Write an essay based on the text below. The volume is not less than 150 words.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Give at least two arguments, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations.

Source text

(1) During one of the recordings of the story about the siege days of Leningrad, a conversation arose that struck us. (2) A woman spoke, listened to her daughter, son-in-law, grandchildren.
(3) The record in question was not easy, the story was difficult, and, apparently, all these details about the troubles of their family were unknown to the younger ones. (4) They listened attentively, tensely. (5) The son-in-law was the first to break down. (6) He exclaimed:
- Why, well, why were such suffering necessary? (7) The city had to be surrendered. (8) avoid it all. (9) What was the purpose of destroying people?
(10) So simply, naturally, it burst out from him, with annoyance at the absurdity, at the strangeness of the past. (11) At first, we did not quite understand what he meant. (12) He was about thirty-five years old, it seemed he could not help but know. (13) Then we realized that we could. (14) that is, he probably heard somewhere, read about the plans of the Fuhrer to destroy, burn out, exterminate, but now all this began to look so crazy, fantastic that it probably lost reality.
(15) Time, past decades imperceptibly simplifies the past, we unravel it as if through the current norms of law and ethics. (16) In Western literature, we met with a different reasoning, where there was no bewilderment, there was no pain, no sincerity, but there was more of a self-justification of the capitulators. (17) There, in a sympathetic tone, they ask: were such immense torments, sufferings and similar sacrifices necessary? (18) Are they justified by military and other gains? (19) Is it human in relation to its population? (20) Paris was declared an open city ... (21) And other capitals, having surrendered, survived. (22) And then they broke the back of fascism, it was still defeated - in due time ...
(23) This motive sounds directly or hidden in the works, books, articles of some Western authors. (24) How cynical and ungrateful it is! (25) If only they honestly at least brought their own logic to the end: is it not because today mankind enjoys the beauties and historical values ​​of Paris and Prague, Athens and Budapest, and many other cultural treasures, and is it not because of this that our European civilization exists with its universities, libraries, that someone pitied themselves less than others, someone defended their cities, their capitals to the last in a mortal battle, saving the tomorrow of all people? (26) And Paris for the French and for humanity was saved here - in blazing Stalingrad, in Leningrad, bombarded day and night, was saved near Moscow ... (27) It was saved by the same torment and perseverance, which Leningraders tell about.
(28) When the European capitals announced another open city, there was, there was a secret hope: Hitler still had the Soviet Union ahead of him. (29) And Paris knew it. (30) But Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad knew that they might be the planet's last hope ... (31) Moscow and Leningrad were doomed by the Nazis to complete destruction - together with the inhabitants. (32) This should have begun broadly what Hitler says: Defeat the Russians as a people. " (33) That is, to exterminate, to destroy as a biological, geographical, historical concept.
(34) but the feat of the Leningraders was not caused by the threat of extermination. (35) No, there was something else: a simple and indisputable desire to protect your way of life. (36) we are not slaves, we are not slaves, we had to grapple with fascism, stand in its way, defend freedom, the dignity of people.
(37) This is the justification and meaning of the feat of Leningrad, this is what Leningraders and all our people saved themselves and humanity from, from what sacrifices and torments, for which they went to any suffering, torment, without even thinking about "open" cities.
(38) To appreciate this, one must feel the measure of the trials endured by our people.
(39) Today, the new generations, probably, just need to know as fully as possible, to know in more detail, to feel what came before them. (40) They need to know what paid for everything, they need to know about those who managed to withstand, about these people who did not have weapons, who could only say something to the world with their firmness. (41) you need to know what a war can be, what a blessing it is - peace ...

Composition

In his text, Adamovich Ales Mikhailovich reveals the problem of courage, courage in war.
Revealing the problem, the author cites as an example the feat of the inhabitants of the besieged Leningrad. Adamovich tells how they desperately fought against the onslaught of the fascist invaders in order to protect their way of life, to defend the freedom and dignity of people. The author writes about how Leningraders went to any suffering, torment for the welfare of all mankind. The author also draws attention to what you need to know about those who managed to withstand, about these people who did not have weapons, who could only say something to the world with their perseverance.
The author believes that courage and heroism are one of the most important human qualities that help to overcome inhuman difficulties and come to victory.
I completely agree with the opinion of the author and also believe that brave, courageous, courageous people, taking responsibility for themselves, saving and helping other people, can triumph over themselves, life's difficulties, and the enemy.
To prove my words, I will give an example from the story by BL Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...". In this work, we see how the foreman Vaskov and his wards girls showed real heroism, courage, entering into an unequal battle with an enemy who was superior in numbers and training. Clearly knowing that inevitable death awaits them, they did not retreat, defending their lives, but took the blow. They did the impossible: they stopped a group of saboteurs, at the cost of their lives. Thus, the author wants to convey to us the idea that courage manifests itself in circumstances that pose a real danger to life. If a person is capable of a feat, he will not be stopped by the fear of death.
Let me give you the following example to prove my point. In the story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", the author showed how war is testing everyone. The main character, Andrei Sokolov, demonstrated the best traits of his character: courage, resilience, endurance, devotion to the Motherland, loved ones, loved ones. Even German captivity, with all its horrors, did not break him. In the concentration camp, the German officer Müller was surprised at the resilience of the Russian soldier. He recognized his fortitude, patriotism, the ability to overcome any obstacles in life for the sake of his Fatherland. The author convinces us that it was these people who saved our country from fascism, all of them are real heroes, loyal to their Motherland.
Thus, I want to say that courageous, courageous people are faithful to their Word, Cause, Faith even in the face of death!

