I.V. Artemova,
chief accountant, consultant

A.Yu. Shikhov
expert editor of the Publishing House "Accountant Advisor"

At the end of 2014, new concepts were introduced into the accounting procedure for state (municipal) institutions - “reserves for future expenses” and “deferred liabilities”. Some recommendations for accounting both with reserves and with these liabilities were given by the Russian Ministry of Finance in a letter.

The Ministry of Finance explains

According to clause 302.1 of the Instructions for the application of the Unified Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 1, 2010 No. 157n (hereinafter referred to as Instruction No. 157n), account 40160 “Reserves for future expenses” summarizes information on the status and movement of amounts reserved for the purpose of uniform inclusion of expenses on the financial result of the institution, for obligations of uncertain magnitude and (or) time of fulfillment, including obligations for upcoming payment of vacations for actually worked time or compensation for unused vacation, in particular upon dismissal, including payments for compulsory social insurance of an employee (employee ) institutions.
The procedure for the formation of reserves (types of reserves formed, methods for assessing liabilities, date of recognition in accounting, etc.) is established by the institution as part of the formation of accounting policies.
In addition, according to paragraph 319 of Instruction No. 157n, a new analytical group with code 9 “Deferred Liabilities” appeared on account 50200 “Liabilities”.
In accordance with the changes made to Instruction No. 157n by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 29, 2014 No. 89n, it was planned to make changes to the accounting instructions for the relevant types of institutions, but the projects were not approved. But it was precisely in the unapproved projects that the connection between reserves for future expenses and deferred obligations reflected during their formation was outlined.
At the same time, the approved Instruction No. 157n is mandatory for use by all institutions, therefore, already at the end of 2014, institutions had many questions about how, at what point and on the basis of what documents they should record both reserves for future expenses and deferred obligations, corresponding to them. These issues became particularly acute at the beginning of 2015, when institutions were preparing their accounting policies for the current year.
In a recent letter from the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 04/07/2015 No. 02-07-07/19450 (hereinafter referred to as Letter No. 02-07-07/19450), department specialists explained some issues of accrual of deferred liabilities corresponding to transactions with a reserve for future expenses for vacation pay.
In particular, Letter No. 02-07-07/19450 provides:
- examples of detailing the institution’s chart of accounts, including account 50209 “Deferred liabilities” (Appendix No. 1);
- accounting records for recording transactions with deferred liabilities for recipients of budgetary funds, budgetary and autonomous institutions (Appendix No. 3).

Detailing the chart of accounts

In Letter No. 02-07-07/19450, the Russian Ministry of Finance offers institutions, as an example, the following details of account 50209 “Deferred Liabilities”, which can be used when developing a working chart of accounts as part of their accounting policies (Table No. 1):

Table No. 1

Working Chart of Accounts (Extract)

The article will explain whether deferred tax liabilities will be equal to zero if at the end of the year the loss is covered by profit.

Question: In terms of the amount of Deferred Tax Assets, if at the end of 2016 we have a profit, at the beginning of 2016 the amount of uncarried loss is 7,000,000 rubles, at the end of the year it is completely covered, then IT is equal to zero? Will deferred tax liabilities also be zero? Everything in the reporting is automatically filled in by 1C.

Answer: It is impossible to answer your question, since a deferred tax asset is formed in accounting not only in relation to tax losses, but also in relation to income and expenses, which are recognized in accounting and tax accounting in different periods and in different amounts.

If there is a tax loss, ONA is reflected - Debit 09 Credit 68. In subsequent periods, if the organization has a profit and it uses losses of previous years in tax accounting to reduce it, then ONA is repaid in this part of Debit 68 Credit 09 in accounting.

But the composition of IT can include many components, just like the composition of IT. They need to keep analytical records.

For example, in accounting, an organization is required to create a reserve for doubtful debts and an estimated liability for vacation pay, but in tax accounting, firstly, it may not create it, and, secondly, they are created according to different rules. This means that the presence of a reserve for doubtful debts and a reserve for vacations in accounting already entails the presence of SHE.

In addition, ONA and ONA may be due to different depreciation, different composition of direct and indirect costs in accounting and financial accounting, assessment of work in progress, and so on.

How to reflect the accrual and payment of income tax in accounting

In the same reporting period in which the permanent differences arise, record the corresponding tax assets or liabilities. That is, those amounts by which the tax in accounting will be reduced or increased. To account for permanent tax liabilities and assets, open to count 99 subaccounts of the same name.

The reason for the constant differences			Postings
Income is taken into account only for tax purposes	Permanent tax obligations (PNO)	Increase the tax amount	Debit 99 subaccount “Fixed tax liabilities” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” – a permanent tax liability is reflected
Expenses that are not recognized for tax purposes
Income is reflected only in accounting	Permanent tax assets (PTA)	Reduce tax amount	Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 99 subaccount “Permanent tax assets” – a permanent tax asset is reflected
Expenses are recognized only for tax purposes

Determine the size of PNA and PNA using the formula:

It will help to quickly determine PNO and PNA action plan: how to determine permanent differences in accounting and what entries to make.

