Passing the Unified State Exam is just a small test that every student will have to go through on the way to adulthood. Already today, many graduates are familiar with the delivery of essays in December, and then with the delivery of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. The topics that can be caught for writing an essay are completely different. And today we will give several examples of what works can be taken as an argument for "Nature and Man".

About the topic itself

Many authors wrote about the relationship between man and nature (arguments can be found in many works of world classical literature).

To correctly reveal this topic, you must correctly understand the meaning of what you are asked about. Most often, students are asked to choose a topic (if we are talking about an essay on literature). Then there are several statements of famous personalities to choose from. The main thing here is to subtract the meaning that the author introduced into his quote. Only then can the role of nature in human life be explained. You will see the arguments from the literature on this topic below.

If we are talking about the second part of the examination work in the Russian language, then the text is already given to the student. This text usually contains several problems - the student independently chooses the one that seems to him the easiest to disclose.

It must be said that few students choose this topic because they see difficulties in it. Well, everything is very simple, you just need to look at the works from the other side. The main thing is to understand what arguments from the literature about man and nature can be used.

The first problem

The arguments ("The problem of man and nature") can be completely different. Let's take such a problem as human perception of nature as something living. Problems of nature and man, arguments from literature - all this can be collected into one whole, if you think about it.

Arguments

Take Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. What can be used here? Let us recall Natasha, who, having left the house one night, was so struck by the beauty of the peaceful nature that she was ready to spread her arms like wings and fly away into the night.

Let's remember the same Andrey. Experiencing heavy emotional disturbances, the hero sees an old oak tree. How does he feel? He perceives the old tree as a powerful, wise creature, which makes Andrey think about the right decision in his life.

At the same time, if the beliefs of the heroes of War and Peace support the possibility of the existence of a natural soul, then the protagonist of Ivan Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons thinks quite differently. Since Bazarov is a man of science, he denies any manifestation of the spiritual in the world. Nature is no exception. He studies nature from the point of view of biology, physics, chemistry and other natural sciences. However, natural wealth does not instill any faith in Bazarov - it is only interest in the world around him, which will not change.

These two works are perfect for revealing the theme of "Man and Nature", it is not difficult to give arguments.

Second problem

The problem of human awareness of the beauty of nature is also often encountered in classical literature. Let's consider the available examples.

Arguments

For example, the same work by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace". Let us recall the first battle in which Andrei Bolkonsky took part. Tired and wounded, he carries the banner and sees clouds in the sky. What emotional excitement Andrei experiences when he sees the gray sky! The beauty that makes him harbor the spirit, which gives him strength!

But apart from Russian literature, we can also consider works of foreign classics. Take Margaret Mitchell's famous Gone with the Wind. An episode of the book, when Scarlett, having gone a long way home, sees her native fields, albeit overgrown, but so close, such fertile lands! What does the girl feel? She suddenly stops being restless, she stops feeling tired. A new burst of strength, the emergence of hope for the best, the confidence that everything will be better tomorrow. It is nature, the landscape of her native land that saves the girl from despair.

The third problem

Arguments (“The role of nature in human life” is a topic) is also quite easy to find in the literature. It is enough to recall just a few works that tell us about the effect nature has on us.

Arguments

For example, Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea is a great argument for writing. Let's recall the main features of the plot: an old man goes to sea for a large fish. A few days later, he finally has a catch: a beautiful shark comes across to him in the net. During a long battle with the animal, the old man pacifies the predator. While the main character moves towards the house, the shark slowly dies. All alone, the old man starts talking to the animal. The way home is very long, and the old man feels how the animal becomes his own. But he understands that if the predator is released, he will not survive, and the old man himself will be left without food. Other marine animals appear, hungry and smelling the metallic scent of a wounded shark's blood. By the time the old man arrives home, nothing is left of the caught fish.

This work clearly shows how easy it is for a person to get used to the world around him, how hard it is often to lose some seemingly insignificant connection with nature. In addition, we see that a person is able to resist the elements of nature, which acts exclusively according to its own laws.

Or take Astafiev's "Tsar Fish". Here we observe how nature is able to revive all the best qualities of a person. Inspired by the beauty of the world around them, the heroes of the story understand that they are capable of love, kindness, generosity. Nature evokes in them the manifestation of the best qualities of character.

