Modern philology is based on several paradigms, but is a discipline that, in relation to these paradigms, is at a higher level of abstraction, uniting and mediating them, just as philosophy is mediated in relation to other types of knowledge. Let us consider what knowledge and works are included in this or that paradigm, but go beyond its framework, forming more general philological knowledge. The criterion here will be an appeal to the text and language as the material of literature. Thus, in literary criticism, the field of philological knowledge will include those works that are based on the analysis of textual material, and in linguistics these are those works that go beyond the framework of language, addressing both the text and, in general, the work, the work of this or that artist.

Philosophical and aesthetic knowledge has also enriched philology; these are works related to the aesthetics of words and literary texts. The same can be said about cultural studies. The interests of psychology also turned to literature and artistic text. But there is an area of philological knowledge that integrates all these areas. We call this area metapoetics - the study by a writer, a poet of his own creativity (see: 5). This knowledge constitutes a relatively independent paradigm; we define it as heterogeneous, “blurred”. The peculiarity of Russian philology is that it is based on metapoetics. Fundamental research has shown that the science of literature developed mainly in the process of the formation and development of literature itself. “Poetics” (1705), “Rhetoric” (1706-1707) by F. Prokopovich, works by V. K. Trediakovsky and M. V. Lomonosov, and then by A. D. Kantemir and A. P. Sumarokov, M. M. Kheraskova, N.I. Novikova, A.N. Radishcheva formed the basis of Russian philology in the 17th-18th centuries.

It is no coincidence that the breakthrough that the Russian symbolists made, setting themselves the task of creating a theory of literary creativity. They rightfully believed that the theory of literary creativity, and in essence, philology as an integral knowledge, had not been formed. There was a history of literature, literary criticism, but the actual principles of analysis of a literary text and approaches to it were not developed. The situation of philology at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. was approximately the same as the position of linguistics. Linguists knew the history of the language well, reconstructed dead languages, for example, Sanskrit, but did not have sufficient knowledge and foundations to study the current state of languages, which was stated by the young grammarians G. Osthof, K. Brugman, G. Paul and others. In response to the challenges of scientists subsequently Structural linguistics was formed, which was designed to study languages on a synchronous cross-section as opposed to diachrony (the basis is the work of F. de Saussure, I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay).

The same thing happened in philology, in particular in linguistic poetics, which relates to it. But this became possible only after the attempts of the writers and poets themselves to create a holistic theory of literary creativity, based on the analysis of the artistic text and the language of the work of art. Therefore, the metapoetic paradigm in Russian philology is defined by us as integrating, since it naturally unites literary, linguistic, philosophical, and psychological knowledge. Sometimes, as is known, Russian writers relied on one or another theory of artistic creativity. With some confidence, this must be said about the symbolists, who based their metapoetics on the theory of creativity of W. von Humboldt - A. A. Potebnya. Or postmodern metapoetics, which is largely based on structuralist, poststructuralist studies.

The following paradigms played the most significant role in the formation of Russian philology.

1. Linguistics addressed to the artistic functions of language: linguists-philologists - M. V. Lomonosov, A. X. Vostokov, A. A. Potebnya, A. M. Peshkovsky, L. V. Shcherba, V. V. Vinogradov, L. Yu. Maksimov, D. N. Shmelev and others.
2. Literary studies and criticism: OPOYAZ, Moscow formal school, Soviet literary criticism, M. M. Bakhtin, Tartu-Moscow school, etc.

We should immediately make a reservation about the interaction and interpenetration of these types of knowledge, the commonality of which we will analyze through schools and directions.

3. Metapoetics, or research by writers and poets of their own creativity.
4. Philosophy and aesthetics (what is connected with the text): G. G. Shpet, P. A. Florensky, A. F. Losev and others.
5. Psychology: L. S. Vygotsky, influence of 3. Freud (I. P. Smirnov).

This division is arbitrary; many poets were also outstanding scientists (M.V. Lomonosov, A.Kh. Vostokov) and were engaged in criticism. Therefore, when talking about the formation of philology by literary scholars, or linguists, or writers and poets, we will make assumptions characteristic of the interaction of these paradigms. One of the main assumptions is the consideration of the interaction of linguistic and literary paradigms in the process of mutual influence, which is revealed as academic schools, societies, and circles are formed. It is in the process of historical development of these communities that philological knowledge emerges. Metapoetics holds it together; philosophical, psychological and other aspects of knowledge complement it.

The system of knowledge and tools for cognition of artistic creativity with its concepts, theory and methodology did not arise immediately, but went a long way in its formation. And if the first judgments about literature are found already in Russia in the 10th-11th centuries, then works of a directly theoretical and literary nature appear only at the end of the 16th century, and the first rhetoric and poetics even later - in the 17th century. (see: 2, p. 21).

Literary studies itself, as it appears to us now, represents a complex and moving system of disciplines. There are three main branches of literary criticism: literary theory, literary history and literary criticism. Literary theory studies the general laws of the structure and development of literature. The history of literature studies the formation of literature as a process or as one of the moments of this process. Literary criticism is interested in the current state of literature. It is also characterized by the interpretation of the literature of the past. Literary criticism also includes poetics - the science of the structure of a work. At the same time, general poetics, historical poetics are distinguished, and the stylistics of artistic speech is also adjacent to them. The latter disciplines are most closely related to the formation of philology, since they are focused on the text.

V. M. Zhirmunsky, as an auxiliary discipline of literary criticism, calls textual criticism associated with the study of sources, the creative laboratory of the writer. He, speaking about poetics, highlighting normative, comparative-historical and theoretical poetics, asserts that poetics is a science at the intersection of linguistics and literary criticism: “... in the art of poetry, in literature there is such a side that from any point of view is not can be dissolved in linguistics. This can be said about the problems of theme and composition of a work of art. These words are understandable in themselves. The topic is what is being said. The poetic image of Tatiana and the plot of “Eugene Onegin” equally belong to the area of subject matter, to the area of the poetic theme of Pushkin’s work. But the poetic theme is always somehow constructed, always given in movement; here is the problem of contrast, and “tying and untying knots,” and the composition of the drama and the novel, which differ from each other.