Continuous tax liabilities and assets are not satisfied during the year. Write them off bills 99 only possible as part of net profit or loss when reforming the balance. At the same time, take them to score 84“Retained earnings (uncovered loss).”

This procedure is provided paragraph 7 PBU 18/02 and Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts, and)

Attention: There is an opinion that all expenses that are not taken into account when calculating taxes on profits should be reflected in accounting as part of others. This is not true. For a mistake officials will be fined. If, in the end, taxes are also underestimated, then the organization itself will be punished, and fines will increase. But there is a way out.

If, during an audit, a similar error from previous years is discovered, due to which reporting and taxes are distorted, then it will not be possible to avoid liability. You will mitigate the consequences if you recalculate taxes and submit correct information , pay a penalty.

As for the mistakes of this year, everything can be corrected. If you qualify expenses correctly, you will successfully generate reports and calculate taxes. Erroneous entries reverse.

Remember, expenses are taken into account depending on their purpose and the conditions under which they are incurred. So, for example, in accounting, costs are classified not only as other, but also as expenses for ordinary activities ( clause 4 PBU 10/99).

The Alpha organization pays compensation to an employee when his car is used for business purposes. Compensation is 5000 rubles. per month. But when calculating income tax, only 1,200 rubles are taken into account. ( Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 8, 2002 No. 92). Debit 20 Credit 73 – 1200 rub. – compensation was accrued to the employee for a personal car within the norms; Debit 91-2 Credit 73 – 3800 rub. – compensation was accrued to an employee for a personal car in excess of the norm. Correctly like this: Debit 20 (26, 44…) Credit 73 – 5000 rub. – compensation was accrued to the employee for a personal car. Here's how to fix the error: Debit 91-2 Credit 73 – 3800 rub. – compensation to an employee for a personal car in excess of the norm was reversed; Debit 20 Credit 73 – 3800 rub. – additional compensation was accrued to the employee for a personal car.

How to determine temporary differences and reflect the corresponding tax assets and liabilities in accounting

86.92794 (6,9,24)

A temporary difference arises if any income or expense is taken into account in accounting in one period, and when taxed in another. There are two types of temporary differences - deductible (DVR) and taxable (TVR).

Deductible Temporary Difference (DTD) occurs, for example, in the following situations:

• when I calculate depreciation differently in accounting and tax accounting. Alternatively, in tax accounting it is calculated linearly, and in accounting – using the reducing balance method;
• if there is a loss carried forward, which will be taken into account for taxation before the expiration of 10 years;
• if expenses are taken into account differently in the cost of production in accounting and taxation.

Taxable temporary difference (TDT) is formed, in particular, as a result of:

• application of different methods of depreciation in accounting and tax accounting. For example, in tax accounting it is calculated linearly, and in accounting – using the reducing balance method;
• when the cash method is used in tax accounting, and in accounting they reflect income and expenses based on time certainty.

In the same reporting period in which temporary differences arose or were settled (in whole or in part), reflect the deferred tax assets or liabilities. That is, those amounts by which tax will be reduced or increased in accounting in subsequent reporting periods and which are not taken into account in the current one.

To account for deferred tax assets, use score 09, and for obligations – score 77. In subsequent periods, as income and expenses converge in accounting and tax accounting, pay off deferred tax liabilities and assets.

Here's how to record the creation and settlement of deferred tax assets and liabilities:

Reason for temporary differences	Type of tax assets and liabilities	How does it affect income tax in accounting?	Postings
Income that is not reflected in the accounting of the current reporting period	Deferred tax assets (DTA)	Reduce the amount of tax for future reporting periods. The current period tax is increased	Debit 09 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” – a deferred tax asset is reflected; – the deferred tax asset is repaid (in whole or in part)
Expenses that are not recognized for taxation in the current reporting period
Income that is not taken into account for taxation in the current reporting period	Deferred tax liabilities (DTL)	Increase the tax amount for future reporting periods. The current period tax is reduced	Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 77 – deferred tax liability is reflected; Debit 77 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” – the deferred tax liability is repaid (in whole or in part)
Expenses that are not reflected in the accounting of the current reporting period

Determine the size of SHE and IT using the formula:

This procedure is provided for in paragraphs 8–12, and PBU 18/02.

It will help to quickly identify IT and SHE action plan: how to determine temporary differences in accounting and what entries to make.

How to reflect a conditional income tax expense in accounting

Calculate the conditional consumption according to paragraph 20 PBU 18/02. That is, according to the formula:

Reflect the conditional income tax expense on the subaccount of the same name bills 99 :

Debit 99 subaccount “Conditional income tax expense” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– a contingent income tax expense has been accrued for the reporting (tax) period.

