A person all his life - from birth to death - is surrounded by everyday objects. What is included in this concept? Furniture, dishes, clothing and more. A huge number of proverbs and sayings are associated with the objects of folk life. They are discussed in fairy tales, they write poems and come up with riddles.

What items of folk life in Russia do we know? Have they always been called that? Are there things that have disappeared from our lives? What interesting facts are connected with household items? Let's start with the most important thing.

Russian hut

It is impossible to imagine the items of Russian folk life without the most important thing - their home. In Russia, huts were built on the banks of rivers or lakes, because fishing has been one of the most important trades since ancient times. The place for the construction was chosen very carefully. The new hut was never built on the site of the old one. An interesting fact is that pets served as a guideline for the choice. The place they chose for rest was considered the most favorable for building a house.

The dwelling was made of wood, most often of larch or birch. It would be more correct to say not "build a hut", but "cut down a house." This was done with an ax, and later with a saw. The huts were most often made square or rectangular. There was nothing superfluous inside the dwelling, only the essentials for life. The walls and ceilings in the Russian hut were not painted. For wealthy peasants, the house consisted of several rooms: the main dwelling, a canopy, a veranda, a closet, a courtyard and buildings: a flock or corral for animals, a hayloft and others.

In the hut there were wooden items of folk life - a table, benches, a cradle or cradle for babies, shelves for dishes. Colored rugs or runners could be on the floor. The table occupied a central place in the house, the corner where it stood was called "red", that is, the most important, honorable. He was covered with a tablecloth, and the whole family gathered behind him. Everyone at the table had his own place, the most comfortable, the central one was occupied by the head of the family - the owner. There was a place for icons.

Good speech, if there is a stove in the hut

Without this subject it is impossible to imagine the life of our distant ancestors. The stove was both a nurse and a savior. In severe cold, only thanks to her, many people managed to keep warm. The Russian stove was a place where food was prepared, and people also slept on it. Her warmth saved from many diseases. Due to the fact that it had various niches and shelves, various dishes were stored here.

The food cooked in the Russian oven is extremely tasty and aromatic. Here you can cook: delicious and rich soup, crumbly porridge, all kinds of pastries and much more.

But the most important thing is that the stove was the place in the house where people were constantly around. It is no coincidence that in Russian fairy tales, the main characters either ride it (Emelya), then sleep (Ilya Muromets).

Poker, grip, pomelo

These items of folk life were directly related to Kocherga was the first assistant at work. When the wood was burned in the stove, they moved the coals with this object and made sure that there were no unburned logs. The Russian people have put together a lot of proverbs and sayings about the poker, here are just a few of them:

• There is a broom in the bathhouse, a poker in the oven.
• No candle to God, no poker to hell.
• A black conscience and a poker seem like a gallows.

The grab is the second assistant when working with the stove. Usually there were several of them, of different sizes. With the help of this object, cast iron pots or pans with food were placed and removed in the oven. They took care of the grips and tried to handle them very carefully.

A pomelo is a special broom, with the help of which excess garbage was swept from the oven, and it was not used for other purposes. The Russian people came up with a characteristic riddle about this subject: "Under the floor, under the middle, sits. Usually the pomelo was used before going to bake pies.

A poker, a grab, a broom - certainly had to be at hand when cooking food in a Russian oven.

Chest - for storing the most valuable things

In every house there must have been a place where the dowry, clothes, towels, tablecloths were folded. Chest - items of folk life They could be both large and small. Most importantly, they had to meet several requirements: spaciousness, durability, decoration. If a girl was born in the family, then the mother began to collect her dowry, which was folded into a chest. The girl who was getting married took him with her to her husband's house.

There were many curious traditions associated with the chest. Here is some of them:

• Girls were not allowed to give their chest to someone, otherwise they could remain an old maid.
• It was impossible to open the chest during Shrovetide. It was believed that this way you could release your wealth and good luck.
• Before marriage, the bride's relatives sat on the chest and demanded a ransom for the dowry.

Interesting names of objects of folk life

Many of us do not even assume that the familiar things that surround us in everyday life were once called quite differently. If we imagine for a few minutes that we are in the distant past, then some items of folk life would remain unrecognized by us. We bring to your attention the names of some familiar things:

Broom - holik.

A closet or small closed room was called a crate.

The place where large domestic animals lived is a flock.

Towel - handkerchief or wiping.

The place where they washed their hands is the washstand.

The box where the clothes were kept is a chest.

The place to sleep is half.

A wooden block with a short handle, designed for ironing clothes in the old days - ruble.

Large cup for pouring drinks - endova.

