Primary colors are the tones with which you can get all the other shades.
This is RED YELLOW BLUE (for printing it is MAGENTA, YELLOW, CIAN, BLACK see below)
If you mix together red, blue and yellow light waves, you get white light. However, this fusion will not work with paints. For artists, there is a separate mixing table that intersects with the wave combination, but follows its own rules.
So in practice, when, which does not exist in spectral light, but is the response of our eyes to the unbalanced reflection of waves. (cm. ).
Yellow, red, blue - different, which is at its peak. If you translate them into black and white format, then you will clearly see.
It is difficult to imagine a bright dark yellow tone, as well as a bright light red. Due to the brightness in different ranges of lightness, a huge range of intermediate saturated colors is created: orange, red-orange, light green, emerald, blue-green, lilac, red-violet, violet, etc. These three colors form almost the entire palette, with the exception of black, white, gray. Taking them as the primary basis of color design, it is worthwhile to imagine that secondary colors yet less bright than their parents, and the shades formed from the second circle with black, white, or shades produced from the primary circle are even duller.
Building shades from primary colors
Pairs from the "team" of primary colors form the following colors of the second circle:
ORANGE _____________ PURPLE _______________ GREEN ____
YELLOW + RED = ORANGE(cm. )
RED + BLUE = PURPLE(cm. )
BLUE + YELLOW = GREEN(cm. ?)
If we mix the secondary colors, that is, orange, purple and green, with the main ones (which are already present in the composition of the color), then their order will not change, they will also remain in the second circle, since we are currently changing the amount of content, and not the quality:
YELLOW-ORANGE _____ RED-ORANGE _____ RED-PURPLE ___
YELLOW + ORANGE = YELLOW-ORANGE
RED + ORANGE = RED-ORANGE
RED + PURPLE = RED PURPLE
PURPLE-BLUE ___________ BLUE-GREEN ___________ SALAD ___
BLUE + PURPLE = BLUE-PURPLE
BLUE + GREEN = BLUE-GREEN
YELLOW + GREEN = SALAD
Adding primary tones to secondary tones, but which are not already present in it, lead to a mixture of all three primary colors. The result is brown. Such pairs are called complementary.
YELLOW+ PURPLE ( RED + BLUE) = BROWN
RED+ GREEN ( YELLOW + BLUE) = BROWN
BLUE+ ORANGE ( RED + YELLOW) = BROWN
Blending complementary shades such as purple + yellow, red + green, blue + orange gives a medium dark reddish brown. If you mix not paint, but light rays, you should get the effect of gray light. But since the paint only reflects the wave, there will be no 100% replacement.
Primary ink colors for printing
It is very important to get the maximum tones from the minimum ink set for color printing. Today, there are 4 necessary paints for the implementation of the entire spectrum, where red is replaced by rich pink. Such.
MAGENTA, YELLOW, CIAN, BLACK
Where magenta is the shade of fuchsia, cyan is bright blue, and white is the tone of the printed matter.
How to get other colors and their shades: theory and practice. Click on the icon.
Astronomer, writer, chemist, physicist, philosopher - Isaac Newton. And he once set up an experiment with a prism through which ordinary sunlight passed. Imagine the surprise of the natural scientist when he saw white light - a real rainbow. And then, in the course of further experiments, other scientists realized that in fact there are only three primary colors.
Every hunter wants to know ...
Everyone is Red
Hunter - Orange
Desires - Yellow
Know - Green
Where - Blue
Sitting - Blue
Pheasant - Purple
In this well-known mnemonic, all the primary colors of the spectrum are encrypted. Observant people have already noticed that there is no black and white here. But such states are usually not considered in the spectrum, therefore they did not get into the proverb.
However, from all this diversity, scientists have identified only three primary colors - blue, red and yellow. And all other colors, tones, halftones and shades are obtained from mixing these three colors. As is well known, for example, to artists familiar with the palette and mastering the art of achieving the desired shade on canvas.
Man and colors
The human eye is able to perceive colors because there are three types of specific cones in the retina that work independently. They contain various pigments that respond to specific colors, red, green, and so on.
In fact, each cone reacts to all light waves (except for ultraviolet and infrared), but the pigment feels "its own color" better. Further, the received signals are transmitted to the brain, and it already analyzes the information received and gives us an understanding of a particular shade.
