in summer it is similar to the steppe in Yakutia), as well as in the nature of the soils, which are well moistened when the upper permafrost layer melts.

As a result of ice melting, alases are formed - shallow (up to 6 - 10 m) depressions of various areas (from hundreds to tens of thousands of square meters). The bottom of the alass is flat; in its center you can sometimes see an overgrown lake. Usually alases are treeless, only occasionally birches grow on them - singly or in groups, and mostly dense grass dominates. The soil of the Yakut alases is highly saline, often salty and water in short-lived lakes. Therefore, before brewing tea - thick in Yakut style - the traveler should taste the lake water. Alases attract elk, red deer, roe deer, which come to feast on juicy grass and salted salt.

On the heights, the taiga is gradually thinning, turning into a thin-stemmed forest; then swamps with blueberry bumps and thickets appear. Even higher, a belt of shrubs or dwarf cedar begins, movement along which resembles walking on a trampoline: the creeping branches spring and throw the traveler up. The highest peaks are char, covered with kurums, tongues of "stone rivers" descending into the forest zone. Under a pile of stones, at a depth of one and a half meters, one can see ice; in such natural freezers, hunters save meat for future use.

In the north of Yakutia, the taiga is replaced by the forest-tundra, and on the coast of the Arctic Ocean, the lichen tundra stretches along a wide border. There is even a strip of arctic tundra (in the northwest). Tiny creeping birches grow on flat swampy interfluves. The frozen ground is covered with cracks that fill with water in summer. In the valleys of large rivers, the landscape revives: meadows and low-growing larches appear, bent by the winds. Perhaps, if you choose the symbol of the Republic of Sakha, then the larch would be the most suitable.

Natural conditions also determine the nature of the animal world. In the past, sable was considered the main wealth of Yakutia. Centuries of predatory extermination have led to the fact that this animal is only occasionally found in inaccessible areas. Now the main game animals are squirrels, arctic fox, white hare, fox, ermine, Siberian weasel.

Small fluffy chipmunks are often seen. If, having met him, stop for a while and freeze, he will definitely try to better see the stranger. Another animal, the lemming, also lives in the tundra. It is covered with thick fur that saves from the cold. The Yakuts know: there are many lemmings - the main food of Arctic foxes - the hunting season will be successful.

Of large ungulates in the taiga, elk are found, red deer, musk deer, roe deer are found. In the past, wild deer were hunted, but now this animal is a rarity; its place was taken by the domestic deer, which is used as a draft animal.

A large bighorn sheep found in the mountains is under protection. The Ussuri tiger can occasionally wander into the southeastern regions of Yakutia from the Ussuri forests. A stuffed tiger killed in 1905 is on display in the Yakutsk Museum. near the village of Ust-Maya on Aldan. The predator then lifted up several herd horses and was discovered along huge tracks.

Numerous waterways intersect from the south to the north of the territory of Yakutia. Lena, Anabar, Olenek, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma and other rivers carry their waters to the Arctic Ocean. The warmest rivers "warm" the bottoms of the valleys, as a result of which areas of soil in frozen rocks thaw out. Lena (over 4400 km) is one of the ten largest rivers in the world. In total, Yakutia has over 700 thousand rivers and streams and about the same number of lakes. When asked about the number of lakes in the region, local residents answer that there are as many of them as "there are stars in the sky."

The main transport artery of Yakutia is the Lena River. Since late May - early June, ships with equipment, fuel, food and other cargoes have been moving along it in a continuous flow. Navigation is a hot season; only four months in the center of the republic and two or three in the north have been released for ferrying everything necessary by the cheapest waterway. Large vessels, carrying two or three thousand tons, scurry up and down the Lena, Aldan and Vilyui, as well as along large tributaries. Even the "sailors" - sea vessels with a displacement of 5 thousand tons - go through the big water to get cargo for the whole of Yakutia to the port of Osetrovo.

In the city of Aldan, there is a remarkable monument - an old truck is hoisted on the pedestal. Such machines delivered goods from the village of Never, through which the Trans-Siberian railway passes, to the Aldan gold mines. After the Transsib was extended to Yakutsk, communication with many settlements improved significantly. A highway has been built from the port of Lensk to the city of Mirny (the center of the diamond mining industry).

The Baikal-Amur Mainline connected the Chulmanovskie coking coal deposits with industrial centers. In the future, it is planned to continue the BAM rails to the cities of Aldan and Tommot, and in the 21st century, perhaps, the turn will come to Yakutsk.

Aircraft appeared in Yakutia in the early 30s. and immediately gained popularity, since they connected remote corners with the center. The population of Yakutia is "the most flying" in Russia, and perhaps in the world. At the airport of a small village, you can meet a Yakut woman who rushes to the plane to visit her granddaughter, who lives 500 km away.

The region's economy is mainly based on the natural wealth of the Yakut subsoil. There are over 40 thousand mineral deposits in the republic. During the existence of the mining industry in Yakutia, only 1.5 thousand tons of gold were mined. The region gave the country many millions of tons of coal and millions of cubic meters of natural gas. However, according to many scientists, the main riches still await development. The edge, perhaps, will declare them for real in the 21st century.

In rivers and lakes, there are up to 40 species of fish: among them taimen, broad, perch, pike, omul, nelma, muksun, vendace, peled, crucian carp. In Lena, they catch the Siberian tsar fish - the khatys sturgeon. A handsome grayling lives in mountain rivers. The fish could be much larger if it did not die due to lack of food and lack of oxygen in the freezing water bodies.

Like the circulatory system, the rivers of Yakutia bring life to all distant parts of the region. the main arteries are Lena and its branched tributaries. Other large rivers - Olenek, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma - do not directly communicate with Lena and with each other, but they are all united by the Arctic Ocean, where they flow into. The Lena collects most of its waters south of Yakutia, in the mountains of Southern Siberia. The basin of this river is exceptionally large in area, which also explains its high flow.

Since ancient times, rivers have been the routes along which the migration of peoples took place. In the summer we traveled by boat, in the winter - on the ice. Housing was also built along the banks.

The modern name of the republic is derived from the ethnic names of the indigenous population: Sakha is a self-name and Yakut is a Russian name borrowed in the 17th century. from the Evens. Yakutsk, founded in 1632, developed from the very beginning as an administrative and commercial center of Eastern Siberia. In the 19th century, it became notorious as a place for political criminals.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the city had approximately 6 thousand inhabitants. Along with houses, there were also yurts; however, there were 16 educational institutions, including a theological seminary, a museum, a printing house, and two libraries.

During the years of Soviet power, the appearance of Yakutsk began to change rapidly. In place of workshops and small businesses, a diversified industry emerged. There is a powerful shipyard that extracts coal from the miners of the Kangalassky coal mine, there are modern power plants - a state district power station and a thermal power station. The population of Yakutsk exceeded 200 thousand people. The capital of the Sakha Republic is multinational; a significant part of the inhabitants are Yakuts.