This does not mean that issues of theme and composition do not relate to poetic language and stylistics. When we look at a poet’s vocabulary and say that the poet has colors that he widely uses in his descriptions, that he is very picturesque, then we are talking about themes, “verbal themes.” Vocabulary is directly related to the theme of the work. On the other hand, when, using the example of... the poem “When the yellowing field is agitated...”, its construction and arrangement of subordinate clauses of time in the form of a period were examined, then we were talking about the composition of the poem. This means that composition and theme are closely related to linguistic categories. But they also belong to categories of a non-linguistic order, that is, problems of theme and composition can occupy us in poetics regardless of questions of language. But only to a very small extent can we talk about these aspects of poetics outside the problem of literary genre. How can one, for example, talk about the composition of a work of art without touching upon whether we are dealing with a drama or a novel? After all, the composition of a novel and a drama is completely different due to the fact that in the first case we are dealing with an epic form, and in the second with a dramatic form. And the plot in a drama and in a novel will develop completely differently.

In the same way, the image, the development of the image of the hero, say, in “Eugene Onegin” is given by a completely different method than in Chekhov’s plays, because one is a drama, the other is a novel. This means that the range of questions that stand outside the boundaries of poetic language cannot be considered without the theory of literary genres as special types, types of literary work that combine certain aspects of composition with certain aspects of thematic. This is such a significant area of study of literary works that it is practically quite convenient to distinguish - as was done in the old poetics - metrics, stylistics and the theory of literary genres, bearing in mind that in the last section we will include the entire complex set of questions that rises above the theory of poetic language" (4, pp. 243-244).

Linguistics also represents a number of disciplines, including the theory of language, the history of literary language, the modern Russian language, stylistics, speech culture, dialectology, historical grammar, etc. All of them have a certain connection with literature, the science of literature, since the basis of literature as an art is language.

Speaking about the initial periods of literary research, scientists note that those made in the 18th century. the discoveries and concepts developed by this time were not enough to allow us to talk about the emergence of a scientific methodology for the knowledge of literary life with a specific scientific system of literary concepts. The first twenty years of the 19th century are celebrated as the period of the birth of the Russian science of literature. In the 18th century Russian theorists and historians are looking closely at their national literature, trying to bring it under old concepts and at the same time making attempts to develop new concepts that cover in their content certain aspects of the literary life of Russia. Authors of textbooks of the early 19th century. continue to follow in the same direction. However, already in criticism at the beginning of the 19th century. There is a turn towards knowledge of national artistic practice, towards the development of original concepts and ideas about literature. As a result, conditions are created for the emergence of Russian theoretical and historical literary consciousness, based in its conclusions and propositions on the artistic experience of its literature. In the second quarter of the 19th century. this process naturally, historically necessary and naturally leads to the emergence of the Russian science of literature (see: 2, p. 119).

But in Russian theoretical and literary thought of the early 19th century. the prevailing attitude was towards the formation of a theory of literature - synthetic knowledge, in which there was no differentiation of rhetoric, poetics, or literary theory. The most significant works during this period: “Foundations of Russian Literature” (1807) by A. S. Nikolsky, “Discourse on Literature in General” (1810) by N. I. Yazvitsky, “Introduction to the Circle of Literature” (1806),

“The Science of Poetry” (1811) by I. S. Rizhsky, “Course of Russian Literature” (1812) by I. M. Levitsky, “Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Poetry” (1821) by N. F. Ostolopov, “Training Book of Russian Literature” ( 1819-1822) N. I. Grech, “Experience in the Science of Fine” (1825) A. I. Galich.

The doctrine of literature arose and was formed in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. as “a general philological doctrine that affects all the main aspects of the origin, properties (grammar) and functions (rhetoric and poetry) of the word. The actual theoretical-literary department... in this teaching was the entire theory of poetry and that part of rhetoric that fell on the theory of prose genres and which over time developed into the theory of prose” (2, p. 140). The concept of literature was complex, philological, without differentiation into literary criticism and linguistics, although the problem of language was given a lot of space in it. “Literature, or verbal, free, elegant sciences...” wrote in 1802 Ya. A. Galinkovsky, author, translator, editor and publisher of “Corypheus”, the first “foundation of universal literature” in Russia, taking as his model nature, teacher taste, purpose pleasure... depict in a word(italics by the author. - K. Sh. at D. P.) these three objects: that is why they are called verbal and include: history, poetry, rhetoric, philosophy, morality; but, as it is not enough to occupy only the organs of the soul, the arts accompanying them were added: painting, sculpture, music, etc. Thus, a circle of elegant mind was formed, a complete system of literature...” (2, p. 129). This is the widest that existed at the beginning of the 19th century. definitions of literature. N. I. Yazvitsky’s definition is close to it; in “Discourse on Literature in General” (1810) he notes: “If we consider literature in a broad sense, we will not find a subject completely unknown to it. It extends to all sciences, arts and crafts; it enters the field of history and is enriched by the reasoning of philosophy; in a word, it is a universal treasure, increasing from all the research and inventions of the human spirit...” (2, p. 129).

Such a broad definition of the content of the concept of “literature” can be found later. Y. V. Tolmachev in “Rules of Literature” (1822) understands literature as the “circle of the word”, which “embraces in its vastness all human knowledge. Everything that the mind comprehends in nature or creates with its own power, man tries to depict with the help of words” (2, p. 129).

In “Introduction to the Circle of Literature” (1806), I. S. Rizhsky notes that literature “is the language, and an attractive one, of other sciences,” “it alone preserves and transmits to eternity the successes of other sciences” (2, p. 129). With such a broad content of the concept of “literature,” a narrower one coexists. A. Ya. Galinkovsky in the book “Coryphaeus, or the Key of Literature” (1802) sees in literature both “a small circle of non-abstract knowledge, processed by the beauty of the word” - artistic prose - and poetry. Over time, such a separation of works “processed with the beauty of the word” into a special series will lead to the formation of the concept of “fine literature.” In the courses on the history of Russian literature by I. M. Born (1808) and N. I. Grech (1822), it was precisely the narrow understanding of literature that was reflected, while in the “Reviews” of Russian literature by N. I. Grech (1815, 1817, 1818) literally all printed products in Russia of these years are considered.

Supporters of the “aesthetic” point of view on poetry try to define the essence of literature in their own way. Such an attempt was made in one of the first aesthetics courses in Russia by L. G. Jacob, who included all the arts that “use words for the graceful presentation of thoughts” (2, p. 130) as “verbal arts,” that is, literature.

