Significant dates July 11. World Chocolate Day. People and their birthdays

world chocolate day

They say that on this day you can eat a “sea” of chocolate and still not gain a drop of weight. So what kind of day is this - chocolate? We are talking about the most "delicious" holiday of the year - World Chocolate Day, which is celebrated by many countries of the world, including Russia, every year in the midst of summer - July 11th. By the way, this holiday is very young, it appeared in 1995 thanks to the French, true connoisseurs of chocolate. It is they who initiated the creation of a "sweet" celebration. This idea was supported by literally everyone, and a new date appeared on the pages of the world holiday calendar.

It has long been proven that chocolate is addictive, which is why many call it a "sweet drug". However, it cannot be called dangerous in any way, because this dark delicacy has considerable benefits for maintaining health, youth and beauty. Chocolate is especially rich in antioxidants that slow down the aging of the body. Well, most of all he is appreciated for the fact that he contributes to the production of hormones of “happiness”: he ate a plate - and he is provided with a good mood for the whole day! And recently, scientists have said that chocolate helps fight certain types of cancer cells. In general, this is a very useful drug, but in relation to it you need to know the measure, especially for people who are prone to fullness.

world population day

The date was approved by a UN decree in 1989. In the middle of the 20th century, the rapid growth of the world's population caused serious concern to the United Nations. Between the 1960s and the 1990s, the world's population doubled to over six billion people. And although the rate of growth has now declined somewhat, the population continues to grow rapidly. According to scientists, by 2050, about 10-11 billion people will live on Earth. That is why Population Day was established in order to draw public attention to the importance and urgency of considering such an aspect as the demography of the Earth, as well as the problems of conserving natural resources and finding alternative solutions.

July 11 in the folk calendar

nettle spell

On the eve of Peter's Day (July 12), young people in Rus' organized a grand celebration: until the morning they danced, sang songs, played and danced round dances. July 11 was also called the day of the nettle spell. It was believed that it was after this date that the nettle lost all its valuable properties. Therefore, today housewives traditionally cooked cabbage soup with nettles in order to feed their family for the last time in the year. They also managed to prepare various infusions and decoctions for the treatment of various ailments. In general, the nettle in Rus' was very much appreciated by the people for its truly valuable healing properties. After all, this burning herb has a huge range of applications. Even in the 21st century, many herbalists resort to the help of nettle, especially for the relief of various kinds of bleeding.

In Rus', nettles were used not only for medicinal purposes, but also in everyday life. Good fiber was obtained from it, and clothes, bags, sails and many other accessories necessary for the household were made from “nettle” fabric. She was also credited with magical properties. For example, it was believed that wearing a "nettle" little thing is able to remove any, even the strongest evil eye. Recall the famous fairy tale by Andersen, where the sister sewed nettle clothes for her brothers. So, it turns out, to some extent based on real events!

Historical Events July 11

The order to establish the Academy of Sciences in Berlin was signed by the Prussian elector Frederick the First. The outstanding mathematician and philosopher Leibniz was one of its active organizers. He also became the first president of the German Academy of Sciences. The German authorities refused to sponsor the activities of the community, however, in return they gave it the monopoly right to publish calendars in Brandenburg. When Frederick became the head of the Prussian throne in 1701, this organization was renamed the Royal Society of Science, and scientists were provided with an observatory and the latest research equipment.

With the accession to the throne of Frederick II, the society was renamed the Royal Academy of Sciences. In addition, the financing of its activities has been significantly improved. Its boundaries were also expanded: new laboratories appeared, the construction of a large botanical garden began. Many world scientists considered it an honor to be invited to participate in the life of the Academy. Soon this scientific society became one of the most authoritative institutions in the country. After the Second World War, it received a new name - the German Academy of Sciences, and with the unification of Germany it became known as the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences.