The city has a university and an agricultural institute, three theaters, several dozen museums; The Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences unites about 30 research centers. At the entrance to the only Institute of Permafrost Studies in Russia, there is a mammoth sculpture. The Sherginsky mine, a 116.6 m deep well dug in the middle of the 19th century, is still used to study permafrost.

1.2 Features of the Yakut language

Yakut language, one of the Turkic languages; forms the Yakut subgroup of the Uyghur-Oguz (according to N.A. Baskakov's classification) group or belongs to the conditionally distinguished "northeastern" group Distributed in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where, along with Russian, it is a state (and, according to the Constitution of the republic, is called the Sakha language - by the self-name of the Yakuts), in the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug and some other regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The number of speakers is about 390 thousand people, and Yakut is spoken not only by ethnic Yakuts, but also by representatives of a number of other peoples. Previously, the Yakut language played the role of a regional language of interethnic communication in the North-East of Siberia. 65% of Yakuts are fluent in Russian; Russian-Yakut-Even, Russian-Yakut-Evenk, Russian-Yakut-Yukagir and some other types of multilingualism are also widespread.

There are three groups of dialects: western (left bank of Lena: Vilyui and north-western dialects), eastern (right bank of Lena: central and northeastern dialects) and Dolgan dialect (Taimyr and Anabar region of the Sakha Republic), which is spoken by the small Dolgan people and which sometimes considered as a separate language.

Like the Chuvash language, Yakut is located on the geographic periphery of the Turkic-speaking world and differs greatly (by the standards of the Turkic family) from other languages \u200b\u200bincluded in it. In phonetics, the Yakut language is characterized by the preservation of primary long vowels and diphthongs, which have disappeared in most Turkic languages; in grammar - unchangeable personal pronouns of 1 and 2 persons, a rich system of cases (in the absence of common Türkic genitive and local - a unique feature of the Yakut language), a variety of ways of expressing direct object and some other features. The syntax remains typically Turkic. The specificity of the Yakut language in the field of vocabulary is very significant, which is associated with the large number of borrowings from the Mongolian, Evenk and Russian languages; the Dolgan dialect was especially influenced by the Evenk language. The active vocabulary of the Yakut language contains about 2,500 words of Mongolian origin; As for Russian borrowings, there were already more than 3 thousand of them in the pre-revolutionary period, and some borrowings preserved words that have come out of active use in the Russian language itself, for example, araspaannya "surname" from the Russian nickname or solkuobai "ruble" from the Russian ruble. In the language of the press, the share of Russian borrowings reaches 42%.

The literary Yakut language was formed under the influence of the language of folklore in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. based on central dialects; translated missionary literature was published from the 19th century. (the first book was published in 1812). Several writing systems were used (all on a Cyrillic basis): missionary, which published mainly church literature; Betlingkovskaya, which published scientific publications and the first periodicals; and writing in the Russian civil alphabet. In 1922, the alphabet of S.A. Novgorodov was introduced, created on the basis of international phonetic transcription; in 1930-1940 there was a writing on the Latin basis, from 1940 - on the basis of Russian graphics with some additional letters. Teaching is conducted in the Yakut language, including in higher education (Yakut and Turkic philology and culture), periodicals, various literature are published, radio and television broadcasting is conducted.

The Yakut language is one of the most well-studied Turkic languages.

yakutia culture everyday life traditions

1.3 Culture

The stage of the formation of the Yakut culture is associated with the Baikal Kurykans, which included not only the Turkic base, but also the Mongolian and also the Tungusic components. It is among the Kurykans that the integration of different ethnic cultural traditions, which laid the foundation for the Yakut semi-settled cattle breeding, a number of elements of material culture, and the anthropological characteristics of the Yakuts, takes place. In the X-XI centuries. Kurykans experienced a strong influence of Mongolian-speaking neighbors, which can be clearly seen in the vocabulary of the Yakut language. The Mongols also influenced the subsequent resettlement of the ancestors of the Yakuts down the Lena. At the same time, the Kypchak component (ethnonymy, language, ritualism) was included in the composition of the Yakuts, which makes it possible to distinguish two Turkic cultural-chronological layers in the Yakut culture; Ancient Türkic, which has correspondences in the culture of the Sagai, Beltyrs, Tuvinians and Kypchak - separate groups of West Siberian Tatars, Northern Altai, Kachin and Kyzyl.

Olonkho is the general name for the works of the Yakut heroic epic. The works of the epic are named after their heroes ("Nyurgunt Bootur", "Ebekhtei Bergen", "Muldue the Strong", etc.). All works of olonkho are more or less similar only in style but also in composition; they are also brought together by the images traditional for all Olonkho (heroes - heroes, heroines, ancestors, sage Seerkeen, Sesen, slave Ssimekhsin, cannibals “abasasy !, evil dyege-baaba, etc.). The main content of the epic reflects the period of decomposition of the ordinary chroya among the Yakuts, intertribal and intergeneric relations. Raziers Olonkho reach 10-15 thousand and more lines of poetry. Olonkho's plots are based on the struggle of the heroes of the "aiyy aimanga" tribe with the mythical monsters of the "abaasy" tribe, who kill people, ravage the country, and kidnap women. Olonkho heroes protect the peaceful and happy life of their tribe from monsters and usually emerge victorious. At the same time, predatory goals are alien to them. Establishing a peaceful life with fair relations between people is the main idea of \u200b\u200bOlonkho. Olonkho's style is characterized by the techniques of fairy-tale fantasy, contrast and hyperbolization of images, complex epithets and comparisons. The extensive descriptions contained in the epic speak in detail about the nature of the country, dwellings, clothing, and tools. These descriptions, often repeated, generally occupy at least half of the epic. Olonkho is the most valuable cultural monument of the Yakut people.

Olonkhust is a storyteller, performer of the Yakut heroic epic - Olonkho. Olonkho's performance is not accompanied by musical accompaniment. The speeches of the heroes and other characters of the olonkho are sung, the rest - the narrative - part is affected by the recitative. The names of the outstanding Olonkhusts are popular among the people. This (D.M. Govorov, T.V. Zakharov, etc.)