Fourth problem

The problem of the beauty of the environment is directly related to the problem of the relationship between man and nature. Arguments can also be cited from Russian classical poetry.

Arguments

Take Sergei Yesenin, the poet of the Silver Age, as an example. We all know from high school that in his lyrics Sergei Alexandrovich sang not only female beauty, but also natural beauty. As a native of the village, Yesenin became an absolutely peasant poet. In his poems, Sergei glorified Russian nature, paying attention to those details that remain unnoticed by us.

For example, the poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry” perfectly draws us the image of a blooming apple tree, the flowers of which are so light that in fact they resemble a sweet haze among the greenery. Or the poem “I remember, beloved, I remember”, which tells us about unhappy love, with its lines allows us to plunge into a beautiful summer night when linden trees are blooming, the sky is starry, and somewhere in the distance the moon is shining. A feeling of warmth and romance is created.

Two more poets of the "golden age" of literature, who glorified nature in their poems, can be used as arguments. “Man and nature are found in Tyutchev and Fet. Their love lyrics constantly intersect with descriptions of natural landscapes. They endlessly compared the objects of their love with nature. Afanasy Fet's poem "I came to you with greetings" was just one of these works. Reading the lines, you don't immediately understand what exactly the author is talking about - about love for nature or about love for a woman, because he sees infinitely much in common in the features of a loved one with nature.

Fifth problem

Speaking about the arguments ("Man and Nature"), one can come across one more problem. It consists of human intervention in the environment.

Arguments

Mikhail Bulgakov's "Heart of a Dog" can be named as an argument that will reveal the understanding of this problem. The main character is a doctor who decided to create a new person with a dog's soul with his own hands. The experiment did not bring positive results, only created problems and ended unsuccessfully. As a result, we can conclude that what we create from a ready-made natural product can never become better than what it was originally, no matter how much we try to improve it.

Despite the fact that the work itself has a slightly different meaning, this work can be viewed from this angle.

• Heartlessness manifests itself even in relation to very close people
• Lust for profit often leads to heartlessness and dishonesty.
• The mental callousness of a person complicates his life in society
• Parenting is responsible for the heartless attitude towards others.
• The problem of heartlessness, mental callousness can be characteristic not only of an individual person, but also of society as a whole.
• Difficult life circumstances can make a person heartless
• Often mental callousness manifests itself in relation to moral, worthy people
• The person admits that he was heartless when nothing can be fixed.
• Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy.
• The consequences of being callous about people are often irreversible.

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirill Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically because of the callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were definitely not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and death of the hero. Kirilla Petrovich did not regret his friend, although in the past they were connected by many good things. The landowner was ruled by heartlessness, a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials burned down, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of mental callousness of just one person made the lives of many people unhappy.

A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades". Hermann, the protagonist of the work, acts heartlessly, makes the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he appears to be a fan of Lizaveta, although in fact he has no feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to reveal the secret of the three cards to him, and after her refusal, he pulls out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very much frightened, dies. The deceased old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals a secret, provided that Hermann will not bet more than one card a day, in the future he will not play at all and marry Lizaveta. But a happy future does not await the hero: his heartless actions serve as a pretext for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which makes him go crazy.

M. Gorky “At the Bottom”. Vasilisa Kostyleva has no feelings for her husband, except for hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit at least an insignificant fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Ash to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person would have to be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married out of love in no way justifies her act. A person must remain a person in any situation.

I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco". The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main themes in this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, and indifference towards each other. The sudden death of the Master from San Francisco is not compassionate, but disgust. During his lifetime, he is loved because of the money, and after death he is heartlessly removed to the worst room so as not to spoil the reputation of the institution. Even a normal coffin cannot be made to a person who has died in a foreign country. People have lost their true spiritual values, which were replaced by the thirst for material gain.

K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Life full of deeds and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is also glad that her mother is alive, but she does not think about more. Even a telegram from Tikhon about the poor state of Katerina Petrovna Nastya does not read and perceive immediately: at first she does not understand at all who it is about. Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards her loved one was. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty towards her mother who loved her so much.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's yard". Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers, treated everyone with kindness and compassion. People did not respond in kind to her. After the tragic death of Matryona, Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the woman's coffin only for duty. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to claim the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The heartlessness of Rodion Raskolnikov was expressed by his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old woman-pawnbroker, he tried to find out to whom he refers: to "trembling creatures" or "those who have the right." The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he had done as right, which means that he is not characterized by absolute mental callousness. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.