Folk household items of Russia: curious facts

• The city of Tula is considered the birthplace of the samovar. This item was one of the favorites of the Russians; it was difficult to find a hut in which it was not. The samovar was a source of pride, it was taken care of and passed on by inheritance.
• The first electric iron appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Until that time, there were cast-iron irons, in which coals were piled or heated for a long time over a furnace flame. It was very uncomfortable to hold them, they could weigh more than ten kilograms.
• One of the most prestigious items of folk life was the gramophone. In the villages, you could exchange a cow for him.
• A large number of folk traditions and rituals are associated with the table. Before the wedding, the bride and groom had to go around the table, the newborn was carried around the table. These customs, according to popular beliefs, symbolized a long and happy life.
• Spinning wheels appeared in Ancient Russia. They were made of wood: birch, linden, aspen. This item was given by the father to the daughter for the wedding. It was customary to decorate and paint the spinning wheels, so none of them resembled the other.
• Folk household items for children - homemade rag dolls, bast and wool balls, rattles, clay whistles.

Home decoration

The décor of folk objects included woodcarving and artistic painting. Many things in the house were decorated by the hands of the owners: chests, spinning wheels, dishes and much more. The design and decoration of objects of folk life concerned, first of all, the hut itself. This was done not only for beauty, but also as a talisman against evil spirits and various troubles.

Hand-made dolls were used to decorate the house. Each of them had its own purpose. One drove away evil spirits, the other brought peace and prosperity, the third did not allow squabbles and scandals in the house.

Items that have disappeared from everyday life

• A chest for storing clothes.
• Ruler for ironing linen.
• A shop is an object on which they were sitting.
• Samovar.
• Spinning wheel and spindle.
• Gramophone.
• Cast iron iron.

A few words in conclusion

Studying objects of folk life, we get acquainted with the life and customs of our distant ancestors. A Russian stove, a spinning wheel, a samovar - without these things it is impossible to imagine a Russian hut. They united families, next to them the grief was easier to endure, and any work was argued. Nowadays, special attention is paid to items of folk life. When buying a house or summer cottage, many owners tend to purchase them with a stove.

It is difficult to imagine, but many objects from the daily life of a modern person have existed hundreds, or even thousands of years ago. We have prepared a review in which we presented only the most ancient examples of things we are used to that have survived to this day. However, it is likely that some of the items listed could have appeared much earlier than these dates.

World's Oldest Recorded Melody (3400 years old)

The Hurrian Hymn, written in cuneiform on a clay tablet, is the oldest recorded melody in human history. An artifact dating back to 1400 BC was discovered in the city of Ugarit (Northern Canaan) in what is now Syria. The melody was sung on the lyre in praise of the wife of the Moon God.

World's Oldest Animation (Age 5000)

The National Museum of Iran houses a 10 cm earthen drinking goblet, which depicts five consecutive scenes of a goat in a circle. First, the animal jumps in the direction of the tree, then eats the leaves from it. By rotating the goblet around the vertical axis, you can see the simplest animation. Scientists date this product to the third millennium BC.

World's Oldest Socks (1500 years old)

These unusual woolen socks of a resident of Ancient Egypt were knitted one and a half thousand years ago between the three hundredth and four hundred ninety-ninth years from the birth of Christ. Socks were worn specifically for sandals, hence their original appearance. Interestingly, even after one and a half thousand years these socks look quite competitive against the background of even the most.

The World's Oldest Shoes (Age 5500)

The oldest leather shoes in the world were discovered in one of the caves in Armenia. Several layers of sheep dung and grass, under which the find was made, served as a preservative. The shoes have been perfectly preserved, having lain in a dry and cool cave for about 5.5 thousand years. It's amazing how much the ancient moccasin resembles some of the modern shoes!

World's Oldest Pants (Age 3400)

In an ancient necropolis in western China, archaeologists have unearthed the oldest pants in the world. They are woven of woolen fabric and decorated with intricate patterns. The pants probably belonged to some Asian nomad who lived about 3400 years ago. According to scientists, this find confirms that it was the nomads who were the first to come up with pants for comfortable riding on horses.

World's Oldest Bra (Age 500)

This bra was worn in Austria between 1390 and 1485. Although it is the oldest surviving bra, there are earlier descriptions of "breast pouches" in the chronicles. For 500 years, the farthest have gone from their progenitor, but the first model may also pass for a vintage retro classic.

World's Oldest Handbag (4500 years old)

On the territory of Germany, a small handbag was found in a Bronze Age burial dating back to 2500-2200 BC. For thousands of years, the skin and fabric from which it was made have collapsed. Only dog \u200b\u200bteeth have survived, which probably served as decoration and protection for the purse.

