Biography

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (September 26 (October 8), 1892, Moscow - August 31, 1941, Yelabuga) - Russian poetess, prose writer, translator, one of the greatest poets of the 20th century.

Marina Tsvetaeva was born on September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow, on the day when the Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the Apostle John the Theologian.

Her father, Ivan Vladimirovich, is a professor at Moscow University, a well-known philologist and art critic; later became the director of the Rumyantsev Museum and the founder of the Museum of Fine Arts. Mother, Maria Mein (by origin - from a Russified Polish-German family), was a pianist, a student of Nikolai Rubinstein. The maternal grandmother of M. I. Tsvetaeva is the Polish Maria Lukinichna Bernatskaya.

Marina began writing poetry at the age of six, not only in Russian, but also in French and German. A huge influence on the formation of her character was exerted by her mother, who dreamed of seeing her daughter as a musician.

Tsvetaeva's childhood years were spent in Moscow and Tarusa. Due to her mother's illness, she lived for a long time in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. She received her primary education in Moscow, in the private female gymnasium of M. T. Bryukhonenko; continued it in the pensions of Lausanne (Switzerland) and Freiburg (Germany). At the age of sixteen she made a trip to Paris to listen to a short course of lectures on old French literature at the Sorbonne.

After the death of his mother from consumption in 1906, they stayed with their sister Anastasia, half-brother Andrei and sister Valeria in the care of their father, who introduced children to classical domestic and foreign literature and art. Ivan Vladimirovich encouraged the study of European languages, made sure that all children received a thorough education.

The beginning of creative activity

In 1910, Marina published (at the printing house of A. A. Levenson) with her own money the first collection of poems - "Evening Album", which included mainly her school work. (The collection is dedicated to the memory of Maria Bashkirtseva, which emphasizes its "diary" orientation). Her work attracted the attention of famous poets - Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin and Nikolai Gumilyov. In the same year, Tsvetaeva wrote her first critical article, Magic in Bryusov's Poems. The "Evening Album" was followed two years later by the second collection "Magic Lantern".

The beginning of Tsvetaeva's creative activity is connected with the circle of Moscow symbolists. After meeting Bryusov and the poet Ellis (real name Lev Kobylinsky), Tsvetaeva participates in the activities of circles and studios at the Musaget publishing house.

Tsvetaeva's early work was significantly influenced by Nikolai Nekrasov, Valery Bryusov and Maximilian Voloshin (the poetess stayed at Voloshin's house in Koktebel in 1911, 1913, 1915 and 1917).

In 1911, Tsvetaeva met her future husband Sergei Efron; in January 1912, she married him. In September of the same year, Marina and Sergey had a daughter, Ariadna (Alya).

In 1913, the third collection, "From Two Books," was published.

In the summer of 1916, Tsvetaeva arrived in the city of Alexandrov, where her sister Anastasia Tsvetaeva lived with her common-law husband Mauritius Mints and son Andrei. In Alexandrov, Tsvetaeva wrote a cycle of poems (“To Akhmatova”, “Poems about Moscow” and others), and literary critics later called her stay in the city “Alexandrovsky summer of Marina Tsvetaeva”.

Civil War (1917-1922)

In 1917, Tsvetaeva gave birth to a daughter, Irina, who died of starvation in an orphanage in Kuntsevo (then in the Moscow region) at the age of 3 years. The years of the Civil War turned out to be very difficult for Tsvetaeva. Sergei Efron served in the White Army. Marina lived in Moscow, in Borisoglebsky Lane. During these years, a cycle of poems "The Swan Camp" appeared, imbued with sympathy for the white movement. In 1918-1919 Tsvetaeva wrote romantic plays; poems "Egorushka", "Tsar Maiden", "On a Red Horse" were created. In April 1920, Tsvetaeva met Prince Sergei Volkonsky.

Emigration (1922-1939)

In May 1922, Tsvetaeva was allowed to go abroad with her daughter Ariadna - to her husband, who, having survived the defeat of Denikin, as a white officer, now became a student at Prague University. At first, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague. The famous "Poem of the Mountain" and "Poem of the End" dedicated to Konstantin Rodzevich were written in the Czech Republic. In 1925, after the birth of their son George, the family moved to Paris. In Paris, Tsvetaeva was strongly influenced by the atmosphere that had developed around her due to her husband's activities. Efron was accused of being recruited by the NKVD and participating in a conspiracy against Lev Sedov, Trotsky's son.

In May 1926, on the initiative of Boris Pasternak, Tsvetaeva began to correspond with the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who was then living in Switzerland. This correspondence ends at the end of the same year with the death of Rilke. During this period, Tsvetaeva participated in the publication of the magazine "Verst" (Paris, 1926-1928), in which some of her works were published ("The Poem of the Mountain", the drama "Theseus", the poems "From the Sea" and "New Year" in memory of Rilke).

During the entire time spent in exile, Tsvetaeva's correspondence with Boris Pasternak did not stop.

Most of what Tsvetaeva created in exile remained unpublished. In 1928, the last lifetime collection of the poetess, After Russia, was published in Paris, which included poems from 1922-1925. Later, Tsvetaeva writes about it this way: “My failure in emigration is that I am not an emigrant, that I am in spirit, that is, in air and in scope - there, there, from there ...”

In 1930, the poetic cycle “Mayakovsky” was written (on the death of Vladimir Mayakovsky), whose suicide shocked Tsvetaeva.

Unlike poems that did not receive recognition in the emigrant environment, her prose enjoyed success, taking the main place in her work of the 1930s (“Emigration makes me a prose writer ...”). At this time, "My Pushkin" (1937), "Mother and Music" (1935), "The House at the Old Pimen" (1934), "The Tale of Sonechka" (1938), memoirs about Maximilian Voloshin ("Living about the Living" , 1933), Mikhail Kuzmin (“An Otherworldly Evening”, 1936), Andrei Belom (“The Captive Spirit”, 1934) and others.

Since the 1930s, Tsvetaeva and her family have lived almost in poverty. Financially, Salome Andronikova helped her a little.

On March 15, 1937, Ariadne left for Moscow, the first of the family to have the opportunity to return to her homeland. On October 10 of the same year, Efron fled France, becoming involved in a contract political assassination.