At the same time, “literature” is understood not only as a certain range of verbal works or verbal arts and sciences, but also as the very science of words, of verbal works. “Literature,” writes N. I. Yazvitsky, “is a thorough knowledge of the art of composing, acquired by thoughtful reading of the best writers.” This definition is literally word for word, changing only one word “cognition” to “knowledge”, I. M. Levitsky will repeat. Y. V. Tolmachev, like Yazvitsky, also understands literature as not only a certain “circle of words”, but also “a science that guides a person to such high perfection as the ability to speak eloquently and decently...” (2, p. 130 ).

The development of Russian philology and literary criticism was influenced by Western literary and aesthetic movements and linguistic trends. In particular, the linguistic and linguocultural theory of W. von Humboldt, German aesthetic theories, in particular the works of I. V. Herder, I. V. Goethe, F. Schiller, F. Schelling, I. Kant played a huge role in the formation of literature. , and then the aesthetics of J. W. F. Hegel, the works of Western European estheticians C. Sainte-Beuve, M. Muller, I. Taine. As is known, by the middle of the 19th century. a comparative historical direction in linguistics was formed (F. Bonn, R. Rusk,

A. Kh. Vostokov, A. Schleicher, W. von Humboldt), which also influenced the development of the theory of literature.

Philology is based on the research of poets and scientists of the late 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. - S. Polotsky, I. Khvorostinin, K. Istomin, F. Prokopovich, A. D. Kantemir, V. K. Trediakovsky, M. V. Lomonosov, A. P. Sumarokov, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, V. I Maykova, M. M. Kheraskova, I. I. Dmitrieva, A. N. Radishcheva, N. M. Karamzina, G. R. Derzhavina,

V. A. Zhukovsky, A. X. Vostokov. Their contribution to the history of Russian philology is analyzed in the four-volume anthology “Three Centuries of Russian Metapoetics: Legitimation of Discourse” (2002-2006), as well as in our dictionary “Russian Metapoetics” (2006). The views of poets and at the same time scientists were formed not only in the system of emerging scientific knowledge, but also in interaction with creative processes. Metapoetics is a special type of philological rationality, based on the author’s own observations of creativity and, as a rule, on scientific experiments of his time. Such brilliant scientists who formed the foundation of philology, like M.V. Lomonosov and A.Kh. Vostokov, were outstanding poets of their time, were in dialogue with other artists, but also with linguists, the founders of the theory of literature.

M. V. Lomonosov owns “Russian Grammar” (1755), “Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry” (1739), “A Brief Guide to Eloquence” (1748), and a treatise “On the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language” (1757). M. V. Lomonosov is the largest Russian poet and educator of the 18th century, one of the founders of syllabic-tonic versification. The theory of “three calms” he developed played a huge role in the formation of the Russian literary language. He often expressed scientific thoughts in poetic language. The philological worldview of M. V. Lomonosov was formed in interaction with natural science knowledge. He paid attention to developing the language of Russian science and created a system of chemistry terms in Russian.

A. X. Vostokov is a representative of comparative historical linguistics. His philological views were formed in the process of creating works: “Discourse on the Slavic language, serving as an introduction to the Grammar of this language, compiled according to the oldest written monuments thereof” (1820), “Abbreviated Russian grammar for use in lower educational institutions” and “Russian grammar of Alexander Vostokov , according to the outline of his own abbreviated grammar, more fully expounded" (1831). The following documents were published under his editorship: “Historical Acts Relating to Russia, Extracted from Foreign Archives” (1841), “Description of Russian and Slavic Manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum” (1842). A. X. Vostokov - author of the “Dictionary of the Church Slavonic Language” (1858-1861). But few people know that he is at the same time the author of one of the first domestic studies on the poetic language, “An Essay on Russian Versification” (1817), and a well-known poet in his time, who wrote many works in which he conceptualized artistic creativity - “K fantasy" (1798), "Parnassus, or the Mountain of Elegance" (1801), "Rendezvous with the Muse" (1807). It’s amazing, but all the linguistic works of A. Kh. Vostokov are permeated with observations on the artistic function of language, the poetic features of its implementation. As we have already noted, due to the special properties of metapoetics, which connects data from science, creativity, and philosophy, we will consider it in a paradigm that complements the scientific one.

By the middle of the 19th century. Academic schools in Russian philology were formed, usually called literary schools, but these schools included both linguists and literary scholars, usually encyclopedic scientists who dealt with many problems related to artistic creativity. In the interaction of these multidimensional and dynamic views, philological directions were born. In some cases, linguistic thought (psychological direction) dominated, in others - literary criticism (cultural-historical school), mythological school and comparative-historical school of A. N. Veselovsky most organically combined the views of scientists in general philological knowledge.

By scientific school we mean a historically formed association of scientists whose work is distinguished by a commonality of views, directions, principles, methods; more broadly, it is a direction, a movement in science, connected by the unity of basic views, commonality or continuity of principles and methods.

We will rely on the definition of the following academic schools formed in the 19th century:

the founders of Russian philology are poet-scientists (F. Prokopovich, M. V. Lomonosov, N. M. Karamzin, A. Kh. Vostokov);

- mythological school (F. I. Buslaev, A. F. Afanasyev, O. F. Miller, A. A. Kotlyarevsky, I. A. Khudyakov, P. N. Rybnikov, A. A. Potebnya);
- cultural and historical school (A. N. Pypin, N. S. Tikhonravov, A. A. Shakhov, A. I. Kirpichnikov, L. N. Maykov, N. P. Dashkevich, P. V. Plotnikov);
- comparative historical school (A. N. Veselovsky);
- psychological direction (A. A. Potebnya, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A. V. Vetukhov, A. G. Gornfeld);
- Russian literary criticism (V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev, A. I. Herzen, N. N. Strakhov) and Russian poetry (V . I. Klassovsky, P. D. Golokhvastov, F. E. Korsh, N. N. Shulgovsky) in the second half of the 19th century. (see: 1).

Literature

1. Academic schools in Russian literary criticism. - M.: Nauka, 1975.
2. The emergence of Russian literature science. - M.: Nauka, 1975.
3. Wolf, F.A. What is classical philology? / F. A. Wolf. - M.: URSS, 2015.
4. Zhirmunsky, V. M. Introduction to literary criticism / V. M. Zhirmunsky. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University, 1996.
5. Stein, K.E. Russian metapoetics: educational dictionary / K. E. Stein, D. I. Petrenko. - Stavropol: Stavropol State University, 2006.
6. Stein, K.E. Philology: History. Methodology. Modern problems / K. E. Stein, D. I. Petrenko. - Stavropol: Stavropol State University, 2006.
7. Stein, K.E. Philology: Schools and directions: textbook, manual / K. E. Stein, D. I. Petrenko. - Stavropol: Design Studio B, 2014.
8. Eco, U. History of beauty / U. Eco. - M.: Slovo, 2006.