World's Oldest Sunglasses (Age 800)

The Eskimos can be considered the inventors of the world's first sunglasses. "Snow" glasses, as the Eskimos themselves called them, were made of bone, leather or wood. The thin slits in the glasses were designed to protect the eyes from "snow blindness" caused by bright sunlight. The first such glasses, according to scientists, appeared several thousand years ago. The oldest existing specimen was made from walrus bone "only" between 1200 and 1600 AD on Baffin Island in Canada. Of course, ancient glasses do not have the cool functions of modern ones, but thanks to their simplicity and reliability, they will calmly exist for another 800 years.

World's Oldest Condom (Age 370)

The oldest surviving condom was found in Sweden, in the city of Lund. An ancient contraceptive dating back to 1640 was made from pig intestines and could be used multiple times. An instruction in Latin has come down to this day, recommending washing a condom in warm milk after each use. 17th-century condoms made from sheep and pork intestines did little to protect against sexually transmitted diseases, so scientists believe they were mainly used to prevent pregnancy. In general, it dates back to 1564. Italian physician and inventor Gabriele Fallopio came up with the idea of \u200b\u200bputting a linen bag soaked in all kinds of chemicals on the male genital organ.

The world's oldest gum (Age 5000 years old)

The oldest known gum is a piece of petrified birch resin from the Neolithic period, found in Finland. The gum, which has preserved traces of human teeth from the Stone Age, dates back to the end of the fourth millennium BC. Wood resin contains phenols which have antiseptic properties. Therefore, the ancient people chewed the resin and bark of trees to get rid of diseases of the oral cavity. In addition, tree resin was often used as glue, for example to glue broken pottery.

World's Oldest Cheese (Age 3,600)

In the 20th century, beautifully preserved mummies were found in the Taklamakan Desert in northwestern China, with small lumps of cheese on their chest and neck. Scientists are sure that this cheese was made from sourdough. In a similar way, some types of cheese and kefir are made in our time. Research has shown that the cheese found dates back to around 1615 BC, making it the oldest cheese on the planet.

World's Oldest Prosthesis (Age 3,000)

When studying an ancient Egyptian mummy buried about three thousand years ago, archaeologists found that wooden ones were attached to its right leg instead of missing ones. To confirm their hunch, the researchers created an exact copy of the found artifact and tested it with the help of a volunteer with a similar injury. Tests have shown that wooden fingers were used specifically for walking and not for cosmetic purposes. Thanks to them, a person could not only move freely, but also wear sandals, which were the main footwear in Ancient Egypt. The scientists' guess was correct: they managed to find the oldest known prosthesis. Today, when there even exist, hardly anyone can be surprised by the prosthetics of a part of the foot, however, the appearance of such a prosthesis for three thousand years can be safely called a fantastic scientific breakthrough of that time.

World's Oldest Public Flush Toilet (Age 2000)

In the ancient city of Ephesus, located in Turkey, the oldest public toilet with a flush was discovered. A hole with a drainage system was hidden under the slab with holes for "need". It is noteworthy that a tool resembling an oar was found there. Probably, on hot days, with the help of this paddle, the servants accelerated the cleaning of the toilet pit, pushing its contents towards the drain. It should be admitted that the toilet theme is close to humanity like no other, perhaps that is why it is constantly inventing more and more new ones.

World's Oldest Coin (Age 2,700)

The oldest known coin was discovered among the ruins of the same ancient Greek city of Ephesus, once a flourishing center of trade on the coast of Asia Minor. The coin was made over 2,700 years ago from an alloy of gold and silver. The metal blank was placed on a die with a lion's head cut out, after which the master struck with a hammer on the back of the blank. The result was a coin with a raised lion's head on the obverse and an indented impact mark on the reverse.

Oldest Map of the World (2800 years old)

A clay tablet from Mesopotamia, dating from the turn of the eighth and seventh centuries BC, is considered the oldest map in the world. It is noteworthy that the Babylon map contains not only real, but also fictional geographical objects.

Oldest Globe (Age 510)

In order for the first known globe, which has survived to this day, to have a spherical shape, it was collected from the wide parts of two ostrich eggs. Then the engraver painstakingly transferred the well-known map of the Old and New Worlds onto the surface of the sphere. Scientists believe that this globe was made in Florence, Italy, perhaps even in the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci himself. The first globe is so original that in our time it would not get lost among.

World's Oldest Printed Book (Age 637)

The world's oldest printed book appeared in Korea in 1377, a whopping 78 years before it appeared, long considered the first printed edition. It was a Buddhist document called Chikchi, containing the life stories of great Buddhist monks and selected passages from their sermons, helping to comprehend the essence of the great teachings of Buddha. Today this book is in the Paris National Library.