Yu. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”. The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a stray dog ​​to his apartment. His father does not like this: the man demands to drive the animal back into the street. The hero cannot do this, because “she was already kicked out”. The father, acting completely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child's faith in the justice of this world.

ON. Nekrasov “Reflections at the front door”. The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. Contrasted with the life of ordinary men and officials, who spend their lives only in pleasure. High-ranking people are heartless because they are indifferent to the problems of ordinary people. And for an ordinary person, the decision by an official of even the most insignificant issue can be salvation.

V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow". Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad act, to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult for the girl was the test of loneliness, because it is difficult to be an outcast at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who actually committed this act did not muster the courage to confess. Two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere with the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of those around him made the person suffer.

• Human activity destroys nature
• The state of nature depends on the person
• Preserving the environment is a priority for society
• The future of humanity depends on the state of nature
• Love for nature makes a person cleaner
• Moral people protect nature
• Love for nature changes a person for the better, contributes to his moral development
• People have forgotten that nature is their home
• It is common for everyone to have their own view of the role of nature in human life.

Arguments

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The work contains two completely opposite views of the place of nature in the life of people. The nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov perceives the world around him as a material for practice, saying that "nature is not a temple, but a workshop." In everything, he tries to find benefit, and not see the beauty around. The hero considers living beings only as material for his research. For Arkady Kirsanov, who at first supported the views of Yevgeny Bazarov, nature is a source of harmony. He feels himself an integral part of the world around him, sees and feels beauty.

ON. Nekrasov “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares”. The story of the rescue of hares by grandfather Mazai has been known to every person since childhood. From the poem of the great poet, it is clear that our hero is a hunter, which means that for him hares should be primarily prey. But grandfather Mazai cannot offend animals when they are absolutely helpless, between life and death. Love for nature turns out for a person to be higher than the ability to get easy prey. He shouts after the saved hares so that they do not come across him during the hunting period, but at the moment he lets them go.

A.I. Kuprin "Olesya". The attitude to nature of the main character of the work can be called truly correct. Olesya's life is inextricably linked with the world around her. She feels that she is connected with the forest and that the forest is something alive. The girl loves all living things. Olesya is ready to protect everything related to nature: grasses, shrubs, huge trees. Unity with the outside world allows her to survive at a distance from people, in the wilderness of the forest.

V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish". The fate of Gosha Gertsev is a vivid example of the fact that nature can not only endure human attacks, but also actively defend itself with the help of its morally punishing power. A hero who has shown a consumer, cynical attitude towards the environment is punished. Moreover, punishment threatens not only him, but all of humanity, if it does not realize how cruel its activities are. Lack of spirituality, thirst for profit, thoughtless use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress - all this threatens the death of society.

B.L. Vasiliev “Don't shoot white swans”. The work shows a different attitude of people to nature: we see both its defenders and enemies, whose activities are only of a consumer nature. The main character, Yegor Polushkin, takes care of all living things. Often he becomes the object of ridicule, because others do not support his views of the world. Egor Polushkin, laying a pipe, decides to go around the anthill, which causes laughter and condemnation from people. When the hero needs money, he learns that the population can receive a reward for soaked bast. However, even in a difficult situation, the hero cannot decide to destroy the living, while his cousin destroys an entire grove for profit. The son of Yegor Polushkin is distinguished by the same moral qualities: Kolka gives his expensive gift (spinning rod, which everyone dreamed of) to Vovka to save the puppy whom the boy wanted to torture. The main character himself is killed by evil and envious people for the desire to protect nature.

Chingiz Aitmanov “Plakha”. The work shows how a person destroys the world around him with his own hands. People scoff at saigas, because of a fire caused by a man, wolf cubs die. Not knowing where to direct her maternal love, the she-wolf becomes attached to a human child. People, not understanding this, shoot at her, but one of them kills his own son as a result. It is not the she-wolf that can be blamed for the death of the child, but the people who barbarously burst into her territory, exterminated her children, which means they took up arms against nature. The work "Plakha" shows what such an attitude to living things is fraught with.