An example of reflecting the accrual and payment of income tax in accounting. The organization applies PBU 18/02. Based on the results of the period, profit was determined in financial and tax accounting

Based on the results of work for the first quarter, according to accounting data, Alpha LLC received a profit of 1,500,000 rubles. The organization pays income tax quarterly. The applicable income tax rate is 20 percent.

Turnovers for the first quarter in account 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” amounted to:

The amount of current income tax generated on account 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” was:
300,000 rub. + 16,000 rub. – (2000 rub. – 1000 rub.) + (8000 rub. – 2000 rub.) = 321,000 rub.

According to tax accounting data, the amount of income tax for the first quarter also amounted to 321,000 rubles.

The accountant reflected the payment of income tax with the following entries:

– 48,150 rub. – income tax for the first quarter was transferred to the federal budget;

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 51
– 272,850 rub. – the income tax for the first quarter was transferred to the regional budget.

How to reflect conditional income tax income in accounting

86.90467 (6,9,24)

Even if the organization, according to accounting data, incurred a loss in the reporting (tax) period, record income tax on this amount. This is called deemed income for income taxes. This indicator is the product of the current income tax rate and the amount of loss reflected in accounting. That is, it should be calculated like this:

This procedure is provided paragraph 20 PBU 18/02.

Reflect conditional profit tax income in the subaccount of the same name bills 99 :

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 99 subaccount “Conditional income for income tax”
– accrued conditional profit tax income for the reporting (tax) period.

86.90468 (6,9,24)

In tax accounting, nothing is considered from the loss. So, if there are more expenses than income, there is no profit, then there is nothing to calculate the tax from. The basis for calculating income tax is zero. However, in future periods the loss may reduce taxable profit ( clause 8 art. 274 , clause 1 art. 283 Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The accounting rules do not provide for similar norms. Consequently, a deductible temporary difference arises. Therefore, after the conditional income tax income has been determined in accounting and it is possible to accurately determine the size of the income tax, reflect it in the accounting ( clause 14 PBU 18/02).

In the period in which the tax loss was determined, make an entry in accounting:

– a deferred tax asset is reflected from the tax loss, which will be repaid in the following reporting (tax) periods.

As the loss is carried forward, repay the deferred tax asset:

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 09
– the deferred tax asset is written off from the settled loss.

This order follows from the provisions paragraph 14 PBU 18/02, Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Instructions for the chart of accounts And Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 14, 2003 No. 16-00-14/219.

An example of reflecting conditional income tax income and a deferred tax asset in accounting. At the end of the tax period, the organization suffered a loss in both tax and accounting

At the end of 2016, Alpha LLC received a loss:

• according to accounting data - 100,000 rubles;
• according to tax accounting data - 100,000 rubles.

At the end of the first quarter of 2017, Alpha’s profit was:

• according to accounting data - 200,000 rubles;
• according to tax records - 200,000 rubles.

At the end of the first half of 2017, Alpha’s profit was:

• according to accounting data - 50,000 rubles;
• according to tax records - 50,000 rubles.

The following entries were made in the organization's accounting records.

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 99 subaccount “Conditional income for income tax”
20,000 rub. (RUB 100,000 x 20%) – the amount of conditional income has been accrued;

Debit 09 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
20,000 rub. (RUB 100,000 x 20%) – a deferred tax asset is reflected from the tax loss.

– 40,000 rub. (RUB 200,000 x 20%) – a conditional income tax was accrued for the first quarter;

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 09
– 20,000 rub. (RUB 100,000 x 20%) – the deferred tax asset from the loss is repaid.

Debit 99 subaccount “Conditional income tax expense (income)” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 40,000 rub. – accrued income tax (conditional expense) for the first quarter was reversed;

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 09
– 20,000 rub. – the tax asset was restored from the loss reflected in the first quarter.

The 2016 loss reduces the taxable profit for the first half of 2017 by no more than 50 percent ( clause 2.1 art. 283 Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Debit 99 subaccount “Conditional income tax expense” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 10,000 rub. (RUB 50,000 x 20%) – a conditional profit tax has been accrued for the six months;

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 09
– 5000 rub. (RUB 50,000: 2 x 20%) – the deferred tax asset is repaid from the transferred tax loss, which reduces the taxable profit for the half-year.

The amount of income tax reflected in the declaration for the first half of 2017 is equal to 5,000 rubles. The credit balance on account 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” is equal to:
10,000 rub. – 5000 rub. = 5000 rub.

Current income tax is reflected correctly. The reporting period is closed correctly.

An example of how a conditional income tax expense is reflected in accounting when closing a reporting period. In the accounting of the organization, profit is determined, and in tax accounting, loss

Alpha LLC calculates income tax on a monthly basis based on actual profits. Income and expenses in tax accounting are determined using the cash method. The organization applies PBU 18/02. Alpha is engaged in the provision of information services and enjoys VAT exemption.

In January, Alpha sold services worth RUB 1,000,000.

The organization’s personnel received a salary in the amount of 600,000 rubles. The amount of contributions for compulsory pension (social, medical) insurance and insurance against accidents and occupational diseases from accrued salaries amounted to 157,200 rubles.