The initiators of the creation of such sports competitions were the Moscow Sports Association (MSFSO) and the Moscow authorities with the support of the ROC (Russian Olympic Committee). On April 15, 1997, an agreement was signed between the representative of the International Olympic Committee, Mayor Luzhkov and the President of the ROC on the organization of the Youth Games. Their grand opening took place on the date we indicated in 1998. Children from 130 countries of the world took part in the first competitions. Competitions were held in fourteen sports, more than 500 medals were awarded.

For the Games in Moscow, the best sports grounds of the capital were provided: the Luzhniki stadium and all its facilities, Chertanovo, Sokolniki and Dynamo palaces, Olimpiysky sports complexes, CSKA gaming halls, etc. Young Russian athletes performed very successfully at the competitions, having won about 130 prize medals, 64 of which were gold.

July 11th were born

John Adams(1767 - 1848) - the sixth president of the United States (from 1825 to 1829). Adams began to participate in social activities from the age of eleven, performing various assignments from his father (Adams Sr.). And before taking the presidency, John managed to visit the American ambassador to Britain, he spent 8 years as Secretary of State under Monroe. After leaving the presidency, he served several terms in the House of Representatives.

Alexander Prokhorov(1916 - 2002) - an outstanding physicist who developed lasers. In 1964 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his services. Prokhorov was also the chief editor of the latest edition of the TSB (Great Soviet Encyclopedia).

Giorgio Armani(born 1934) is a celebrated Italian fashion designer. As a child, he dreamed of becoming a doctor and even entered medical school, but after studying for two years, he decided to join the army. After the service, he got a job in a shop and at the same time worked as a window dresser. Gradually, Armani matured the idea of becoming a designer, the more gifted young man had an extremely delicate taste, he had peculiar views on fashion, which he slowly began to put into practice. In 1974, he launched his own clothing brand. The show of the very first collection was very successful, and in 1975 Armani, together with Galleoti, registered the Giorgio Armani company.

Name day July 11

Note: German, Vasily, Grigory (Yuri, Yegor), Joseph, Ivan, Sergey, Pavel, Cyrus, Pelageya, Eleanor, Olga.

Collage:PG. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vladimir Rodionov

World Population Day. Established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly in 1989.

According to the latest data, the world population is over 7.5 billion people. Every year the population of the Earth increases by 83 million people. According to UN forecasts, by 2030, 8.6 billion people will live on Earth, by 2050 - 9.8 billion, by 2100 - 11.2 billion.

world chocolate day

Every year on July 11, sweet lovers celebrate World Chocolate Day. The chocolate festival was invented and first held by the French in 1995.

It is believed that the creators of the chocolate drink and chocolate itself are the Aztecs. They called it "food of the gods". The Spanish conquistadors, who first brought it to Europe, dubbed the delicacy "black gold" and used it to strengthen physical strength and endurance.

On Chocolate Day, festivals, concerts, processions and other events dedicated to this sweet holiday are held in different countries. In factories, factories or confectioneries that make chocolate and its derivatives, on this day everyone is told how and from what chocolate is made, all kinds of competitions and tastings, exhibitions of chocolate products and even master classes where you can try yourself in the role of chocolatier.

In Russia, in the city of Pokrov, Vladimir Region, a monument to chocolate has been erected.

20 years ago (1998) the first World Youth Games opened in Moscow. More than 7 thousand young athletes from 139 countries of the world took part in them. The average age of the participants was 15.5 years. Competitions were held in 15 sports that are most popular among young people. 162 sets of awards were played. The World Youth Games ended on July 19.

89 years ago (1929) the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the use of the labor of criminal prisoners." According to the document, the formation of a network of forced labor camps began in the country, which later became known as the Gulag (the Main Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps, Labor Settlements and Places of Detention of the OGPU). The system united more than 50 camp administrations with thousands of camp departments and points, more than 400 colonies, as well as more than 2,000 special commandant's offices.

100 years ago (1918) the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the first Soviet budget. It was designed for 6 months. Its income was 2.9 billion, and expenses - 17.6 billion rubles.

