Olga Anatolyevna Saltanova
The project "History of things that surround us"
INFORMATION CARD PROJECT.
In the modern world, less and less people are asking a question: where did things come from, who surround us in everyday life... Our life is convenient and comfortable. What made her so? Who and how invented things which do we use it every day without thinking about their importance? Try to do without a spoon, plate, comb, or other household items. of things... What happens if one of our convenient of things disappear from our everyday life? This will make us think, find ways to solve the problem, fantasize, create.
To create, to be curious is the main task of this the project... There is no need to set difficult tasks to encourage a child to show interest in stories, creativity. Every thing, which we hold in our hands - history of mankind.
View the project: cultural value.
Time spending: 1 month, February.
Participants the project: Children of the senior group and teachers, parents.
Educators: O. A. Saltanova, A. V. Larionova
Children's age: senior group.
main idea: introduce the history of the appearance of everyday things.
Problem statement question: Conversations with children “How did things come up, who surround us?»
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES PROJECT:
1. Objectives the project: expand and consolidate children's ideas about how a person, in the process of evolution, created household items (mirror, dishes, furniture, clothes); how these items changed during stories, give an idea that surrounding us things are the result of the creativity of many generations.
2. Tasks:
1. To generalize and systematize knowledge about household items.
2. To consolidate the classification of objects.
3. Develop logical thinking and curiosity.
4. To cultivate a respect for things.
3. Expected results:
1. Education of respect for things.
2. Expand knowledge about history of things.
3. Encourage creativity to use of things in everyday life.
4. Implementation progress the project taking into account the integration of educational areas
Development directions Educational
areas Goals and objectives
Cognitive Speech Cognition
Talking about things who surround us.
Get the kids interested in learning history inventions of household items.
Examining illustrations of old household items.
Communication
Acquaintance with history inventions of household items;
Talk about the invention of dishes, furniture, clothing;
Consideration
illustrations on the topic.
Presentation on the topic « History of things» .
View m \\ f "Fedorino grief".
Reading fiction Acquaintance with the book of N. Hodza "The road of life"
Reading chapters from T.N. Nuzhdina's book "World of things» about dishes, furniture, clothes.
Reading the story of S. Ya. Marshak "Where the table came from".
social and personal
Games and labor
artistic and aesthetic
Artistic creation
Drawing on themes: "Khokhloma spoon", "Light my mirror, tell me", painting of stencils of dishes based on the Gzhel painting.
Craft from waste material.
Making a collage on a theme "Evolution of things» .
Physical culture Introduce children to musical culture, enrich children's musical impressions; evoke a vivid musical response when perceiving music
of a different nature.
Physical development
Form the need for daily physical activity.
Learning physical education minutes by topic.
Interacting with family
Invite parents to make a collage with their children on the theme "Evolution of things» .
Presentation on the topic " History of things, who surround us».
Making crafts from waste material.
Open lesson.
5. Products the project.
1. Scenario of the final event.
2. Presentation and video material used during implementation the project.
3. Open lesson for parents.
4. Public photo report on the course of the event on the GBDOU website.
5. Album of collages on the topic.
6. Crafts from waste material.
Related publications:
Summary of the lesson “History of things. Russian shawl" Purpose: Introducing children to the history of the Russian headscarf. Introducing children to Russian folk culture The recording of the song "Korobeyniki" sounds, the headpiece.
Summary of the lesson in the preparatory group on the topic: "History of antiques" Educator: Taranova L. V. Purpose: to organize the pupils.
Consultation for parents "Sounds around us" The world of sounds surrounds the child from the moment of birth (or rather, he lives in it even before birth). Musical sounds in the endless sea of \u200b\u200bsound.
Musical lesson for the older group "Rhythms and sounds that surround us" Objectives: to teach to navigate in music; introduce a new repertoire, develop a rhythmic perception of music; keep up the cheerful.
Project "Games that Cure" The word "game" is magic. It attracts, bewitches and carries away into the world of the new surrounding space, not yet known by the child. When.
My Family Story Project Project "Story of my family" Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten №21 of general developmental type of the Azov st.
If you think about it, you will notice that in our life there are many things that we take for granted, without thinking about where they came from and how they became part of our everyday life. Every day we come across things that have amazing and fascinating moments in their history.
1. Metric system
There are only three countries worldwide that do not use the metric system: Myanmar, Liberia, and the United States. Liberia, however, has already partially accepted it, Myanmar is also in the process of transition, only the United States remains in its positions.