As of January 31, sales proceeds have not been paid, staff salaries have not been issued, and mandatory insurance contributions have not been transferred to the budget.

On January 15, Alfa manager A.S. Kondratiev submitted an advance report on travel expenses in the amount of 1,200 rubles. On the same day, these expenses were fully reimbursed to him. Due to the excess of the standard daily allowance in tax accounting, travel expenses were reflected in the amount of 600 rubles.

In January, Alpha had no other operations. The following entries were made in the organization's accounting:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1
– 1,000,000 rub. – revenue from the sale of information services is reflected;

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 77
– 200,000 rub. (RUB 1,000,000 x 20%) – a deferred tax liability is reflected from the difference between the revenue reflected in accounting and tax accounting;

Debit 26 Credit 70
– 600,000 rub. – wages accrued for January;

Debit 09 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 120,000 rub. (RUB 600,000 x 20%) – a deferred tax asset is reflected from the difference between the salary reflected in accounting and tax accounting;

Debit 26 Credit 69
– 157,200 rub. – compulsory insurance contributions have been calculated from wages for January;

Debit 09 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 31,440 rub. (RUB 157,200 x 20%) – a deferred tax asset is reflected from the difference between the amount of taxes (contributions) reflected in accounting and tax accounting;

Debit 26 Credit 71
– 1200 rub. – travel expenses written off;

Debit 99 subaccount “Fixed tax liabilities” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 120 rub. ((1200 rubles – 600 rubles) x 20%) – reflects a permanent tax liability for travel expenses reflected in accounting and tax accounting;

Debit 90-2 Credit 26
– 758,400 rub. (RUB 600,000 + RUB 157,200 + RUB 1,200) – the cost of services sold is written off;

Debit 90-9 Credit 99 subaccount “Profit (loss) before tax”
– 241,600 rub. (RUB 1,000,000 – RUB 758,400) – profit for January is reflected;

Debit 99 subaccount “Conditional income tax expense” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 48,320 rub. (RUB 241,600 x 20%) – the amount of conditional income tax expense has been accrued.

In January, Alpha’s tax accounting reflected a loss in the amount of 600 rubles. (paid travel expenses). Since this loss will affect the determination of the tax base in the following periods, an entry was made in accounting:

Debit 09 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 120 rub. (RUB 600 x 20%) – a deferred tax asset is reflected from the tax loss.

The amount of income tax reflected in the declaration for January is zero. The balance of account 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” is equal to:
200,000 rub. – 120,000 rub. – 31,440 rub. – 120 rub. – 48,320 rub. – 120 rub. = 0.

The contingent income tax expense is reflected correctly. The reporting period is closed correctly.

Control check

86.90469 (6,9,24)

To check whether you have correctly reflected income tax calculations in your accounting, use the formula:

If the result obtained coincides with the amount reflected in line 180 Sheet 02 of the income tax return, then you reflected the calculations in your accounting correctly.

Deputy Head of the Department of Taxation of Personal Income and Administration of Insurance Contributions of the Federal Tax Service of Russia

“Inspectors will compare the income of individuals in 6-NDFL with the amount of payments calculated for insurance premiums. Inspectors will begin to apply this control ratio starting with reporting for the first quarter. All control ratios for checking 6-NDFL are given in. For instructions and samples of filling out 6-NDFL for the first quarter, see the recommendations.”

2018-03-09 1553

• Purpose of the article: reflection of information on deferred tax liabilities.
• Line number in the balance sheet: 1420.
• Account number according to the chart of accounts: Credit balance 77.

 

Deferred tax liability is the portion of deferred income taxes that must be paid in future periods. It is formed as a set of taxable differences.

What are tax differences

In order to take into account the mentioned differences in accounting, account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” is used. To decide how to handle this aspect of accounting, you need to understand what taxable differences are.

They can be:

1. Permanent.
2. Temporary.

Permanent differences will never be used to calculate income taxes, which is why they are called permanent differences. They can occur for a number of reasons:

• expenses on property received free of charge are not recognized for accounting purposes;
• a loss carried forward to future periods can no longer be taken into account due to the expiration of the period.

Temporary taxable differences can be used to calculate income taxes in the current or future periods. The temporary difference arises due to certain differences between accounting and tax accounting:

• depreciation of fixed assets in tax is greater than in accounting due to different methods of calculation;
• the company credited the proceeds from the sale of goods, but did not actually receive any cash;
• The methodology for calculating interest on loans varies in accounting.

How are liabilities accounted for?

IT accumulations are formed according to the product formula:

Temporary differences * income tax rate in%.

In other words, liabilities (abbreviated as IT) appear if expenses are accepted later in accounting. Income, on the contrary, is recognized earlier. Therefore, they can be considered debt.

How is IT formed?