The subsequent formation of the Yakut culture proper, which was based on semi-sedentary cattle breeding in high latitudes, took place in the basin of the Middle Lena. Here the ancestors of the Yakuts appear in the late 13th - early 14th centuries. The archeology of this region illustrates the subsequent evolution of the Yakut culture up to the 17th-18th centuries It is here that a special model of the Yakut economy is formed, combining cattle breeding and extensive types of crafts (fishing and hunting), material culture adapted to the harsh climate of Eastern Siberia, distinguishing the Yakuts from their southern neighbors pastoralists, while preserving many of the substrate features of the common Turkic cultural tradition (worldview, folklore, ornament, language).

a) religion

Orthodoxy spread in the 18-19th centuries. The Christian cult was combined with belief in good and evil spirits, spirits of dead shamans, host spirits, etc. The elements of totemism have been preserved: the clan had a patron animal, which was forbidden to be killed, called by name, etc. The world consisted of several tiers, the head of the upper one was considered Yuryung aiyy toyon, the lower one - Ala buurai toyon, etc. The cult of the female fertility deity Aiyysyt was important. Horses were sacrificed to the spirits living in the upper world, and cows in the lower world. The main holiday is the spring-summer kumys festival (Ysyakh), accompanied by libations of kumis from large wooden cups (choroon), games, sports competitions, etc. Shamanism was developed. Shaman tambourines (dungyur) are close to Evenk ones.

b) art

In folklore, the heroic epic (olonkho) was developed, which was performed in recitative by special storytellers (olonkhosut) with a large crowd of people; historical legends, fairy tales, especially animal tales, proverbs, songs. Traditional musical instruments - jew's harp (khomus), violin (kyryimpa), percussion. Of the dances, the round dance osuokhai, game dances, etc. are widespread.

1.4 Tradition

a) crafts

The main traditional occupations are horse breeding (in Russian documents of the 17th century, the Yakuts were called "equestrian people") and cattle breeding. The horses were looked after by men, the cattle by women. In the north, deer were bred. The cattle were kept on pasture in summer and in barns (khotons) in winter. Haymaking was known before the arrival of the Russians. Yakut cattle breeds were distinguished by their endurance, but they were unproductive.

Fishing was also developed. They fished mainly in the summer, but also in the winter in the ice-hole; in the fall, a collective non-water game was organized with the division of production between all participants. For the poor, who did not have livestock, fishing was the main occupation (in the documents of the 17th century, the term "fisherman" - balyksyt - is used in the meaning of "poor man"), some tribes also specialized in it - the so-called "foot Yakuts" - Osekui, Ontuls, Kokui, Kirikians, Kyrgyz, Orgots and others.

Hunting was especially widespread in the north, constituting here the main source of food (arctic fox, hare, reindeer, elk, bird). In the taiga, before the arrival of the Russians, both meat and fur hunting (bear, elk, squirrel, fox, hare, bird, etc.) were known; later, due to a decrease in the number of animals, its importance dropped. Specific hunting techniques are characteristic: with a bull (the hunter sneaks up on the prey, hiding behind the bull), the horse chasing the animal along the trail, sometimes with dogs.

There was gathering - the collection of pine and larch sapwood (the inner layer of bark), harvested for the winter in a dried form, roots (sarana, chakana, etc.), greens (wild onions, horseradish, sorrel), raspberries, which were considered unclean, were not used from berries.

The processing of wood (artistic carving, coloring with alder broth), birch bark, fur, leather was developed; crockery was made of leather, rugs were made of horse and cow skins, sewn in a checkerboard pattern, blankets were made of hare fur, etc .; from horsehair they twisted the cords with their hands, weaved, embroidered. Spinning, weaving and felting were absent. The production of molded ceramics, which distinguished the Yakuts from other peoples of Siberia, has survived. Smelting and forging of iron, which were of commercial value, smelting and chasing of silver, copper, etc., were developed, and from the 19th century - carving on mammoth bones. They moved mainly on horseback, and the goods were transported in a pack. Known were skis lined with horse kamus, sledges (silis syarga, later - sleds of the type of Russian firewood), usually harnessed to bulls, in the north - reindeer straight-dust sleds; types of boats are common with Evenks - birch bark (tyy) or flat-bottomed planks.

b) dwelling

Winter settlements (kystyk) were located near mows, consisted of 1-3 yurts, summer settlements - near pastures, numbered up to 10 yurts. The winter yurt (booth, dyie) had inclined walls of standing thin logs on a rectangular log frame and a low gable roof. The walls were covered with clay and manure on the outside, the roof over the log flooring was covered with bark and earth. The house was placed on the cardinal points, the entrance was on the east side, the windows were on the south and west, the roof was oriented from north to south. To the right of the entrance, in the northeastern corner, there was a hearth (sediment) - a pipe made of poles coated with clay, which went out through the roof. Plank bunks (oron) were arranged along the walls. The most honorable was the southwest corner. The master's place was located at the western wall. The bunks to the left of the entrance were intended for male youth, workers, on the right, at the hearth, for women. A table (ostuol) and stools were placed in the front corner. On the north side, a stable (khoton) was attached to the yurt, often under the same roof as the dwelling; the door to it from the yurt was behind the hearth. In front of the entrance to the yurt, a shed or canopy was arranged. The yurt was surrounded by a low embankment, often with a fence. A hitching post was placed near the house, often decorated with carvings. Summer yurts differed little from winter ones. Instead of a khoton, a barn for calves (titik), sheds, etc. were placed at a distance. There was a conical structure of poles covered with birch bark (urasa), in the north - turf (kalyman, holuman). Polygonal log yurts with a pyramidal roof have been known since the late 18th century. From the second half of the 18th century, Russian huts spread.

c) clothes

Traditional men's and women's clothing - short leather trousers, fur belly, leather leggings, single-breasted caftan (sleep), in winter - fur, in summer - from horse or cow hide with wool inside, the rich - from fabric. Later, fabric shirts with a turn-down collar (yrbakhs) appeared. Men girded with a leather belt with a knife and a flint, while the rich - with silver and copper plaques. Women's wedding fur long caftan (sangyyakh), embroidered with red and green cloth and gold lace, is characteristic; an elegant women's fur hat made of expensive fur descending to the back and shoulders, with a high cloth, velvet or brocade top with a silver plaque (tuosakhta) and other adornments sewn onto it. Women's silver and gold jewelry is widespread. Shoes - winter high boots made of reindeer or horse skins with the wool facing out (eterbes), summer boots made of soft leather (saar) with a top covered with cloth, for women - with applique, long fur stockings.

d) National cuisine

The main food is dairy, especially in summer: from mare's milk - kumis, from cow's - yogurt (suorat, sora), cream (kyuerchekh), butter; they drank butter melted or with kumis; Suorat was harvested for the winter frozen (tar) with the addition of berries, roots, etc .; a stew (butugas) was prepared from it with the addition of water, flour, roots, pine sapwood, etc. Fish food played a major role for the poor and in the northern regions, where there were no livestock, meat was consumed mainly by the rich. Horse meat was especially appreciated. In the 19th century, barley flour came into use: unleavened flat cakes, pancakes, salamat stew were made from it. Vegetables were known in the Olekminsky district.