For all other countries, the metric system is a necessary part of everyday life. It was introduced in France in 1795 and soon gained popularity throughout Europe, eventually spreading to Asia, Africa and the rest of the world. In creating the concept of "meter", the French Academy of Sciences sent astronomers Pierre Meshen and Charles Messier on a special expedition to accurately measure one millionth of the distance between the equator and the North Pole. After making the necessary measurements and sending them to his French colleagues, Mechein had an accident and could not come back. While he was recovering, a war broke out between France and Spain, which also made it impossible for him to return. At this time, the scientist, to his horror, discovered that an error had crept into the calculations. However, when he finally returned to France, he realized that it was too late to change something.
2. Spices, condiments and other flavorings
Salt has been extremely important in the past to preserve raw meat and other foods for a long time, so its price was prohibitively high. Caravans loaded with salt crossed the harsh Sahara Desert, guided only by the stars and the direction of the wind. West Africa, one of the poorest regions in the modern world, was unimaginably wealthy between 800 and 1500 AD. thanks to the abundance of salt deposits.
Over time, salt began to take on an even more important position, since it became known about its importance for the human diet. The need for it became so urgent that the word “salt” itself became the basis of the modern English word “salary”, since the word “salarium” was used by Roman soldiers for the money for which they bought portions of salt.
Sugar, however, most likely originated in New Guinea 10,000 years ago, where people loved to chew cane. Around A.D. 500 the Indians began to produce powder from it. The ancient Greeks referred to "a kind of honey like salt", considering sugar to be a medicine. When the Crusaders returned to their villages and castles in Europe, they talked about the wonderful "sweet salt".
Black pepper, which only the rich could afford, was also used in the mummification ritual of the pharaohs. Pliny lamented that Rome was spending too much on the purchase of pepper. Pepper was such a valuable commodity that it received the name "black gold", functioning as a convertible currency.
3. Selfie
In the 19th century, the fascination with mirrors led to the popularity of self-portraits. The first "selfies" are believed to have been taken in 1839 by Robert Cornelia, an amateur chemist and photography enthusiast from Philadelphia. Using the daguerreotype - the latest technology at the time - Cornelius stood in front of the camera, looking directly into the lens, and took a picture.
Decades later, collective selfies became fashionable, as evidenced by photos of Joseph Byron and his friends taken in 1909. This hobby in 1914 did not pass the interest of even the Grand Duchess Anastasia Romanova.
4. Cutlery
Initially, forks were used only for cooking, and people preferred to eat with their hands. However, by 1004 A.D. in the Middle East and the Byzantine Empire, nobles were already using forks for dinner.
After the wedding of the Byzantine princess and the son of the Venetian doge, all subjects were shocked by the bride's habit of using devices. They considered such a practice an insult to God, who gave a person for these purposes fingers. However, centuries later, the practice of using devices in Europe nevertheless took root, but in some places its opponents remained until recently. Even in 1897, British sailors still preferred not to eat with forks, believing that it was "unmanly".
In China, chopsticks have been in use for 5,000 years. About 400 BC the Chinese began to cut food into smaller pieces, so there was no need to use large knives at the table. The use of chopsticks spread rapidly throughout East Asia.
5. Playing cards
The 52-card deck is believed to have Arabic roots. The ancient system of playing cards was very similar to the modern one: four suits and images of the royal family. However, the cards did not include the ladies. The original suits represented cups, swords, coins and polo bats. The latter eventually turned into clubs, as the Europeans had difficulties understanding the term. Later, the suits evolved into the familiar spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds. The practice of using suits may have come from China, where playing cards had been played centuries earlier.
6. Toilet paper
The use of toilet paper dates back to at least 6th century AD China. When Muslims visited China in the 9th century, they were stunned by this practice, noting with disgust that the Chinese are "careless about cleanliness, do not wash themselves with water, wiping themselves with paper!"
In 1391, the Chinese emperor ordered the serial production of toilet paper. The Imperial Supply Bureau was tasked with producing 720 thousand sheets every year, each sheet had to be 0.6 m by 0.9 m, and was intended for the personal use of the emperor.
About 300 years later, Joseph Gatie began manufacturing the Healing Paper product in the United States. The leaves were coated with aloe juice to soothe skin damage. Each 500-sheet package sold for 50 cents.
7. Feminine hygiene items
In ancient Egypt, menstruation was associated with the Nile River, a symbol of renewal and fertility. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used a wide variety of materials to make tampons, such as papyrus, wool, hides, and even grass.