226 years ago (1792), Empress Catherine II of the Black Sea Cossack army "for courageous deeds on land and on the waters and fearless loyalty during the successfully ended war with the Port of Otomanskaya" granted "the island of Phanagoria with lands lying between the Kuban and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, in eternal possession ".

By decree of the Empress, the boundaries of the new possessions of the Russian Empire were proclaimed. The duties of the Cossack army for their protection from the raids of the Circassians were also established. For this service, they were annually released from the state treasury 20 thousand rubles.

31 years ago (1987) the 5 billionth inhabitant of the Earth was born. This title was given to Matej Gaspar, who was born in Yugoslav Zagreb. And just 12 years later, on October 12, 1999, the birth of the six billionth inhabitant of the planet was officially recorded.

43 years ago (1974) in the northwest of China in Xi'an, the famous terracotta army of the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, was found.

An unusual find was made by a peasant who wanted to dig a well on his plot. The archaeologists who carried out the excavations have recovered terracotta statues of over 8,000 warriors, 150 horses and 130 chariots pulled by 520 horses. Each of the statues has unique features. All warriors differ in rank and type of weapon.

20 years ago (1998) The grand opening of the World Youth Games took place in Moscow.
Sports competitions for youth were organized on the initiative of the Moscow Government and the Moscow City Physical Culture and Sports Association (MGFSO) with the support of the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC).

On April 15, 1997, in Lausanne, the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Juan Antonio Samaranch, Moscow Mayor Yu.M. Luzhkov and ROC President V.G. Smirnov signed an agreement on organizing the Games. At the same time, the organizers of the competitions were allowed to use almost all Olympic symbols and rituals.

The grand opening of the World Youth Games took place in Moscow on July 11, 1998. Children from 131 countries took part in the Games. Competitions were held in 14 sports (basketball, wrestling, volleyball, handball, sports and artistic gymnastics, judo, athletics, swimming, synchronized swimming, tennis, table tennis, fencing and football). 523 sets of medals were played, which were won by boys and girls from 68 countries.

For the competitions of the Games, the best sports facilities in Moscow were provided: all the facilities of the Luzhniki stadium (Central and Small sports arenas, the Sports Palace, the Druzhba gym, a children's sports town), sports complexes Olimpiysky, Labor reserves, Chertanovo, sports palaces "Dynamo" and "Sokolniki", game halls of CSKA, "Trinta", stadiums "Dynamo", "Locomotive", "Torpedo", "Moskvich", as well as the cities of Selyatino, Khimki, Shchelkovo near Moscow.

Young athletes of Russia performed at the World Youth Games with great success. They won 124 prize medals in the competitions of the main program of the Games, of which 64 were gold, 29 were silver and 31 were bronze.

77 years ago (1941) the heroic defense of Kyiv began

On July 11, 1941, the heroic defense of the city of Kyiv began, which influenced the further development of the events of the Great Patriotic War. The Battle of Kiev, or the Kiev Strategic Defensive Operation of 1941, is a large-scale military operation of the Soviet troops to defend Kiev from the Nazi invaders, which lasted until September 26, 1941, when the last soldiers of the Red Army left the city.
In early July, the enemy forces - Army Group "South", having created an almost triple superiority in forces and crowding out the Soviet units of the Southwestern Front, on July 7-8 broke through the defenses of the Soviet troops south of Novograd-Volynsky, captured Berdichev, Zhitomir, and by July 11 came close to Kiev - to the Irpen River, which is 15 km from the city. But the lightning-fast capture that Hitler planned did not work out. Retreating under the blows of the German troops, the Soviet soldiers fought courageously, despite heavy losses.

