The model for constructing the national chart of accounts influences the regulation and organization of the accounting system in the country. The main tasks of Russian accounting are to generate complete, reliable information about the business processes and results of the organization’s activities, control over compliance with legislation, the availability and movement of property, the use of material, labor and financial resources, the correct calculation and transfer of tax payments to the budget. In Russia, accounting regulation is focused on the accounting process, which involves the collection, registration and systematization of information, as well as its synthesis in the form of reporting. The transition to market relations and international standards of accounting, reporting and taxation required the introduction of a chart of accounts, reflecting the modern level of accounting and representing:
- - a normative document regulating the unity of accounting methodology and the content of economic information about property, sources and processes;
- - a systematic list of accounts used for current accounting of property, sources and processes of the organization in order to exercise control and prepare financial and management reporting.
Currently, Russian organizations apply the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application, which came into force on January 1, 2001 and are valid at enterprises of all types of activities, forms of ownership and legal forms that maintain accounting using the double entry method.
To account for specific transactions, an organization can, in agreement with the Russian Ministry of Finance, enter additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts using free account numbers.
The chart of accounts is used to register and group facts of economic activity (assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc.) in accounting. It contains the names and numbers of synthetic accounts (first order accounts) and subaccounts (second order accounts). The chart of accounts consists of 8 sections and contains 61 balance sheet and 11 off-balance sheet accounts. Each account is assigned a two-digit code; for subaccounts an additional sign is provided (for example, account “Materials”, subaccount 1 “Raw materials and supplies”). A three-digit code is provided for off-balance sheet accounts (see Appendix 5).
Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts establish uniform approaches to its use in the process of reflecting the facts of economic life on accounting accounts. It provides a brief description of synthetic accounts and the subaccounts opened for them: their structure and purpose, the economic content of the facts of economic activity generalized on them, and the order in which the most common facts are reflected are revealed. The description of the accounting accounts by sections is given in the sequence provided for in the Chart of Accounts.
In the Instructions, after the characteristics of each synthetic account, a typical scheme of its correspondence with other synthetic accounts is given. In the event of facts of economic activity arising, correspondence for which is not provided for in the standard scheme, the organization can supplement this, observing the uniform approaches established by the Instructions.
The principles, rules and methods of accounting by organizations for individual assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc., including recognition, assessment, grouping, are established by regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues.
Based on the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application, the organization approves working chart of accounts accounting, containing a complete list of synthetic and analytical (including subaccounts) accounts necessary for accounting. The subaccounts provided for in the Chart of Accounts are used by the organization based on the requirements of the management of the organization, including the needs of analysis, control and reporting. An organization can clarify the content of the subaccounts shown in the Chart of Accounts, exclude and combine them, and also introduce additional subaccounts.
The procedure for maintaining analytical accounting is established by the organization based on the Instructions for the use of the chart of accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of the organization, regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues.
- The Chart of Accounts for the accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts for the accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations were approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n.
The chart of accounts was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 N 94n (as amended on November 8, 2010). The chart of accounts is used in organizations (except for credit and state (municipal) institutions) of all forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms that maintain accounting using the double entry method. The chart of accounts is a scheme for recording and grouping facts of economic activity in accounting. It contains the names and numbers of synthetic accounts (first order accounts) and subaccounts (second order accounts). Based on this Chart of Accounts, organizations approve a working chart of accounts, containing a complete list of synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for accounting.