World's Oldest Recorded Recipe (Over 5000 years old)

The ancient Sumerians, who lived in the Southern Mesopotamia, left behind the oldest beer recipe, dating back to 3000 BC. If you follow the recipe exactly, you get a strong beer drink in which pieces of bread should float.

The World's Oldest Musical Instrument (Age 42,000)

Scientists claim that the bone flute found in a cave in southwestern Germany is at least 42,000 years old. The first musical instruments were made by ancient people from the bones of birds and mammoth tusks. It is believed that it was music that allowed Homo Sapiens to gain an advantage over the Neanderthals.

World's Oldest Anthropomorphic Statuette (Age 35,000 - 40,000 years)

The world's oldest anthropomorphic statuette was discovered in a cave in southwestern Germany. Scientists believe that an unknown sculptor carved it from a mammoth tusk about 35-40 thousand years ago. It is believed that the expressive figurine of a woman with grotesquely exaggerated sexual characteristics was used by our ancestors as a symbol of fertility. Of course, this statuette has a huge historical and collectible value, if it were sold, it could well be included in the number.

Bonus: Oldest Mineral on Earth (4.4 billion years old)

In 2001, a tiny zirconium crystal was found in Australia, which became the oldest mineral on earth. Its age is 4.4 billion years! It can now be seen in the Geological Museum of the University of Madison in the United States.

Housekeeping in Russia was not easy. Without access to the modern goods of mankind, the ancient masters invented everyday objects that helped a person to cope with many things. Many of these inventions have already been forgotten today, because technology, household appliances and a change in lifestyle have completely replaced them. But despite this, in terms of the originality of engineering solutions, ancient objects are in no way inferior to modern ones.

Duffel chest

For many years, people have kept their valuables, clothes, money and other little things in chests. There is a version that they were invented in the Stone Age. It is reliably known that they were used by the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. Thanks to the armies of conquerors and nomadic tribes, the chests spread throughout the Eurasian continent and gradually reached Russia.

The chests were decorated with paintings, fabrics, carvings or patterns. They could serve not only as a cache, but as a bed, bench or chair. The family, which had several chests, was considered well-off.

Sadnik

The gardener was considered one of the most important subjects of the national economy in Russia. It looked like a flat wide shovel on a long handle and was intended for sending bread or cake to the oven. Russian craftsmen made an object from a solid piece of wood, mainly aspen, linden or alder. Having found a tree of the right size and suitable quality, it was split into two parts, carving one long board out of each. After that, they were smoothly curved and drawn the outline of the future gardener, trying to remove all kinds of knots and notches. After cutting out the desired item, it was carefully cleaned.

Rogach, poker, chapelnik (frying pan)

With the advent of the oven, these items have become indispensable in the household. Usually they were kept in the baking space and were always at hand with the hostess. Several types of grips (large, medium and small), a chapel and two pokers were considered a standard set of stove equipment. In order not to get confused in objects, identification marks were carved on their handles. Often, such utensils were made to order from a village blacksmith, but there were craftsmen who could easily make a poker at home.

Sickle and millstones

At all times, bread was considered the main product of Russian cuisine. Flour for its preparation was extracted from harvested grain crops, which were planted annually and harvested by hand. The sickle helped them in this - a device that looks like an arc with a sharpened blade on a wooden handle.

The peasants ground the harvested crop into flour as needed. This process was aided by hand millstones. For the first time, such a weapon was discovered in the second half of the 1st century BC. The hand millstone looked like two circles, the sides of which fit tightly to each other. The upper layer had a special hole (grain was poured into it) and a handle with which the upper part of the millstone rotated. Such utensils were made of stone, granite, wood or sandstone.

Pomelo

The pomelo looked like a cutting, at the end of which pine, juniper branches, rags, bast or brushwood were fixed. The name of the attribute of purity comes from the word revenge, and it was used exclusively for cleaning ash in the oven or cleaning near it. A broom was used to maintain order throughout the hut. Many proverbs and sayings were associated with them, which are still on the lips of many.

Rocker

Like bread, water has always been an important resource. To cook dinner, water the cattle, or wash, she had to be brought. The rocker was a faithful assistant in this. It looked like a curved stick, to the ends of which special hooks were attached: buckets were attached to them. The rocker was made of linden, willow or aspen wood. The first memorials about this device date back to the 16th century, however, archaeologists of Veliky Novgorod found many rocker arms made in the 11-14th centuries.

Trough and ruble

In ancient times, linen was washed by hand in special vessels. A trough served for this purpose. In addition, it was used for feeding livestock, as a feeder, kneading dough, and preparing pickles. The object got its name from the word "bark", because initially the first troughs were made from it. Subsequently, they began to make it from the halves of the log, hollowing out recesses in the logs.