Return to the USSR (1939-1941)

In 1939, Tsvetaeva returned to the USSR after her husband and daughter, lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo (now the Memorial House-Museum of M. I. Tsvetaeva in Bolshevo), the neighbors were the Klepinins. On August 27, Ariadne's daughter was arrested, on October 10, Efron. On October 16, 1941, Sergei Yakovlevich was shot at the Lubyanka (according to other sources, in the Oryol Central); Ariadne, after fifteen years of imprisonment and exile, was rehabilitated in 1955.

During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations.

The war found Tsvetaeva translating Federico Garcia Lorca. The work was interrupted. On August 8, Tsvetaeva and her son left on a steamer for evacuation; On the eighteenth, she arrived with several writers in the town of Yelabuga on the Kama. In Chistopol, where the evacuated writers were mostly located, Tsvetaeva received permission for a residence permit and left a statement: “To the council of the Literary Fund. I ask you to take me to work as a dishwasher in the opening canteen of the Litfond. August 26, 1941". On August 28, she returned to Yelabuga with the intention of moving to Chistopol.

Suicide and the mystery of the grave

On August 31, 1941, she committed suicide (hanged herself) in the Brodelshchikovs' house, where she and her son were sent to stay. She left three suicide notes: to those who would bury her (this note later became known under the code name “evacuees”), Aseev with the Sinyakov sisters and her son. The original note by the “evacuees” was not preserved (it was confiscated as material evidence by the police and lost), its text is known from the list that Georgy Efron was allowed to make.

Marina Tsvetaeva was buried on September 2, 1941 at the Peter and Paul Cemetery in Yelabuga. The exact location of her grave is unknown. On the south side of the cemetery, near the stone wall where her lost last refuge is located, in 1960 the sister of the poetess, Anastasia Tsvetaeva, "between four unknown graves of 1941" set up a cross with the inscription "Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is buried in this side of the cemetery." In 1970, a granite tombstone was erected on this site. Later, already at the age of 90, Anastasia Tsvetaeva began to assert that the tombstone was located at the exact burial place of her sister and all doubts were just speculation. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the location of the granite tombstone, framed by tiles and hanging chains, has been called the “official grave of M.I. Tsvetaeva” by the decision of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan. The exposition of the Memorial Complex of M. I. Tsvetaeva in Yelabuga also shows a map of the memorial section of the Peter and Paul Cemetery indicating two “version” graves of Tsvetaeva - according to the so-called “churbanovskaya” version and the “Matveevskaya” version. There is still no single evidentiary point of view on this issue among literary critics and local historians.

Documentaries

"The death of Marina Tsvetaeva" (1989, dir. Sergei Demin). A film with the participation of Anastasia Tsvetaeva, literary critics M.I. Belkina and Veronica Losskaya.
Marina Goldovskaya 1989 “I am ninety years old, my gait is still light ...” about Anastasia Tsvetaeva and her memories of Marina Tsvetaeva.
“The Turn Will Come” (1990, Lentelefilm, dir. L. Tsutsulkovsky). A film about Marina Tsvetaeva with the participation of Anastasia Tsvetaeva and literary critic M.I. Belkina.
"Autumn. Tarusa. Tsvetaeva…” (1990, Main edition of programs for children of the Central Television). Anna Saakyants, a literary critic and specialist in the work of Marina Tsvetaeva, takes part in the film.
"Do not bury alive! .." (1992, author and director Valentina Proskurina). Anna Saakyants, a literary critic and specialist in the work of Marina Tsvetaeva, takes part in the film.
Tatyana Malova "Tsvetaeva Marina. The novel of her soul "(2002).
Andrey Osipov "Passion for the Marina" in 2004, which received the "Golden Knight" prize, the "Nika" award for the best documentary film in 2004
TV series "Historical Chronicles": 1972 - Marina Tsvetaeva (74th series)
Olga Nifontova "Inspirational Marina" 2008.
"Paris Elegy: Marina Tsvetaeva" (2009, "SM-Film", author and director Alexandra Svinina). Literary critic Veronika Losskaya takes part in the film. In the television series "Islands" (TV channel "Culture"): "Marina Tsvetaeva. The Last Diary (2012, dir. Andrey Sudzilovsky).
Marina Tsvetaeva. Prediction (2012, directed by Sergey Braverman, author and presenter Sergey Medvedev).

Art films

"The Charm of Evil" (2005), director M. Kozakov. The film tells about the life of the Russian emigration in Paris in the early 1930s. The film touches on the life of Marina Tsvetaeva in Paris, shows the cooperation of Sergei Efron with the OGPU and his flight to the USSR. In the role of Marina Tsvetaeva - Galina Tyunina.
The Moon at Zenith (2007), a Russian four-episode film by Dmitry Tomashpolsky based on Anna Akhmatova's unfinished play Prologue, or Dream in a Dream. In the role of Marina Tsvetaeva - Natalia Fisson.
Mayakovsky. Two days ”(2011), directors Dmitry Tomashpolsky, Alena (Elena) Demyanenko. In the role of Marina Tsvetaeva - Natalia Fisson.
"Mirrors" (2013), director Marina Migunova. The film covers the events in the life of Marina Tsvetaeva in her youth, during the years of emigration, her return to Stalinist Russia. In the role of Marina Tsvetaeva - Victoria Isakova.

Museums of Marina Tsvetaeva

Museum of the Tsvetaev family in Tarusa, on the banks of the Oka there is a monument to Marina Tsvetaeva, authored by Boris Messerer

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva. Born September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow - died August 31, 1941 in Yelabuga. Russian poetess, prose writer, translator, one of the greatest poets of the 20th century.

Marina Tsvetaeva was born on September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow, on the day when the Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the Apostle John the Theologian. This coincidence is reflected in several works of the poetess.

Her father, Ivan Vladimirovich, a professor at Moscow University, a well-known philologist and art critic, later became the director of the Rumyantsev Museum and the founder of the Museum of Fine Arts.

Mother, Maria Mein (by origin - from a Russified Polish-German family), was a pianist, a student of Nikolai Rubinstein. The maternal grandmother of M. I. Tsvetaeva is the Polish Maria Lukinichna Bernatskaya.

Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergey Efron

In May 1926, on the initiative of Tsvetaeva, she began to correspond with the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who was then living in Switzerland. This correspondence ends at the end of the same year with the death of Rilke.

During the entire time spent in exile, Tsvetaeva's correspondence with Boris Pasternak did not stop.

Most of what Tsvetaeva created in exile remained unpublished. In 1928, the last lifetime collection of the poetess, After Russia, was published in Paris, which included poems from 1922-1925. Later, Tsvetaeva writes about it this way: "My failure in emigration is that I am not an emigrant, that I am in spirit, that is, in air and in scope - there, there, from there ...".

In 1930, the poetic cycle “Mayakovsky” was written (on the death of Vladimir Mayakovsky), whose suicide shocked Tsvetaeva.

Unlike poems that did not receive recognition in the emigrant environment, her prose enjoyed success, taking the main place in her work of the 1930s (“Emigration makes me a prose writer ...”).

At this time, "My Pushkin" (1937), "Mother and Music" (1935), "The House at the Old Pimen" (1934), "The Tale of Sonechka" (1938), memoirs about Maximilian Voloshin ("Living about the Living" , 1933), Mikhail Kuzmin (“An Otherworldly Evening”, 1936), Andrey Belom (“The Captive Spirit”, 1934) and others.

Since the 1930s, Tsvetaeva and her family have lived almost in poverty. Financially, Salome Andronikova helped her a little.

In 1939, Tsvetaeva returned to the USSR after her husband and daughter, she lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo (now the Memorial House-Museum of M.I. Tsvetaeva in Bolshevo), the neighbors were the Klepinins.

On August 27, Ariadne's daughter was arrested, on October 10, Efron. On October 16, 1941, Sergei Yakovlevich was shot at the Lubyanka (according to other sources, in the Oryol Central). Ariadne, after fifteen years of imprisonment and exile, was rehabilitated in 1955.

During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations.

The war found Tsvetaeva translating. The work was interrupted. On August 8, Tsvetaeva and her son left on a steamer for evacuation; On the eighteenth, she arrived with several writers in the town of Yelabuga on the Kama. In Chistopol, where the evacuated writers were mostly located, Tsvetaeva received permission for a residence permit and left a statement: “To the council of the Literary Fund. I ask you to take me to work as a dishwasher in the opening canteen of the Litfond. August 26, 1941". On August 28, she returned to Yelabuga with the intention of moving to Chistopol.

August 31, 1941 committed suicide (hanged herself) in the house of the Brodelshchikovs, where, together with her son, she was determined to stay. She left three suicide notes: to those who will bury her, to the “evacuees”, to Aseev and to her son. The original note by the “evacuees” was not preserved (it was confiscated as material evidence by the police and lost), its text is known from the list that Georgy Efron was allowed to make.

Note to son: "Purrlyga! Forgive me, but it would be worse further. I am seriously ill, this is not me anymore. I love you madly. Understand that I could no longer live. Tell dad and Alya - if you see it - that you loved them until the last minute and explain that got stuck".

Aseev's note: "Dear Nikolai Nikolaevich! Dear Sinyakov sisters! I beg you to take Moore to Chistopol with you - just take him as a son - and so that he studies. I can do nothing more for him and only ruin him. I have 450 rubles in my bag and if try to sell all my things. There are several handwritten books of poetry in the chest and a bundle with prints of prose. I entrust them to you. Take care of my dear Moore, he is in very fragile health. Love like a son - he deserves. And forgive me. I couldn’t stand it. MC. Don’t leave never. I would be extremely happy if I lived with you. If you leave, take it with you. Don't leave!".

Note to the "evacuees": "Dear comrades! Don't leave Moore. I beg one of you who can take him to Chistopol to N. N. Aseev. sale of my things. I want Moore to live and study. He will be lost with me. Adr. Aseev on the envelope. Do not bury him alive! Check it carefully".

In 1970, a granite tombstone was erected on this site. Later, already at the age of 90, Anastasia Tsvetaeva began to assert that the tombstone was located at the exact burial place of her sister and all doubts were just speculation.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the location of the granite tombstone, framed by tiles and hanging chains, has been called the “official grave of M.I. Tsvetaeva” by the decision of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan. The exposition of the Memorial Complex of M. I. Tsvetaeva in Yelabuga also shows a map of the memorial section of the Peter and Paul Cemetery indicating two “version” graves of Tsvetaeva - according to the so-called “churbanovskaya” version and the “Matveevskaya” version. There is still no single evidentiary point of view on this issue among literary critics and local historians.

Collections of poems by Marina Tsvetaeva:

1910 - "Evening Album"
1912 - "Magic Lantern", second book of poems
1913 - "From two books", Ed. "Ole-Lukoye"
1913-15 - "Youth Poems"
1922 - "Poems to Blok" (1916-1921)
1922 - "The End of Casanova"
1920 - "Tsar Maiden"
1921 - "Versts"
1921 - "Swan camp"
1922 - "Separation"
1923 - "Craft"
1923 - “Psyche. Romance"
1924 - "Well done"
1928 - "After Russia"
1940 collection

Poems by Marina Tsvetaeva:

Enchanter (1914)
On the Red Horse (1921)
Mountain Poem (1924, 1939)
Poem of the End (1924)
Pied Piper (1925)
From the Sea (1926)
Room Attempt (1926)
Poem of the Stairs (1926)
New Year's (1927)
Air Poem (1927)
Red Bull (1928)
Perekop (1929)
Siberia (1930)

Fairy-tale poems by Marina Tsvetaeva:

Tsar Maiden (1920)
Alleyways (1922)
Well done (1922)

Marina Tsvetaeva's unfinished poems:

Yegorushka
Unfulfilled poem
Singer
Bus
Poem about the Royal Family.

Dramatic works of Marina Tsvetaeva:

Jack of Hearts (1918)
Blizzard (1918)
Fortune (1918)
Adventure (1918-1919)
A Play about Mary (1919, not completed)
Stone Angel (1919)
Phoenix (1919)
Ariadne (1924)
Phaedra (1927).

Prose of Marina Tsvetaeva:

"Living about the living"
"Captive Spirit"
"My Pushkin"
"Pushkin and Pugachev"
"Art in the light of conscience"
"Poet and Time"
"Epos and lyrics of modern Russia"
memories of Andrei Bely, Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin, Boris Pasternak and others.
Memoirs
"Mother and Music"
"Mother's Tale"
"The Story of a Dedication"
"House at the Old Pimen"
"The Tale of Sonechka".