Conclusion

Using the example of the Yakut people, I wanted to prove that you need to treat other peoples favorably, and I hope I succeeded. Each nation has its own pros and cons of their way of life, existing traditions. The Yakut people formed on the Lena as a result of the absorption of local tribes by the southern Turkic-speaking settlers. The economy and material culture of the Yakuts is dominated by features similar to the culture of pastoralists in Central Asia, but there are also northern taiga elements. The main occupation of the Yakuts from the time they entered the Russian state (17th century) until the middle of the 19th century. There was a semi-nomadic cattle breeding. They raised cattle and horses. In the 17th century, individual farms of the Yakuts began to switch to agriculture, but the massive transition took place in the second half of the 19th century. With the exception of certain areas, hunting and fishing played an auxiliary role, but for the poor, fishing was an important branch of the economy. Blacksmithing developed from handicrafts. The Yakuts knew how to smelt iron from ore. Like many peoples of Russia, the Yakuts have rich oral folk art: the heroic epic olonkho. Carving on bone and wood, traditional embroidery on torbaz, mittens, and turtles is widespread.

I believe that other peoples, including the Russian, have a lot to learn from the Yakuts. We should be proud that such peoples as the Yakuts are part of our country. It must be borne in mind that Yakutia occupies vast territories of Russia. The Yakut people have their own unique features in everyday life, traditions and culture. In our time, there are many interethnic conflicts and I hope that soon people will come to their senses, and there will be none. Russian people should always remember that Russia is a multinational country, this is our strength, versatility of ideas and strength of spirit.

Bibliography

1. Alekseev A.I. and others. Geography of Russia: Economy and geographical areas: Textbook. for 8-9cl. general institution ..- M .: Bustard, 2005.- S. 153-160.

2. Great Russian Encyclopedia / Chairman of the scientific - ed. Council of Yu.S. Osipov. Resp. ed. S.L. Kravets. T ..- M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004.- S. 420-451.

3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. B.A. Vvedensky T. 49 .- M: Great Soviet Encyclopedia.-S 49-60

4. Encyclopedia for children. Countries peoples Civilizations / Heads. ed. M.D. Aksenova - M .: Avanta +, 2001 ..- С 457-466

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Distribution area

We must not forget that the peoples of Yakutia descended from nomads, but according to legend, once they found a valley ideal for living, called Tuymaada. Today, in the center of it is the capital of the republic - Yakutsk. A large number of Yakuts is observed in the Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk regions of the Russian Federation, but of course the largest number can be found in the place of their ancient habitation - now the Republic of Sakha.

According to one of the versions, the words “Yakuts” and “Sakha” go back to one common, earlier concept, which became widespread as a self-name. On the other hand, it is assumed that the people were named first by other ethnogroups, and Sakha - by themselves.

Having established a center in the place of their present stay, throughout the history of the Yakuts they continued to increase their habitat. Moving to the east of Siberia, they mastered and improved reindeer husbandry, developed their own sledding techniques. As a result, they managed to take root in those parts.

History and origins

The nationality was formed in the 14-15th century. It is believed that the kurykans from Transbaikalia moved to the middle part of the Lena River, displacing the Tungus and other "local" nomads. Although the groups partly united, created business relationships, even though against this background, conflicts did not stop flaring up.

Of course, there were quite a few Toyins (leaders) who became famous for their unifying moods. Trying to suppress internal revolts, as well as to pacify external enemies (competitors for pastures and lands), there were attempts to resolve the issue in an aggressive way - the grandson of Badjey, Toyon Tygyn. However, violent methods only alienated other peoples from the Yakuts, increasing the confrontation.

The turning point in history was the accession of the territory to the Russian state, which took place in 1620-30. With development and progress, Orthodoxy knocked on every door of the booth (housing). Encouraging methods for those who were baptized, and punitive for adherents of the faith of the fathers, achieved their goal - most of the Yakuts adopted the new religion.

Culture and life of the people of Yakutia

The Yakuts have learned to survive in difficult conditions, and the traditions and customs of the people are dictated by the factors that contributed to this. The dwellings located at a distant distance did not in any way affect the social activity of the representatives of the people.

At the end of his life, the elder had something to tell the younger generation - on common holidays and during rituals, friendship was struck, and when territories were divided, enemies appeared. The people were not distinguished by their peacefulness. The long-standing habit of hunting, fighting for life and the ability to handle weapons (bows) created conditions for conflicts between other ethnic groups in the locality.

The family was honored from time immemorial, the older generation was and remains in high esteem. They are not treated with condescension, as happens in the modern world, on the contrary - they are respected for their great life experience, they listen to their instructions, and even more so they consider it an honor to receive them in their home.

Yakut dwelling

A folk yurt - a booth served as a home here. It was built in the form of a trapezoid of young logs, and the cracks between them were densely packed with manure, shavings and sod. The shape of the walls expanding to the ground made it possible to economically and quickly warm the room with a hut-stove, which was located in the center. There were no windows or small openings were provided that were easy to close.

In summer, birch bark was used for construction, creating urasu - seasonal housing. She stood not far from the booth. They didn't even carry all things into it, because winter was returning very soon. The yurt was a cone-shaped tent rounded upward with a door. Sleeping places were located along the perimeter, sometimes separated by symbolic partitions. There was no stove here - the fire was made on the ground, so that the smoke went straight through the hole in the top.

clothing

Initially, the purpose of clothing was to protect the body from the cold, so it was sewn from the skins of killed animals. Having mastered cattle breeding, skins of domestic animals came to replace. Metal belts and pendants served as an aesthetic component against the background of a large fur product. Also, the craftswomen tried to combine the colors and thickness of the fur so that an eye-catching finish appeared on the shoulders or sleeves. Later they began to use fabrics and embroidery. In summer, the colors were full of variety, reflecting the riot of nature.

The classic set was:

fur hat, sewn up or with a fabric insert;
a fur coat surrounded by a metal belt;
leather pants;
knitted woolen socks.

Shoes and mittens were also made of fur, not forgetting that hands and feet are the first to freeze.

Yakut cuisine

Due to the survival conditions, food of animal origin was completely used - there was no trace of fish, poultry (from hunting), cow, horse or deer after cooking. Everything was used:

meat;
offal;
heads;
blood.

Soups were cooked from naive products, they were stewed, ground into liver. Dairy products occupied a special place in the diet. The presence of drink in the house - ayran, sowrat, dessert - chokhoon, as well as cheese and butter depended on them.

One of the most unusual cooking methods is freezing. One cannot do without it in Siberia, so the Yakuts can boast of such a dish as stroganina (formerly “struganina”). Fish (boil, nelma, muskun, omul and others) or deer meat were frozen in their natural environment and served on the table in the form of the finest layers or shavings. The “makanina” was also thought out, which gave the taste to the raw product. It consisted of a 50/50 mixture of salt and ground pepper.