2. The main stages of the development of philology. The formation of philology as a science

Philology secured its status as practically oriented knowledge and activity until the mid-19th century. and is complex in nature. These features are observed at the initial stages of the development of philology.

Philology of the era of antiquity. Ancient eastern (India, China) and western (Greece, Rome) texts were studied back in the ancient world (10th century BC - 5th century AD). Problems appeared here at different times that contributed to the development of philology as a practical activity. Eastern and Western traditions took shape and developed separately.

Classical philology arose on the basis of the Western tradition. It was formed in Europe during the Renaissance (XIV-XVI centuries) as a reflection of the ancient Greek and Roman heritage. This was a reaction to the dominance of church Latin, which became one of the manifestations of the humanistic position: “at the head of the universe is man.” “I placed you at the center of the Universe so that you could see everything that I placed there. I made you yourself; like a sculptor, you sculpt your own “I”. You can degenerate into an animal, but you are also able to rise alone the desire of your soul for the image of the divine,” God says to man in the work of the Italian humanist Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494).

The term "classical" is associated with Lat. classis -- rank. The population of Ancient Rome was divided into categories: those that were included in the first category had the maximum wealth and the maximum number of rights. This is where the word classic got its meaning “first-class”.

Classical philology deals with the study of literature, languages, life of antiquity, history, philosophy, art, culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It arose and developed as a complex of knowledge about the ancient world. To study it, a person had to have comprehensive knowledge about the ancient world: knowledge of the Latin ancient Greek language, history, law, politics, military history, culture, everyday life and much more. At the same time, some classical philologists are primarily engaged in the study of grammar and text criticism, others study culture, history, archeology, as well as the peculiarities of life of Ancient Greece and Rome. The result of the activities of classical philologists is the preparation of ancient texts for publication, their comprehensive commentary, the creation and publication of scientific works on the spiritual and material culture of antiquity.

Biblical philology deals with the multifaceted study of the Bible. Origen (185-253) is called the first biblical researcher, although already in the Bible itself we see commentary on the texts included in it. In the Bible you can find many texts that are varied in content and genre: laws and codes, chronicles, travel descriptions, hymns, aphorisms, wedding, lyrical songs and many others. other. The Bible consists of two parts - the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament was created in the 13th century. BC. to the 2nd century BC. Its texts are written in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. The millennium of existence of the Old Testament constantly required the interpretation of its constituent texts: languages underwent changes, sometimes in the process of rewriting details were added to the texts that were initially absent from them, the events, names and facts described in the texts were transformed from the memory of mankind, or even disappeared altogether. Thus, a purely philological problem arose related to reading, understanding and interpretation of the biblical text. The situation with the New Testament, which was created as a translation of the Old Testament, was more complicated: the tasks of reading, understanding, and interpreting the text were complicated by another one - the task of translation.

These are the main philological problems that arose in the study of biblical texts. The solution to these problems gave rise to two philological disciplines in the form of biblical criticism and exegesis. The main issue that biblical criticism studied was the question of the authorship of biblical texts. The search for an answer was based on a comparison of biblical texts and various mythological and folklore texts. Exegesis arose in connection with the study of Homer’s poems, and subsequently it turned to the study of sacred ones. The search for the only true interpretation of biblical texts - in the “original depth and holiness of the word of God” became her main task.

During the colonial conquests of the eastern peoples and territories of the 16th-17th centuries. European countries began to develop Eastern philology in Europe. This term reflects the Europeans' view of the territorial settlement of Asia and Africa by the peoples whose language and culture are being studied. Thus, Eastern philology was formed separately from the ancient Chinese and ancient Indian traditions.

The study of languages formed the basis of Eastern philology. The study of languages was later supplemented by the study of culture, geography, ethnographic literature, customs and morals, beliefs, political and military structure of the peoples of the East. Eastern philology has long existed as the most extensive body of knowledge and information about the peoples of the East. This complex combined knowledge of linguistics, literary studies, philosophy, history, regional religious studies, etc.

Thus, we are witnessing the formation of a philological tradition. Its existence and development is supported by the needs for practical philology from various spheres of society.

Confessional needs (lat. confessionalis - religious, church) had the most significant significance in the “pre-scientific” period of philology. First of all, this is the creation of alphabets and writing systems primarily to serve the needs of the cult-religious sphere, the translation of confessional books into modern (for a particular period) languages, etc. A profound contribution to the development of philology of that time belongs to the European Reformation - the movement for the social, cultural, religious transformation of society that unfolded in the 16th-17th centuries. Among its most important demands was the introduction of worship in the parishioners’ native language, the translation of church books into their native language, and these processes contributed to the expansion of the social functions of the language and actualized the problem of translation.

Thanks to interest in national languages and cultures, philology as a science gradually gained independence. In Europe, this interest contributed to the emergence of the sprouts of national philologies. The Renaissance is the period of the emergence and flourishing of national philologies. One example of work in this area is the treatise by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) “On Popular Eloquence.” The leitmotif of the treatise is the question of the features of a number of languages contemporary to the author. The author believes that the French language is generally accessible and enjoyable; the first poems were composed in Spanish; Italian (or Italic, as they said then; Dante’s native language) has two advantages: first, “the sweetest and most refined” poems are written in Italian; secondly, it is most similar to Latin (the language of Ancient Rome). At the same time, work continues on the compilation of dictionaries and grammars of modern languages, and there is an increase in attention to works of literature in native languages.

Interest in national languages contributes to a deeper understanding of national culture; philologists are engaged in the development of various theoretical issues of philology. In France in the 17th century. Antoine Arnault and Claude Lanslot create a grammatical description of languages, which is based on the recognition of the universality of the categories of language. This idea was tested by the authors by comparing material from classical (ancient Greek, Latin, Hebrew) and modern (French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, German, etc.) languages.

A significant contribution to the development of Russian philology was made by the works of M.V. Lomonosov (1711--1765): "Russian Grammar" (1755). This work is a model for grammars of the Russian language up to our time, and “Preface on the benefits of church books in the Russian language (1758), which lays the foundations for the doctrine of the genre and stylistic diversity of the Russian language.

An important milestone in the development of philology was the works of a number of German scientists from the late 18th to mid-19th centuries: F.A. Wolf, A. Böck, F. Schleiermacher and others. Historical events in the world led to the fact that from the middle of the 18th century Germany was in search of a basis for uniting its people. The search was based on the folk spirit, folk creativity, reason, which inevitably led to philology. It was during this period that the main features of modern philology were laid.