Celebrity biography - Marina Tsvetaeva

One of the most famous poets of the last century, prose writer, translator. Daughter of the famous scientist Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev.

Childhood

On October 8, 1892, a girl was born in Moscow, the future famous poetess, known far beyond the borders of the country in which she lived and created her works. The girl was born in an intelligent and educated family, it is not surprising that she followed in the footsteps of her parents, increasing the fame of her family and her family. Father, Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, held the position of professor at Moscow University, was an art critic and philologist by education. Mom, Maria Main had Polish-German roots. She was a pianist, at one time she took music lessons from Nikolai Rubinstein.

Marina grew up as an exemplary girl

From early childhood, the family devoted a lot of time to the education of the girl. She studied not only Russian, but also German and French. And already at the age of 6, Marina wrote poetry in these languages. Her mother was of great importance in raising her daughter, she wanted to see Marina in music.
The girl's childhood passed for the most part in Moscow or in Tarusa. Mom was often sick, and the family was also forced to live in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.

Primary education was received in a private school, why there were years of study in boarding schools in Switzerland and Germany. Marina's mother passed away early, she suffered from consumption. The father took care of the upbringing of the children himself. He instilled in children a love for literature and the study of languages, it was important for him that the children receive an appropriate education. Marina had two sisters - Valeria and Anastasia, and brother Andrei.

Marina's father - Ivan Tsvetaev was a famous scientist

The beginning of the creative path

Since Marina Tsvetaeva was from an educated and respected family, the environment and social circle was appropriate.

In 1910, the poetess released her first collection of poems, all of which were written during her school years, and it was called "Evening Album". The collection did not go unnoticed by already accomplished poets, these were Nikolai Gumilyov, Valery Bryusov and Maximilian Voloshin. Soon Tsvetaeva wrote a critical article "Magic in Bryusov's verses."

In 1912, Tsvetaeva decides to release a second collection, which she gave the name "Magic Lantern".

Published collections and useful contacts with other already established poets gave her access to participate in the activities of literary circles.

And a year later, the poetess released the third collection, calling it "From two books."

Marina spent the summer of 1916 in Alexandrov with her sister's family, where a cycle of poems was written.

In 1917, the civil war broke out, it was a difficult time for the poetess. Her husband served in the White Army, in honor of which a cycle of poems was written. In subsequent 1919-1920, poems were written - "On the Red Horse", "The Tsar Maiden", "Egorushka". In 1920, Marina Tsvetaeva met Prince Sergei Volkonsky.

In May 1922, she decided to emigrate from the country with her daughter. The husband went abroad before them and settled in Prague. In the same place, poems were written that became quite famous, including outside the country - “The Poem of the Mountain”, “The Poem of the End”.

In 1925, the family moved to live in France, and a year later Tsvetaeva was already being printed by the Versta magazine. Throughout the years, being in exile, Tsvetaeva corresponded with Pasternak.

Many works written in those years remained unpublished. And in 1928, the last collection of Tsvetaeva, which was released during her lifetime, was released in Paris under the title “After Russia”.

In 1930, Tsvetaeva dedicated a poetic cycle after the death of Mayakovsky (he committed suicide), this event shocked her to the core.

Strange as it may seem, but in exile Tsvetaeva's poems were not as successful as at home, unlike prose. From 1930 to 1938, a cycle of short stories and novellas was published.

In 1939, Tsvetaeva, following her daughter and husband, returned to her homeland. In 1941, Ariadna was arrested, she spent 15 years in prison and exile, and Sergei Efron (Tsvetaeva's husband), he was shot in the Lubyanka.

On August 31, 1941, Tsvetaeva decided to commit suicide; she was found hanged in the house where she and her son were guests. There are 3 suicide notes left to her relatives, in which she asked not to leave her son.

Marina Tsvetaeva was buried on September 2, 1941 in the city of Yelabuga, the place was chosen at the Peter and Paul Cemetery.

To the one who lies here under the spring grass,
Forgive, Lord, evil thought and sin!
He was sick, exhausted, out of this world,
He loved angels and children's laughter...

Personal life

Many works of the poetess were written under the influence of love. Her life was full of many novels, but one single love, for the man who became her husband and father of her children, survived the years of revolution and emigration next to her, this is Sergei Efron.

Their acquaintance took place in 1911 in the Crimea, Marina Tsvetaeva at that time was invited to stay by her friend Maximilian Voloshin. Sergei, in Crimea, was not on vacation, but for treatment after consumption and to recover from his mother's suicide. In 1912, the couple started a family and in the same year they had a daughter, Ariadna, at home the girl was called Alya. Relations with her husband were excellent, but when her daughter was 2 years old, Marina had an affair. The novel was somewhat strange, Tsvetaeva starts a relationship with a woman, this is a translator and poetess named Sophia Parnok. This painful relationship lasted for 2 years, the husband took such a hobby hard, but found the courage to forgive Marina.

Sergey Efron and Marina Tsvetaeva photo before the wedding

In 1917, she gave birth to a girl, her daughter was named Ira, at the age of 3 she died in an orphanage, Marina sent the girl there in the hope that she would survive there. The family in those years lived very poorly, they had to sell things in order to somehow feed themselves.

After the revolution, Marina had several more novels, but she emigrated to her husband. In 1925, the couple had a son, they named the boy George, according to some historians, the biological father of the boy was Rodzevich, with whom Marina had another affair in those years.

The son of Marina Tsvetaeva Georgy died in 1944 at the front, her daughter Ariada died in 1975. Neither the son nor the daughter had their own children, so there were no direct descendants of Tsvetaeva ...

Maria Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is a great Russian poetess who was born in Moscow on September 26 (October 8), 1892 and committed suicide in Yelabuga on August 31, 1941.

Marina Tsvetaeva is one of the most original Russian writers of the 20th century. Her works were not appreciated by Stalin and the Soviet regime. Literary rehabilitation of Tsvetaeva began only in the 1960s. Marina Ivanovna's poetry comes from the very depths of her personality, from her eccentricity, distinguished by an unusually precise use of language.