In 1896, Joseph Lister, the man who inspired millions to rinse their mouths and wash their hands, together with the Johnson brothers created the panty liners known as the Lister Wipes. Unfortunately for Johnson & Johnson, this product did not gain the popularity it deserved, because at that time women were simply not ready to buy such things in public.
In 1998, Arunachalam Muruganantam, sympathizing with his wife, who was forced to use inconvenient or extremely expensive hygiene products, decided to come up with a more affordable product, but he had one problem: he had no idea how the menstrual cycle works. In an effort to understand the mechanism, he created a "womb" from a soccer ball chamber filled with goat's blood and hid it under his clothes to test the absorbency of his invention. Whenever he went to wash his clothes, neighbors thought he was a pervert, crazy or even possessed by demons, but the sanitary napkins he created ultimately earned him an innovation award from the President of India himself.
8. Bra
The modern bra began its history in 1910. It was then that 19-year-old Mary Phelps Jacob, while planning an outfit for the upcoming party, chose a dress that well emphasized her figure. However, the corsets of that time, the girl considered too restricting freedom. Instead, she asked the maid to bring her two handkerchiefs and a ribbon, creating a predecessor to the modern bra.
Ladies from high society marveled at the ability of young Mary to move and dance freely, interested in asking her secret. Four years later, the inventor received a patent for an open-back bra. In the following decades, the bra configuration went through a series of transformations. By the way, recent archaeological finds have shown that women have worn a sort of bra since the 1400s.
9. Divorce
In ancient Egypt, the institution of marriage did not matter, a man and a woman were considered a family, just living under the same roof, so cases of divorce and remarriage were quite common. In Greece, the issue of divorce was brought before the court for objective consideration. In Japan, if the husband refused to grant a divorce, the wife could live in the temple for three years, after which the marriage was automatically annulled. In Viking culture, women were free to leave their husbands if they were unable to provide for their families.
In medieval England, divorce was a strictly ecclesiastical matter. Changes in the official attitude towards the divorce process became possible only thanks to the efforts of Caroline Sheridan, wife of Member of Parliament George Norton. Sheridan suffered from abuse from her husband, finding solace only in children and writing. One day in 1836, Norton forced his wife to behave "friendlier" to Lord Melbourne with the aim of subsequently suing her and accusing Sheridan of adultery, but lost the case. However, he continued to bully his wife and children, which led Sheridan to advocate for the rights of married women in the UK. She lobbied for bills, published pamphlets and even wrote to Queen Victoria herself. Sheridan's soulful words had a significant impact on the passage of the Children's Bill of Rights of 1839 and the Marriage and Divorce Act of 1857.
Entertaining stories of the creation of brands, books, architectural structures, social phenomena, mythological creatures, cosmetics, transport, food, food and drinks, everyday things that surround us in everyday life and much, much more.
Boris Pasternak is rightfully considered one of the brightest Russian poets and writers of the 20th century. It was he who came up with the idea to combine prose and poetry in one work, which caused a flurry of criticism from contemporaries, but was appreciated by descendants.
We are talking, in particular, about the famous novel Doctor Zhivago, the last part of which is devoted to the poems of the protagonist. The fact that Yuri Zhivalo is a subtle lyricist and lover of rhymed phrases, the reader learns in the first chapters of the novel. However, Boris Pasternak tries not to distract readers with lyrical digressions, so he decides to combine all of Yuri Zhivago's poems into a separate collection.
The first poem attributed to the authorship of the protagonist is called "Winter Night". Later, it was often published as an independent literary work called "Candle" and was even transcribed to music, adding to the repertoire of Alla Pugacheva and ex-leader of the Gorky Park group Nikolai Noskov.
Published byAuthor Published byAuthorCategoriesTags
Veterinarian John Dunlop was resourceful and observant. He also loved his son very much, who, in turn, loved to ride a bicycle, which his father gave him. It was only when it was necessary to drive into the cobbled streets that the boy became a real torment for the boy, since the cyclist was subjected to hellish shaking - solid tires provided good grip, but not comfort. And then Dunlop came up with a simple but effective idea - he took off the cast tire and instead wrapped a specially shaped wheel with a tube glued from several rubber strips and filled with air - the prototype of the modern tire. Riding immediately became much more comfortable.
Published byAuthorCategories
Experts from France have calculated that a woman "eats" 4 to 6 kg of lipstick in her life. A man "eats" twice as much from a woman's lips. Let's try to find out how harmful it is to the body and, in general, find out about the evolution of lipstick.