Whom did the Yakuts worship since ancient times?

Despite the adoption of Christianity, the culture of Yakutia is still closely related to the canons of faith that were laid in them by their ancestors. According to the legends of the people, each element of nature and the surrounding world has a master spirit, which aroused fear and reverence. As a sacrifice, horse hair was left on them from the mane, klaptiki cloth, buttons and coins. There were ruling patrons:

roads - he will show the way and help you stay on the route;
reservoirs - because of it, you cannot throw a knife or sharp bows into the rivers, and a small birch bark boat with a symbol of a person inside is considered an offering;
earth - the female spirit, which is responsible for the fertility of all living things;
wind - shore the earth from enmity;
thunder and lightning - if the element fell into a tree, its remains were considered healing;
fire - keeps the peace in the family, so the hearth was moved from place to place in an earthen pot so as not to ever extinguish;
forests - an assistant in hunting and fishing.

Crafts

By uniting with a large and strong Russia, the life of the people changed. Cattle breeding continued to flourish, with frost-resistant breeds of cows and horses emerging, which remain unique in their kind today. However, agriculture also developed, despite the fact that in a harsh continental climate, the street thermometer stays at 40-50º for a long time, and winter lasts 9 months a year.

Hunting and fishing, which were once the last hope for food, faded into the background. The development of the economy helped to preserve the number of people, since severe winters often ended fatally. In the icy cold many kilometers from the settlement, fighting frost and wild animals, not every hunter returned home. A young family, who had no one to count on, could be left without food, and, for lack of supplies (there was simply nothing to send to the bins), they simply died of hunger.

The people entrusted the movement on the snow cover to the independently bred husky breed, and the protection of the house - to the less agile and large in size, but with the same warm "fur coat" to the Yakut dog.

To live in harmony with nature, faith and yourself, honor traditions, but not be afraid of change - all this is about the Yakuts, one of the most numerous northern peoples of Russia.

The Yakuts (self-name Sakha or Sakhalar) as a people appeared as a result of the mixing of the Turks with the peoples living along the middle reaches of the Lena. It is believed that the Yakuts were formed as an ethnic community by the XIV-XV centuries. Nevertheless, even then, the process was not fully completed: as a result of the nomadic way of life, this people constantly moved, pouring new blood into the nation, for example, Evenk, on the way.

Yakuts belong to the North Asian type of the Mongoloid race. In many ways, their culture and traditions are similar to the customs of the Central Asian Turkic peoples, but there are still some differences. The Yakut language is part of the Altai family and belongs to the Turkic dialects.

Patience, perseverance and high efficiency are the national traits of the Yakuts: despite the extremely harsh climate and harsh living conditions, Sakha from time immemorial managed to graze livestock and plow the cold, ungrateful lands. The climate also greatly influenced the national costume: even for a wedding, Yakut girls wear fur coats.

Horse breeding, hunting and fishing are the main trades of the Yakuts. Nowadays, it is problematic to feed on such activities, therefore many Yakuts are involved in the mining industry, because their region is rich in diamonds.

The Yakuts are traditionally a nomadic people, so they use an easily disassembled yurt as their dwelling.

But do not rush to imagine a felt house, similar to those built by the Mongols: the Yakut yurt is made of wood and has a paneled roof resembling a cone.

There are many windows in the yurt, under each of which sleeping places are arranged. The sun beds are separated by partitions separating small "rooms" from each other, the heart of the yurt is a smeared hearth. In the hot season, short-lived birch bark yurts are built, which are called urasami... Not all Yakuts are comfortable in yurts, therefore, since the 20th century, many prefer huts.

Traditional beliefs and holidays

Yakut beliefs are characterized by an appeal to nature as a mother, love and respect for her. At the same time, there is a kind of "non-family" detachment in relations with the environment: nature is perceived as an otherworldly force that cannot be completely controlled. In Sakha's opinion, everything that exists has a soul and strength. And the rituals of the Yakuts are designed to establish relations between numerous spirits and humanity.

Sakha has his own, rather curious, explanation of the origin of natural disasters: they arise to cleanse places affected by evil spirits.

Thus, a tree that is split or burnt by lightning is clean of any defilement and can even heal.

Of great importance is the goddess Aan, the patroness of all living things, helping people, plants and animals to grow and reproduce. The offering ritual for Aan takes place in the spring.

One of the most important spirits in the Yakut tradition is the master of the road. They try to cajole him with small offerings: horse hair, coins, pieces of fabric and buttons are placed at the intersections.

No less important is the owner of the water, to whom it is customary to present gifts twice a year: in autumn and spring. They consist of a birch bark boat, on which an image of a person is carved, and pieces of fabric, ribbons, etc. tied to it. Do not drop knives, needles and other sharp objects into the water: this can offend and offend the owner of the water.

The owner of the fire is old and gray-haired, his purpose is to drive out evil spirits. Fire, as a symbol of light and warmth, Sakha has always been revered. They were afraid to extinguish it and were transferred to a new place in pots, because while the flame was glowing, the family and the hearth were protected.

Baai Bayanai - the spirit of the forest - an assistant in everything related to hunting. In ancient times, the Yakuts chose some animals as sacred, closest to Baai, and therefore put a taboo on their killing and eating. These animals included a goose, swan, ermine. The eagle was considered the king of birds. The bear was the main one among the animals and the most revered among the Yakuts. And in our time, many believe in the miraculous power of amulets from his claws or teeth.

The roots of the Yakut holidays go back to ancient rituals, among which the most important is Ysyakh, celebrated in early summer. During the holiday, a hitching post is made around the young birches in the meadow. In our time, such an action is associated with the friendship of all peoples living in the territory of Yakutia, while earlier it symbolized the World Tree. Ysyakh is a family day and is celebrated by people of all ages.

An important part of the holiday is sprinkling the fire with kumis, and then addressing the Deities with a request for the bestowal of such blessings as luck, peace, etc. The Yakuts put on a traditional costume, cook national dishes, and drink kumis. During the meal, it is imperative to sit at the same table with the whole family, close or distant relatives. Ysyakh is a merry holiday with dances, round dances, wrestling competitions, tug of a stick, archery.

Family rites and traditions

The modern Yakut family differs little from the average Russian one. But until the 19th century, polygamy was widespread among Sakha. According to the Yakut traditional family model, each of the wives lived separately, observing their own way of life, way of life, and household. The Yakuts preferred to tie the knot at the age of 16-25. When the groom's family went to woo the bride's parents, it was customary to pay a kalym for the girl. If the groom is too poor, he could steal the bride and “work off” the money later.