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Account name |
Account number |
Subaccount number and name |
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Section I. Non-current assets |
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Fixed assets |
By type of fixed assets |
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Depreciation of fixed assets | ||
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Profitable investments in material assets |
By type of material assets |
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Intangible assets |
By type of intangible assets and by expenses for research, development and technological work |
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Amortization of intangible assets | ||
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Equipment for installation | ||
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Investments in non-current assets |
1. Acquisition of land plots 2. Acquisition of environmental management facilities 3. Construction of fixed assets 4. Acquisition of fixed assets 5. Acquisition of intangible assets 6. Transfer of young animals to the main herd 7. Acquisition of adult animals 8. Carrying out research and development work and technological works |
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Deferred tax assets | ||
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Section II. Productive reserves |
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Materials |
1. Raw materials and materials 2. Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts 3. Fuel 4. Containers and container materials 5. Spare parts 6. Other materials 7. Materials transferred for processing to third parties 8. Construction materials 9. Inventory and household supplies 10. Special equipment and special clothing in the warehouse 11. Special equipment and special clothing in operation |
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Animals being raised and fattened | ||
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................................ | ||
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................................ | ||
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Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets | ||
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Procurement and acquisition of material assets | ||
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Deviation in the cost of material assets | ||
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................................ | ||
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................................ | ||
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Value added tax on purchased assets |
1. Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets 2. Value added tax on acquired intangible assets 3. Value added tax on acquired inventories |
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Section III. Production costs |
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Primary production | ||
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Semi-finished products of our own production | ||
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................................ | ||
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Auxiliary production | ||
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................................ | ||
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General production expenses | ||
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General running costs | ||
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................................ | ||
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Defects in production | ||
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Service industries and farms | ||
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Section IV. Finished products and goods |
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Release of products (works, services) | ||
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1. Goods in warehouses 2. Goods in retail trade 3. Containers under goods and empty 4. Purchased items |
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Trade margin | ||
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Finished products | ||
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Selling expenses | ||
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Selling expenses | ||
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Goods shipped | ||
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Completed stages of unfinished work | ||
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................................ | ||
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................................ | ||
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................................ | ||
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Section V. Cash |
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1. Cash register of the organization 2. Operational cash register 3. Cash documents |
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Current accounts | ||
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Currency accounts | ||
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................................ | ||
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................................ | ||
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Special bank accounts |
1. Letters of credit 2. Check books 3. Deposit accounts |
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................................ | ||
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Transfers on the way | ||
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Financial investments |
1. Units and shares 2. Debt securities 3. Loans provided 4. Deposits under a simple partnership agreement |
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Provisions for impairment of financial investments | ||
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Section VI. Calculations |
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Settlements with suppliers and contractors | ||
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................................ | ||
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Settlements with buyers and customers | ||
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Provisions for doubtful debts | ||
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................................ | ||
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Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings |
By type of credits and loans |
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Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings |
By type of credits and loans |
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Calculations for taxes and fees |
By type of taxes and fees |
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Calculations for social insurance and security |
1. Calculations for social insurance 2. Calculations for pensions 3. Calculations for compulsory health insurance |
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Payments to personnel regarding wages | ||
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Calculations with accountable persons | ||
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................................ | ||
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Settlements with personnel for other operations |
1. Calculations for loans provided 2. Calculations for compensation for material damage |
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................................ | ||
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Settlements with founders |
1. Calculations for contributions to the authorized (share) capital 2. Calculations for payment of income |
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Settlements with various debtors and creditors |
1. Settlements for property and personal insurance 2. Settlements for claims 3. Settlements for dividends due and other income 4. Settlements for amounts deposited |
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Deferred tax liabilities | ||
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................................ | ||
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On-farm settlements |
1. Settlements for allocated property 2. Settlements for current operations 3. Settlements under a property trust management agreement |
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Section VII. Capital |
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Authorized capital | ||
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Own shares (shares) | ||
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Reserve capital | ||
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Extra capital | ||
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Retained earnings (uncovered loss) | ||
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................................ | ||
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Special-purpose financing |
By type of financing |
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................................ | ||
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Section VIII. Financial results |
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1. Revenue 2. Cost of sales 3. Value added tax 4. Excise taxes 5. Profit/loss from sales |
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Other income and expenses |
1. Other income 2. Other expenses 9. Balance of other income and expenses |
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Shortages and losses from damage to valuables | ||
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................................ | ||
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Reserves for future expenses |
By type of reserves |
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Future expenses |
By type of expense |
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Revenue of the future periods |
1. Income received for future periods 2. Gratuitous receipts 3. Upcoming receipts of debt for shortfalls identified in previous years 4. The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortfalls of valuables |
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Profit and loss | ||
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Off-balance sheet accounts |
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Leased fixed assets | ||
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Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping | ||
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Materials accepted for recycling | ||
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Goods accepted for commission | ||
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Equipment accepted for installation | ||
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Strict reporting forms | ||
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Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss | ||
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Security for obligations and payments received | ||
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Security for obligations and payments issued | ||
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Depreciation of fixed assets | ||
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Leased fixed assets | ||
Approved
By order of the Ministry of Finance
Russian Federation
Instructions for using the chart of accounts for accounting financial and economic activities of organizations
(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/2003 N 38n,
dated 18.09.2006 N 115n, dated 08.11.2010 N 142n)
This Instruction establishes uniform approaches to the application of the Chart of Accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of organizations and the reflection of facts of economic activity in the accounting accounts. It provides a brief description of synthetic accounts and the subaccounts opened for them: their structure and purpose, the economic content of the facts of economic activity generalized on them, and the order in which the most common facts are reflected are revealed. The description of the accounting accounts by sections is given in the sequence provided for in the Chart of Accounts.