Many people mistakenly believe that this type of decorative cosmetics appeared only in ancient Egypt and was the invention of the famous Queen Cleopatra. In fact, the desire to make your lips brighter arose even in primitive women. Already in the layers of the Ice Age, archaeologists find red sticks, pointed with a characteristic cone. This is the cosmetics of prehistoric coquettes. Edouard Taylor, in his famous book “Primitive Culture”, noted that lipstick is a by-product in relation to the paints of the primitive artist.
As soon as women saw stone women and primitive figurines with painted lips, they immediately transferred the artistic experience to the original. The lipstick was made as follows: the hollow stems of the plants were filled with a red dye. Since time immemorial, three types of natural dyes have been used for cosmetics: minerals - cinnabar (mercury sulfide) and red lead (iron oxide); biological dye carmine and vegetable - saffron and henna.
Published byAuthorCategories
"Max Factor is the father of modern cosmetics"
Max Factor is a famous cosmetic empire named after its founder Max Factor (real name - Maximilian Abramovich Faktorovich), who was born on September 15, 1877 in the city of Zdunska Wola. This city is included in the ód Voivodeship, hence the confusion and incorrect indication in many articles of the birthplace of Max, the city of Lodz. Then it was the territory of Tsarist Russia, and now it is modern Poland.
Maximilian grew up in a large family (more than 10 people), and from childhood he had to go to work to help his parents feed the family. At the age of seven, he first got acquainted with the world of theater - he was sent to sell oranges and candies in the lobby. At the age of 8, Factor became an assistant to a pharmacist, and at the age of nine, an apprentice of a cosmetologist, carrying out minor assignments. At the age of fourteen, he moved to Moscow and joined the Bolshoi Theater as a make-up assistant. The skills acquired in the theater greatly helped the Factor in the future. Then he had to undergo compulsory military service in the Russian army.
After demobilization, in 1895, Faktorovich opens his own shop in Ryazan, where he sells blush, creams, perfumes and wigs - mostly all of his own production. Once a theater troupe stopped in Ryazan, and a few weeks later the products of a Polish Jew were already known at court. “All my time was occupied by individual counseling, I showed them how to highlight the advantages and hide the flaws of their faces”... Later he moved to St. Petersburg, where he began working at the Opera House, dealing with costumes and make-up. The actors made up by Max Factor played in front of Nicholas II, and soon the name of the talented make-up artist became widely known among the nobility. For several years he worked as a cosmetics specialist at the court of the Russian Tsar and in the imperial theaters.
Published byAuthorCategoriesFor the Kingdom of Poland
Reprint. The cards were issued by the Imperial Card Factory specifically for the Polish provinces annexed to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century and were called "Cards made for the Kingdom of Poland." The most important differences between these cards are the drawings of German-type card suits, as well as a different composition of card figures, in which there are no queens, but, in addition to the king, there are two more "male" persons - the high and low (in relation to Russian cards, these were like a jack senior and jack junior).
Nevsky
A reprint of a well-known deck released in 1992 at the Leningrad Color Printing Plant in honor of the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial Card Factory.
The most popular type of maps in the USSR were "Atlas maps", the design of which in Russia has not changed for over 150 years. The drawing itself was created in the middle of the 19th century by the academician of painting Adolph Iosifovich Charlemagne. The very notion "satin" refers to the manufacturing method - printing on "satin" paper rubbed with talcum powder. Cards printed on such paper shuffled well, were not afraid of moisture, in contrast to plain paper, which did not have such advantages. Over time, they stopped making maps of lower quality, and the name "satin" was assigned to the drawing of the maps of Academician Charlemagne. The production of cards was launched in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, at the state-owned Aleksandrovskaya Manufactory, at which the Imperial Card Factory began operating in 1819. In the second half of the 19th century, the Satin deck became widespread in the Russian Empire.
A. I. Charlemagne did not create a fundamentally new style of cards. Satin cards are the result of reworking already existing card designs that were used in the 17th and early 18th centuries in Moscow card factories, which are also based on the so-called "North German picture", which originated from the ancient folk French card deck.
Published byAuthorCategoriesTags
In Germany, north of the Schönbuch Nature Park, is the city of Waldenbuch, in the middle of the wonderful Aichtal.
It can be assumed that Waldenbuch was named so because of the beautiful forest surrounding it. However, it was the German word "Walto", the short form of the word "Waltheri" means "warrior", from which comes the name of the area "Waltenbuch" ("warrior forest"), named after the Germans who drove the Romans out of here in the fifth century.
However, the first people who liked this place so much were the Celts. They inhabited the Waldenbuch area in the 8-7th century. BC. Also, the beautiful Waldenbuch sank into the hearts of others, even those who were here for a very short time.