The stage of philology, which began at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, is called the stage of “new philology”, and Friedrich August Wolf (1759-1824) is called its founder. He was the first student known to cultural humanity who, upon entering university (in Göttingen, Germany), registered himself as Studiosus Philologiäe (philology student), i.e. used the given formula to denote the profession. After graduating from university, he was a teacher at a gymnasium for a long time, then was a professor at universities in Halle and Berlin.

At the gymnasium, Wolf showed an inclination and desire to study ancient languages, but at the university attending lectures was a burden for him; he preferred independent studies. At the end of his studies at the university, he presented an article as a trial work in which he outlined his views on Homeric songs; but for some reason Professor Heine reacted very coldly to Wolf’s work. However, this work was soon published. In 1783, Wolf was invited as a teacher at the university in Halle at the department of philosophy. In the process of philological studies and teaching, Wolf came to a new understanding of philology as a science of antiquity. It was formulated by him in lectures that he gave from 1785, and then in the essay “Darstellung der Alterhtums-Wissenschaft” (1807; “Essay on the science of antiquity / translated from German. St. Petersburg, 1877).

Wolf understands the science of antiquity as “the main content of knowledge and news that acquaints us with the deeds and destinies, with the political, scientific and domestic state of the Greeks and Romans, with their culture, with their language, art and science, morals, religion, national character and way of thinking, they are introduced in such a way that we become able to thoroughly understand their works that have come down to us and enjoy them, delving into their content and spirit, resurrecting ancient life before us and comparing it with later and modern life.”

He divides this science into two parts. The first part consists of the so-called service sciences, “preparing access to the subjects” of study. This group includes three sciences: grammar - the science “about all periods of the life of a language,” i.e. in fact it is linguistics; hermeneutics - “the art of insightfully revealing the thoughts of the author from their presentation”; philological criticism, studying the time of creation, the authenticity and originality of monuments, their original appearance. These sciences, according to Wolf, constitute the organ of science proper.

The second part consists of sciences that study various aspects of the life of the peoples of ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Such are ancient geography, history, mythology, literary history, art history, etc.

“New Philology” acquires the meaning of its existence: the main question of philology is now the problem of understanding; This problem can be solved through the use of scientific methods that are used in the study of any people (hermeneutics, criticism, etc.). At the same time, the understanding of philology as a historical and philological complex of knowledge about ancient peoples (classical philology in one of its variants) is preserved. We observe the demarcation of philology and history in the 19th century. This gave rise to the transformation of philology as a complex knowledge into philology as scientific disciplines and a complex of sciences.

In the mid-nineteenth - mid-twentieth centuries. In philology, processes of knowledge specialization are actively developing. Various subject areas, which previously constituted complex philological knowledge, now represented the basis of individual sciences (scientific disciplines). Thus, within philology there was a division of philological sciences (scientific disciplines).

Within the framework of the “new philology”, national philologies originate: Slavic, Germanic, Romance, Turkic, Iranian, Altai, etc.; adjacent to them is Eastern philology, which has become a science. Classical philology continues to exist. This is one direction of differentiation.

The second direction promotes the division of philology as a complex knowledge into such philological sciences as linguistics, literary criticism, and folkloristics. By that time, ideas and principles focused on the study of language, fiction or folklore were developing in philology, which contributed to the emergence of these sciences.

The formation of each science takes its own course. The birth of linguistics as a science is associated with the beginning of the first half of the 19th century. comparative historical study of language (R. Rask, F. Bopp, J. Grimm, A.Kh. Vostokov). It put forward the task of restoring the picture of the historical past of languages on the basis of identifying so-called related languages and studying the peculiarities of natural language development. This line of research does not address practical needs. It left aside many types of traditional philological work with the text (criticism, interpretation of meaning, etc.). Thus, linguistics is isolated from other philological sciences. When interest in the study of the structure of language wins (F. de Saussure and others; structuralism), an intensification of the process of isolation is observed towards the end of the 19th century. and in the twentieth century. First of all, semiotics and natural sciences paid attention to this.

However, in linguistics the idea of language as the “spirit of the people” continues to be preserved and developed (W. von Humboldt). This is what, to a large extent, “keeps” the science of language within philology. The basis of scientific literary criticism was the study of fiction based on the biography of authors (1830s; S.O. Sainte-Beuve and others) and in comparative historical terms (1840s and later; G.M. Posnett, A. I. Kirpichnikov and others).

Folklore studies as a science appeared in the works of the German scientist Johann Herder (1744-1803), who noted that the “spirit of the people,” their views, feelings, and character are reflected in art; folk art is related to art. At its inception, folkloristics moved away from other philological sciences, especially from linguistics.

The next direction of specialization of scientific knowledge in the period under review is the internal differentiation of sciences.

Firstly, the philological disciplines that arose earlier were preserved and continued to develop. These include source studies, paleography, textual criticism, bibliography, archaeography, etc. New scientific disciplines are also emerging. For example, linguistic sections: historical linguistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics; sections of literary criticism: history of literature, theory of literature, literary criticism, etc. The differentiation of sciences was entailed by the formation and development of scientific schools in philology, i.e. unification of scientists with common views on the object of study. These include the appearance at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th of national schools: German, Belgian, Anglo-Saxon, French, Russian; and schools, which are united by the ideas of one or a group of major scientists, for example: Saussure (F. de Saussure, C. Bally, A. Seshe, etc.), Vinogradov (V.V. Vinogradov, S.I. Ozhegov, N.S. . Pospelov, etc.) in linguistics, psychological (V. Wundt, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, etc.), formal (Yu.N. Tynyanov, V.B. Shklovsky, B.M. Eikhenbaum, etc.) in literary criticism, historical and geographical (Yu. and K. Krun), historical (V.F. Miller) in folklore, etc.

In philology of the first half of the twentieth century. ideas in favor of integration as a basis for research prevail. So, L.V. Shcherba (1880-1944) saw the task of philology in interpreting the meaning of an artistic text based on its linguistic and artistic qualities. This method of interpretation distinguishes a philologist from a linguist and a literary critic: a linguist studies the direct linguistic structure of a text, while a literary critic focuses on the study of artistic structure.