To protect the house and livestock from damage, evil eye, evil spirits, and still in some uluses, a number of measures are being taken. For a successful conspiracy, seemingly trifles like ornament on clothes, "correct" decorations, special utensils matter. Conspiracies alone are not enough; it is also necessary to conduct special ceremonies, with the help of which the Sakha hopes to get a good harvest, increase the livestock population, give birth to healthy children, etc.

Old customs and traditions are of great importance. Women cannot look at the magic stone Sat, which is found in the stomachs or liver of animals and birds, otherwise it will lose its power. Sat is wrapped in birch bark and horsehair, cherished like the apple of an eye, because with its help you can call rain, wind, snow. The first is especially important in case of dry weather, because soil fertility largely depends on timely watering.

Interesting facts about the Yakuts and Yakutia

The most famous component of Yakut folklore is the epic olonkho, considered a type of poetry, but sounding more like an opera. Thanks to the ancient art of olonkho, many Yakut folk legends have survived to our time. The contribution of olonkho to the folklore of the peoples of the world is so great that in 2005 it was included in the UNESCO list of cultural heritage.

One of the popular Yakut dishes is stroganina: thinly sliced \u200b\u200bfrozen fish.

The area of \u200b\u200bYakutia is larger than the area of \u200b\u200bArgentina.

Yakutia accounts for about a quarter of the world's diamond production.

More than forty percent of Yakutia's territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

When Sakha eat bear meat, they imitate the cry of a crow before the meal begins. Thus, they protect themselves from the spirit of the bear, posing as birds.

Yakut horses graze on their own, they are not looked after by a shepherd.

Due to the fact that this people lives far from civilization, and they themselves sometimes live hundreds of kilometers from each other, polygamy is widespread among the Yakuts. This is also due to the fact that there are not enough men, namely, they are the main force in housekeeping. The woman looks after the hearth, and the man sometimes goes to pasture for months to feed the horses. They are the main source of nutrition for this people.

There can be as many wives as you like. The main task of a husband is to be able to feed his family. The first wife is given a place of honor. She is in charge of all the other wives, who must obey her in everything without question.

As soon as the guy chooses his betrothed, matchmaking begins. The decisive word remains with the young. If she agrees to leave the house and become a wife, she silently nods her head at the proposal of the groom.

After deciding to marry, the groom's father or older brother goes to the young man. Their task is to agree on a kalym. In most cases, it is determined by the number of horses and meat. The bride's family gives them irdas. This is a ransom gift, which in its cost should be several times cheaper than kalym.
It should be noted that Yakut weddings are very interesting from the point of view of national rituals, costumes and musical components. Therefore, based on these traditions, wedding agencies in Moscow often hold thematic and stylized events, with the invitation of real shamans and Yakut artists.

Yakuts hold their wedding in winter. It is in frosts that animal meat is well and long stored. Many sacks of horse meat are brought to the bride's house. This is not only kalym, but also the main treat of the wedding table. The last to enter the house is the groom. He enters the house with his eyes closed and his head bowed. With his hand he holds on to the whip, for which his older brother leads him.
He kneels down and receives a blessing from the bride's parents in front of the icon. Since a turnkey wedding is held only in the European version, the shaman is the main character at the ritual wedding. He circles around the groom with a tambourine, predicting his future fate and conjuring for the happiness and well-being of the young family.

After the ceremony, supper time comes, and all the guests sit down at the table. Nobody goes home. All stay overnight at the bride's house. The bride at this time and in the next few days lives with her relatives.

In the morning the guests leave. Only the young parents and the groom remain in the house. He will have to go through a series of tests, which the future father-in-law prepared for him. A few days later they let him go home. Now he has the right at any time to come to his beloved's house and see her.

The bride also undergoes the same test, after which she has the right to be in the groom's house.

According to the Yakut law, they are now husband and wife.

The husband has the right to terminate the relationship if the woman does not give birth to a son. In this case, the girl's father is obliged to return all the kalym. If the young people do not agree in character, they can divorce, but in this case the kalym remains young in the house.

The Yakuts are the indigenous population of the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha) and the largest of all the indigenous peoples of Siberia. The ancestors of the Yakuts were first mentioned in the 14th century. The ancestors of the modern Yakuts are a nomadic tribe of Kurykans, who until the XIV century lived in the territory of Transbaikalia. They came there from across the Yenisei River. Yakuts are divided into several main groups:

amga-Lena, live between the Lena River, on the adjacent left bank of the river, between the lower Aldan and Amga;
olekma, inhabit the territory in the Olekma basin;
vilyui, live in the Vilyui basin;
northern, live in the tundra zone of the basins of the Kolyma, Olenek, Anabar, Indigirka and Yana rivers.

The self-name of the people sounds like sakha, in plural sakhalar... There is also an old self-name uranhaiwhich is still being written uraanhai and uraanghai... These names are still used today in solemn speeches, songs and olonkho. Among the Yakuts sakhalars - mestizo, descendants of mixed marriages between Yakuts and representatives of the Caucasian race. This word should not be confused with the above sakhalar.

Where live

Most of the Yakuts live in Yakutia, on the territory of Russia, some live in the Magadan, Irkutsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk regions, in Moscow, Buryatia, St. Petersburg and Kamchatka.

Number

In 2018, the population of the Republic of Yakutia is 964 330 people. Almost half of the entire population is in the central part of Yakutia.

Tongue

Yakut, along with Russian, is one of the state languages \u200b\u200bof the Republic of Yakutia. Yakut belongs to the Turkic group of languages, but differs significantly from them in the vocabulary of obscure origin, which, possibly, belongs to the Paleo-Asian. In Yakut, there are many words of Mongolian origin, ancient borrowings and Russian words that appeared in the language after Yakutia became part of Russia.

The Yakut language is used mainly in the everyday life of the Yakuts and their public life. The Evenks, Evens, Dolgans, Yukaghirs, the Russian old-time population speak this language: Lena peasants, Yakuts, Hikers and Russians. They use this language on the territory of Yakutia in office work, events of a cultural nature are held in it, newspapers, magazines, books are published, radio broadcasting and television programs are conducted, there are Internet resources in the Yakut language. In the city and rural areas, performances are staged on it. Yakut is the language of the ancient epic olonkho.

Bilingualism is widespread among the Yakuts, 65% speak Russian fluently. There are several groups of dialects in the Yakut language:

Northwest
Vilyuiskaya
Central
Taimyr

The Yakut language today uses an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet, it contains all Russian letters and 5 additional letters, as well as 2 combinations Дь дь and Нь нь, 4 diphthongs are used. Long vowel sounds in writing are indicated by double vowel letters.

Character

Yakuts are very hardworking, hardy, organized and stubborn people, they have a good ability to adapt to new living conditions, endure difficulties, hardships and hunger.