The problem of courage and resilience in war cannot but worry a modern person. V.P. Nekrasov also thought about it.

Reflecting on this issue, the author tells us a real story that happened during the Great Patriotic War. Courage, perseverance, ingenuity, modesty, bravery - all these qualities were in the hero of the work of Vasily Konakov. That is why the author does not hide his enthusiasm for the feat accomplished by the soldier: “this man, together with the foreman, fought off several attacks a day and called it only“ it was difficult ”."

The writer wants to convey to us that a real soldier, a man, will not turn away from problems and will go to the end without complaining about life. Only such people survive in war, there is no place for cowards. A publicist often draws our attention to Konakov's smile: "smiled, as usual, with only the corners of his lips." So, the writer wants to show us that even in times of war and huge human losses, people remained people! Only a true warrior is able to overcome obstacles while not succumbing to the madness of war.

Confirming the above, I will give an example from the literature.

I would like to believe that readers will think about the problem posed by V.P. Nekrasov and will honor the heroes of the war, the current veterans, of whom there are very few left.

Updated: 2019-03-06

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Useful material on the topic

The courage and perseverance of soldiers in war is the question on which the writer V.P. Nekrasov discusses.

The author reveals this problem with a specific example from the Great Patriotic War. V.P. Nekrasov, talking about the everyday life of military life, about the courage and courage, ingenuity and modesty of the company commander Vasily Konakov, does not hide his enthusiasm for the feat of the man who “together with the foreman fought off several attacks a day and called it only“ it was difficult ”. The writer proudly says that with people like Vasily Konakov,

“The enemy is not terrible.

No!".

The position of V.P. Nekrasov is not difficult to understand: victory over the superior forces of the enemy can be won thanks to the dedication and courage of ordinary soldiers who daily perform their duty to the Motherland.

I remember Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, the events at the Tushin battery during the Battle of Shengraben, which vividly describes the courage of Russian soldiers. During the battle, the gunners do not even notice that

That the battery has no cover and that they can be captured at any moment. Captain Tushin and other fighters are not taken by fear, they fight desperately, set fire to Schengraben and beat off the attacking French battery.

A striking example of the courage and resilience of the Russian soldier can be the feat of the Pskov paratroopers, whose company fought, holding the height, for 20 hours. Two battalions of “White Angels” - Khattab and Basayev - joined the militants. 90 Russian soldiers were held by 2,500 bandits.

The attacks came in waves. Using the mountainous terrain, the militants got close to each other. And then the fight went hand-to-hand. Sapper shovels and metal butts were used.

The commander of the reconnaissance platoon of the guard, Senior Lieutenant Alexei Vorobyov, personally destroyed the field commander Idris in a fierce battle, decapitating the gang. The commander of the self-propelled artillery battery of the Guard, Captain Viktor Romanov, was blown off both legs by a mine explosion. But he adjusted artillery fire until the last minute of his life.

Thus, I can conclude that it is precisely such soldiers and officers who bravely fought against the enemies who deserve victory.

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The school year has come to an end. It's time for exams for the 11th grade students. As you know, in order to get a school certificate, you need to pass two main exams: in mathematics and the Russian language. But also a few more items to choose from.

The nuances of the essay in the Russian language on the exam

To get the maximum points for the delivery, you need to correctly write an essay, that is, the third part. Part C contains many essay topics. The exam organizers offer written papers on friendship, love, childhood, motherhood, science, duty, honor, and so on. One of the most difficult topics is the issue of courage and resilience. You will find the arguments to it in our article. But that is not all. Your attention is also offered a plan according to which it is necessary to write an essay for the exam in the Russian language in grade 11.

Many authors have written about the war. Only, unfortunately, these works, like many others, do not linger in the memory of children. We invite you to recall the brightest works in which you can find examples of courage and heroism.

The plan of the final essay for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language

The reviewing teachers give a large number of points for an essay that has the correct composition. If you use our courage writing plan, teachers will appreciate your work. But don't forget about literacy.