According to M.M. Bakhtin (1895-1975), the idea of dialogism constitutes the fundamental basis of philology. The word is in a relationship of dialogue with other words. This means that it is not only addressed to the object, process, etc., which it designates, but “talks”, “echoes” with other words of this and other texts. The same applies to the statement and the text. So in the philological sciences of the first half of the twentieth century. ideas from the philology of the past take place, thus strengthening the interdisciplinary community of philological sciences. Subsequently, philology can become a method of integrative study of text, language, and finally, a person as an author, reader, character, etc. Moreover, this task, which contains the works of the great philologists of the twentieth century, corresponds to the research traditions of philology.

Thus, philology as a single, comprehensive, practically oriented science ceases to exist. The natural process of specialization of scientific knowledge leads to this. In its place a number of sciences and scientific disciplines are formed.

However, philology continues to function as a single branch of science. Self-knowledge of philology became noticeable during this period. The very fact of the existence of philology as an independent field of knowledge is actively debated in research circles. Domestic literary critic V.N. Peretz (1870-1935) sees the boundary between history and philology in the following: history is the manifestation of thought in existence in the external world, and philology is the manifestation of human creativity in the word as such. The Austrian linguist G. Schuchardt (1842-1927) argued that it is necessary to abandon even the very concept of “philology,” the meaning of which he calls uncertain, unstable.

Serious changes in the development of philology took place in the middle of the twentieth century. After the Second World War, the world's understanding of the value of human life and the possibility of the existence of different ideas and points of view increased. In the humanities, these new trends are expressed in the development of approaches to the study of man based on the principle of dialogism. In the second half of the 20th century. A new movement is emerging in social thought and culture - postmodernism (English postmodernism, French postmodernisme, German Postmodernismus). Man is presented as a “mechanical-organic monster” in postmodernist works (I.P. Smirnov). Accordingly, the artistic itself is deprived of integrity, and often coherence, and becomes “boundless”—open to all kinds of interpretations. philology science word rhetoric

The 1960s-1970s marked the beginning of the modern, or newest, stage in the development of philology. Gradually, in philology and its constituent sciences and scientific disciplines, man became the center of its knowledge. Philology follows the person - the creator and consumer of text messages. This adherence is manifested in the fact that the scope of philology includes all types, types, varieties of texts that a person creates. Thus, the problem of understanding has become urgent in science.

In the modern world, speech is regaining power. Among the reasons for this phenomenon, let us name the development of democratic trends in public life, the growing influence of mass communication, the need to influence the interlocutor, the audience, with words and not with violence. Because of this, rhetoric was again in demand. Based on the interaction of linguistics and literary criticism, new integral areas of research and teaching are being revived and emerging. Let us note two most important ones. The first is general philology. Its revival took place in the works of Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky (1926--1999), S.I. Gindin (b. 1945) and other domestic scientists. So, Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky substantiated the position that general philology studies the methods and forms of using language in social and linguistic practice. Nowadays, there is an intensive development of applied philology. In contrast to theoretical philology, it studies ways to solve practical problems that take place in the linguistic, literary and communicative sphere of influence of man and society. These tasks are related to analytical and expert activities, philological support of modern types of communication - political, legal, advertising, intercultural, Internet communication, etc.

Speech culture and means of effective communication

Speech culture is a relatively new discipline in the field of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The doctrine of speech culture originated in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome - in the theory and practice of oratory...

Linguistic features of metapoetics of literary texts by V.S. Vysotsky

The creativity of any word artist is always accompanied by reflection on language, one’s own creative activity, art and culture in general. The study of this kind of author's intentions allowed prof. K.E...

International artificial languages

Today, about five hundred artificial languages operate more or less successfully in the world. At the same time, we do not take into account extreme and degenerate cases - such as chemical notation, musical notation or flag alphabet...

Speech strategies and tactics used by communicants at different stages of the conflict

Pragmatics (ancient Greek pragmatos - action) is a section of semiotics that studies the relationship between signs and their users in a specific speech situation. Charles Sanders Peirce first wrote about pragmatism in the 19th century....

Rhetoric of Antiquity

The history of ancient rhetoric goes back 800 years - from the first surviving rhetorical treatises of Aristotle and Anaximenes to the famous compendium of ancient rhetorical thought compiled by Quintilian. According to M.L. Gasparova...

Russian borrowings in Polish memoir texts of the 40s of the XX century

Semiotics and semantics

In our country, the development of semiotics occurred in the pre-revolutionary and first years after the October Revolution. However, the abundance of trends and trends in both art and science, characteristic of this time in Russia...

Slavic and general cultural symbols in song texts (based on the lyrics of songs of the group "Kalinov Most")

Symbol (from the Greek ???????? - sign, omen) - something that serves as a conventional sign of any concept, phenomenon, idea [Ozhegov 2002: 717]. The concept of symbol is not so easy to find an exact definition...

The theory of speech acts and its place in modern linguistics

In the 60-70s of the 20th century, scientists from the Oxford School (J. Austin, J. Searle, G.P. Grice) turned to the study of everyday human language in the natural conditions of its functioning. According to these scientists...

Linguistic embodiment of the image of Paris in V. Hugo’s novel “Notre Dame Cathedral”

Within the framework of this chapter, some theoretical foundations of such a concept as “city image” are highlighted. The meaning of the term “image”, methods of conveying images in literary texts will be studied in detail...

Linguistics as the science of language

It is important to consider the history of linguistic teachings taking into account periodization, which reflects the most important milestones on the path to improving knowledge about language...

The peculiarity of the approach in this textbook is determined by the modern post-non-classical paradigm, its interdisciplinary settings, cognitive evolution, which proceeds not only in the direction of abstraction of knowledge, but also in its contextual understanding, which determines the conditions for its inclusion in the holistic structure of ideas that help test the correctness of the hypotheses put forward. The textbook is aimed at overcoming the rigid distinction between humanitarian and natural science knowledge, so that philology does not remain closed in on itself. The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to the best and most promising research that underlies the traditions of modern philology.

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In the form of practically oriented knowledge and practical activity, philology arose in ancient times. One of the most important characteristics of this knowledge is complexity. Every scientist involved in philology had to have an encyclopedic education. This situation persisted until the mid-nineteenth century, when philology was no longer aimed at solving primarily immediate practical problems. In philology, scientific methods begin to appear and develop, and numerous processes of knowledge differentiation take place.

The “pre-scientific” stage of philology is replaced by the scientific stage.

