Discus throw in athletics. Place and discus rules

Gerd Kanter (Estonia) is preparing for an attempt at discus throw

Discus throwing is a discipline in athletics consisting in throwing a special sports equipment - disc, at a range. It belongs to throwing and is included in the technical forms of the athletics program. It requires strength and coordination from athletes. It is the Olympic discipline of athletics for men since 1896, for women since 1928. Included in athletics multiathlon.

Competitions and rules

Competitors perform a throw from a circle with a diameter of 219-221 cm. The throw distance is measured as the distance from the outer circle of this circle to the point of impact of the projectile. The weight of the disc in men's competitions is 2 kg, and in women's - 1 kg (Juniors - 1.5 kg, Youth - 1.75 kg).

In official IAAF competitions, competitors complete six attempts. If there are more than eight participants, then after the first 3 attempts, the eight best ones are selected and in the next three attempts they play the best by the maximum result in six attempts.

Discus is thrown from a mesh-enclosed sector with a horizontal horizontal angle of departure of 350. It is prohibited for an athlete to leave the sector until the disc lands. When throwing, the disc may touch the fence of the sector, if other rules are not violated.

Discus in Ancient Greece

Discus Miron

Discus throwing is a very ancient sport. In the 5th century BC e. the sculptor Miron made a sculpture of Diskobolos, which is now world famous. The ancient Greek gods also played with the disc. According to one of the myths, Apollo competed in discus throwing with his favorite, the prince of Sparta Gyakinf. To impress, Apollo threw the disc with all his might. Giakinf, for his part, wanted to impress Apollo, and tried to catch the disk. The disk hit Gyakinf, and he died. According to another legend, the envious god of the westerly winds Zephyr blew into the disk to destroy Hyakinf.

As research by historians and archaeological excavations show, discus throwing was popular in ancient Greece and these competitions took place at the ancient Olympic Games. The shells were made of stone and bronze, weighing from 1.25 to 5.70 kg, with a diameter of 16.5 to 34 cm. As far as can be judged by historical evidence of that time, athletes threw from an elevation, lateral movement, when the plane of the disk was perpendicular to the ground .

Modern technology

Robert Garrett Casts Disc At 1896 Athens Olympics

Discarding, as a species, in modern times, it was decided to revive at the first Olympic Games in Athens (1896). Then there was still no clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe technique and decided to hold a competition in the Greek style. In 1908, at the London Olympics, the competition was held in two styles: Greek and free (close to modern). Freestyle won in range, and later began to improve the style in which in the initial position the disk rotates in a horizontal plane.

Initially threw from an elevation, like the ancient Greeks, then moved on to the sector for the shot put. However, the sector size was small and since 1910, the IAAF has increased the size of the sector for discus throwing to 2.5 meters. In 1921, the American Dougherty proposed new style - with one and a half turns. The athlete began to move with his left side in the direction of the future throw and, rotating first on his left foot, stepped over to his right. In 1930, the American Krenz exceeded the milestone of 50 m (51.03 m) and his version of the technique, the turn in the high jump became the most popular in the whole world. Until the 1940s, there was an improvement in this style, and, fundamentally, the technique of discus throwers has not changed since then

Discus Throw Physics

The initial disc speed in athletes of high-class men reaches 25 m / s. The optimal angle for male disc-throwers in case of calm is considered to be a projectile angle of about 36-380. When performing a propelling movement, athletes also give their own rotation to the disk, which allows the projectile to acquire additional stability in flight.

The headwind (as well as ski jumping) with a speed of up to ~ 5 m / s is a favorable factor. Moreover, the higher the speed of the headwind, the smaller the angle of departure of the projectile from the athlete’s hands should be. Therefore, the ability to feel the wind and the ability, as athletes say, to "get into the shell" and "put the disc in the wind" is one of the components of the high-class discus thrower skill. The evidence of a low class athlete is the transverse runout of the disk in flight, an unstable trajectory, when the disk falls onto an edge and quickly falls down

Modern development

Jürgen Schult (GDR), attempting to throw a disc

As in all throwing disciplines, US athletes have been undividedly dominant in discus throwing for many years. Since the 1980s, athletes from the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany have been competing with them. Since the 2000s, the leading positions have been taken by athletes from Hungary, Estonia, and Lithuania.