The principles, rules and methods of accounting by organizations for individual assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc., including recognition, assessment, grouping, are established by regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues.
According to the Chart of Accounts and in accordance with these Instructions, accounting must be maintained in organizations (except for credit and state (municipal) institutions) of all forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms that conduct accounting using the double entry method.
(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 8, 2010 N 142n)
Based on the Chart of Accounts and these Instructions, the organization approves a working chart of accounts containing a complete list of synthetic and analytical (including subaccounts) accounts necessary for accounting.
The chart of accounts is a scheme for recording and grouping facts of economic activity (assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc.) in accounting. It contains the names and numbers of synthetic accounts (first order accounts) and subaccounts (second order accounts).
To account for specific transactions, an organization may, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, enter additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts using free account numbers.
The subaccounts provided for in the Chart of Accounts are used by the organization based on the requirements of the management of the organization, including the needs of analysis, control and reporting. An organization can clarify the content of the subaccounts shown in the Chart of Accounts, exclude and combine them, and also introduce additional subaccounts.
The procedure for maintaining analytical accounting is established by the organization based on these Instructions, regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues (fixed assets, inventories, etc.).
In the Instructions, after the characteristics of each synthetic account, a typical scheme of its correspondence with other synthetic accounts is given. If facts of economic activity arise, correspondence for which is not provided for in the standard scheme, the organization can supplement it, observing the uniform approaches established by this Instruction.
The chart of accounts is an integral part of the work of an accountant, both experienced and new. Essentially, all the accounts used to record an organization's transactions are organized into a common document. It was called the Chart of Accounts. This is a kind of table that contains all the digital symbols necessary for work and used in wiring. It is also worth remembering that an enterprise can create its own working Chart of Accounts. However, you should adhere to the Instructions for Use of this document. It allows the accountant to find answers to many questions related to accounts.
What is a Chart of Accounts?
It is no secret that in the accounting of any organization so-called postings are used. They help to reflect both the arrival and departure of various elements. Accounts take an active part in posting. In fact, they form the basis of operations.
In fact, the Chart of Accounts is a table that contains a list of all the accounts used by the accounting department. This is a scheme that helps to accurately record the business and financial transactions of any organization. It is worth noting that any enterprise maintains this kind of accounting. Even “Accounting for Dummies” suggests first of all familiarizing yourself with the Chart of Accounts, as well as its sections.
Legislative regulation
The chart of accounts is not just paper that individual accountants use. It is not modified for any kind of organizations. Thus, the introduction of the current chart of accounts was enshrined in Federal Law in 2000, and subsequently there was a new edition in 2010, that is, ten years later. That is, these regulatory documents stipulate which accounts are used by the enterprise and for what purpose.
If an organization needs to use additional accounts, then the “Instructions for using the chart of accounts” can help. In it you can find the structure of a specific account. Probably, one or another action can be displayed on it. If such an option was not found, then it is possible to use accounts that were not affected in the main chart of accounts. However, these innovations must be enshrined in the accounting policies of the organization.