Marina Tsvetaeva: the path to the loop

The roots of Marina Tsvetaeva's work lie in her troubled childhood. The poet's father, Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, professor of art history at Moscow University, founded the Alexander III Museum, now the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. Marina's mother, Maria Alexandrovna Mein, was a pianist who had to give up her concert activities. The second wife of Ivan Tsvetaev, she had Polish ancestors, which later allowed Marina Tsvetaeva in several poems to symbolically identify herself with Marina Mniszek, the wife of the impostor of the Time of Troubles False Dmitry.

From his first marriage to the early deceased Varvara Dmitrievna Ilovayskaya, the daughter of the famous Russian historian, Ivan Tsvetaev had two children - Valeria and Andrey. From Mary Main, in addition to Marina, he also had a second daughter, Anastasia, who was born in 1894. Quarrels often occurred between the four children of one father. Relations between Marina's mother and Varvara's children were tense, and Ivan Tsvetaev was too busy with his work. Marina Tsvetaeva's mother wanted her eldest daughter to become a pianist, fulfilling her own unfulfilled dream. She did not approve of Marina's penchant for poetry.

In 1902, Mary Main fell ill with tuberculosis, and doctors advised her to change the climate. Until her death in Tarusa (1906), the family traveled abroad. The Tsvetaevs lived in Nervi near Genoa. In 1904, Marina Tsvetaeva was sent to a boarding school in Lausanne. During her travels, she learned Italian, French and German.

In 1909, Marina took a course in literature and history at the Sorbonne, in Paris, which her family opposed. At this time, Russian poetry was undergoing profound changes: the Symbolist movement was born in Russia, which strongly influenced Tsvetaeva's first works. However, it was not the symbolist theory that attracted her, but the works of such poets as Alexander Blok and Andrei Bely. Even while studying at the Bryukhonenko gymnasium, Tsvetaeva released her first collection, Evening Album, at her own expense, which attracted the attention of the famous Maximilian Voloshin. Voloshin met with Marina Tsvetaeva and soon became her friend and mentor.

Tsvetaeva began to visit Voloshin in the Crimean Koktebel, on the Black Sea coast. This house was visited by many people of art. Marina Ivanovna really liked the poetry of Alexander Blok and Anna Akhmatova, with whom she did not communicate personally then. She first met Akhmatova only in 1940.

In Koktebel, Marina Tsvetaeva met Sergei Efron, a cadet of the Military Academy. She was 19 years old, he was 18. They immediately fell in love with each other and in 1912 got married. In the same year, in the presence of Emperor Nicholas II, a large project of her father, the Alexander III Museum, was opened. Marina Tsvetaeva's love for Efron did not exclude her relationship with other men, for example, with the poet Osip Mandelstam. Around the same time, she had a love affair with the poetess Sofya Parnok, which was reflected in the cycle of poems "Girlfriend".

Marina Tsvetaeva and her husband spent their summers in Crimea until the revolution. They had two daughters, Ariadna (Alya, born September 5 (18), 1912) and Irina (born April 13, 1917). In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, Sergei Efron was mobilized. In 1917 he was in Moscow. Marina Tsvetaeva witnessed the Russian Revolution.

After the revolution, Efron joined the White Army. Marina Tsvetaeva returned to Moscow, from where she could not leave for five years. A terrible famine raged in Moscow. Marina Ivanovna suffered severe misfortunes: being alone with her daughters in Moscow during the famine, she allowed herself to be convinced of the need to send Irina to an orphanage, hoping that she would eat better there. But Irina died of hunger in the orphanage. Her death caused Marina Tsvetaeva great grief. “God punished me,” she wrote in one of her letters.

During this Moscow period (1917-1920), Tsvetaeva became close to the theater circles, fell passionately in love with the actor Yuri Zavadsky and the young actress Sonya Holliday. The meeting with Sonia Holliday is mentioned in The Tale of Sonia. Without hiding her hatred for the communist regime, Marina Ivanovna wrote a number of poems in praise of the White Army (“Swan Camp”, etc.). When Ilya Erenburg went on a business trip abroad, he promised Tsvetaeva to find out the news about her husband. Boris Pasternak soon informed her: Sergei Efron is in Prague, safe and sound.

Tsvetaeva in a foreign land

To reunite with her husband, Marina Tsvetaeva left her homeland. She was destined to spend 17 years in a foreign land. In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and Alya left Soviet Russia for Efron, in “Russian” Berlin, where the poetess published Separation, Poems to Blok, and The Tsar Maiden.

In August 1922 the family moved to Prague. Sergei Efron, who became a student, was unable to feed his family. They lived in the suburbs of Prague. Tsvetaeva also had several love affairs here - especially strong with Konstantin Rodzevich, to whom she dedicated The Knight of Prague. She became pregnant and gave birth to a son, whom she named George, after Efron rejected the name Boris (in honor of Pasternak). Tsvetaeva herself often called her son Moore - by association with Cat Murr from Hoffmann's fairy tale. Alya soon had to take on the role of mother's assistant, which partly deprived her of her childhood. Moore proved to be a difficult child.

Marina Tsvetaeva. Photo 1924

On October 31, 1925 the family moved to Paris. Marina Tsvetaeva lived in France for fourteen years. Efron fell ill with tuberculosis there. Tsvetaeva received a meager allowance from Czechoslovakia. She tried to earn at least some money by lecturing and selling her works, mostly prose, which cost more than poetry. French writers and poets ignored it, especially the surrealists. Marina Ivanovna translated Pushkin into French.

Tsvetaeva did not feel at ease in the circle of Russian émigré writers, although she had previously passionately defended the white movement. Emigrant writers rejected her. One of the letters where she admired the "red" poet Vladimir Mayakovsky led to her expulsion from the Latest News magazine. Marina Ivanovna found solace in communicating with Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria Rilke, Czech poetess Anna Teskova and Alexander Bahrakh. After Rilke's death in 1927, she dedicated the poem "New Year" to him, where she has an intimate and amazing dialogue with him.

In 1927, Marina Tsvetaeva met the young poet Nikolai Gronsky, establishing a close friendship with him. They had mutual friends, often went together to exhibitions and literary evenings. Gronsky died in 1934. “I was his first love, and he was my last,” wrote Tsvetaeva.