Philology is also represented as the art of understanding what is said and written. The sphere of her direct study includes language and literature. But in a broader sense, man “speaks,” “expresses himself,” “calls out” to his fellow human beings with every action and gesture. And in this aspect - as a being who creates and uses “speaking” symbols - philology takes a person.

This is philology’s approach to being, its special, inherent approach to the problem of the human. It must not confuse itself with philosophy; her job is painstaking, businesslike work on the word, on the text. The word and the text must be more essential for real philology than the most brilliant “concept”.

Scientists of that time were working on written texts, creating libraries; The largest library is traditionally considered to be the library in Alexandria (Egypt; III-II centuries BC). Another direction of philology of that time was education. In the 5th century BC. training consisted of reading and analyzing poetic texts, which by that time were assessed as first-class (“classical”) and required translation, commentary and interpretation. The direction of this activity was the basis for the emergence of poetics.

Poetics arose in the 5th-4th centuries. BC. in the writings of the sophists, Plato, Aristotle, who were the first to make attempts to distinguish and describe types of literary works, or types of literature: lyrics, epic, drama, and were the founders of the doctrine of genres.

Thanks to the scientific activities of ancient Indian and ancient Chinese philologists in the V-IV centuries.

BC. Stylistic and grammatical teachings, the science of writing, and methods of interpreting text appeared in the world. A person who was directly involved in the practical aspect of philology, first of all, had to have knowledge of language / languages, analytical skills when working on a written text, broad culture, i.e., as Dionysius the Thracian (c. 170-90 BC) wrote AD), "awareness of most of what is said by poets and prose writers."

In the course of the development of philology as a science, the first philological professions gradually emerged - literature teachers, text interpreters, librarians, translators. These professions also include the profession of a rhetoric teacher. Rhetoric is a product of the democratic structure of Athenian society (5th century BC). This device required every citizen to be able to correctly present their thoughts, i.e. “to speak” - in a people’s assembly, in a court hearing, “on occasion” (in situations of celebration, praise, etc.). Rhetoric teachers taught citizens the art of eloquence; they created the first treatises and textbooks on rhetoric. Among the first surviving rhetorical works, we point out the dialogues of Plato (427-347 BC) “Gorgias” and “Phaedrus” and the treatise of Aristotle (384-322 BC) “Rhetoric”. Thus, the ancient rhetorician also works with the word (only oral); he must have encyclopedic education and understanding of man in order to select convincing arguments.

In the ancient world, philology as the “grammatical art” and rhetoric as the “art of persuasion” existed separately, as two different sciences of words. One of them, philology, is the science of “the word as such” (Yu.S. Stepanov), the other, rhetoric, is about the persuasive word.

In Ancient Rome, grammar and philology were separated; rhetoric still develops separately from philology.

In the first half of the nineteenth century. philology develops as a science. In the middle of the 20th century. rhetoric is being revived, taking its place in the system of philological disciplines.

2. The main stages of the development of philology.

The formation of philology as a science

The term "classical" is associated with Lat.

classis -- rank. The population of Ancient Rome was divided into categories: those that were included in the first category had the maximum wealth and the maximum number of rights. This is where the word classic got its meaning “first-class”.

The millennium of existence of the Old Testament constantly required the interpretation of its constituent texts: languages underwent changes, sometimes in the process of rewriting details were added to the texts that were initially absent from them, the events, names and facts described in the texts were transformed from the memory of mankind, or even disappeared altogether.

Thus, a purely philological problem arose related to reading, understanding and interpretation of the biblical text. The situation with the New Testament, which was created as a translation of the Old Testament, was more complicated: the tasks of reading, understanding, and interpreting the text were complicated by another one - the task of translation.

Thus, we are witnessing the formation of a philological tradition. Its existence and development is supported by the needs for practical philology from various spheres of society.

Confessional needs (lat. confessionalis - religious, church) had the most significant significance in the “pre-scientific” period of philology.

First of all, this is the creation of alphabets and writing systems primarily to serve the needs of the cult-religious sphere, the translation of confessional books into modern (for a particular period) languages, etc. A profound contribution to the development of philology of that time belongs to the European Reformation - the movement for the social, cultural, religious transformation of society that unfolded in the 16th-17th centuries.

A significant contribution to the development of Russian philology was made by the works of M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765): "Russian Grammar" (1755). This work is a model for grammars of the Russian language up to our time, and “Preface on the benefits of church books in the Russian language (1758), which lays the foundations for the doctrine of the genre and stylistic diversity of the Russian language.

The search was based on the folk spirit, folk creativity, reason, which inevitably led to philology.

However, this work was soon published. In 1783, Wolf was invited as a teacher at the university in Halle at the department of philosophy. In the process of philological studies and teaching, Wolf came to a new understanding of philology as a science of antiquity. It was formulated by him in lectures that he gave from 1785, and then in the essay “Darstellung der Alterhtums-Wissenschaft” (1807; “Essay on the science of antiquity / translated from German. St. Petersburg, 1877).

He divides this science into two parts.

Within the framework of the “new philology”, national philologies originate: Slavic, Germanic, Romance, Turkic, Iranian, Altai, etc.;

adjacent to them is Eastern philology, which has become a science. Classical philology continues to exist. This is one direction of differentiation.

The formation of each science takes its own course.

The birth of linguistics as a science is associated with the beginning of the first half of the 19th century.

comparative historical study of language (R. Rask, F. Bopp, J. Grimm, A.Kh. Vostokov). It put forward the task of restoring the picture of the historical past of languages on the basis of identifying so-called related languages and studying the peculiarities of natural language development. This line of research does not address practical needs. It left aside many types of traditional philological work with the text (criticism, interpretation of meaning, etc.). Thus, linguistics is isolated from other philological sciences. When interest in the study of the structure of language wins (F. de Saussure and others; structuralism), an intensification of the process of isolation is observed towards the end of the 19th century. and in the twentieth century. First of all, semiotics and natural sciences paid attention to this.

For example, linguistic sections: historical linguistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics;

sections of literary criticism: history of literature, theory of literature, literary criticism, etc. The differentiation of sciences was entailed by the formation and development of scientific schools in philology, i.e. unification of scientists with common views on the object of study. These include the appearance at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th of national schools: German, Belgian, Anglo-Saxon, French, Russian; and schools, which are united by the ideas of one or a group of major scientists, for example: Saussure (F. de Saussure, C. Bally, A. Seshe, etc.), Vinogradov (V.V. Vinogradov, S.I. Ozhegov, N.S. . Pospelov, etc.) in linguistics, psychological (V. Wundt, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, etc.), formal (Yu.N. Tynyanov, V.B. Shklovsky, B.M. Eikhenbaum, etc.) in literary criticism, historical and geographical (Yu. and K. Krun), historical (V.F. Miller) in folklore, etc.