In women, discus has been included in the competition program of the Olympic Games since 1928. The first Soviet Olympic champion in athletics was Nina Ponomareva-Romashkova (1952). From this time to the present moment, athletes of the USSR and Russia have always been in the leading positions. With them competed athletes of the GDR and, later, Germany.

Outstanding results in this sport were achieved by American Al (Alfred) Orter, who won 4 gold medals at the Olympic Games from 1956 to 1968. Characteristic of discus throwing is its frequent combination with a shot put. Soviet athlete Tamara Press won the Olympic Games in shot put (1960, 1964) and discus throw (1964).

Highscores

Result

Seoul, Republic of Korea

Athletes

Gerd Kanter (Estonia) El Orter (USA) Mac Wilkins (USA) Lars Riedel (Germany) Jürgen Schult (GDR) Virgilius Alekna (Lithuania)

Ellina Zvereva (Belarus) Nina Ponomareva-Romashkova (USSR) Faina Melnik (USSR) Evelyn Yaal (GDR) Natalya Sadova (Russia) Nikolai Sedyuk (Russia)

Discus throwing requires the diverse development of an athlete, including great physical strength. Soviet discus throw Vihor achieved the result in a bench press of a bar lying 250 kg. Discus throwing is one of the few sports where both the world and Olympic records belonging to women are farther than those of men, and in unofficial competitions (therefore, the result as a record is not counted) on September 6, 1988 by Martina Gelman the shell was sent to 78, 14 (!) M.

Discus throwing was one of the favorite physical exercises of antiquity. This exercise was included in the program of the Olympic Games of antiquity as part of the pentathlon (pentathlon).

The projectile was called a discus thrower, and the discus thrower. Accurate information about the achievements and techniques of throwing has not reached us.

Some information about the projectile for throwing was obtained in the XIX century. during excavations at Olympia. Disc were found in stone, wood, iron, copper and bronze, the weight of which ranged from 1.25 to 5.70 kg and a diameter of 16.5 to 34 cm.

In 1859, 1870, 1875, 1888 and 1889. Greece held national Olympic festivals. Discus throwing, adopted from the ancient Greeks, was carried out as a special type of competition. Moreover, the disc was thrown, as in ancient times, with an elevation of 80 × 70 cm. However, this method of throwing was unsuitable for further improvement.

At the 1st Olympic Games in 1896, R. Garrett (USA) won the discus throw with a score of 29.15 m, although he never had a metal disc before arriving in Athens. In 1897, the Swede Söderström was the first to show a disc throw from a turn and showed a result of 38.70 m. This was a new world achievement.

The Greeks, however, adhered to the style of their predecessors for a long time, and at the 1908 Olympics, competitions were held in two ways. The ancient method of throwing was called Greek, and the new one was called "free" style. With the further evolution of technology, the Greek method was excluded from the competition program after 1908 and two-handed throwing took its place, that is, the disc was thrown with right and left hands and the sum of both achievements was the end result.

In 1912, the IAAF approved the internationally accepted lap size for throwing a disc with a diameter of 2.50 m. Since the Olympic Games in 1920, competitions have been held only for the best throw with one hand. Since 1928, discus throwing for women has been included in the Olympic program.

From 1897 until today, the rotation of the disk is undergoing evolution, and instead of one quarter of the rotation, the disk is now thrown with a half turn. Later, various variants of the technique arose: helical, wave-like, flywheel, turn, rotational, double-back and jump jump.

Olympic Games - discus throw.

Discus throwing as one of the test types of athletics was part of the ancient Greek pentathlon (pentathlon). In Greece, discs made of stone, iron and wood were used. In shape, the throwing discs were round with a bulge in the middle. The disks were of various weights, volumes and sizes.

The weight of the disc was from 1.245 to 5.707 kg, and the diameter of the disc was from 16.5 to 34 cm. During the competition at the Olympic Games, only three discs were used, which were identical in weight and size.

Discus throwing was usually carried out without turns, from a place that represented a small slightly inclined area (stone slab), where one discus thrower was placed. This place was called "balbis."

Little is known about the results of discus throwing at that time, however, there is evidence that the Greek Falais threw the disc 28 m 17 cm (95 ft).

Discus throw was included in the competition program with the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896. According to ancient tradition, the disc was thrown from a square platform 2.5X2.5 m. In 1897, the place where the disc was thrown was a circle with a diameter of 213.5 cm.

But this circle was cramped for turning when throwing the disc, which is why since 1912 at the Olympics, the disc was thrown from a circle with a diameter of 2.5 m.