For example, an organization calculates depreciation in accounting using a linear method, but in tax accounting using a non-linear method. Let’s say a company bought a fixed asset “High-voltage line” worth 200,000 rubles. Since it costs more than 100,000, it is legally subject to depreciation in tax accounting, according to Art. 256 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

200 000 * 0,7% = 1 400.

This means that every month depreciation deductions in the amount of 1,400 rubles are written off in tax accounting.

Thus, you can find the temporary taxable difference:

1,400 - 554.02 = 845.98 rubles.

The difference amounts will be credited to the 77th ONO account as follows:

845.98 * 20% = 169.20 rubles,

where 20% is the total income tax rate, taking into account the federal and regional shares. In this case, the following wiring should occur:

When the value of debts increases in addition to income tax, the following entry is made:

If IT is removed from the balance sheet of the enterprise, then the posting will be as follows.

Maintaining accounting and tax reporting of an enterprise requires good knowledge of legal relations both within the framework of Russian legislation and financial reporting in the general structure of IFRS. Even if the required documentation is completed on time and without errors, this does not mean that there will be no discrepancies in the reports. This state of affairs becomes possible because, despite all the similarities between the rules for recording income (or expenses) on the tax base and for accounting, there are some differences. And the result of such actions is deferred tax liabilities on the balance sheet.

Basic concepts and emergence process

Accountants whose responsibilities include working with reporting know that even with the correct maintenance of all documentation, there are often cases when the organization’s profit indicators for calculating taxes and for regular accounting have differences.

If we start from the timing of their validity, then these differences can be of two types: those that are permanent and those that should be a temporary phenomenon. If a permanent option arises, income and expenses will be reflected in regular accounting reports, but they will not have any relation to the tax base. Or, on the contrary, they will be taken into account when calculating taxes, but will not be presented in accounting documents.

The second option means that profits, as well as existing costs, which are displayed in reports in one specific period, will be subject to taxation only in the next. The occurrence of such a difference is usually called deferred tax liability (or abbreviated as IT).

That is, this concept means that part of the tax that was postponed for a given period of time with the expectation that in the future this may lead to its increase. This obligation should be recognized and documented only during the time period when the difference was discovered. The phenomenon under consideration may arise for the following reasons:

• At an enterprise, specialists use different methods when calculating depreciation expenses when filling out tax returns and in accounting.
• Expense transactions are also determined using different methods.
• Differences in formulas used to reflect interest payments made by an organization if it uses borrowed funds for its activities.
• There is a need to defer or pay in installments for tax payments.

Deferred tax liabilities may arise for a number of reasons, which vary from case to case.

To determine the size of the IT, use the following formula:

The rate at which deductions are made from profits * time difference = IT.

Legal basis

Naturally, working with obligations is impossible without a legislative basis. The civil legal framework on this issue is represented by the following documents:

• Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 114-n (dated November 19, 2002). It examines the options for the appearance of a temporary difference, the consequence of which is the emergence of IT.
• Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 94-n (dated October 31, 2000). This document provides instructions for drawing up IT transactions if the company carries out any business activities related to financial turnover.

How are they reflected in accounting?

First of all, to carry out accounting, it is necessary to determine at what moment the desired value appeared. To do this, you should take VAT on the proceeds. You need to look for it on Account 76 as a future payment. In the same way it will be necessary to count IT. Accounting must be kept strictly on account 77. It is specifically designed to systematize information about the occurrence of IT and their movement.

If it is necessary to display a reduction or complete repayment of IT, the consequence of which will be a reduction in income tax, then the posting is made DB account. 77 Cr. 68. If IT appears on the account, which led to a decrease in the amount of conditional income (or expense) in the period of time under consideration, then it should be issued: Db 68 Kr 77.

If the resulting asset itself or the liability for which it was counted disappears, then it is necessary to write it off from the Debit account. 77 for Credit account. 99.

You should always remember that this account is only used if a temporary difference has been detected. Provided that it decreases or even completely disappears, this automatically affects the gradual repayment of IT. If the asset is disposed of, then, naturally, it will not affect the tax amount in any way. This automatically implies the mandatory need to write off the obligation.

Losses and profits associated with the obligation are recorded according to Db 99 and Kr 77. If there are changes in the IT indicator, then they should be entered on line 2420, where the amount of the obligation that just appeared and the amount that has already been fully repaid should be entered. In this case, you should focus on the principle: Debit minus Credit. Thus, a change in obligations is a change in the size of IT, which passes through line 2420.

Like other obligations, IT should be correctly reflected in accounting

To get the required amount, the accountant should contact account 77 (or 09) to subtract the expense turnover from the amount of income turnover. This is how the desired figure is obtained. In the report being compiled, a positive value or, when necessary, a negative value should be indicated for the corresponding lines. If during the calculation it turns out that IT has increased, this automatically leads to a decrease in the amount deducted as income tax. If IT decreases, then the tax increases accordingly.

If an accountant has never encountered the need to display the current income tax, then PBU 18/02 will help him here. The required amount can only be formed in accordance with the existing amount of the conditional expense (or in some cases, income) and its mandatory adjustments to those amounts that form the permanent necessary deductions set aside for debt assets (DEA) and IT.