Appearance

The Yakuts of the pure race have an oval face shape, a wide and smooth, low forehead, black eyes with slightly sloping eyelids. The nose is straight, often with a hump, the mouth is large, the teeth are large, the cheekbones are moderate. The complexion is dark, bronze or yellow-gray. Hair is straight and coarse, black.

clothing

The national costume of the Yakuts combines the traditions of different peoples; it is perfectly adapted to the harsh climate in which this people lives. This is reflected in the cut and design of the clothing. The suit consists of a caftan with a belt, leather pants and fur socks. Yakut shirts are belted with a strap. In winter, deerskin and fur boots are worn.

The main ornament of the clothes is a flower of a lily-sandana. In clothes, the Yakuts try to combine all the colors of the year. Black is a symbol of earth and spring, green is summer, brown and red is autumn, silver jewelry symbolizes snow, stars and winter. Yakut patterns always consist of branched, continuous lines, which mean that the genus should not end. The more branches such a line has, the more children the person who owns the clothes has.

Motley fur, jacquard silk, broadcloth, leather and rovduga were used in the tailoring of outerwear. The costume is decorated with beads, ornamental inserts, metal pendants and adornments.

The poor sewed underwear and summer clothes from thin suede leather, the rich wore shirts made of Chinese cotton fabric, which was expensive and could only be obtained through natural exchange.

Festive clothing of the Yakuts of a more complex cut. The camp is expanded to the bottom, the sleeves are assembled along the bend. Such sleeves are called buuktah... Lightweight caftans had an asymmetric fastener, were generously decorated with beaded embroidery, a narrow strip of expensive fur, and metal elements. Only the wealthy wore such clothes.

One of the Yakut wardrobe items are dressing gowns, sewn from fabric in order to have one-piece sleeves. It was worn by women in the summer. The hat of the Yakuts looks like a firewood. A hole was usually made at the top so that the moon and the sun could look there. The ears on the cap indicate a connection with space. Today it is customary to decorate them with beads.

Religion

Before Yakutia became part of Russia, the people professed the Aar Aiyy religion, which assumed the belief that all Yakuts are the children of Tanar, a god and a relative of 12 White Aiyy. They believed that the child, from the moment of conception, was surrounded by the spirits of ichchi and celestials, they believed in good and evil spirits, host spirits and the spirits of dead shamans. Each genus had a patron animal that could not be called by name and killed.

The Yakuts believed that the world consists of several tiers, in the upper head is Yuryung Aiyy Toyon, in the lower - Ala Buura Toyon. Horses were sacrificed to the spirits who live in the upper world, cows were sacrificed to those who live in the lower world. An important place was occupied by the cult of the female deity of fertility Aiyysyt.

Christianity came to Yakutia in the 18th century, and most of the indigenous population became Orthodox Christians. But the majority of mass Christianization was formal, the Yakuts often accepted it because of the benefits that they were entitled to in return, and for a long time treated this religion superficially. Today most of the Yakuts are Christians, but the traditional faith, pantheism, and agnosticism are also widespread. There are still shamans in Yakutia, although there are very few of them.

Dwelling

Yakuts lived in uras and log booths, which were also called Yakut yurts. From the 20th century, they began to build huts. The Yakut settlement consisted of several yurts, which were located at a great distance from each other.

Yurts were built from standing round logs. Only small trees were used for construction, cutting large ones is a sin. The building site should be low and protected from the wind. Yakuts are always looking for a "happy place" and do not settle among large trees, as they believe that they have already taken all their strength from the earth. When choosing a place to build a yurt, the Yakuts turned to a shaman. Often, dwellings were built collapsible, so that they could be easily transported in a nomadic lifestyle.

The doors to the dwelling are located on the east side, towards the sun. The roof was covered with birch bark, and many small windows were made for lighting in the yurt. Inside there is a fireplace, plastered with clay, along the walls there were wide loungers of various shapes, separated from each other by partitions. The lowest is located at the entrance. The owner of the dwelling sleeps on a high lounger.

A life

The main occupations of the Yakuts were horse breeding and cattle breeding. Men looked after the horses, women looked after the cattle. The Yakuts living in the north bred deer. Yakut cattle were unproductive, but very hardy. Haymaking has long been known among the Yakuts; even before the arrival of the Russians, fishing was also developed. The fish was caught mainly in the summer, in the winter they made ice holes in the ice. In the autumn period, the Yakuts arranged a collective seine net, the catch was divided between all the participants. The poor, who had no livestock, fed mainly on fish. Walking Yakuts also specialized in this activity: kokuls, ontui, osekui, orgots, Krikians and Kyrgyz.

Hunting was especially widespread in the north and was the main source of food in these regions. The Yakuts hunted for hares, arctic fox, birds, elk and reindeer. With the arrival of the Russians in the taiga, fur and meat hunting for bears, squirrels, foxes began to spread, but later, due to a decrease in the number of animals, it became less popular. The Yakuts hunted with a bull, which they hid behind, sneaking up on their prey. On the trail of animals they chased on horses, sometimes with dogs.

The Yakuts were also engaged in gathering, they collected the inner layer of the bark of larch and pine, and dried it for the winter. They collected the roots of chalk and saran, greens: onions, sorrel and horseradish, were engaged in picking berries, but did not use raspberries, as they considered it unclean.

The Yakuts borrowed agriculture from the Russians in the 17th century, and until the 19th century this direction of the economy was very poorly developed. They grew barley, rarely wheat. Exiled Russian settlers contributed to the wide spread of agriculture among this people, especially in the Olemkinsky district.

Woodworking was well developed, the Yakuts were engaged in artistic carving, painted products with a decoction of alder. Birch bark, leather and furs were also processed. Crockery was made from leather, rugs were made from cow and horse skins, blankets were sewn from hare fur. Horsehair was used in sewing, weaving and embroidery; it was twisted by hand into cords. The Yakuts were engaged in molded ceramics, which made them stand out from other Siberian peoples. Smelting and forging of iron, smelting and chasing of silver, copper and other metals were developed among the people. Since the 19th century, the Yakuts began to engage in bone carving.

The Yakuts moved mainly on horseback, and the goods were transported in packs. They made skis, which were lined with horse skins, and sleds, into which bulls and deer were harnessed. To move on the water, they made birch bark boats called tyy, made flat-bottomed boards, sailing ships-karbas, which they borrowed from the Russians.

In ancient times, indigenous peoples living in the north of Yakutia bred the Yakut Laika breed of dogs. The breed of large Yakut court dogs is also widespread, which is distinguished by its unpretentiousness.