Published byAuthorCategoriesTags
History
Each family has its own traditions. The Ritter family has kept a sweet secret for almost a century: the recipe for the success of good chocolate. The company, started by Alfred Ritter and his wife Klara in 1912 as a small family business, has grown into an internationally successful company. Today Ritter Sport chocolate is sold in 80 countries of the world. The success story is being written by the third generation - Alfred T. Ritter and his sister Marley Hoppe-Ritter.
The large German company Ritter to this day remains primarily a family business, therefore, concern for the quality of products for the company is in the first place. The family is responsible for the quality of every chocolate bar that is removed from their factory. We invite you to take in the most chocolate milestones of the 20th anniversary at a glance!
The story of Ritter Sport chocolate begins where love films usually end: with a wedding. In 1912, confectioner Alfred Eugen Ritter and Clara Göttle, the owner of a candy store, got married. Together they found the Alfred Ritter Cannstatt confectionery for the production of chocolate and sugar products - the love of good chocolate, as we can see, has its roots in our family history.
Published byAuthorCategoriesTags
After the acquisition of the company "Uniroyal Goodrich Tire" (USA) in 1990 year, Michelin achieved the necessary dimensions for sustainable development in North America. IN 1991 François Rollier retires from the year, and François Michelin appoints his son, 28-year-old Edouard Michelin, as managing partner. IN 1993 Michelin invents a new production technology - C3M. It saves energy, better automates production processes, etc. A trial test of the C3M technology is carried out at the Clermont-Ferrand plant.
IN 1994 year the world saw Michelin Energy tires - the first tires, one of the main qualities of which was improved fuel efficiency. After an almost 80-year hiatus, a Michelin office is reopened in Moscow. The Polish tire company Stomil - Olsztyn became part of the Michelin Group in 1995 year. In the Philippines, in Manila, a new plant opens. Michelin tires are being used for the first time on a space shuttle.
Published byAuthorCategoriesTags
1900 the year in the company's history is significant in that the first guide was published under the name "Michelin Red Guide". The guide was originally a list of various places that a traveler might find useful, such as hotels, repair shops, eateries, or paid car parks. It was distributed free of charge and had a very moderate demand. However, a great future awaited him. The first 35 thousand copies of the guide included the prophetic words of André Michelin: "This guide was born at the dawn of a new century, and will exist as long as the century itself."
FROM 1904 by 1906 the company is actively developing. The first warehouses of products appeared in the Russian Empire - Moscow and Warsaw. The Michelin factory in Clermont-Ferrand occupies almost 30 hectares and employs almost 4 thousand people. The new Michelin Sole tire is released, equipped with special metal pins. This invention is now universally known as "spike rubber", which provides better grip on the road surface.
Michelin Tire Co. is founded in London. Ltd. ". Michelin builds its first factory outside France in Turin, Italy. IN 1907 year Michelin crosses the Atlantic and builds the first U.S. plant in Miltown, New Jersey (the plant was closed in 1931 year). Another plant is under construction in Clermont-Ferrand. In honor of the first international automobile exhibition in St. Petersburg, the Moscow-St. Petersburg race was organized. The winner is A. Dure in a Lauren-Dietrich car fitted with Michelin tires. The average speed of the winner on the route reaches 70 km / h. In addition to the winner of the competition, several other competitors started on Michelin tires.
IN 1908 Michelin announced the award of the Grand Prix to the winner of aviation races. This was done with the aim of developing aviation. The race consisted of a flight from Paris to Clermont-Ferrand, landing on the extinct volcano Puy-de-Dôme, which is located about 15 km from Clermont-Ferrand. This feat three years later was accomplished by two Frenchmen - Renaux and Senouque.
Published byAuthorCategoriesTags
The French company Michelin, a manufacturer of road tires, is usually associated with the company's logo. This is the so-called "Bibendum", which looks like a pile of tires in the form of a person. This brand is one of the most recognizable in the world. The history of the company has deep roots - it has existed for more than a century and a half. Initially the company was called "Barbier Dubre & Co." - by the names of its two founders. The company will receive its current name a little later, when the Michelin brothers - André and Eduard - come to the family business. As for the Michelin Man logo, the idea of \u200b\u200bits creation came only 65 years after the first steps in this direction.
And the first steps were taken far 1829 the year when Édouard Daubrée married a Scottish woman named Elizabeth Pugh Barker, niece of the notorious chemist Charles Macintosh. Macintosh created a waterproof rubber raincoat, named after him, and received a patent for his invention in 1823 year. The mac cloak was incredibly popular in the mid-19th century and was favored by celebrities such as Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin.