This means that taxable profit is:

Income (or sometimes expense), which is classified as a conditional category + tax liability (in this case permanent) – tax asset (also permanent) + SHE – IT.

To check whether the tax was calculated correctly, you can use the verification formula:

Postings to the control unit

Let us briefly consider the entries that an accountant must prepare when such situations arise. To make a calculation to determine the available net profit, you should take the amount of recorded accounting profit, add IT to it, subtract IT and subtract the amount of current tax. The resulting figures from the presented formula are reflected in the balance sheet:

It is important not to make mistakes in wiring

The presented entries adjust the amount of income tax, but not net income. If an accountant needs to reflect the option of calculating the current deduction for the profit received and provide information about net income ready for distribution, then two positions can be displayed: SHE and IT, which influenced the account 68 and 99. In this case, these indicators can be shown in an explanatory special note to report or swipe on a free line.

Let's look at accounting using a specific example:

Organization A shipped goods for company B in the amount of 500 thousand rubles. Payment for the products was not made in full, but in the amount of 300 thousand rubles. Another 200 thousand were paid in the next reporting period. The wiring in this case will look like this:

Db 62 Kr 90 – 500 thousand rubles. – the total amount that theoretically should be received for the goods provided.

Db 51 Kr 62 – 300 thousand rubles. – the amount that was actually paid during the reporting period.

Db 68 Kr 77 – 40 thousand rubles. (debt of 200 thousand rubles * at a tax rate of 20%) - the amount of IT for the period under review.

Then, when reporting in the following periods, the postings will be as follows:

Db 51 Kr 62 – 200 thousand rubles. full cash payment.

Db 77 Kr 68 – 40 thousand rubles. – final repayment of an existing obligation.

How to write off taxes

If for some reason the size of the recorded temporary differences decreases, or even disappears altogether, then it is necessary to write off IT for taxes (or reduce their value). This operation is carried out using wiring Db 77 Kr 68.

Provided that the item that led to the formation of the calculated taxable difference is disposed of, then it is necessary to write off the deferred liability in full. In this case, you should use wiring Db 77 Kr 99.

Some debts may be written off

Accountants should pay attention that when switching to a different tax rate, IT must also be changed. If it decreases, then the liabilities should be written off. We use the account Db 77 Kr 84. Provided that it increases, IT must be additionally charged. Wiring used here is Db 84 Kr 77.

How is an inventory of liabilities carried out?

The law requires accountants of enterprises to conduct a mandatory inventory of assets and liabilities. The purpose of this event is to determine their actual presence. To implement this, you must perform a thorough reconciliation of all accounting and tax documentation for the period under review.

If significant inconsistencies are found, the next step is to establish the period in which they appeared and the reasons for this circumstance. Let's consider what reasons for the appearance of IT are most often determined by the inventory:

• Discrepancy between expenses on the tax return and those recorded in accounting.
• Differences in calculated income (accounting and tax).
• Making an error when maintaining documentation.

Registration and write-off of equipment that were identified during the inventory directly depend on the reasons for their occurrence.

If the audit has established that the appearance of IT was the result of an error, then the write-off must be carried out by correcting the deficiencies found (PBU 22/2010). It is permissible to write off the liability by posting Debit 77 Credit 68. But only if the enterprise has an income tax liability that was not taken into account in account 68. Moreover, the ratio of its value to IT is equivalent. In other situations, correction is carried out using an entry on account 84 or 99, depending on the type of error made and the period of its admission and detection.

To identify it, an inventory is carried out

If during the inventory the reasons for the occurrence of obligations and the errors that led to them were not identified, then they should be written off by recognizing the profit of previous years, which was established during the reporting period (PBU 9/99). The formation of such profit occurs due to the following reasons:

• Inventory data.
• Certificate provided by the accounting department.
• Order of governing structures.

If such a situation exists, you should use the Debit account entry. 77 Credit account 99.

Reporting requires the accountant to have knowledge of both internal Russian rules and international standards. This rule also applies to such a phenomenon as deferred tax liabilities, which should not only be correctly recorded in documents, but also adjusted depending on many circumstances.

The topic of the video is accounting for deferred tax liabilities.

Location: Moscow
Subject: “The relationship between accounting and tax accounting: application of PBU 18/02 and calculation of differences”
Duration: 2 hours
Price: free only for subscribers of the BSS "System Glavbukh"
Organizing company:
BSS "System Glavbukh",
tel. (495) 788-53-12

Expenses or income in accounting and tax accounting may be recognized in different ways. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the differences in order to link accounting and tax profits. For this you need PBU 18/02. Only non-profit organizations and small businesses have the right not to apply it.

Permanent and temporary differences

When the procedure for recognizing income or expenses in accounting and tax accounting differs, differences arise. PBU 18/02 divides them into two types - temporary and permanent. The diagram will help you figure out what type of difference the identified difference belongs to (see below. – Editor’s note).