Upon completion of washing and drying, the linen was ironed with a ruler. It looked like a rectangular board with jagged edges on one side. Things were neatly wound on a rolling pin, a ruble was put on top and rolled. Thus, the linen fabric was softened and leveled. The smooth side was painted and decorated with carvings.

Cast iron iron

The ruble was replaced in Russia by a cast iron iron. This event is marked by the 16th century. It is worth noting that not everyone had it, since it was very expensive. In addition, cast iron was heavy and more difficult to iron than the old method. There were several types of irons, depending on the heating method: burning coals were poured into some, while others were heated on the stove. Such a unit weighed from 5 to 12 kilograms. Later, the coals were replaced with cast iron ingots.

Spinning wheel

The spinning wheel was an important part of Russian life. In ancient Russia it was also called "spindle", from the word "spin". Popular were spinning wheels-the bottom, which looked like a flat board, on which the spinner sat, with a vertical neck and a shovel. The upper part of the spinning wheel was richly decorated with carvings or paintings. At the beginning of the 14th century, the first self-spinning wheels appeared in Europe. They had the form of a wheel located perpendicular to the floor and a cylinder with a spindle. Women, with one hand fed the threads to the spindle, and with the other turned the wheel. This way of twisting the fibers was easier and faster, which greatly facilitated the work.

Today it is very interesting to see what it was.

Entertaining stories of the creation of brands, books, architectural structures, social phenomena, mythological creatures, cosmetics, transport, food, food and drinks, household items that surround us in everyday life and much, much more.

Boris Pasternak is rightfully considered one of the brightest Russian poets and writers of the 20th century. It was he who came up with the idea to combine prose and poetry in one work, which caused a flurry of criticism from contemporaries, but was appreciated by descendants.

We are talking, in particular, about the famous novel "Doctor Zhivago", the last part of which is devoted to the poems of the protagonist. The fact that Yuri Zhivalo is a subtle lyricist and lover of rhymed phrases, the reader learns in the first chapters of the novel. However, Boris Pasternak tries not to distract readers with lyrical digressions, so he decides to combine all of Yuri Zhivago's poems into a separate collection.

The first poem attributed to the main character is called "Winter Night". Later, it was often published as an independent literary work called "Candle" and was even transcribed into music, adding to the repertoire of Alla Pugacheva and ex-leader of the Gorky Park group Nikolai Noskov.

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Veterinarian John Dunlop was resourceful and observant. He also loved his son very much, who, in turn, loved to ride a bicycle, which his father gave him. It was only when it was necessary to drive out onto the cobbled streets that riding became a real torment for the boy, since the cyclist was subjected to hellish shaking - solid tires provided good grip, but not comfort. And then Dunlop came up with a simple but effective idea - he took off the cast tire and instead wrapped a specially shaped wheel with a tube glued from several rubber strips and filled with air - the prototype of the modern tire. Riding immediately became much more comfortable.

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Experts from France have calculated that a woman "eats" 4 to 6 kg of lipstick in her life. A man "eats" twice as much from a woman's lips. Let's try to find out how harmful it is to the body and, in general, find out about the evolution of lipstick.

Many people mistakenly believe that this type of decorative cosmetics appeared only in ancient Egypt and was the invention of the famous Queen Cleopatra. In fact, the desire to make your lips brighter arose even in primitive women. Already in the layers of the Ice Age, archaeologists find red sticks, sharpened by a characteristic cone. This is the cosmetics of prehistoric coquettes. Edouard Taylor, in his famous book "Primitive Culture", noted that lipstick is a by-product in relation to the paints of the primitive artist.

As soon as women saw stone women and primitive figurines with painted lips, they immediately transferred the artistic experience to the original. Lipstick was made as follows: the hollow stems of the plants were filled with a red dye. Since time immemorial, three types of natural dyes have been used for cosmetics: minerals - cinnabar (mercury sulfide) and red lead (iron oxide); biological dye carmine and vegetable - saffron and henna.

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"Max Factor is the father of modern cosmetics"

Max Factor is a famous cosmetic empire named after its founder Max Factor (real name - Maximilian Abramovich Faktorovich), who was born on September 15, 1877 in the city of Zdunska Wola. This city is included in the ód Voivodeship, hence the confusion and incorrect indication in many articles of the birthplace of Max, the city of Lodz. Then it was the territory of Tsarist Russia, and now it is modern Poland.

Maximilian grew up in a large family (more than 10 people), and from childhood he had to go to work to help his parents feed the family. At the age of seven, he first got acquainted with the world of theater - he was sent to sell oranges and candies in the lobby. At the age of 8, Factor became an assistant to a pharmacist, and at the age of nine, an apprentice of a cosmetologist, carrying out minor assignments. At the age of fourteen, he moved to Moscow and joined the Bolshoi Theater as a make-up assistant. The skills acquired in the theater greatly helped the Factor in the future. Then he had to undergo compulsory military service in the Russian army.