D. Granin "Bison". The protagonist realizes with horror that almost all people, including scientists, are confident in the infinity of nature and the insignificant impact of man on it. The bison does not understand how a person can approve scientific and construction projects that cause irreparable damage to all living things. He believes that science in this case does not work for the good, but to the detriment of humanity. The hero is hurt by the fact that almost no one has come to understand the true role of nature in human life, its uniqueness and vulnerability.

E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea". For the old fisherman, the sea is the breadwinner. In the entire appearance of the hero, a connection with nature is visible. The old man treats everything with respect and gratitude: he asks for forgiveness from the caught fish. The work shows the role of nature's generosity in our life, and the hero demonstrates a truly correct attitude towards the world around him - grateful.

Everyone knows that man and nature are inextricably linked with each other, and we observe it every day. This is a breath of wind, and sunsets and sunrises, and the ripening of buds on trees. Under her influence, society was formed, personalities developed, and art was formed. But we also have a reciprocal influence on the world around us, but most often negatively. The problem of ecology was, is and will always be relevant. So, many writers touched on it in their works. This collection lists the brightest and strongest arguments from world literature that touch on the issues of the mutual influence of nature and man. They are available for download in table format (link at the end of the article).

1. Astafiev Victor Petrovich, "Tsar-fish". This is one of the most famous works of the great Soviet writer Viktor Astafiev. The main theme of the story is the unity and opposition of man and nature. The writer points out that each of us is responsible for what he has done and what happens in the world around him, no matter good or bad. The work also touches upon the problem of large-scale poaching, when a hunter, regardless of prohibitions, kills and thereby erases whole species of animals from the face of the earth. So, having pitted his hero Ignatyich and mother nature in the person of Tsar-fish, the author shows that the destruction of our habitat with his own hand threatens the death of our civilization.
2. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, "Fathers and Sons". A disdainful attitude towards nature is also considered in the novel by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Evgeny Bazarov, a notorious nihilist, declares bluntly: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and a person is a worker in it." He does not enjoy the environment, does not find anything mysterious and beautiful in it, every manifestation of it is trifles for him. In his opinion, “nature should be beneficial, this is its purpose”. He believes that it is necessary to take what she gives - this is the unshakable right of each of us. As an example, we can recall the episode when Bazarov, being in a bad mood, went into the forest and broke branches and everything else that came across his path. Neglecting the world around him, the hero fell into the trap of his own ignorance. As a physician, he never made great discoveries, nature did not give him the keys to its secret locks. He died from his own indiscretion, becoming a victim of a disease for which he never invented a vaccine.
3. Vasiliev Boris Lvovich, “Don't Shoot White Swans”. In his work, the author urges people to be more careful with nature, opposing the two brothers. The reserve's forester by the name of Buryanov, despite his responsible work, perceives the world around him as nothing more than a resource of consumption. He easily and completely without a twinge of conscience cut down trees in the reserve in order to build a house for himself, and his son Vova was completely ready to torture the puppy he found to death. Fortunately, Vasiliev contrasts him with Yegor Polushkin, his cousin, who with all the kindness of his soul protects the natural environment, and it's good that there are still people who care about nature and strive to preserve it.

Humanism and love for the world around you

1. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea. In his philosophical story "The Old Man and the Sea", which was based on a true event, the great American writer and journalist touched on many topics, one of which is the problem of the relationship between man and nature. The author in his work shows a fisherman who serves as an example of how to treat the environment. The sea feeds the fishermen, but it also voluntarily yields only to those who understand the elements, its language and life. Santiago also understands the responsibility that the hunter bears in front of the halo of his habitat, feels guilty for extorting food from the sea. He is burdened by the idea that man is killing his fellows in order to feed himself. So you can understand the main idea of ​​the story: each of us must understand our inextricable connection with nature, feel guilty before it, and while we are responsible for it, guided by reason, the Earth tolerates our existence and is ready to share its riches.
2. Nosov Evgeny Ivanovich, “Thirty grains”. Another work confirming that a humane attitude towards other living beings and nature is one of the main virtues of people is the book "Thirty Grains" by Yevgeny Nosov. It shows the harmony between man and animal, the little titmouse. The author clearly demonstrates that all living beings are brothers in origin, and we need to live in friendship. At first, the titmouse was afraid to make contact, but realized that in front of her was not the one who would catch the ban in the cage, but the one who would protect and help.
3. Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich, “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares”. This poem is familiar to every person from childhood. It teaches us to help our smaller brothers, it takes good care of nature. The main character, Grandfather Mazai, is a hunter, which means that hares should be for him, first of all, prey, food, but his love for the place where he lives turns out to be higher than the ability to get an easy trophy. He not only saves them, but also warns not to come across him during the hunt. Isn't this a high feeling of love for Mother Nature?
4. Antoine de Saint-Exupery, The Little Prince. The main idea of ​​the work sounds in the voice of the protagonist: “I got up, washed myself, put myself in order and immediately put my planet in order”. Man is not a king, not a king, and he cannot control nature, but he can take care of it, help, follow its laws. If every inhabitant of our planet followed these rules, then our Earth would be completely safe. From this it follows that we need to take care of her, treat her more carefully, because all living things have a soul. We have tamed the Earth and must be responsible for it.