Working chart of accounts of the organization
As mentioned above, a company can structure its own chart of accounts. In this case, you need to adhere to a number of rules. Thus, based on the Instructions for the Chart of Accounts, an enterprise can select those accounts that are necessary to work with specific operations.
By the way, by agreement with the Ministry of Finance, an organization can use additional accounting systems. This is possible in cases where the specifics of the organization require it. The finished chart of accounts of a specific organization is fixed in the accounting policy. This becomes a tool for the organization to conduct quality activities, and also simplifies business activities.
Diagram of the working chart of accounts
Existing manuals, such as “Accounting for Dummies,” provide not only the approximate content of a work plan for enterprises of various profiles, but also a theoretical basis.
For example, a work plan is a branched structure. In the first place they take into account capital, its movement, other liabilities and property, as well as economic processes.
Analytical accounts can reflect more specific actions. The presence of such accounts allows you to verify transactions. However, having this type of account is not necessary.
There are also sub-accounts that help detail transactions. Thus, at enterprises associated with production, it is possible to distinguish separate sub-accounts by type of product or product. A chart of accounts with explanations helps an accountant create a work plan “for himself.”
Composition of the Chart of Accounts
Currently, the Chart of Accounts consists of eight sections. In total, they describe sixty accounts. An interesting fact is that the plan itself contains numbers from one to ninety-nine. This means that a series of numbers remains free from a specific account. This is just in case the specifics of the organization’s activities allow the use of additional synthetic accounts, that is, the enterprise can use free numbers. The accounting chart of accounts with subaccounts also has off-balance sheet accounts, which reflect, for example, leased property or material assets that were accepted by the organization for storage.
In total, the Chart of Accounts has eight large sections, in which all accounts are distributed, except for off-balance sheet ones. There are also instructions regarding which subaccounts can be opened for each of the synthetic accounts and under what number.
Briefly about off-balance sheet accounts
Off-balance sheet accounts are those accounts that do not belong to any section of the Chart of Accounts. They indicate transactions involving funds that do not belong to the organization, but, for example, are in its temporary storage.
Off-balance sheet accounts are also called subsidiary accounts. It is noteworthy that transactions on them are ultimately not reflected in the balance sheet; they also do not in any way affect the financial result of the organization. In the chart of accounts, they are represented as three-digit numbers, starting from zero. That is, the first account of such a plan is numbered 001, and so on. This section of sorts ends with the score number 007.
What sections are included in the Chart of Accounts?
As already mentioned, the Chart of Accounts consists of eight sections with their own accounts. They are structured, allowing you to quickly find the information you need.
- Non-current assets of the enterprise. This includes fixed assets on the organization’s balance sheet, their depreciation, as well as intangible assets;
- Productive reserves. In this section you can find synthetic and analytical accounting accounts for accounting for the movement of materials, company reserves or, for example, the acquisition of any material assets;
- Production costs. As the name implies, this includes accounts directly related to all kinds of production.
- Finished products. Accordingly, on the accounts located in this section, you can take into account finished products and calculate their cost.
- Cash. This includes such accounts as “cash office”, “current account”, “money transfers”.
- Calculations. This broad group includes many payment options, ranging from repaying debts to creditors to paying or accruing wages to the organization’s employees.
- Capital. This section helps to structure accounts related to the authorized, reserve or additional capital of the organization.
- Financial accounts. This final section includes accounts that help identify the result of the sale, as well as the final financial result for the company at the end of the year.
Synthetic and analytical accounts: what is the difference?
As you know, three groups of accounting accounts can be distinguished, namely, synthetic, subaccounts and analytical. All three groups are interrelated, but there is a possibility that they may be misunderstood, especially by novice accountants.
Thus, synthetic accounts are located in the chart of accounts. That is, account 10 with the name “materials” is located in the “production costs” section. This includes all assets that are present in production activities, with the exception of basic ones.
In turn, this account has subaccounts. This is a more specific option. That is, to the synthetic account “materials” you can open a subaccount under number one and the name “raw materials and materials”. That is, this no longer includes animals or spare parts - only what is described in the name of a specific subaccount.