In 1937, on the centenary of Pushkin's death, Marina Ivanovna translated several more of his poems into French.

Efron was greatly burdened by exile. Despite his background as a white officer, Sergei developed sympathy for the Soviet regime. He began espionage activities in favor of red Moscow. Alya shared his views and increasingly conflicted with her mother. In 1937 Alya returned to the Soviet Union.

A little later, Efron also returned there. The French police suspected that he had assisted in the assassination in Switzerland of Ignatius Reiss, a Soviet spy who had betrayed Stalin. Marina Tsvetaeva was interrogated by the police, but her confused answers led the police to believe that she was crazy.

Tsvetaeva was expelled from the Russian émigré milieu. The inevitability of war made Europe even less secure than Soviet Russia had been.

The return of Tsvetaeva to the USSR and death

In 1939 Marina Ivanovna returned with her son to the Soviet Union. She could not foresee the horrors that awaited them there. In the Stalinist USSR, everyone who had ever lived abroad automatically fell under suspicion. Tsvetaeva's sister, Anastasia, was arrested before Marina returned. Although Anastasia managed to survive the Stalin years, the sisters never saw each other. All doors were closed for Marina Ivanovna. The Union of Writers of the USSR refused to help her, she somehow existed thanks to the meager work of a poet-translator.

In the summer of 1939 Alya and in the fall Efron were arrested on charges of espionage. Efron was shot in 1941; Alya spent eight years in the camps, and then another 5 years in exile.

After the start of the war, in July 1941, Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated to Yelabuga (now the Republic of Tatarstan). The poetess ended up there alone, without any support, and on August 31, 1941, she hanged herself after a futile job search. Five days before her suicide, Marina Ivanovna asked the writers' committee to give her a job as a dishwasher.

Brodelshchikov's house in Yelabuga, where Marina Tsvetaeva committed suicide

Tsvetaeva was buried at the Peter and Paul Cemetery in Yelabuga, but the exact location of her grave is unknown. In 1955, Marina Ivanovna was "rehabilitated".

Tsvetaeva's poetry - briefly

Tsvetaeva's poetry was highly regarded by Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin, Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria Rilke and Anna Akhmatova. One of her most devoted admirers was Joseph Brodsky.

The first two collections of Marina Ivanovna are called "Evening Album" (1910) and "Magic Lantern" (1912). Their content is poetic pictures of the calm childhood of a middle-aged Moscow schoolgirl.

Tsvetaeva's talent developed very quickly, especially under the influence of her Koktebel meetings. Abroad, in addition to the above, she published the collection "Milestones" (1921). In the verses of the period of exile, a mature style of Tsvetaeva develops.

Some cycles of her poems are dedicated to contemporary poets ("Poems to Blok", "Poems to Akhmatova").

In the collection "Separation" (1922), Tsvetaeva's first large poem "On a Red Horse" appears.

The collection Psyche (1923) contains one of Marina Ivanovna's most famous cycles, Insomnia.

In 1925 she wrote the poem "The Pied Piper" based on "The Stray Rats" Heinrich Heine.

The last ten years of Marina Ivanovna's life were, due to material circumstances, devoted mainly to prose.

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is a brilliant poet, prose writer, and translator.

Family

Marina Tsvetaeva was born on September 26, 1892 in the family of a professor. Father - Tsvetaev Ivan Vladimirovich (1847-1913) - professor at Moscow University, known in scientific circles as a brilliant philologist and art critic. Ivan Vladimirovich became the founder of the famous Museum of Fine Arts, now the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna, nee Maine (1868-1906), came from a noble Polish-German family. A talented pianist, she studied with Muromtseva, a student of Nikolai Rubinstein himself, and painting with Klodt.

Maria Alexandrovna was a very talented and versatile person. Being an insanely gifted musician, she virtuoso played the piano and guitar, wrote wonderful poems, and drew well. Maria Alexandrovna put art above all else, only the nobility of spirit was even more important to her. At the age of seventeen, Maria Alexandrovna fell madly in love with a married man, but, not wanting to upset her father, she was forced to refuse any contact with her lover. She continued to love him until her death.

Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev was a widower with two children from his first marriage. His first wife was Varvara Dmitrievna Ilovaiskaya, an opera singer, daughter of the famous historian D. I. Ilovaisky. Varvara Dmitrievna was a holiday woman. Ivan Vladimirovich madly loved her and carried this love through his whole life. Varvara Dmitrievna died suddenly from thrombophlebitis at the age of 32.

The marriage between Ivan Vladimirovich and Maria Alexandrovna was a union of convenience. Tsvetaev had two children, son Andrei and daughter Valeria, who needed female care. For Maria Alexandrovna, it is also time to get married. Professor Tsvetaev, a well-known scientist, a refined intellectual, was a very good match. A year after the death of Ivan Vladimirovich's wife, despite the significant difference in age (20 years), they got married.

Childhood and youth

In the Tsvetaev family, a comprehensive education was strongly encouraged. Little Marina from early childhood spoke perfectly in three languages - Russian, German, French, and not only spoke, but also wrote poetry. The girl wrote her first poems at the age of six. Little Marina's mother dreamed that her daughter would follow in her footsteps and become a musician. Tsvetaeva even studied at the Zograf-Plaksina music school. However, as we all know, fate decreed otherwise.

Previously, Marina spent her childhood in Moscow and in her beloved on the banks of the Oka. For the first time in Tarusa, Marina got in infancy. Dad took a long-term lease of the city cottage "Pesochnoye". These were the happiest days for the whole Tsvetaev family: Dad, mom, little Marina and Anastasia, half-brother and sister Andrey and Valeria spent every summer season with great pleasure in Tarusa. Near the house, the father planted four hazel trees in honor of each of his children and three more spruce trees in honor of each of his daughters. An interesting fact is that in 1941, when Marina Tsvetaeva passed away, one of the fir trees dried up. The Tsvetaevs were considered the first summer residents of Tarusa; at their suggestion, many intelligent Moscow families were drawn to these fertile places. Anastasia Tsvetaeva, who later became a writer and memoirist, in the book "Memoirs" reflected the atmosphere that prevailed in the country. Anastasia Tsvetaeva wrote this book, being already an elderly person, she managed to perform a small miracle. The writer in the most magical way was able to travel back in time and show their country life through the eyes of a child. Not everyone can do this, only a person with a pure soul is capable of this. Later, already in adulthood, Marina Tsvetaeva bequeathed to be buried in her favorite childhood place, on the banks of the beautiful Oka.