Since that time, discus throwing has been included in the program of various competitions within and between individual countries, as well as at the Olympic Games and European Championships. This has contributed to the growth of discus throwing. This growth can be seen in the results of the winners of the Olympic Games in discus throwing: 1896 –29.15 m; 1900 - 36.04; 1904 - 1908 - 39.28 m, 40.89 m; 1912 - 45.21 m; 1924 - 1928 - 46.16 m, 47.32 m ... The results were constantly improving, so in 1960 the record for discus throw at the Olympic Games was 59.18, in 1964 - 61.00 m.

Along with the growing results of the winners of discus throwing at the Olympic Games, world records also continuously increased. So, for example, by 1965 the world record in discus throwing rose to 65.22 m.

In Russia, discus was included in the competition in the nineteenth century. On August 6, 1897, the first open discus throwing competitions were held in St. Petersburg at the Kamennoostrovsky Velodrome. Then, a result of 20 m 14 cm was shown in disk throwing. Subsequently, the results of Russian discus throwers (discus throwers) grew steadily.

Achievements in this sport of athletics in the USSR began to be recorded since 1923 (35.74 m. A. Sidorov), however, to improve the result shown in 1915, managed only in 1929 N. Vystavkin. He threw the disc at 42.41 m. Since 1934, S. Lyakhov improved the USSR record for discus throwing 11 times and by 1939 brought it to 50.74 m. This result was surpassed by H. Lipp only in 1934 - 52.18 m.

In the following Soviet years, the throwers known at that time fought for increasing the discus throw record: B. Matveev, O. Grigalka, A. Boltushnikas, K. Bukhontsev, V. Trusenev.

As for the last world record in discus throwing, it is: 76.80 m (Gabriele Reins, GDR).

Discus throwers had such results at world championships and in Russia, and such were the records of the Olympic discus throwing games.

Competitors perform a throw from a circle with a diameter of 2.5 meters. The throw distance is measured as the distance from the outer circle of this circle to the point of impact of the projectile. The weight of the disc in men's competitions is 2 kg, and in women's - 1 kg (Juniors -1.5 kg, Youth -1.75 kg).

Discus is thrown from a mesh-enclosed sector with a permitted horizontal angle of departure of 350. It is forbidden for an athlete to leave the sector boundary until the disc lands. When throwing, the disc may touch the fence of the sector if other rules are not violated.

Discus Miron.

[edit]

Ancient history

Discus throwing is one of the oldest sports disciplines connecting the physical exercises of the ancients and modern sports. As research by historians and archaeological excavations show, discus throwing was popular in ancient Greece and these competitions took place at the ancient Olympic Games. The shells were made of stone and bronze, weighing from 1.25 to 5.70 kg, diameter from 16.5 to 34 cm. As far as can be judged by historical evidence of that time, athletes threw from an elevation, lateral movement when the plane of the disk was perpendicular to the ground.

[edit]

Modern technology

It was decided to revive discus throwing as a species in modern times at the first Olympic Games in Athens (1896). Then there was still no clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe technique and decided to hold a competition in the Greek style. In 1908, at the London Olympics, the competition was held in two styles: Greek and free (close to modern). Freestyle won in range and later began to improve the style in which in the initial position the disk rotates in a horizontal plane

Initially threw from an elevation, like the ancient Greeks, then moved on to the sector for the shot put. However, the sector size was small and since 1910, the IAAF increased the size of the sector for discus throwing to 2.5 meters.

Albert Meyer, discus throw at the 1896 Olympics

In 1925, the American Dougherty proposed a new style - with one and a half turns. The athlete began to move with his left side in the direction of the future throw and, rotating first on his left foot, stepped over to his right. In 1930, the American Krenz exceeded the milestone of 50 m (51.03 m) and his version of the technique, the turn in the high jump became the most popular in the whole world. Until the 1940s, there was an improvement in this style, and basically since that time, the technique of discus throwers has not changed

[edit]

Discus Throw Physics

The initial disc speed in athletes of high-class men reaches 25 m / s. Optimal for men of discomfort with calm, the angle of projectile departure is about 36-380. When performing a propelling movement, athletes also give their own rotation to the disk, which allows the projectile to acquire additional stability in flight.