Ecology problem

• Rasputin Valentin "Farewell to Matera". Valentin Rasputin showed a strong influence of man on nature in his story “Farewell to Matera”. On Matera, people lived in harmony with the environment, took care of the island and preserved it, but the authorities needed to build a hydroelectric power station, and decided to flood the island. So, a whole animal world went under the water, which no one took care of, only the inhabitants of the island felt guilty for the “betrayal” of their native land. This is how humanity is destroying entire ecosystems due to the fact that it needs electricity and other resources necessary for modern life. It treats its conditions with trepidation and reverence, but completely forgets that whole species of plants and animals perish and are destroyed forever due to the fact that someone needed more comfort. Today, that area has ceased to be an industrial center, factories do not work, and endangered villages do not need so much energy. It means that those sacrifices were completely in vain.
• Aitmatov Chingiz, “Plakha”. Destroying the environment, we also destroy our life, our past, present and future - such a problem is raised in the novel by Chingiz Aitmatov "Plakha", where the personification of nature is a family of wolves, which is doomed to death. The harmony of life in the forest was disturbed by a man who came and destroys everything in his path. People staged a hunt for saigas, and the reason for such barbarism was the fact that there was a difficulty with the plan of meat delivery. Thus, the hunter thoughtlessly destroys the ecology, forgetting that he himself is a part of the system, and this, in the end, will affect him.
• Astafiev Victor, Lyudochka. This work describes the consequence of the authorities' disregard for the ecology of an entire region. People in the polluted city, smelling of waste, went berserk and rushed at each other. They have lost their naturalness, harmony in their souls, now they are ruled by conventions and primitive instincts. The main character becomes a victim of gang rape on the banks of a cesspool, where rotten waters flow - as rotten as the customs of the townspeople. No one helped or even sympathized with Luda, this indifference drove the girl to suicide. She hanged herself on a bare crooked tree, which also perishes from indifference. The poisonous, hopeless atmosphere of dirt and poisonous fumes reflects on those who made her this way.

THE PROBLEM OF STABILITY AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostogo "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army wishing to defeat the enemy by all means, and not having a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him is the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. an example of sacrificial love is Jen Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She loves the old prince, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often overly demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, light.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVATION OF HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev was the most important life principle of honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who had sworn allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the other hand, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story of N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for the Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. Personal interests are in the foreground. Andrii dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you should always be honest with yourself first.

THE PROBLEM OF COMMITTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinyov from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, mutual assistance is at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites completely finished chapters, tries to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long road to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "resolving blood according to conscience," the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The protagonist believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Lord died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of family life, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character refuses social life, completely devotes herself to the family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERANCE AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE

1. In "Letters about good and beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The renowned scientist admires the book's ability to educate a person, to shape her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in the novel "Fahrenheit 451" shows what happened to humanity after all the books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply spiritless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF UPBRINGING CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant guardianship from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to the lethargy and weakness of Oblomov in adulthood.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family, the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty and love reigns. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ..." Doctor of Smolensk Yanson works tirelessly. The main character hurries to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN THE WAR

1. The fate of the main heroines of the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls were killed. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls have become examples of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to surrender and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for the Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with arms against his yesterday's comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his younger son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, like the protagonist P. Zuskind "Perfume. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is incapable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a scent that inspires love for people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who goes to the most serious crimes to fulfill his meta.