In 1902 grief came to their family. Mom, Maria Alexandrovna, fell ill with tuberculosis. Our Russian climate was not very suitable for a patient with a similar diagnosis. In the hope of improving their health, the Tsvetaevs were forced to spend a lot of time abroad. Balneological resorts in Italy, Switzerland, Germany for several years have become an almost permanent home for Maria Alexandrovna and children. However, despite desperate attempts to preserve the remnants of health, in 1906 Marina Tsvetaeva's mother died. The death of her mother left an indelible mark on the soul of Marina Tsvetaeva. Maria Alexandrovna was the real center of the family, loving, refined, tender, she instilled in her children the highest human ideals.

After the death of Marina Alexandrovna, the entire burden of upbringing was assumed by her father. Ivan Vladimirovich, an esthete, an educated person, made every effort to ensure that the children received a good, multifaceted education. Marina grew up as a rebellious, proud girl, she was a rather reserved child. The father, always busy with his favorite brainchild - the museum, did not always manage to find a common language with his uncompromising daughter.

The publication

In 1909, at the age of sixteen, Marina Tsvetaeva went to Paris, to the famous Sorbonne, in order to study old French literature.

Upon returning to Moscow, Marina Tsvetaeva meets Valery Bryusov, the famous Symbolist poet. Valery Bryusov, who was the editor-in-chief of the Scorpion symbolist publishing house, introduced Tsvetaeva to the poet and artist Maximilian Voloshin and many other very famous writers. Tsvetaeva and Voloshin were very friendly, perhaps they even had an affair, judging by Tsvetaeva's letters, the poet was in love with her. From their very first meeting, Voloshin appreciated the strength of Tsvetaeva's talent and for many years supported her in every possible way on her creative path. Voloshin was the owner of a private house in the Crimea, in Koktebel. In the summer, Voloshin's house became a unique world of creativity for the poet's friends. Writers, poets and artists enjoyed staying on the picturesque Black Sea coast. At the invitation of Voloshin, Tsvetaeva repeatedly visited Koktebel. Staying in this amazing house, communicating with talented people in the most serious way influenced the formation of the work of the young poetess. In Koktebel, Tsvetaeva met with, K. Balmont, I. Ehrenburg.

At this time, Marina Tsvetaeva declared herself as a real poet. The first book of poems called "Evening Album" was published in 1910. The book would have been published at the expense of the poetess herself, secretly from her relatives. The publication did not go unnoticed. Maximilian Voloshin wrote: this is a wonderful and spontaneous book filled with truly feminine charm. For the extremely proud Tsvetaeva, Voloshin's support was very important. Marina Tsvetaeva wrote that she owed Voloshin the first self-awareness of herself as a poet. also spoke in the most flattering way about Tsvetaeva's poems. And it was no wonder, it was hard not to see the new rising sun of poetry. It shone too brightly. Bryusov, on the contrary, spoke from the position of a high-flown mentor.

In the same 1910, Tsvetaeva also declared herself as a talented prose writer. Her first work, a critical article "Magic in Bryusov's Poems", was also appreciated. Voloshin became a literary mentor for Tsvetaeva. In Koktebel, Tsvetaeva met the young writer Sergei Efron. The young man impressed the girl. He seemed to her unspeakably noble, but at the same time absolutely defenseless. In 1912, Tsvetaeva and Efron became husband and wife, their daughter Ariadna was born. In the same year, her second book of poems, The Magic Lantern, was published. As a poet, Tsvetaeva did not belong to any of the poetic trends. Her work itself was a separate direction. Tsvetaeva said: I owe all my poems to people whom I loved, who loved me or did not love me. In 1913, a poetry collection "From Two Books" was published. Alas, in the same year, Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, a professor, philologist, historian, archaeologist and an outstanding art critic, passed away.

In the same 1914, an important event took place in Tsvetaeva's personal life. In one of the literary salons where Moscow poetesses gathered, Tsvetaeva met Sofya Parnok. Sofya Parnok - poet, translator and literary critic, published under the pseudonym Andrey Polyanin. Sofya Parnok was called the "Russian Sappho". At the time of their acquaintance, Tsvetaeva was only 23 years old, she was married and had a daughter. However, nothing could stop their mutual attraction. Girlfriends became lovers, which all of Moscow learned about in the blink of an eye. For a while, the friends even lived together. In their communication, something from the mother-daughter relationship was observed, Parnik was 7 years older than Tsvetaeva. For Marina Tsvetaeva, this was a controversial time, a love idyll was replaced by violent quarrels. Periodically, they deliberately shocked the audience, appearing together in various places, the friends sat in an embrace, smoking one cigarette for two. During the novel, they made several joint trips: Koktebel,. It is sad that all this happened in front of Tsvetaeva's daughter. Ariadne was at that time a very small girl, but still she guessed about the nature of the relationship between her mother and Aunt Sonya. An interesting fact, subsequently, Ariadna Efron herself connected her fate with a woman - Ada Shkodina and lived with her until her death. Husband - Sergey Efron, tried to maintain outward calm. He took the same wait-and-see attitude during all future hobbies of his wife, and there were by no means few of them. The love affair between Sofia Parnok and Marina Tsvetaeva lasted about two years. In 1916, there was a final break in their relationship. It was about the romantic relationship with Parnok that Tsvetaeva wrote the brilliant poem “Under the caress of a plush blanket”, on the basis of which an incomparable love romance was written, so penetratingly performed by the singer Valentina Ponomareva in the wonderful film “Cruel Romance”.

In continuation of the love theme, we can add that Sofia Parnok was not the only woman in the life of Marina Tsvetaeva. For example, in 1919 she had an affair with the actress of the Moscow Art Theater Studio Sophia Holliday. Much later, already in exile in Paris, Tsvetaeva spoke about such things in this way: “A man, after a woman, what simplicity, what kindness, what openness. What freedom! What purity.