The headwind (as well as ski jumping) with a speed of up to ~ 5 m / s is a favorable factor. Moreover, the higher the speed of the headwind, the smaller the angle of departure of the projectile from the athlete’s hands should be. Therefore, the ability to feel the wind and the ability, as athletes say, “get into the shell” and “put the disc in the wind” is one of the components of high-class discus thrower skill. The evidence of a low class of sportsman is the transverse runout of the disk in flight, an unstable trajectory, when the disk falls onto an edge and quickly falls down

Modern development

Jürgen Schult, attempted discus throw

As in all throwing disciplines, US athletes have dominated for many years in discus throwing. Since the 1980s, athletes from the GDR and Germany have been competing with them. Since the 2000s, the leading positions have been taken by athletes from Hungary, Estonia, and Lithuania.

In women, discus has been included in the competition program of the Olympic Games since 1928. The first Soviet Olympic champion in athletics was Nina Ponomareva-Romashkova (1952). From this time to the present moment, athletes of the USSR and Russia have always been in the leading positions. Athletes of the GDR and, later, Germany competed with them.

Records Result Athlete Country Date Place

Open Stadiums World Record

Olympic record

"Article" Throwing disc and chakra - weapons? ancient Greeks and Hindus". Previously, we already had a similar study, but it concerned places that you can visit and touch, check in practice ("The appointment of mysterious cave complexes in the" cave cities "of the Crimea"). The subject of throwing discs also contains understanding. But, unfortunately, they cannot be touched 🙂 Only if done by yourself.

The throwing disc is a little-known weapon. Most often, during the survey, one recalls the chakra - the throwing disc of the ancient Indians. A movie about the Sikh martial arts (one of the castes in India) once came across. In the film, the Sikh metal chakra, but very close and weak, which contradicts the sources (http://las-arms.ru/?id\u003d234) about a flight of 50 meters and chopping a bamboo trunk.

How it looked: the Sikh untwists a chakra on a finger and throws. Why not like a flying saucer, frisbee? Because the disc is sharp and you can cut yourself.

And now the trick: try to throw some ring in this way. Just grab it and try. Do not imagine, but take it and do it. I am sure you will understand - this method of throwing will be, at least, strange.

a) not round
b) did not spin on the finger.
c) worked thanks to the poison.

Ratios of throwing coins, asterisks and chakras:

I wonder why spies and killers did not use throwing rings? By the way, being in the historical museum in Delhi, our authors did not find chakra exhibitions. There are sabers, coutars, shields, armor for elephants. But there are no chakras.

In the Olympics of the ancient Greeks, there was such a sport as discus throwing. And this, along with javelin throwing, wrestling, running and other martial arts.

Of course, a no brainer (now that the hedgehog understood 🙂) - discus throwing is also a martial art. The ancient Greeks throwing disc - a heavy flat stone. And he rushed, judging by the statues, not as it is now, but from the bottom up, along a hinged path.

Incidentally, a bottom-up roll is one of the fixed ways of chakra throwing.

Of course, the modern theory of throwing a throwing disc is very different from the throws of the ancient Greeks:

the throw goes horizontally
aerodynamic disk shape lengthens flight
the disc is very light in comparison with the ancient Greek, as a result of the throw - under 70 meters.

Whereas the ancient Greek discs excavated by archaeologists sometimes reached 20 kilograms.

Agree, a shower of 10-20 kilogram disc-shaped cobblestones is a good argument to retreat 🙂 Even at a short distance.

Excavations show that in the late Stone Age a simple throwing stone evolved into a flat disk-shaped stone fragment with polished sharp chipping along the edges. Such fragments have now been discovered by archaeologists during excavations of the sites of ancient people in northern India. The fact that the found fragments are intended for throwing is confirmed by the fact that their edge is sharp around the entire perimeter and it is difficult to use this tool as a scraper or knife.

So, the ancient Indians also used stone disks, like their Greek relatives.

By the way, a stone is what lies under your feet. This is a free building material.

But facts are a stubborn thing. And in the Middle Ages, judging by the descriptions of historians, the Indians used the chakras en masse, much like bows and arrows. Moreover, the chakras were, judging by the descriptions (the same http://las-arms.ru/?id\u003d234)… from Damascus steel and Damascus steel.

Economic considerations.