Remember that an essay on the Russian language on the unified state exam differs significantly from written work on social studies, history and literature. It should be compositionally correct.

And we are moving on to a plan for a future essay on the problem of courage and perseverance. The arguments will be given below.

1. Introduction. Why do you think it is needed? The point is that the graduate needs to bring the examiner to the main problem, which is considered in the text. Typically, this is a small paragraph of 3-5 sentences on the topic.

2. Statement of the problem. In this part, the graduate writes that he has identified the problem. Attention! When you specify it, think carefully and find the arguments in the text (there are about 3 of them in the fragment).

3. Commentary of the graduate. At this point, the student explains to the reader the problem of the read text, and also characterizes it. The volume of this item is no more than 7 sentences.

5. Own point of view. At this point, the student must write - whether he agrees with the author of the text or not. In any case, your answer needs to be substantiated, in our case, on the issue of courage and resilience. The arguments are given in the next paragraph.

6. Evidence from works of art or arguments from life. Most teachers insist that graduates give 2-3 arguments from works of fiction.

7. Conclusion. As a rule, it consists of 3 sentences. At this point, the task of the graduate is to draw a conclusion to everything said above, that is, to summarize. The conclusion will sound more effective if you end the essay with a rhetorical question.

Many examinees note that the argumentation point is the most difficult for them. Therefore, we have selected examples of courage for you in the literature.

Mikhail Sholokhov. The story "The fate of a man"

You can show stamina in captivity. Soviet soldier Andrei Sokolov is captured. He then ends up in a death camp. One evening, the camp commandant summons him and invites him to raise a glass of vodka for the victory of the Nazi weapon. Sokolov refuses to do this. Among them was a drunken Müller. He offers the prisoner to drink to his own destruction.

Andrei agreed, took a glass and drank it right there, without having a bite. Exhaling heavily, he said, "List me." The company of drunken German officers appreciated the courage and resilience. Argument # 1 for your essay is ready. It should be noted that this story ended successfully for the captured soldier Sokolov.

Lev Tolstoy. Epic novel "War and Peace"

It was considered not only in the literature of the second half of the twentieth century, but also a century earlier. When we read this novel in literature lessons, we involuntarily became witnesses of the courage and resilience of the Russian people. Leo Tolstoy wrote that during the battle the command did not tell the soldiers what to do. Everything went by itself. The wounded soldiers were taken to the medical aid stations, the bodies of the dead were taken to the front line, and the ranks of the fighters closed again.

We see that people did not want to say goodbye to life. But they overcame fear, kept fighting spirit under the flying bullets. It was in this that courage and resilience were manifested. Argument # 2 is ready.

Boris Vasiliev. The story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"

We continue to consider This time the lesson of courage will be demonstrated to the readers by a brave girl during the Great Patriotic War. In this story, Boris Vasiliev writes about a detachment of girls who died, but still managed to win, because they did not allow a single enemy warrior to return to their native land. This victory took place because they selflessly and sincerely loved their homeland.

Komelkova Evgeniya is the heroine of the story. A young, strong and courageous girl from the fighters of the story. Comic and dramatic episodes are associated with her name. In her character, traits of benevolence and optimism, cheerfulness and confidence are manifested. But the most important feature is hatred of the enemy. It is she who attracts the attention of readers, arouses their admiration. Only Zhenya had the courage to summon enemy fire in order to ward off a mortal threat from the wounded Rita and Fedot. Not everyone can forget such a lesson in courage.

Boris Polevoy. "The Story of a Real Man"

We would like to bring to your attention another striking work telling about the Great Patriotic War, the heroism and firmness of character of the Soviet pilot Maresyev.

In general, in the arsenal of Boris Polevoy, there are many works where the author considers the problem of courage and resilience.

Arguments for the composition:

In this story, the author writes about the Soviet pilot Maresyev. It so happened that he survived the plane crash, but was left without legs. This did not stop him from returning to life. The man stood on his prostheses. Maresyev again returned to his life's work - to flying.

We have considered the problem of courage and resilience. We have given the arguments. Good luck on your exam!

THE PROBLEM OF STABILITY AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostogo "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army wishing to defeat the enemy by all means, and not having a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him is the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. an example of sacrificial love is Jen Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She loves the old prince, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often overly demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, light.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVATION OF HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev was the most important life principle of honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who had sworn allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the other hand, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story of N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for the Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. Personal interests are in the foreground. Andrii dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you should always be honest with yourself first.

THE PROBLEM OF COMMITTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinyov from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, mutual assistance is at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites completely finished chapters, tries to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long road to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "resolving blood according to conscience," the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The protagonist believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Lord died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of family life, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character refuses social life, completely devotes herself to the family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERATION AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE

1. In "Letters about good and beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The renowned scientist admires the book's ability to educate a person, to shape her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in the novel "Fahrenheit 451" shows what happened to humanity after all the books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply spiritless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF UPBRINGING CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant guardianship from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to the lethargy and weakness of Oblomov in adulthood.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family, the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty and love reigns. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ..." Doctor Yanson from Smolensk works tirelessly. The main character hurries to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all residents of the city.