Revolution and emigration

In 1917, the year of the revolution, Marina Tsvetaeva's husband, Sergei Efron, having become an officer, went to the front. During the civil war, he actively supported the white movement. He served in the famous officer regiment of General Markov. He was a member of the "Ice Campaign" and the defense of the Crimea. Among thousands and thousands of Russian people, fleeing death, he was forced to leave his homeland. Having emigrated to Turkey, he first settled in Gallipoli, later moved to Constantinople, then moved to Prague.

In these tragic years, Tsvetaeva faced many difficult trials. After her husband left for the front, Tsvetaeva was left without a livelihood. In 1919, famine reigned in Petrograd. Tsvetaeva decided to send her daughters to an orphanage. Only orphans were taken to the orphanage, so that they were accepted, Tsvetaeva was forced to call herself a godmother. So seven-year-old Ariadne and two-year-old Irina ended up in a shelter. Now the motives for this act are no longer entirely clear: why did Tsvetaeva take this step? One can only assume that Tsvetaeva, not counting on her own strength, tried in this way to save the children from starvation. However, the letters of the eldest daughter Ariadne have been preserved, an eight-year-old girl wrote to her mother about how she and her sister were hungry and ill in the orphanage. In 1920, little Irina died of starvation. Tsvetaeva did not come to the funeral, she could not.

Marina Tsvetaeva had a negative attitude towards the revolution, she considered it death for, which she did not fail to express in her poems. The collection Swan Song, published in 1921, was full of sympathy for the White Guard soldiers. Of course, in such a situation, no one printed Tsvetaeva's poems, and her stay in Russia became simply dangerous.

In 1922, Tsvetaeva, who for several years did not know anything about the fate of her husband, received the long-awaited news. Efron is alive and well, located in Prague. Upon learning of this, Tsvetaeva left Russia with her daughter Ariadna. They arrived in Berlin, and Sergei Efron also arrived there. The first few years the family lived in the Czech Republic. In Prague, their son George (Mur) was born. In 1925 the Efrons moved to France, to Paris. In Paris, Tsvetaeva had a whole wave of heterosexual novels, sometimes they were exclusively platonic in nature. In emigration, Tsvetaeva's poems were of little demand, they were considered too naked, too complex, passing all sorts of frames. At that time, among the Russian emigration, lyrical poems of a decadent orientation were fashionable. Prose, on the contrary, was very popular in emigre circles. Many wonderful works were written in emigration: "Craft", "Poem of the Mountain", "Poem of the End", "Pied Piper", "From the Sea", "Poem of the Stairs", "Poem of the Air", "My", "Pushkin and", as well as a cycle of anti-fascist poems "Poems for the Czech Republic". Relations between Tsvetaeva and the White émigré society did not work out. Correspondence with an old friend is the only thing that supported Tsvetaeva in this difficult situation. Her husband, Sergei Efron, was ill with tuberculosis and could not work hard. Being a very artistic young man, in his youth he tried himself on the stage. In France, Efron tried his luck at the cinema. In 1927, he even had a tiny role in the silent film The Sleeping Car Madonna. But, despite desperate attempts to somehow earn money, their family lived in poverty. For a while, only Tsvetaeva brought money to the family. The woman poet was depressed by the impossibility of being creative. Domestic problems completely absorbed her. When trying to escape from worldly captivity and at least write something, she listened to the reproaches of her relatives. The family did not understand her: the children accused the mother of selfishness, talked about the uselessness of her poems. The atmosphere heated up. After one of the quarrels, Ariadne's daughter left home. Sergei Efron, previously an active member of the white movement, was completely disappointed in him. Increasingly, he began to visit thoughts of returning to his homeland.

Homecoming

Since the 30s, Sergei Efron began his work in the "Union of Homecoming". The desire to return became stronger, in order to achieve this goal, Efron was forced to become a full-time agent of the OGPU. In 1937, after another major quarrel with her mother, her daughter Ariadne left home and soon left for the USSR. In the same year, Sergei Efron was involved in a political assassination. Pursued by the French police, he boarded a steamer in Le Havre, sailed to Leningrad, and thus also ended up in the USSR. In connection with this case, Tsvetaeva was summoned to the Paris Commissariat, they tried to interrogate her, but she began to recite poetry non-stop, as a result, Tsvetaeva was released. Marina Ivanovna absolutely did not want to return to Russia, but was forced to follow her daughter and husband. In the USSR, Tsvetaeva learned about the arrest of her younger sister Anastasia. In total, Anastasia was arrested 3 times: in 1933, 1937 and 1949, as a result, after all the ordeals, she was assigned to an eternal settlement in Siberia, in a village.

After returning home, at first everything was fine. For living, the Efron family was given a dacha by the NKVD in a village near Moscow. However, the quiet life did not last long. In 1939, Ariadne's daughter was arrested, and Efron himself was arrested soon after. Ariadne received 8 years in the camps and 6 years in exile, was rehabilitated only in 1955. Sergei Yakovlevich Efron was shot on October 16, 1941, but Marina Tsvetaeva was not destined to find out. After the arrest of her daughter and husband, Tsvetaeva stayed with her son Moore, she earned a living by translating.

When the war began, at the insistence of a friend of Boris Pasternak, Tsvetaeva, together with her son, went on an evacuation to the city. In the evacuation, Tsvetaeva unsuccessfully tried to find a job, she was in despair, everyday difficulties broke her. Marina Ivanovna was ready for any job, she asked for the position of a dishwasher in the dining room of the Litfond, but even there she was refused.

On August 31, 1941, the life of Marina Tsvetaeva ended in suicide. The reasons for the suicide are still a mystery. As often happens in such cases, there are only different versions of the tragedy. Among them, domestic disorder is considered the main version of suicide. Before her death, Marina Tsvetaeva left several notes, but they did not indicate the exact reason for her departure. It only contained a request to people to take care of their beloved son - Moore. Alas, Moore, a gifted, talented young man, died at the front in 1944.

Marina Tsvetaeva is a brilliant poet, misunderstood by many, a person not of this world, she absolutely did not fit into the generally accepted framework. Proud, impetuous, vulnerable, suffering, loving, rejecting. Someone loved her, someone she loved, but it was always passionate, like the last time. Marina Tsvetaeva could not live without loving. Love passions nourished her, without them she was like a flower dying without the sun.

Dmitry Sytov