Have you ever encountered damask steel? It has become much more expensive than usual, and now it is with all mechanized blacksmith hammers, knowledge of chemistry and so on. Imagine how much a Damascus steel disk would cost THEN, when a good damask sword cost as much as a horse, or even a tabunok. The price of damask chakra was supposed to be sky-high. And this despite the fact that you threw ten times, and ten times the wounded enemy took your chakra with him. Yes, for the sake of the damask chakra, you can endure a couple of cuts 🙂 Maybe this is the reason for the fall of the Indian principalities - they just ran out of metal? 🙂

Anyway. Let's think logically: why make a hole in a military stone disk?

The answer is simple: to make it easier to grab.

This is the first step to the modern form of the chakra.

By the way, those who threw chakras in practice know: to throw in order to stick, you must NOT with your finger, but like frisbee:

Pay attention to the stuck chakras. They can break the collarbone or nose; the depth of their pickup is small - because there is no point ... But a warrior in armor and with a shield ... So the blade on the chakra is also in question.

Now a little historical digression.

Have you ever wondered how ancient people hunted spears? Everything is very beautiful in the drawings and in the films - the mighty hairy savages swing and throw wooden sticks with stone tips into the shaggy rhino, which roars, punched in many places, and serves as a meal for strong troglodytes.

But note: not every modern gun will break the skin of a wild boar, not to mention deep damage. And not to mention the huge woolly rhino.

Just try it, grab a stick and drop it like a spear. Well, it will fly 5-10 meters, well, it will fall to the ground, safe even for a sparrow. And here it is not even a matter of physical strength; even the most inflated pitching will not greatly improve this result.

What's the catch? In the lever. Cavemen may be hairy and powerful, but not stupid. They used special lance throwers of various designs. The simplest is a stick with a knot at the end, on which the end of the spear rests.

The thrower holds the spear thrower and holds the spear on it.
And then he swings and pushes the spear with his lever.

The principle is simple - as large a lance thrower, so increases the strength and range of the throw. You can even try to sneak up on this rhino when it’s sleeping and tied 🙂

But be that as it may, it was the invention of the lance-thrower that allowed the ancient Cro-Magnons to survive the Neanderthals in timelessness. Neanderthals did not understand why they were throwing - and they weren’t throwing, but some types pierced through them.

So, what are we for. But what if the ancient Indians thought: let's lighten the weight of the disk a little, say, a kilogram to 5. But will we throw it with a long stick? For this, it was necessary to hollow a larger hole in the center of the disk. As a result, we have:

A missile projectile heavy enough to be harmful by a fall (as opposed to a kilogram chakra)
Armor and shields of such a projectile as cardboard (unlike the damask chakra)
Stones can be found and inflated with at least a million (unlike metal chakras); this does not require specially trained blacksmiths and expensive material
To teach throwing stones with a stick is elementary (as opposed to chakra throwing).

So, we combine economic, military, practical and cryptological features into one whole:

Real war chakras are hole-type stones, which were thrown with a stick-lever.

Where did the damask chakra myths come from? And how would you encrypt your own source of victory over enemies? That's right, adding as much lie as possible about damask steel, rotating on a finger and chopping off heads at a distance of 50 meters. Moreover, no one will check 🙂

Where did the Sikhs get chakras today? If you lost your origins, you would also begin to develop other ways to use what you forgot about.

Why did you forget? Because onions in a number of ways are better than stone discs. First of all, by range. So why approach the enemies 30 steps to throw a stone if you can shoot a bow in 100 steps?

So, in ancient Greece, the art of throwing stone discs did not die because of bows. The ancient Greeks did not understand bows, shot from the chest and so on; for a very long time the art of Scythian shooting penetrated the West. But neither the Greeks nor the Romans needed special bows - they used belts to spin the dart and increase the throw. The range, although small, is farther than the disk, and the strike of a spear is stronger than an arrow.

In India, there seemed to be problems with bows (or accuracy). And discus evolved further than in ancient Greece. But it was also crowded out with bows, arrows and guns.

Thus:

Throwing disc - weapons only in the correct, stone form.

In other cases, this is just a spectacular little thing to distract attention.

By the way, the word "chakra" is translated as "wheel". Today there are wooden forms of chakras - wooden wheels (http://www.mifinarodov.com/goroda-i-stranyi/boevyie-iskusstva-sikhov.html). But along the outer edge of such wheels are ropes with weighting materials. Which spin around the opponent’s feet and drop him to the ground. Such an Indian bolo (by the way, pay attention to the transverse handle for untwisting the structure). Interesting application, right? We must try to do something ...