Thus, philology as a single, comprehensive, practically oriented science ceases to exist.

The natural process of specialization of scientific knowledge leads to this. In its place a number of sciences and scientific disciplines are formed.

Domestic literary critic V.N.

The first is general philology. Its revival took place in the works of Yu.V.

Rozhdestvensky (1926--1999), S.I. Gindin (b. 1945) and other domestic scientists.

So, Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky substantiated the position that general philology studies the methods and forms of using language in social and linguistic practice. Nowadays, there is an intensive development of applied philology. In contrast to theoretical philology, it studies ways to solve practical problems that take place in the linguistic, literary and communicative sphere of influence of man and society. These tasks are related to analytical and expert activities, philological support of modern types of communication - political, legal, advertising, intercultural, Internet communication, etc.

Conclusion

Philology as a science originated in the times of Ancient Rome. Scientists all over the world have been studying the problem of the emergence of languages, their differentiation and classification. The formation of philology as a science has gone through many formative stages and continues to this day.

Nowadays, in philology and its constituent sciences and scientific disciplines, man is gradually becoming the center of its knowledge.

Philology follows the person - the creator and consumer of text messages.

Philology - which studies the spirituality of different peoples, analyzes their writing, comprehends in detail the features of a particular language, and then collects the acquired knowledge into a single whole.

It is known that written texts are one of the sources reflecting the history of a people. The first of them appeared in the form of commentaries on complex words found in dictionaries, treatises and religious writings. Homer was the first whose notes were subjected to careful analysis.

Philology includes many subjects, and each of them deals with its own branch. Romano-Germanic philology, for example, is the most widespread in the world, as it deals with the analysis of Romance and Germanic languages.

Romance languages include:

French;
Italian;
Spanish and others.

The German group is among many studying English and German, one of the most widely spoken languages today.

History of development

Philological sciences appeared a long time ago, back in Ancient Greece. First, they emerged, then developed (during the Middle Ages), and already during the Renaissance, they flourished in full force. The very concept of “philology” began to take shape in the 18th century. Then we were talking only about the classical branch, which was subsequently followed by the Slavic branch. The founder of the Slavic branch is the Czech scientist Yosef Dobrovsky.

It is not difficult to understand the reason why the development of philology began. Europeans began to be interested in their national roots, sources, and development trends. This was facilitated by the emergence of a romantic worldview during that period, as well as the beginning of the fight against the Turkish invaders.

As for other types of science: each of them studies in great depth a certain branch and peoples related to it. There are many public organizations in the world that are engaged in one common cause, gather from time to time and exchange their achievements.

Complex of sciences

To fully understand what philology does, it is worth revealing which philological sciences are its components:

Linguistics. The second name is linguistics, which studies the very essence of language, its function, structure.
Literary studies. Examines the history of literature, its development and influence on the culture of the people.
Folkloristics. Folk art, folklore, myths and legends are the main subjects of study.
Textology. Its focus is on the works of various authors, the history of their appearance and their further fate.
Paleography. This science studies ancient manuscripts, their forms, styles, time and place of creation.

As can be seen from this information, philological sciences study language from all possible sides.

Famous philologists

Who is a philologist? This is a scientist who studies linguistics. This figure studies in depth the specifics of a particular language and draws conclusions about the spiritual heritage of the people who speak it. Russian philologists made a huge contribution to the creation and development of the Russian language.

Lomonosov M.V. was the founder of Russian grammar. He was one of the first to lay down the stylistics of the language. What we know now about parts of speech is the merit of Mikhail Vasilyevich. Being a skilled poet, he laid the foundation for different styles.
Vostokov A.Kh. He studied grammar exclusively and wrote many books on this topic.
Potebnya A.A. studied Russian and Ukrainian languages, paying great attention to grammar.
Shakhmatov A.A. studied the origins of language. Wrote several works on the topic of Russian language syntax.
Peshkovsky A.M. highlighted intonation in speech as a grammatical tool that helps to correctly express thoughts.
Shcherba L.V. was the discoverer of words in the state category and discussed the role of noun and verb in a sentence.
Vinogradov V.V. studied the history of Russian linguistics. He has written many books about the styles of the Russian language used in their works by various writers. His contribution to lexicology and phraseology of language is especially valuable.
Karamzin N.M. studied the Russian church language, significantly brought closer the literary and conversational style of communication.
Ushakov D.N. studied spelling, lexicology, and dialectology. He wrote 4 volumes of an explanatory dictionary containing 90,000 dictionary entries. Work on this project lasted for 6 years.
Dal V.I. known to everyone as the author of the Big Explanatory Dictionary, which in itself shows the depth of his research into the Russian language.

Philology of the Russian language

Russian philology is part of a huge Slavic section that studies the Russian people and their heritage. Back in the 17th century, the collection of data on ancient manuscripts began, which was carried out by Count Rumyantsev.

In the 18th century, Lomonosov wrote two famous books about the grammar of the language and the advantage of the church language, thereby continuing his study of stylistics. Until now, Russian philologists have not stopped working, continuing to analyze various styles, dialects and phraseological units. Only now these are modern figures who not only write works, but also share their discoveries with university students. After all, most philologists work in higher educational institutions and research institutes.

Foreign philology

This is aimed at the study of foreign languages, their history and characteristics. The literary heritage and works are studied in detail, a detailed analysis of styles and dialects is made, the knowledge of which greatly influences a person’s ability to speak and understand a native speaker of the language being studied. Translation practice plays a big role.

You can study the rules of spelling, grammar and phonetics for a long time, but without practical speech training you will not be able to speak and translate correctly.

How to become a philologist

You can become a philologist and devote yourself to the most interesting of sciences by enrolling in the Faculty of Philology. There are many educational institutions offering similar specialties. Some of them have departments dealing with different branches of linguistics: this could be Slavic, Indo-European, Romano-Germanic philology.

When choosing a direction, each student decides for himself which language and people interest him most and whose spirituality will be interesting to study. The best philological faculties in Russia are famous for such educational institutions as:

Moscow State University;
Russian State University for the Humanities;
Nizhny Novgorod State University named after Dobrolyubov;
South Federal University;
Irkutsk Linguistic State University;

This is a list of the most popular establishments among young people. But there are many more faculties in other universities where you can study your favorite field.