How to determine the type of difference according to PBU 18/02

If income or expense is recognized in only one account, a permanent difference is created. In this case, the discrepancy between accounting and tax accounting will not be eliminated even over time. For example, a permanent difference will arise if expenses are recognized in accounting, but from the point of view of tax legislation they are not expenses. These include entertainment expenses and advertising expenses in excess of the limit. In accounting, the company recognizes them in full, but for income tax purposes it will not be possible to take into account expenses in excess of the standard. Then a permanent difference will arise, which increases the amount of tax profit.

Sometimes a permanent difference is formed, which, on the contrary, reduces profit in tax accounting. True, this does not happen very often. An example is a situation where a company receives income from the transfer of property as a share in the authorized capital of another organization. This income does not need to be recognized in tax accounting (subclause 2, clause 1, Article 277 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), but in accounting it is the other way around.

When, due to a permanent difference that has arisen, the profit in tax accounting is greater than in accounting, a permanent tax liability (PNO) is formed. And if, on the contrary, the accounting profit is greater than the tax profit, a permanent tax asset is reflected - PNA. To calculate PNO or PNA, you need to multiply the constant difference by the income tax rate.

In accounting for PNO, it is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 99 of the sub-account “Fixed tax liabilities” and in the credit of account 68 of the sub-account “Calculations for income tax”. And in order to record the asset, the accountant makes a reverse entry to the debit of account 68 and the credit of account 99 of the “Permanent tax assets” subaccount.

EXAMPLE 1

Constant differences
When calculating income tax for 2014, the accountant discovered that the amount of entertainment expenses for the year amounted to 30,000 rubles. However, since labor costs for the year are equal to 700,000 rubles, only 28,000 rubles can be recognized in tax accounting. (RUB 700,000 × 4%). In this case, a permanent difference in the amount of 2000 rubles is formed. (30,000 - 28,000) and the corresponding PNO - 400 rubles. (RUB 2,000 × 20%). After all, expenses that exceed the standard will never be recognized in tax accounting and they increase the amount of income tax. The accountant took into account entertainment expenses and accrued PNO by posting:

DEBIT 26 CREDIT 60
– 30,000 rub. – entertainment expenses are taken into account;

DEBIT 99 subaccount “Permanent tax liabilities”
CREDIT 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 400 rub. – a permanent tax liability has been accrued.

Also in the reporting year, the company acquired a stake in the authorized capital of another organization in the amount of 10,000 rubles. As a contribution to the authorized capital, the company transferred goods with a book value of 7,000 rubles. The difference between the estimated and book value of the deposit in the amount of 3,000 rubles. (10,000 – 7,000) the accountant will include in other income. To do this, he will write:

DEBIT 76 CREDIT 91 subaccount “Other income”
– 3000 rub. – income from the transfer of goods as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization is reflected.

However, income does not arise in tax accounting (subclause 2, clause 1, article 277 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Therefore, a permanent tax asset is formed in the amount of 600 rubles. (3000 × 20%), which the accountant will reflect in accounting as follows:

DEBIT 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
CREDIT 99 subaccount “Permanent tax assets”
– 600 rub. – a permanent tax asset has been accrued.

When an expense or income is recognized in tax accounting in one period, and in accounting in another, temporary differences arise. In this case, unlike permanent differences, the difference between accounting and tax accounting is eliminated over time. For example, a temporary difference may arise if a company calculates depreciation differently in accounting and tax accounting. A good example is the depreciation bonus. This opportunity exists only in tax accounting, where a company can write off part of the cost of a fixed asset immediately. But such a mechanism is not provided for in accounting. Here the value of the property will be written off in the usual manner.

Temporary differences are divided into two types - deductible and taxable. When the difference causes tax profit to be greater than accounting profit, a deductible temporary difference arises. Then the accountant will generate a deferred tax asset (DTA), the value of which is equal to the temporary difference multiplied by the tax rate.

And if the difference that arises reduces profit in tax accounting and increases it in accounting, it is taxable and forms a deferred tax liability (DTL). IT is calculated by analogy: by multiplying the taxable difference by the tax rate.

To account for IT, the accountant uses account 09 “Deferred tax assets”, and liabilities – account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities”. The accrual of the asset is reflected by posting to the debit of account 09 and the credit of account 68 of the sub-account “Income Tax Calculations”, and the liabilities - to the debit of account 68 and the credit of account 77. In future reporting periods, income and expenses in accounting and tax accounting will begin to gradually converge, and deferred assets and liabilities will be repaid by reverse entries.