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THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN THE WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls were killed. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls have become examples of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to surrender and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, out of love for the Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with arms against his yesterday's comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his younger son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, like the protagonist P. Zuskind "Perfume. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is incapable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a scent that inspires love for people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who, in order to fulfill his meta, goes to the most serious crimes.

The problem of betrayal

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverina "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka overheard and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later Romashov went so far as to collect information proving the guilt of Nikolai Antonovich in the death of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. All Chamomile's actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the action of the hero of the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and exile from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF APPEARANCE DECEPTION

1. In Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragin, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual fall.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unsightly, but behind it is a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincerely love.

THE PROBLEM OF WAR TRAITING

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while Guskov wondered why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness prevailed, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastena. The pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In the story "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov, the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "Great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his deed, wants to run, but realizes that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu. Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by the Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom the people around did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Wonderful sounds amazed the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then, the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul, helps to reveal the creative potential.

2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. A number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants belong to his brush. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of the nature of Russia prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have been attracting the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILD'S MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood years played an important role in his work. Sometime at the age of nine, the boy, inspired by the nature of his native village, wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. Lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician NN Burdenko" I learned that an outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" asserts that "you need to live your life with dignity so that you will not be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his master, who has had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog has been killed. Bima can be confidently called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give their collies to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog reunites with its previous owners.

THE PROBLEM OF EXCELLENCE IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Peter Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties in order to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's giftedness does not go unnoticed. His performance impressed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPORTANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE TO WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness to the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the vocation of the writer is raised in the novel by Jack London "Martin Eden". The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience made it possible for a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A MAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin's "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the experiences she has endured. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera to find inner balance, to find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov had not felt "such vigor, such a strength that seemed to have risen from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Peter Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilievna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for the service for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her there could be nothing more difficult than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON A PERSON

1. In Lev Kassil's story The Great Confrontation, Sima Krupitsyna listened to news bulletins from the front every morning on the radio. One day the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. This is how the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PALSE SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine, approved by the party. For personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. Row fiercely defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonorable deeds in order to achieve fame. Fanaticism of the academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science and, consequently, society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter fled with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died of melancholy and despair. Only a few years later did Dunya come to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but remorse came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a premonition of imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in his essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time a lot has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives on thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Russia.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." five girls fell, fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the place where the anti-aircraft gunners were killed in order to set up a tombstone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF THE GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ..." Smolensk doctor Yanson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. A talented doctor every day, in any weather, rushed to help the sick, not demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart unselfishly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTROYING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. The story of A. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian countryside after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" shows the life of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family was killed in the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable that they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTIONS IN THE INNER WORLD OF A MAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by intelligence, hard work, purposefulness, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but becomes convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsov. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and self-reliant. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old woman who is a money-lender. The investigator is a fine expert in human psychology. He understands the motives of Rodion Raskolnikov's crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will later serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in his story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide if she deserves punishment. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" Ignatyevich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman got hooked on a giant sturgeon. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the river and the king of all nature are on the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. IA Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vigor, such strength, which, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music is able to awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the field, at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPLIED BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on popular culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outside the law, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are spiritless, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" DS Likhachev ponders the question: why television is replacing literature. The academician believes that this is because the TV distracts from worries, makes you, slowly, watch some kind of program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to humans, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. In the story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became impoverished, but also became callous, spiritless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian countryside.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which must be flooded. It is difficult for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Together with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which have been passed down from generation to generation over the centuries and have shaped the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that the poet will cease to be a creator if he obeys the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "With the Whole Voice" sees the poet's destiny in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people, prompting them to great accomplishments. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that one should give up personal creative freedom for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEACHER ON THE STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "French Lessons" class teacher Lydia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. Additionally, while studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint_Exupéry "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the protagonist, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, and fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: "You cannot see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is sharp-sighted." So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite the difficulties in life, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" depicts the life of students in a school of social and labor education for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for the Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on an equal basis with men, are capable of military exploits and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkin's "Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left all alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and misfortunes during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article "O great and mighty new Russian language!" writes with irony about those who like to borrow. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes absurd when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings pollutes the Russian language.

2. V. Astafyev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with the fall in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyom-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the ill-being of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and are equally needed by people.

2. In the story by E. Grishkovets "Darwin" the main character after graduation from school chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes that what is happening is unnecessary and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a performance played by students. The young man is firmly convinced that the profession should be useful and enjoyable.