Analytical accounting allows you to further specify accounting. That is, oil, for example, will be a separate analytical account that opens to a subaccount. Thus, an analytical account helps to structure the accounting of business activities, and also allows you to check on which cost items you can save.
Instructions for using the finished Chart of Accounts
An instruction is a document that helps an accountant correctly use the existing Chart of Accounts. It contains the following information:
- Account number.
- Full name.
- The purpose of the account, namely its content and general structure.
- Methods of application, that is, the order of filling it out.
That is, the instructions help the accounting department to use each of the accounts correctly. After reading this document, the organization can begin to draw up a work plan for a specific enterprise.
After reading the instructions for using this document, you can begin the specific preparation of the Chart of Accounts of the enterprise.
It is necessary to take into account that changes may occur in the future, involving the introduction of new, additional accounts in the structure of the enterprise. Therefore, you need to make sure that there are reserve subaccounts.
It is also better to minimize the number of accounts used for accounting. This helps to simplify the methods of reflection. That is, if it is possible to refuse to use any account, it is better to do so.
It is also worth remembering that it is not so easy to make global changes to an organization’s already existing Chart of Accounts. Therefore, it is better to think about what the future of the enterprise looks like in a couple of years. There is probably a prospect for the emergence of a new type of product.
We should not forget that accounting is now automated, but this does not prevent many specialists from carrying out checks manually. Thus, the popular turnover sheet for accounts, which allows you to identify errors on a specific account, is also perfectly created using the 1C program.
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZATIONS
This Instruction establishes uniform approaches to the application of the Chart of Accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of organizations and the reflection of facts of economic activity in the accounting accounts. It provides a brief description of synthetic accounts and the subaccounts opened for them: their structure and purpose, the economic content of the facts of economic activity generalized on them, and the order in which the most common facts are reflected are revealed. The description of the accounting accounts by sections is given in the sequence provided for in the Chart of Accounts.
The principles, rules and methods of accounting by organizations for individual assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc., including recognition, assessment, grouping, are established by regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues.
According to the Chart of Accounts and in accordance with these Instructions, accounting must be maintained in organizations (except for credit and state (municipal) institutions) of all forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms that conduct accounting using the double entry method.
(see text in the previous edition)
Based on the Chart of Accounts and these Instructions, the organization approves a working chart of accounts containing a complete list of synthetic and analytical (including subaccounts) accounts necessary for accounting.
The chart of accounts is a scheme for recording and grouping facts of economic activity (assets, liabilities, financial, business transactions, etc.) in accounting. It contains the names and numbers of synthetic accounts (first order accounts) and subaccounts (second order accounts).
To account for specific transactions, an organization may, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, enter additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts using free account numbers.
The subaccounts provided for in the Chart of Accounts are used by the organization based on the requirements of the management of the organization, including the needs of analysis, control and reporting. An organization can clarify the content of the subaccounts shown in the Chart of Accounts, exclude and combine them, and also introduce additional subaccounts.
The procedure for maintaining analytical accounting is established by the organization based on these Instructions, regulations and other regulations, guidelines on accounting issues (fixed assets, inventories, etc.).
In the Instructions, after the characteristics of each synthetic account, a typical scheme of its correspondence with other synthetic accounts is given. If facts of economic activity arise, correspondence for which is not provided for in the standard scheme, the organization can supplement it, observing the uniform approaches established by this Instruction.
All organizations must keep records in accordance with the approved chart of accounts and instructions thereto. This requirement does not apply to government and credit institutions (they have their own accounting system). The instructions for the chart of accounts were approved by order of the Ministry of Finance No. 94n dated October 31, 2000.
Instructions for the chart of accounts: purpose
The chart of accounts is the correspondence of the reflection of accounting entries by transaction code. Each account has its own name. All movements in accounting are grouped according to certain characteristics and then attributed to a specific account.
Example. Materials: in accounting, the cost of materials (boards, bricks, fittings, etc.) and raw materials used for the production of goods, fuel - for transport used in commercial activities, inventory - for company employees, etc. reflected by counting 10.