After demobilization, in 1895, Faktorovich opened his own shop in Ryazan, where he sold blush, creams, perfumes and wigs - mostly all of his own production. Once a theater troupe stopped in Ryazan, and a few weeks later the products of a Polish Jew were already known at court. “All my time was spent on individual counseling, I showed them how to highlight the merits and hide the flaws of their faces”... He later moved to St. Petersburg, where he began working at the Opera House, dealing with costumes and make-up. The actors made up by Max Factor played in front of Nicholas II, and soon the name of the talented make-up artist became widely known among the nobility. For several years he worked as a cosmetics specialist at the court of the Russian Tsar and in the imperial theaters.

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For the Kingdom of Poland

Reprint. The cards were issued by the Imperial Card Factory specifically for the Polish provinces annexed to Russia at the beginning of the 19th century and were called "Cards made for the Kingdom of Poland." The most important differences between these cards are the drawings of German-type card suits, as well as a different composition of card figures, in which there are no queens, but, in addition to the king, there are two more "male" persons - the high and low (in relation to Russian cards, these were like the jack and jack junior).

Nevsky

A reprint of a well-known deck issued in 1992 at the Leningrad Color Printing Plant in honor of the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial Card Factory.

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The most popular type of maps in the USSR were "Atlas maps", the design of which in Russia has not changed for over 150 years. The drawing itself was created in the middle of the 19th century by the academician of painting Adolph Iosifovich Charlemagne. The very notion "satin" refers to the manufacturing method - printing on "satin" paper rubbed with talcum powder. Cards printed on such paper shuffled well, were not afraid of moisture, in contrast to plain paper, which did not have such advantages. Over time, they stopped making maps of lower quality, and the name "satin" was assigned to the drawing of the maps of Academician Charlemagne. The production of cards was launched in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, at the state-owned Aleksandrovskaya Manufactory, at which the Imperial Card Factory began operating in 1819. In the second half of the 19th century, the Satin deck became widespread in the Russian Empire.

A. I. Charlemagne did not create a fundamentally new card style. Satin cards are the result of reworking already existing card designs that were used in the 17th and early 18th centuries in Moscow card factories, which are also based on the so-called "North German picture", which originated from the ancient folk French card deck.

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In Germany, north of the Schönbuch Nature Park, is the city of Waldenbuch, in the middle of the wonderful Aichtal.

It can be assumed that Waldenbuch was named so because of the beautiful forest surrounding it. However, it was the German word "Walto", the short form of the word "Waltheri" means "warrior", from which comes the name of the area "Waltenbuch" ("warrior forest"), named after the Germans who drove the Romans out of here in the fifth century.

However, the first people who liked this place so much were the Celts. They inhabited the Waldenbuch area in the 8-7th century. BC. Also, the beautiful Waldenbuch sank into the hearts of others, even those who were here for a very short time.

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History

Each family has its own traditions. The Ritter family has kept a sweet secret for almost a century: the recipe for the success of good chocolate. The business, started by Alfred Ritter and his wife Klara in 1912 as a small family business, has grown into an internationally successful company. Today Ritter Sport chocolate is sold in 80 countries of the world. The success story is being written by the third generation - Alfred T. Ritter and his sister Marley Hoppe-Ritter.

The large German enterprise Ritter to this day remains primarily a family business, therefore, concern for the quality of products for the company is in the first place. The family is responsible for the quality of every chocolate bar that leaves their factory. We invite you to get a glimpse of the most chocolate milestones of the 20th anniversary!

The story of Ritter Sport chocolate begins where love films usually end: a wedding. In 1912, confectioner Alfred Eugen Ritter and Clara Göttle, the owner of a candy store, got married. Together they found the Alfred Ritter Cannstatt chocolate and sugar confectionery - the love of good chocolate, as we can see, has its roots in our family history.

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After the acquisition of the company "Uniroyal Goodrich Tire" (USA) in 1990 year, Michelin reached the necessary dimensions for sustainable development in North America. IN 1991 François Rollier retires from the post, and François Michelin appoints his son, 28-year-old Edouard Michelin, as managing partner. IN 1993 Michelin invents a new production technology - C3M. It saves energy, better automates production processes, etc. A trial test of the C3M technology is carried out at the Clermont-Ferrand plant.