Tea drinking for the inhabitants of the East, especially China and Japan, is an ancient tradition. Tea culture is inseparable from art, culture of these countries, the whole way of life. The ancient culture of Japan is full of symbols and traditions that are unusual for us, as mysterious as a hieroglyph. One of these traditions is the world famous tea ceremony.
Tea was brought to Japan from China in the 7th century. The origins of the spread of tea in the country were Japanese monks. In China, it was appreciated as a medicinal plant that helps against fatigue, eye disease, rheumatism. Then, as a sophisticated pastime. But such a tea cult as in Japan, perhaps, was not in any other country. This ritual has been performed almost unchanged for centuries in almost every Japanese home. Girls memorize the basics of ancient art at school. Many men know how to conduct a tea ceremony.
It was then that the Sanrio company appeared in Japan. Its founder, Shintaro Tsuji, decided to give people at least a little joy after hard and long years of war. The motto of the newborn company was "A small gift - a big smile", and Tsuji really managed to bring it to life - almost no one left the store empty-handed: customers took away small gifts for their loved ones and loved ones - postcards, inexpensive toys and other such pleasant little things.
Published byAuthorCategoriesTags
Have you ever thought about who came up with the favorite delicacy of children and adults, the popular and such delicious chocolate-nut spread called "Nutella"? The name of this inventor is Pietro Ferrero. It was not for nothing that his surname seemed familiar to you - this man founded one of the largest food production companies, mainly confectionery, Ferrero. This company is familiar to us for such products as: "Raffaello", "Mon Chéri" and "Ferrero Roshen" sweets, "Tik-Tak" mint dragee, "Kinder Surprise" chocolate egg with a toy, and a series of "Kinder" products. (Kinder Chocolate, Kinder Happy Hippo, Kinder Bueno, Kinder Pingui, Kinder Country, Kinder Maxi King and others).
Nutella itself, a delicate chocolate cream with a nutty flavor, has an interesting story. As is often the case with many grandiose inventions, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a sweet pasta came about by chance. But we will start our story from afar. In 1946, Pietro Ferrero, a native of the Italian province of Cuneo, inherited from his parents a small bakery in the city of Alba in northern Italy. Because of his irrepressible imagination and love of experimenting with food, Pietro turned his shop into a pastry shop with a tiny workshop. It was there that he spent all his free time experimenting with various ingredients to please his customers with fresh and varied pastries. In this he was assisted by Pierre's wife and brother Giovanni.
Housekeeping in Russia was not easy. Without access to the modern goods of mankind, the ancient masters invented everyday objects that helped a person to cope with many things. Many of these inventions have already been forgotten today, because technology, household appliances and a change in lifestyle have completely replaced them. But despite this, ancient objects are in no way inferior to modern ones in the originality of engineering solutions.
Duffle Chest
Over the years, people have kept their valuables, clothes, money and other small things in chests. There is a version that they were invented in the Stone Age. It is known for certain that they were used by the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. Thanks to the armies of conquerors and nomadic tribes, the chests spread throughout the Eurasian continent and gradually reached Russia.
The chests were decorated with paintings, fabrics, carvings or patterns. They could serve not only as a cache, but as a bed, bench or chair. The family, which had several chests, was considered prosperous.
Sadnik
The gardener was considered one of the most important subjects of the national economy in Russia. It looked like a flat wide shovel on a long handle and was intended for sending bread or cake to the oven. Russian craftsmen made an object from a solid piece of wood, mainly aspen, linden or alder. Having found a tree of the right size and suitable quality, it was split into two pieces, cutting out one long board from each. After that, they were smoothly sharpened and drawn the outline of the future gardener, trying to remove all kinds of knots and notches. Having cut out the desired item, they carefully cleaned it.
Rogach, poker, chapelnik (frying pan)
With the advent of the oven, these items have become indispensable in the household. Usually they were kept in the baking space and were always at hand with the hostess. Several types of grips (large, medium and small), a chapel and two pokers were considered a standard set of stove equipment. In order not to get confused in objects, identification marks were carved on their handles. Often, such utensils were made to order from a village blacksmith, but there were craftsmen who could easily make a poker at home.
Sickle and millstones
At all times, bread was considered the main product of Russian cuisine. The flour for its preparation was extracted from harvested grain crops, which were planted annually and harvested by hand. A sickle helped them in this - a device that looks like an arc with a sharpened blade on a wooden handle.