Interestingly, the primary colors cannot be called a property of the color itself; rather, they are due to the ability of the human eye to distinguish them. In addition, this is influenced by various technical systems that reproduce color.
From the point of view of psychophysiology, scientists believe that there are actually four "pure" colors - red, green, yellow and blue. Among them, yellow and blue form one axis in color contrast, and red and green form another. However, there are people who cannot distinguish between primary colors or some individual shades. They are called color blind. Contrary to popular belief, they do not see the world as black and white photography, but simply cannot perceive specific colors well.
A bit of history: In 1666, during the great plague, when the University of Cambridge was closed, I. Newton had to engage in scientific experiments at home, in particular, these were experiments on the study of the nature of light. Eclipsing the window and leaving a small hole in it, Newton placed a glass prism in front of the sunbeam penetrating through this hole. A white ray of light, passing through the prism, turned into a successive series of colors, which were displayed on a screen located behind the prism.
So, thanks to the evil irony of fate - the great plague of the 17th century, which made it possible for Newton to distract himself from pressing university affairs and deal with the problem of color that had been of interest to him for a long time, mankind approached the scientific definition of the nature of color. Namely, it approached, since this stunningly beautiful natural phenomenon caused numerous controversies among scientists over the next centuries and still brings new and new mysteries.
1 color theory
Color is a physical phenomenon that is formed by the refraction of light.
Light in the form of ordinary daylight is perceived by our eyes as "white" i.e. colorless light. In fact, it actually consists of a number of colors: Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple.
Undoubtedly, you have at least once seen a rainbow after the rain, with a multicolored stripe of color encircling the sky. Why do we see so many colors in a rainbow? We know that sunlight is a combination of colored rays of light, and different colors refract in various ways... In other words, the light is split, i.e. the phenomenon of diffraction takes place.
For the perception of color, 3 conditions are needed:
1. Light source
2. Reflective surface
3. Human eye
Colors are divided into:
1.Chromatic - all colors of the rainbow
2.Achromatic - white and black
Different colors are created by light waves which represent a certain kind of electromagnetic energy.
The human eye can only perceive light at wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers.
1 micron or 1mk = 1 / 1000mm = 1 / 1000000m
1 millimicron or 1mmk = 1 / 1000000mm
The wavelengths corresponding to the individual colors of the spectrum, the corresponding frequencies (number of vibrations per second) for each spectral color have the following characteristics:
Color Wavelength in N / m Purity of vibrations per second
RED 800 - 650 400 - 470 billion
ORANGE 640 - 510 470 - 520 billion
YELLOW 580 - 550 520 - 590 billion
GREEN 530 - 490 590 - 650 billion
BLUE 480 - 460 650 - 700 billion
BLUE 450 - 440 700 - 760 billion
PURPLE 430 - 390 760 - 800 billion
Light waves by themselves are colorless. Color arises only when these waves are perceived by the human eye and brain. The color of objects arises mainly in the process of absorbing waves. A red vessel looks red because it absorbs all other colors in the light spectrum except red.
White - reflection color. The subject is perceived as white because it reflects all the colors of the rainbow. Black- absorption color. The object is perceived as black because it absorbs all the colors of the rainbow.
Objects of any color other than black and white reflect all the colors of the spectrum and reflect all the colors of the spectrum and absorb only the complementary color to the color that the object takes.
EXAMPLE: A green object illuminated by daylight will reflect all constituents of light and absorb rays of red light, which is the complementary color of green.
Therefore, we can say that since color is a reflection, a light source is needed to form it. If there is no light, then there is no color, in darkness all colors are black.
All chromatic colors existing in the world are based on only 3 basic colors: RED, BLUE, YELLOW, and only the correct proportions of mixing and concentration of dyes are decisive in the appearance of a particular shade. If the colors "next to each other" are mixed, then a color of a completely different character appears. Yellow and red make orange, blue and red make purple, while blue and yellow make green.
Chromatic colors are classified into primary and derived colors.
Primary colors - red, blue and yellow are the basis of all chromatic colors and in fact, no color exists without them. Primary colors are the main components of hair dyes.
Derived colors are classified as secondary, tertiary, etc. Secondary colors are obtained by mixing two primary (primary) colors.