IN 1994 year the world saw Michelin Energy tires - the first tires, one of the main qualities of which was improved fuel efficiency. After an almost 80-year hiatus, a Michelin office is reopened in Moscow. The Polish tire company Stomil - Olsztyn became part of the Michelin group in 1995 year. In the Philippines, in Manila, a new plant opens. Michelin tires are used on a space shuttle for the first time.

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1900 a year in the company's history is significant in that the first guide was published under the name "Michelin Red Guide". The guide was originally a list of various places that a traveler might find useful, such as hotels, repair shops, eateries, or paid parking lots. It was distributed free of charge and had a very moderate demand. However, a great future awaited him. The first 35 thousand copies of the guide included the prophetic words of André Michelin: "This guide was born at the dawn of a new century, and will exist as long as the century itself."

FROM 1904 by 1906 the company is actively developing. The first warehouses of products appeared in the Russian Empire - Moscow and Warsaw. The Michelin factory in Clermont-Ferrand occupies almost 30 hectares and employs almost 4 thousand people. The new Michelin Sole tire is released, equipped with special metal pins. This invention is now commonly known as "spike rubber", which provides better grip on the road surface.

Michelin Tire Co. is founded in London. Ltd. ". Michelin builds its first factory outside France in Turin, Italy. IN 1907 year Michelin crosses the Atlantic and builds the first U.S. plant in Miltown, New Jersey (the plant was closed in 1931 year). Another plant is under construction in Clermont-Ferrand. In honor of the first international automobile exhibition in St. Petersburg, the Moscow-St. Petersburg race was organized. The winner is A. Dure in a Lauren-Dietrich car fitted with Michelin tires. The average speed of the winner on the route reaches 70 km / h. In addition to the winner of the competition, several other competitors started on Michelin tires.

IN 1908 Michelin announced the award of the Grand Prix to the winner of aviation races. This was done with the aim of developing aviation. The race consisted of a flight from Paris to Clermont-Ferrand, landing on the extinct volcano Puy-de-Dôme, which is located about 15 km from Clermont-Ferrand. This feat three years later was accomplished by two Frenchmen - Renaux and Senouque.

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The French company Michelin, a manufacturer of road tires, is usually associated with the company's logo. This is the so-called "Bibendum", which looks like a pile of tires in the form of a person. This brand is one of the most recognizable in the world. The history of the company has deep roots - it has existed for more than a century and a half. Initially the company was called "Barbier Dubre & Co." - by the names of its two founders. The company will receive its current name a little later, when the Michelin brothers - André and Eduard - come to the family business. As for the logo - "Michelin Man", the idea of \u200b\u200bits creation came only 65 years after the first steps in this direction.

And the first steps were taken far 1829 the year when Édouard Daubrée married a Scottish woman named Elizabeth Pugh Barker, niece of the notorious chemist Charles Macintosh. Macintosh created a waterproof rubber raincoat, named after him, and received a patent for his invention in 1823 year. The mac cloak was incredibly popular in the mid-19th century and was favored by celebrities such as Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin.

Tea drinking for the inhabitants of the East, especially China and Japan, is an ancient tradition. Tea culture is inseparable from art, culture of these countries, the whole way of life. The ancient culture of Japan is full of symbols and traditions that are unusual for us, as mysterious as a hieroglyph. One of these traditions is the world famous tea ceremony.

Tea was brought to Japan from China in the 7th century. The origins of the spread of tea in the country were Japanese monks. In China, it was valued as a medicinal plant that helps against fatigue, eye disease, rheumatism. Then, as a sophisticated pastime. But such a tea cult as in Japan, perhaps, was not in any other country. This ritual has been performed almost unchanged for centuries in almost every Japanese home. Girls still at school memorize the basics of ancient art. Many men know how to conduct a tea ceremony.

It was then that the Sanrio company appeared in Japan. Its founder, Shintaro Tsuji, decided to give people at least a little joy after the hard and long years of war. The motto of the newborn company was "A small gift - a big smile", and Tsuji really managed to bring it to life - almost no one left the store empty-handed: customers took away as a gift to their loved ones and loved ones small gifts - postcards, inexpensive toys and other such pleasant little things.

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Have you ever thought about who came up with the favorite delicacy of children and adults, the popular and such delicious chocolate-nut spread called "Nutella"? The name of this inventor is Pietro Ferrero. It was not for nothing that his surname seemed familiar to you - this man founded one of the largest food production companies, mainly confectionery, Ferrero. This company is familiar to us for such products as: "Raffaello", "Mon Chéri" and "Ferrero Roshen" sweets, "Tik-Tac" mint dragee, "Kinder Surprise" chocolate egg with a toy, and a series of "Kinder" products. (Kinder Chocolate, Kinder Happy Hippo, Kinder Bueno, Kinder Pingui, Kinder Country, Kinder Maxi King and others).