As needed, the harvested crop was ground by the peasants into flour. This process was aided by hand millstones. For the first time, such a weapon was discovered in the second half of the 1st century BC. The hand millstone looked like two circles, the sides of which were tightly adjacent to each other. The upper layer had a special hole (grain was poured into it) and a handle with which the upper part of the millstone rotated. Such utensils were made of stone, granite, wood or sandstone.
Pomelo
The pomelo looked like a cutting, at the end of which pine, juniper branches, rags, bast or brushwood were fixed. The name of the attribute of purity comes from the word revenge, and it was used exclusively for cleaning ash in the oven or cleaning around it. A broom was used to maintain order throughout the hut. Many proverbs and sayings were associated with them, which are still on the lips of many.
Rocker
Like bread, water has always been an important resource. To cook dinner, to water the cattle, or to wash, she had to be brought. The rocker was a faithful assistant in this. It looked like a curved stick, to the ends of which special hooks were attached: buckets were attached to them. The rocker was made of linden, willow or aspen wood. The first memorials about this device date back to the 16th century, but archaeologists of Veliky Novgorod found many rocker arms made in the 11-14th centuries.
Trough and ruble
In ancient times, linen was washed by hand in special vessels. A trough served for this purpose. In addition, it was used for feeding livestock, as a feeder, kneading dough, cooking pickles. The object got its name from the word "bark", because initially the first troughs were made from it. Subsequently, they began to make it from the halves of the log, hollowing out recesses in the logs.
Upon completion of washing and drying, the linen was ironed with a ruler. It looked like a rectangular board with jagged edges on one side. Things were neatly wound on a rolling pin, a ruble was put on top and rolled. Thus, the linen fabric was softened and leveled. The smooth side was painted and decorated with carvings.
Cast iron iron
The ruble was replaced in Russia by a cast iron iron. This event is marked by the 16th century. It is worth noting that not everyone had it, since it was very expensive. In addition, cast iron was heavy and more difficult to iron than the old method. There were several types of irons, depending on the heating method: burning coals were poured into some, while others were heated on the stove. Such a unit weighed from 5 to 12 kilograms. Later, the coals were replaced with cast iron ingots.
Spinning wheel
The spinning wheel was an important part of Russian life. In ancient Russia it was also called "spindle", from the word "spin". The popular were spinning wheels-the bottom, which looked like a flat board, on which the spinner sat, with a vertical neck and a shovel. The upper part of the spinning wheel was richly decorated with carvings or paintings. At the beginning of the 14th century, the first self-spinning wheels appeared in Europe. They had the form of a wheel located perpendicular to the floor and a cylinder with a spindle. Women, with one hand fed the threads to the spindle, and with the other turned the wheel. This way of twisting the fibers was easier and faster, which greatly facilitated the work.
Today it is very interesting to see what it was.
There is an opinion that any invention is associated with painstaking research and scientific research. But in reality, this does not always happen. History knows cases when objects that have become in demand and popular were invented quite by accident.
In this review, the most unexpected stories of the appearance of objects that have come into use today.
# 1 Potato Chips (1853)
The story goes that George Crum, the chef of a restaurant at the prestigious Moon Lake House in Saratoga Springs, USA, one day in 1853 ran into a moody customer. This client was the railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt.
The customer started complaining that his chips were too thick, too soft and too poorly cooked. Although Krum did his best to please Vanderbilt, he returned the portion over and over again.
Then the chef decided to teach the client a lesson. He sliced \u200b\u200bthe potatoes as thinly as he could, fried them to the point that they broke when pressed with a fork, and sprinkled them with salt. However, the unexpected happened - Vanderbilt admired the dish and ordered another portion. The fame for Saratoga Chips quickly spread throughout the area, and Krum opened his own restaurant.
# 2 Artificial sweetener saccharin (1877)
One late evening in 1877, Russian chemist Konstantin Fahlberg was so absorbed in his research that when he walked home for dinner from his laboratory at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, he forgot to wash his hands.
When he took a piece of bread at home, it turned out that the bread was somehow sweet. Fahlberg then recalled that earlier that day, he accidentally spilled an experimental chemical compound on his hands. Those. the sweet taste of the bread is due to some kind of chemical.
Fahlberg hurriedly went back to the laboratory, where he experimentally established what kind of compound it was - ortho-sulfobenzoic acid, which the scientist later named saccharin.
# 3 Coca-Cola (1886)
While trying to find a cure for headaches and hangovers, chemist John Pemberton of Atlanta, USA concocted a syrup made from wine and coca extract, which he called "Pemberton's French Wine Coca".