The Yakuts have a lot of hitching posts, since ancient times they have been the main components of the people, traditions, customs, beliefs and rituals are associated with them. All tethering posts have different heights, shapes, decorations and ornaments. There are 3 groups of such structures:

courtyard, it includes those hitching posts that are installed at the dwelling. Horses are tied to them;
pillars for religious rites;
hitch posts, installed on the main holiday Ysyakh.

Food

The national cuisine of the Yakuts is a bit similar to the cuisine of the Mongols, Buryats, northern peoples and Russians. Dishes are prepared by boiling, fermentation and freezing. Of meat, the Yakuts eat horse meat, venison and beef, game, blood and offal. It is widespread in the cuisine of this people to cook dishes from Siberian fish: chir, sturgeon, omul, muksun, peled, grayling, nelma and taimen.

The Yakuts make the most of all the components of the original product. For example, when cooking crucian carp in Yakut style, the fish stays with its head and is practically not gutted. The scales are scraped off, the gallbladder and part of the large intestine are removed through a small incision, and the swim bladder is pierced. The fish is fried or boiled.

All by-products are used quite actively; giblets soup, blood delicacies, horse and beef liver, which is filled with a mixture of blood and milk, are very popular. Meat from beef and horse ribs is called oyogos in Yakutia. It is eaten frozen or raw. Frozen fish and meat are used to make stroganina, which is eaten with spicy seasoning. Khaan blood sausage is made from horse and beef blood.

In the traditional Yakut cuisine, vegetables, mushrooms and fruits are not used, only some berries are used. From drinks they use kumis and stronger koyuurgen, instead of tea they drink hot fruit drink. Suorat curdled milk, kercheh whipped cream, thick cream of butter whipped with milk called cober, chokhoon - milk and butter whipped with berries, iediegei cottage cheese, and Suumeh cheese are prepared from cow's milk. A thick mass of salamat is cooked from a mixture of dairy products and flour. A wineskin is made from a fermented solution of barley or rye flour.

Folklore

The ancient epic olonkho is passed down from generation to generation and is similar in performance to an opera. This is the oldest epic art of the Yakuts, which occupies the most important place in the folklore of the people. Olonkho denotes an epic tradition and serves as the name of individual legends. Poems 10,000-15,000 lines long are performed by folk storytellers, which not everyone can become. The storyteller must have oratorical and acting talent, be able to improvise. It can take 7 nights to perform big olonkho. The largest such work consists of 36,000 poetic characters. In 2005, the olonkho was declared by UNESCO "a masterpiece of the intangible and oral heritage of mankind."

Yakut folk singers use the type of throat singing dyieretiy yrya. This is an unusual singing technique whose articulation is based in the larynx or pharynx.

The most famous of the musical instruments of the Yakuts is the khomus - a Yakut variety of jew's harp and a stringed instrument. They play on it with their lips and tongue.

Traditions

The Yakuts have always strived to live in harmony with themselves, faith and nature, they honor traditions and are not afraid of changes. There are so many traditions and rituals of this people that you can write a separate book about it.

The Yakuts protect their homes and livestock from evil spirits, using many conspiracies, conduct rituals for the offspring of livestock, a good harvest and the birth of children. Until today, the Yakuts have a blood feud, but it was gradually replaced by ransom.

The Sat stone is considered magical by this people, women cannot look at it, otherwise it will lose its power. These stones are found in the stomachs of birds and animals, wrapped in birch bark and wrapped in horsehair. It is believed that with the help of certain spells and this stone, you can summon snow, rain and wind.

Yakuts are very hospitable people and love to give gifts to each other. Their childbirth ceremonies are associated with the goddess Aiyysyt, who is considered the patroness of children. According to myths, Aiyy accepts only plant sacrifices and dairy products. In the everyday language of the Yakuts there is a word "anyy", the meaning of which is translated as "no".

Yakuts enter marriage from 16 to 25 years old, if the groom's family is not rich and there is no kalym, you can steal the bride, and then help the wife's family and thereby work off the kalym.

Until the 19th century, polygamy was widespread in Yakutia, but the wives lived separately from their husbands, and each led her own household. There was a kalym, which consisted of cattle. A part of kalym - kurum was intended for a wedding celebration. For the bride there was a dowry, which in value was equal to half of a kalym. These were mainly clothes and utensils. Modern kalym was replaced with money.

An obligatory traditional rite among the Yakuts is the Blessing of Aiyy at celebrations and holidays in nature. Blessings are prayers. The most important holiday is Ysyakh, the day of praising the White Aiyy. When hunting and fishing, a rite of appeasing the spirit of hunting and good luck Bayanay is performed.

With the dead, an air burial ceremony was performed, the body was suspended in the air. The ceremony meant the surrender of the deceased to light, air, spirit and wood.

All Yakuts venerate trees, they believe that the spirit of the landlord Aan Darkhan Khotun lives in them. When they ascended the mountains, fish and animals were traditionally sacrificed to the forest spirits.

During the national holiday Ysyakh, national Yakut jumps and international games "Children of Asia" are held, which are divided into the following stages:

Kylyy, 11 jumps without stopping, a jump on one leg begins, you need to land on both legs;
Ystanga, 11 jumps in turn from foot to foot. You need to land on both feet;
Kuobah, 11 jumps without stopping, during a jump from a place you need to push off with two legs at once or land with a run on both legs.

The national sport of the Yakuts is mas-wrestling, during which the opponent must snatch a stick from the opponent's hands. This sport was bred in 2003. Another sport, hapsagai, is a very ancient type of wrestling among the Yakuts.

A wedding in Yakutia is a special event. With the birth of a girl in the family, the parents, according to the sacred ancient tradition, are looking for a groom for her and for many years have been following his life, manners and behavior. Usually a boy is chosen from a family where fathers are distinguished by good health, endurance and strength, they are good at working with their hands, building yurts, and finding food. If the boy's father does not pass on all his skills to him, he is no longer considered a groom. Some parents manage to quickly find a groom for their daughter, while for others this process takes many years.

Matchmaking is one of the customs and traditions of the Yakuts. Parents on the appointed day go to the house of the prospective groom, and the girl cannot leave the house. Parents talk with the boy's parents, describe their daughter and her dignity in all colors. If the fiance's parents are not against the wedding, the size of the kalym is discussed. Her mother prepares the girl for the wedding, prepares her dowry, sews outfits. The bride chooses the wedding time.

Previously, a wedding dress was sewn only from natural materials. Today it is not necessary, it is only important that the outfit is snow-white and completed with a tight belt. The bride should have amulets to protect the new family from illness and evil.

The bride and groom sit in different yurts, the shaman, the groom's mother or the bride's father fumigate them with smoke, cleansing them of everything bad. Only after that the groom and the bride meet, they are declared husband and wife, and the celebration begins with a feast, dances and songs. After marriage, a girl should only walk with her head covered; only her husband should see her hair.

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