Nutella itself, a delicate chocolate cream with a nutty flavor, has an interesting story. As is often the case with many grandiose inventions, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a sweet pasta came about by chance. But we will start our story from afar. In 1946, Pietro Ferrero, a native of the Italian province of Cuneo, inherited from his parents a small bakery in the city of Alba in northern Italy. Because of his irrepressible imagination and love of experimenting with food, Pietro turned his shop into a pastry shop with a tiny workshop. It was there that he spent all his free time experimenting with various ingredients to please his customers with fresh and varied pastries. In this he was helped by Pierre's wife and brother Giovanni.

Olga Anatolyevna Saltanova
The project "History of things that surround us"

INFORMATION CARD PROJECT.

In the modern world, less and less people are asking a question: where did things come from, who surround us in everyday life... Our life is convenient and comfortable. What made her so? Who and how invented things which do we use it every day without thinking about their importance? Try to do without a spoon, plate, comb, or other household items. of things... What happens if one of our convenient of things disappear from our everyday life? This will make us think, find ways to solve the problem, fantasize, create.

To create, to be curious is the main task of this the project... There is no need to set difficult tasks to encourage a child to show interest in stories, creativity. Every thing, which we hold in our hands - history of mankind.

View the project: cultural value.

Time spending: 1 month, February.

Participants the project: Children of the senior group and teachers, parents.

Educators: O. A. Saltanova, A. V. Larionova

Children's age: senior group.

main idea: introduce the history of the appearance of everyday things.

Problem statement question: Conversations with children “How did things come up, who surround us?»

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES PROJECT:

1. Objectives the project: expand and consolidate children's ideas about how a person, in the process of evolution, created household items (mirror, dishes, furniture, clothes); how these items changed during stories, give an idea that surrounding us things are the result of the creativity of many generations.

2. Tasks:

1. To generalize and systematize knowledge about household items.

2. To consolidate the classification of objects.

3. Develop logical thinking and curiosity.

4. To cultivate a respect for things.

3. Expected results:

1. Education of respect for things.

2. Expand knowledge about history of things.

3. Encourage creativity to use of things in everyday life.

4. Implementation progress the project taking into account the integration of educational areas

Development directions Educational

areas Goals and objectives

Cognitive Speech Cognition

Talking about things who surround us.

Get the kids interested in learning history inventions of household items.

Examining illustrations of old household items.

Communication

Getting to know history inventions of household items;

Talk about the invention of dishes, furniture, clothing;

Consideration

illustrations on the topic.

Presentation on the topic « History of things» .

View m \\ f "Fedorino grief".

Reading fiction Acquaintance with the book of N. Hodza "The road of life"

Reading chapters from T.N. Nuzhdina's book "World of things» about dishes, furniture, clothes.

Reading the story of S. Ya. Marshak "Where the table came from".

social and personal

Games and labor

artistic and aesthetic

Artistic creation

Drawing on themes: "Khokhloma spoon", "Light my mirror, tell me", painting of stencils of dishes based on the Gzhel painting.

Craft from waste material.

Making a collage on a theme "Evolution of things» .

Physical culture To introduce children to musical culture, to enrich children's musical impressions; evoke a vivid musical response when perceiving music

of a different nature.

Physical development

Form the need for daily physical activity.

Learning physical education minutes by topic.

Interacting with family

Invite parents to make a collage with their children on the theme "Evolution of things» .

Presentation on the topic " History of things, who surround us».

Making crafts from waste material.

Open lesson.

5. Products the project.

1. Scenario of the final event.

2. Presentation and video material used during implementation the project.

3. Open lesson for parents.

4. Public photo report on the course of the event on the GBDOU website.

5. Album of collages on the topic.

6. Crafts from waste material.

Related publications:

Summary of the lesson “History of things. Russian shawl" Purpose: Introducing children to the history of the Russian headscarf. Introducing children to Russian folk culture The recording of the song "Korobeyniki" sounds, the headpiece.

Summary of the lesson in the preparatory group on the topic: "The history of antiques" Educator: Taranova L. V. Purpose: to organize the pupils.

Consultation for parents "Sounds around us" The world of sounds surrounds the child from the moment of birth (or rather, he lives in it even before birth). Musical sounds in the endless sea of \u200b\u200bsound.

Musical lesson for the older group "Rhythms and sounds that surround us" Objectives: to teach to navigate in music; introduce a new repertoire, develop a rhythmic perception of music; keep up the cheerful.

Project "Games that Cure" The word "game" is magic. It attracts, bewitches and carries away into the world of the new surrounding space, not yet known by the child. When.

My Family Story Project Project "Story of my family" Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten №21 of general developmental type of the Azov st.