Red + yellow = orange
Red + blue = purple
Blue + yellow = green
Tertiary colors - by adding a secondary color to one of the two primary colors that form it, we get new colors, which we will call tertiary.
FOR EXAMPLE: purple + red = mahogany (mahogany)
Purple + Blue = Pearl
The different proportions of the mixture of primary and secondary colors create an uncountable number of intermediate shades.
Color character is warm or cold color. Warm colors: yellow and red; cold blue. If the color is dominated by yellow or red, then this color is warm, if the dominant blue is a cold color.
Color neutralization- an important feature of chromatic colors is the ability to mutually neutralize (complement). For each chromatic color (except brown) there is an additional color, which, when combined with the original, gives a gray, gray-brown color.
Purple
neutralizes Yellow
Red
neutralizes Green
Blue
neutralizes Orange
Since the beginning of this academic year, I have a new resolution - to write regularly in LJ. Let's see how long it takes for me.
To start somewhere, I decided to start with color. It is the color that catches the eye in the first place when we look at something.
If you start from the very beginning, then color is electromagnetic waves of different lengths. The eye catches them, and the brain converts them into color sensations. Since the perception of color is a subjective characteristic, each person sees colors differently. At the same time, the visual apparatus for everyone is arranged the same, therefore we see colors, albeit in our own way, but very similar. By itself, a light wave has no color. Color arises only when this wave is perceived by the eye and the brain. One color or another arises in the process of absorbing light waves. The black color absorbs all light waves, and White color on the contrary, it reflects all waves. A blue cup, for example, absorbs all light rays and only reflects blue.
The color is chromatic and achromatic. Achromatic color has no color tone, it is white, black and gray. Accordingly, the chromatic color is all other colors.
Primary, secondary and tertiary colors.
Many colors and shades can be obtained by mixing a small amount of paints. At one time, the desire to decompose everything into elements led to the selection of primary colors. Primary or primary colors are colors that cannot be obtained by mixing. There are three primary colors: red, yellow and blue. If you mix them, you get black.
Secondary colors are obtained by mixing two primary colors:
Red + blue
Red + yellow
Yellow + blue
Tertiary colors are obtained by mixing a primary and an adjacent secondary color.
Thus, there were twelve colors, from which you can get countless different shades.
Color circle
Color waves smoothly transition into each other, creating a continuous color spectrum.
And if we represent this spectrum in the form of a circle, we will have a color wheel - a very important tool for artists, designers and everyone who works with color. Including stylists.
The most commonly used is Itten's 2D circle.
and Munsell's three-dimensional circle
In a two-dimensional circle, you can clearly see how the colors are located in relation to each other. This is such a reminder to help you compose various color combinations.
The color change is visible in the 3D circle. This brings us to the characteristics of the color.
There are three generally accepted characteristics of color:
- hue - defines the color. Red, orange, green, etc. This is where we are talking about warm and cold colors.
- I brightness (Saturation) - determines the addition of gray to the main color. The pure color is bright, with the addition of gray it is soft.
- from lightness (Lightness) - defines the admixture of white or black in the main pigment.
Passion for color
What is the color wheel for?
The color wheel shows how subtractive colors interact with each other.
It is the colourist's main tool for working with color.
The color wheel is a colorist's color model that allows you to understand how colors interact with each other and use this knowledge in your work. The better you understand the color wheel, the more you study it, the more and more interesting it becomes to work with color. Checked!
Studying the color wheel is the foundation of all further knowledge about hair coloring. Understanding the color wheel determines your perception of color.
The color wheel shows the primary and secondary subtractive colors and describes how they interact with each other. This makes it the main tool for working with color. We all studied the color wheel early in our careers, but not everyone paid enough attention to it, considering this information to be secondary.
Primary and Secondary Colors
Primary colors are colors that cannot be obtained by mixing others.By mixing these three colors, all other colors and their shades can be obtained. In the subtractive color model in question, the primary colors are Cyan, Magenta and Yellow.
In the description of color theory, in relation to hair dyeing, it is impossible to use pure cyan and pure magenta (they are not used in the production of dyes), therefore, the blue and red colors that are closest to them are used.
Secondary colors are obtained by mixing primary colors in equal proportions
These six colors form the base of the color wheel.