The chart of accounts is used to reflect transactions in accounting in accordance with Russian legislation. For accounting and reporting in accordance with international standards (uniform for all foreign countries), the IFRS classification is used.
Synthetic and analytical accounts
Synthetic accounts- these are general accounts that are approved specifically by the chart of accounts. To maintain analytical accounting of accounts, in accordance with the requirements of PBU, sub-accounts are opened. For example, account 68 reflects the accrual and payment of taxes. Since an organization is often several taxpayers, each of them is reflected in a separate subaccount:
- 68.1 – personal income tax
- 68.2 – value added tax
- 68.3 – excise taxes
- 68.4 – income tax
- 68.4.1 – calculation with the budget
- 68.4.2. – calculation of income tax
In turn, analytical records for subaccounts are opened for accounts. Subconto is a sign of an account according to its functions, classifications or specifics. For example, the subconto for account 51 will be the names and details of the company's current accounts, and for account 60 the names of counterparties, to which you can enter additional analytical indicators - contracts.
Sections of the chart of accounts
There are ninety-nine accounts in the chart of accounts. There are also off-balance sheet accounts, which are designed to reflect additional information about a firm's assets and liabilities that are not intended to be included in the main accounts. The chart of accounts is divided into 9 sections:
| Chapter | Description | Accounts |
| I | Fixed assets | 01-09 |
| II | Productive reserves | 10-19 |
| III | Production costs | 20-39 |
| IV | Finished products and goods | 40-49 |
| V | Cash | 50-59 |
| VI | Calculations | 60-79 |
| VII | Capital | 80-89 |
| VIII | Financial results | 90-99 |
| Off-balance sheet accounts | 001-011 |
The instructions for the chart of accounts describe in detail the purpose of each of them, characterize the concept of the account being described, how to reflect movements in the account and its correspondence with other accounts.
Since accounting is carried out, when you make an entry on one account, the same value must be reflected on another - the corresponding one. Accounts can be:
- Active– increases in these accounts are reflected in debit. These include funds accounting accounts. The balance on them is always debit.
- Passive– the increase in these accounts is reflected on the loan. These include source accounting accounts. The balance on them is always in credit.
- Active-passive– contain features of both types of accounts. The balance can be anything.
Example. Wages have been accrued to employees of the main production. This means that you need to make an entry not only for credit 70 of the account (payroll accounting), but also for 20: Debit 20 Credit 70. At the end of the month, account 70 will have a credit balance, and 20 will have a debit balance.
Subsequently, from the debit of account 20, wage costs will be written off to the cost of production: Debit 90.2 Credit 20. This means that there will be no balance left on account 20, but a debit will appear on account 90.2.
Working chart of accounts
The organization uses in practice those accounting accounts that meet the specifics of its activities. That is, there is no need to apply all accounts at once if there is no movement on them. Therefore, internal regulatory documents approve the working chart of accounts.
And, on the contrary, when the specifics of the organization are such that the chart of accounts does not have accounts for which all necessary transactions can be reflected, then synthetic and off-balance sheet accounts can be entered into it.
In accordance with this, organizations are required to approve a working chart of accounts - an internal document of the company, which indicates all the accounts used to reflect business transactions in this particular organization. Unlike the chart of accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance, it contains only those accounts that are used regularly.
To create a working chart of accounts, it is necessary to select from the chart of accounts those accounts that will reliably reflect all the business transactions of the company and open the necessary sub-accounts for them.
How to work with instructions for the chart of accounts?
Instructions for the chart of accounts are, first of all, necessary for novice accountants who are just beginning to learn double-entry methods. Here future specialists will find a detailed description and recommendations for reflecting business records. Also, the instructions are a kind of “cheat sheet” for making correct entries.
Experienced accountants, when changing the specifics of their activities, can use the chart of accounts and its instructions to refresh the nuances of accounting or check themselves again.
The instructions for the chart of accounts are an official federal regulation. Only the Ministry of Finance can make changes to it.