EXAMPLE 2

Taxable temporary differences
In November 2014, the company purchased the car. Its initial cost is 1,080,000 rubles. (excluding VAT). The accountant assigned the vehicle to the second depreciation group and established a useful life of 36 months. The company's tax accounting policy provides for the opportunity to use bonus depreciation and write off 10 percent of the original cost of the car at a time. In accounting, the amount of monthly depreciation will be 30,000 rubles. (RUB 1,080,000: 36 months).
But the tax calculation will be different. First, the accountant will determine the amount of bonus depreciation. It will be 108,000 rubles. (RUB 1,080,000 × 10%). The accountant will include this amount in expenses in full in December - in the period when the company begins to operate the fixed asset. The cost of the car, on which depreciation will be calculated in tax accounting, is equal to 972,000 rubles. (1,080,000 – 108,000), respectively, the monthly amount of deductions will be 27,000 rubles. (RUB 972,000: 36 months). Thus, in December, the amount of depreciation expenses in tax accounting is equal to 135,000 rubles. (27,000 + 108,000). And in accounting - 30,000 rubles. A taxable temporary difference will arise in the amount of RUB 105,000. (135,000 – 30,000) and IT – 21,000 rubles. (RUB 105,000 × 20%). In December, the accountant will make the following entries:

DEBIT 26 CREDIT 02
– 30,000 rub. – depreciation accrued for December;

DEBIT 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” CREDIT 77
– 21,000 rub. – deferred tax liability is reflected.

And then, from January next year, depreciation expense in accounting will be greater than in tax accounting by 3,000 rubles. (30,000 – 27,000). The temporary difference will be reduced monthly by this amount. And the accountant will repay IT for 600 rubles every month. (RUB 3,000 × 20%) by posting to the debit of account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” and the credit of account 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax.”

EXAMPLE 3

Deductible temporary differences
The company's balance sheet includes production equipment with an initial cost of 120,000 rubles. For accounting purposes, the useful life of the equipment is 24 months. And in tax accounting, the accountant set a longer period - 40 months. The company put the equipment into operation in November 2014, and began accruing depreciation in December. Its value in accounting will be 5,000 rubles. (RUB 120,000 / 24 months). And in tax accounting, the amount of monthly depreciation is 3,000 rubles. (RUB 120,000: 40 months).
Every month the accountant will record the deductible temporary difference - 2000 rubles. (5000 – 3000) and create a deferred tax asset by writing:

DEBIT 09 CREDIT 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”
– 400 rub. (RUB 2,000 × 20%) – a deferred tax asset is reflected.

After 24 months, when the cost of the equipment is fully expensed for accounting purposes and still depreciable for income tax purposes, the temporary difference will begin to decrease. And the accountant will repay the deferred tax asset monthly by posting:

DEBIT 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” CREDIT 09
– 600 rub. (RUB 3,000 × 20%) – the deferred tax asset is repaid.

The company shows tax liabilities and assets in its reporting (see table below. – Editor’s note). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected in the balance sheet (lines, ), and their changes are reflected in the income statement (lines, ). Information on permanent tax assets and liabilities is provided for reference in the income statement on line 2421.

How to report permanent and deferred tax assets and liabilities in financial statements

Type of asset or liability	How is it reflected in the reporting?
Deferred tax asset	In the balance sheet, line 1180 reflects the balance of account 09. And in the financial results statement on line 2450, the difference between the debit and credit turnover of the account is recorded. If it is positive, the amount is indicated with a “+” sign. And when it is negative – with a “–” sign
Deferred tax liability	Line 1420 of the balance sheet shows the account balance 77. And on line 2430 of the financial results report - the difference between the turnover on the credit and debit of account 77. A positive amount is reflected with a “–” sign, a negative amount with a “+” sign.
Permanent tax asset, permanent tax liability	The difference between PNO and PNA is recorded on line 2421 of the financial results statement. If the difference is negative, it must be indicated with a “–” sign.

ABOUT THE LECTURER

Sergey Aleksandrovich Tarakanov – 2nd class adviser to the state civil service of the Russian Federation. Graduated from the Modern Humanitarian University (Institute) in 1998. Bachelor of Law. Until 2003, he worked in various commercial organizations as a lawyer. From 2003 to the present, he has been working in the Federal Tax Service of Russia (formerly the Ministry of Taxes of Russia), first as a consultant in the Department of Largest Taxpayers, now as a head of department in the Control Department.

Conditional income or expense and current income tax

Permanent and temporary differences are needed in order to link profits in accounting and tax accounting. For this purpose, PBU 18/02 introduces additional concepts - “conditional income tax expense (income)” and “current income tax”.

To calculate the conditional expense, you need to multiply the profit according to accounting data by the tax rate. And if the company received a loss in the reporting period, then the profit tax on its amount forms conditional income. To account for conditional expenses or income, account 99 is used. The first is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 99 subaccount “Conditional income tax expense” and in the credit of account 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax.” And conditional income is accrued by posting to the debit of account 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” and the credit of account 99 subaccount “Conditional income for income tax”.

Current income tax is the result of multiplying profit in tax accounting by the tax rate. This indicator is calculated using the formula (clause 21 of PBU 18/02):

TNP = +(–) U – PNA + PNA +(–) ONA +(–) ONO,
where TNP is the current income tax;
U is a conditional income tax expense or income.