3. Tertiary colors
Mixing one primary and one secondary color in equal proportions gives a color called tertiary: yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet, blue-green, yellow-green. These colors are also called intermediate colors.
Color circle
Primary colors do not have the same intensity On the color wheel, you can see that not all primary colors have the same intensity.
The effect of red on the color result of a composition will always be more noticeable than the effect of yellow.
There will be fewer intermediate colors visible to the eye in the yellow-orange spectrum than in the blue-green spectrum.
Colors that have different tones, all other things being equal, are perceived by us with different lightness. The yellow tone itself is the lightest, and the blue or blue-violet is the darkest.
Complementary colors have 2 conflicting effects: - Mutual neutralization
- Enhancing the brightness of each other
Each color has a complementary color to it. It is the color that occupies the opposite position on the color wheel.
Both effects can be used in color design. Knowing how to use these effects expands the colorist's options.
How it works?
1. If you mix 2 complementary colors of equal intensity, then they mutually neutralize each other, the color result should be neutral, gray-brown.
This effect is very useful in daily hairdressing practice and is often referred to as the neutralizing effect.
2. However, if you place these two colors next to each other in a sector coloring so that they do not mix, the effect will be the opposite: the colors will be visually perceived brighter than they are, and you will get maximum contrast. In this way, you can highlight one color as much as possible by placing it “on the background” of another color that is complementary to it.
Chromatic and achromatic colors
Chromatic colors are pure colors that do not contain white, black and gray. The color wheel only shows chromatic colors.
By mixing the 2 primary colors, a different chromatic color is obtained. Chromatic colors are colors that do not contain impurities of white, black and gray.
Achromatic colors
White and black are primary achromatic colors; all shades of gray obtained by mixing white and black are secondary achromatic colors. White and Black are achromatic colors. These colors are not included in the color wheel.
According to their characteristics, they have the status of primary colors.
All grayscale produced by mixing white and black are secondary achromatic colors. By using achromatic colors, we add depth to chromatic colors.
How is depth of tone created?
By mixing all three primary colors or two primary colors with black, the desired depth is achieved. We can get any shade by mixing chromatic and achromatic colors: red and yellow with black or gray.
By mixing three primary colors or two primary colors with black, the desired depth of tone is achieved. In theory, the end result of mixing the three primary colors at their maximum concentration is black. In practice (both in hair coloring and in printing) the result of this mixing will be a very dark gray-brown color, since the pigments used are not pure primary colors.
Adding depth to a color inevitably decreases the brightness of a relatively pure primary color. Therefore, colors that have depth can be called dull.
All artificial hair colors, as well as natural ones, are dull colors.
The more depth we add, the darker the result will be and the less brightness the tint will have.
Natural hair color is also a combination of chromatic and achromatic colors (pheomelanin and eumelanin).
On the color wheel, neutral chromatic colors are centered.
When dyeing your hair, you need to understand the effect of tone depth on color. The character of any color will change as its depth changes.
Hint: reproducing the Itten table helps to train color perception.
This table allows you to evaluate the change in shade with a change in its depth and compare different colors one tone depth. You can reproduce the table using cut cards or using strands of hair from the palette.
For example: the shade that we used to call Chocolate is essentially a dark orange.
Intense chocolate tone is a combination of color and depth. If there is not enough depth, the color will become close to orange.
If you apply Medium Chocolate Brown to a lighter base like 7-0, not having the depth you need will result in a brighter, more orange hue.
Green, blue and purple are conventionally referred to as cool (matte) shades. Red, orange and yellow - to the group of warm (trendy) shades.
Gray / Blue Violet = Sandre
Gray / Blue = Ash
Olive / Blue = Matte
Yellow = Golden
Orange = Copper
Red = Red
Magenta = Purple
The color wheel has been redesigned to reflect current terminology and practice to better reflect the rules for working with color. Some color names differ from the original names to match the results obtained. For example, staining with ashy shades produces a muted ashy result rather than a bright blue.
Knowing the exact positions of the shades in the color wheel helps in drawing up the coloring formula.
Once you learn how to work with this tool, you will be able to draw up color formulas, accurately predicting the final color result. But do not forget that the result of staining will be affected not only by the formula you have drawn up, but also by the lightening background, for the calculation of which you need to understand what will happen to natural pigments during the staining process.