In 1885, at the height of American Prohibition, the sale of alcohol was banned in Atlanta, prompting Pemberton to start producing a pure coca-based syrup that needed to be diluted with water. The story goes that one day, due to negligence, the bartender accidentally diluted the syrup with ice-cold soda water instead of tap water. The modern cola was born.
# 4 X-rays (1895)
In his laboratory in 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen experimented with cathode ray tubes (roughly analogous to modern fluorescent lamps) in order to study how electricity passes through gases. He carefully evacuated air from the cathode tube, filled it with a special gas and passed a high voltage electric current through it.
To Roentgen's surprise, the screen, located a meter away from the tube, suddenly began to emit a green fluorescent glow. This was weird because the light-emitting cathode ray tube was surrounded by thick black cardboard. The only explanation was that the "invisible rays" produced by the tube somehow got through the cardboard and hit the screen.
Roentgen decided to test this on his wife Bertha, after which it turned out that the rays freely pass through the tissues of her hand, as a result of which the bones became visible. The news of Roentgen's discovery spread quickly around the world.
# 5 Ice Cream Waffle Cone (1904)
By the end of the 19th century, when ice cream became cheap enough for ordinary people to afford, it was usually sold in cups made of paper, glass or metal, which were then returned to the vendor.
In 1904, at the World's Fair in American St. Louis, there were more than 50 ice cream locks and more than a dozen hot waffles. It was hot and the ice cream sold much better than the waffles. When ice cream vendor Arnold Fornacho ran out of paper cups, Ernest Humvee, a Syrian who sold waffles nearby, rolled one of his waffles into a tube and offered to put ice cream in it. This is how the first waffle cone was born.
# 6 Penicillin (1928)
On September 3, 1928, the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming, after a vacation, cleaned his laboratory in London's St Mary's Hospital. While cleaning, he noticed blue-green mold on the petri dish, which he forgot to wash before vacation.
Fleming was about to throw the sample away when he noticed something unusual: the mold killed the colonies of staphylococcal bacteria present on the petri dish. A few months later, he isolated penicillin from these molds.
If Fleming hadn't been in such a hurry on vacation, he would have washed the dishes, and today there would not be one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world.
# 7 Microwave (1946)
While testing microwaves in 1946, engineer and radar technician Percy Spencer, who was standing in front of the radar, noticed that a chocolate bar in his pocket was starting to melt. Spencer and his colleagues then tried heating other foods with microwaves to see if a similar effect would happen.
When they put popcorn in front of the radar, it immediately began to burst. And the egg, put in the kettle, literally boiled.
Finally, by chance, an alternative to conventional gas and electric ovens has emerged. It is now possible to cook food much faster than before.
# 8 Velcro (1955)
The Velcro was patented 62 years ago. And the story of her appearance was rather unusual.
In 1955, after walking his dog in the woods, Swiss electrical engineer Georges de Mestral discovered that his trousers and dog's coat were literally strewn with burdocks. Examining the burrs of burrs under a microscope, de Mestral found thousands of tiny hooks that easily cling to the small loops found in all kinds of everyday clothing. This prompted him to make a double-sided fastener, in which one side will be equipped with "hooks" and the other with soft loops.
De Mestral tried several materials to find out which of them would have the strongest grip, and found that nylon was ideal for this.
# 9 Adhesive Stickers (1968 and 1974)
In 1968, chemist Spencer Silver, who worked for the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company in St. Paul, was tasked with developing a strong adhesive for the aerospace industry, but eventually invented a weak adhesive. Oddly enough, the tiny acrylic balls that make up this glue are almost indestructible, so it can be reused.
Initially, Silver wanted to sell his glue to apply it to the surface of notice boards so that people could glue their ads on them, and then easily tear them off.
A few years later, in 1974, chemist Art Fry was fed up with the paper bookmarks that regularly dropped out of his hymnbooks (he sang in the church choir in St. Paul). And then he came up with a brilliant idea - why not use Dr. Silver's glue on these pieces of paper.
Fry cut up the yellow paper he found in the lab next to him and smeared one side of it with glue. The idea has proven so popular that over 90 percent of people today use stickers.
# 10 Viagra (1998)
In clinical trials at the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, they initially studied the use of Viagra as a cardiovascular drug to lower blood pressure, dilate blood vessels and treat sore throats. Although the results were disappointing, in one study, male volunteers experienced an unusual side effect - very persistent erections.
No one at Pfizer even thought of initially using Viagra to treat erectile dysfunction, and the company almost launched the drug on the market as a remedy for sore throat ... if not for an accidental experiment.