The problem of betrayal

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverina "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka overheard and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later Romashov went so far as to collect information proving the guilt of Nikolai Antonovich in the death of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. All Chamomile's actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the action of the hero of the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF APPEARANCE DECEPTION

1. In Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragin, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual fall.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unsightly, but behind it is a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincerely loving.

THE PROBLEM OF WAR TRAITING

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while Guskov wondered why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness prevailed, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastena. The pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In the story "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov, the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "Great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his deed, wants to run, but realizes that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu. Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by the Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom the people around did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Wonderful sounds amazed the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then, the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul, helps to reveal the creative potential.

2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. A number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants belong to his brush. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of the nature of Russia prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have been attracting the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILD'S MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant guardianship from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood years played an important role in his work. Sometime at the age of nine, the boy, inspired by the nature of his native village, wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. Lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician NN Burdenko" I learned that an outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" asserts that "you need to live your life with dignity so that you will not be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish Setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his master, who has had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog has been killed. Bima can be confidently called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give their collies to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog reunites with its previous owners.

THE PROBLEM OF EXCELLENCE IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Peter Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties in order to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's giftedness does not go unnoticed. His performance impressed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPORTANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE TO WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness to the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the vocation of the writer is raised in the novel by Jack London "Martin Eden". The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience made it possible for a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A MAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin's "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the experiences she has endured. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera to find inner balance, to find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov had not felt "such vigor, such a strength that seemed to have risen from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Peter Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilievna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for the service for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her there could be nothing more difficult than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF ART WORKS ON WAR ON A PERSON

1. In Lev Kassil's story The Great Confrontation, Sima Krupitsyna listened to news bulletins from the front every morning on the radio. One day the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this national anthem that she decided to go to the front. This is how the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PALSE SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine, approved by the party. For personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. Row fiercely defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonorable deeds in order to achieve fame. Fanaticism of the academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science and, consequently, society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter fled with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died of melancholy and despair. Only a few years later did Dunya come to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but remorse came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a premonition of imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in his essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time a lot has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives on thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Russia.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Five girls fell, fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the place where the anti-aircraft gunners were killed in order to erect a tombstone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF THE GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ..." Doctor of Smolensk Yanson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. A talented doctor every day, in any weather, rushed to help the sick, not demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart unselfishly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTROYING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. The story of A. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian countryside after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" shows the life of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family was killed in the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable that they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTIONS IN THE INNER WORLD OF A MAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by intelligence, hard work, purposefulness, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but becomes convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsov. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and self-reliant. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old woman who is a money-lender. The investigator is a fine expert in human psychology. He understands the motives of Rodion Raskolnikov's crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in his story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide if she deserves punishment. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" Ignatyich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman got hooked on a giant sturgeon. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the river and the king of all nature are on the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. IA Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vigor, such strength that, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music is able to awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPLIED BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on popular culture. In this world, people who know how to think critically are outside the law, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are spiritless, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" DS Likhachev ponders the question: why television is replacing literature. The academician believes that this is because the TV distracts from worries, makes you, slowly, watch some kind of program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to a person, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. In the story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous, spiritless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the protagonist is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian countryside.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which must be flooded. It is difficult for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their entire lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Together with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which have been passed down from generation to generation over the centuries and have shaped the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that the poet will cease to be a creator if he obeys the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "With the Whole Voice" sees the poet's destiny in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people, prompting them to great accomplishments. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that one should give up personal creative freedom for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEACHER ON THE STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "French Lessons" class teacher Lydia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition, while studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint_Exupéry "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the protagonist, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: "You cannot see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is sharp-sighted." So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life's difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" depicts the life of students in a school of social and labor education for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for the Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on an equal basis with men, are capable of military exploits and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkin's "Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left all alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and misfortunes during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article "O great and mighty new Russian language!" writes with irony about those who like to borrow. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes absurd when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings pollutes the Russian language.

2. V. Astafyev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with the fall in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the trouble of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and are equally needed by people.

2. In the story by E. Grishkovets "Darwin" the main character after graduation from school chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes that what is happening is unnecessary and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a performance played by students. The young man is firmly convinced that the profession should be useful and enjoyable.