In addition to the direct military units that defended Kyiv, its residents also took an active part in the defense of the city. Since the beginning of the war, more than 200 thousand Kyivans volunteered for the front, and a people's militia was created in the city - every day over 160 thousand residents worked on the construction of defensive lines.
According to the plan to seize the territory of the USSR, Hitler wanted to occupy the Donbass and Crimea even before the onset of winter, because he considered the seizure of Ukraine an important strategic step - firstly, this would deprive the Soviet Union of its largest industrial and agricultural base, and secondly, it would provide support from the south the central grouping of German troops, which faced the main task - the capture of Moscow.
The heroic defense of Kiev played a huge role during the entire war - it diverted the large forces of Army Group Center to the south, which violated the general strategic plan of the Nazi command of the lightning war against the USSR, delaying the offensive in the main Moscow direction for 2 months. It was this delay that allowed the Soviet command to prepare for the defense of the capital.
In 1965, on the 20th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War for the heroic defense of Kyiv, he was awarded the Order of Lenin and received the honorary title of Hero City. The medal "For the Defense of Kyiv" was also established (in 1961).

82 years ago (1936) the first USSR football champion was determined: Dynamo Moscow won a fifth consecutive victory (1: 0) over Spartak and, a round before the end of the championship, which took place with 7 participants in one round, became inaccessible to rivals.

100 years ago (1918) By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the People's Commissariat for Health was established - the highest state body that united all branches of medical and sanitary affairs in the country.

182 years ago (1836) a performance was held at the Alexandrinsky Theater ... "The Real Inspector", in which the young and fair real Inspector Prodov was added to the former heroes. He reveals the machinations of officials led by Gorodnichiy, punishes the guilty and offers his hand and heart to Gorodnichiy's daughter. The author of the play, as it turned out later, was not Gogol at all, but a certain Prince Tsitsianov. Apparently, this was the first case of black PR in St. Petersburg ...

208 years ago (1810) in Moscow on Sukharev Square, a Hospice House was opened - a shelter and hospital for the crippled and the poor, built at the expense of Count Nikolai Sheremetev in memory of the late beloved wife, former serf actress Parasha Zhemchugova. The charter stated that this house should "give the homeless an overnight stay, a hungry dinner and a dowry for a hundred poor brides."

Now this building houses the famous Sklifosovsky Institute of Emergency Medicine.

121 years ago (1897) The first attempt to explore the Arctic with the help of a balloon was made.
On July 11, 1897, the Swedish aeronaut Solomon August Andre and two comrades took to the skies in an Eagle balloon from the Danish island of Svalbard.

Their balloon with a volume of 4531 cubic meters. m. was equipped with a sail, which was attached to a complex system of cables. With its help, it was planned to control the aircraft.

During the ascent, three guide drops broke off, and the ball became almost uncontrollable. Driven by a tailwind, the "Eagle" flew in a northeasterly direction for about 480 km, then rising to a considerable height, then descending almost to the surface and hitting the ice. On July 14, Andre decided to terminate the flight. The ball landed on the ice 800 km from the goal of the expedition - the North Pole.

On July 11, 969, Princess Olga, who took the throne of Kiev after the murder of her husband Prince Igor, died by the Drevlyans. Olga's reign lasted 17 years. Even before her widowhood, she converted to Christianity. Having been baptized in Constantinople, Olga was offended by the insufficiently respectful reception given to her by the Byzantine emperor. In retaliation, she turned to the German emperor Otto 1 with a request to send a Catholic preacher. But the envoy of Otto, the monk Adalbert of Trier, did not find a common language with the people of Kiev, the mission ended unsuccessfully.

The Roman Church failed to seize the chance to extend its influence to Rus'.

On July 11, 1810, the Hospice House was opened in Moscow on Sukharev Square - a shelter and hospital for the crippled and the poor, built at the expense of Count Nikolai Sheremetev in memory of the late beloved wife, the former serf actress Parasha Zhemchugova. The charter stated that this house should "give the homeless an overnight stay, a hungry dinner and a dowry for a hundred poor brides."

Now this building houses the famous Sklifosovsky Institute of Emergency Medicine.

On July 11, 1836, by order of US President Andrew Jackson, the Treasury Department issued the "Coin Circular," which required that public land purchases be paid exclusively in gold or silver. The authorities sought to tame the frenzied land speculation and "squeeze" the paper money supply.

The goal was achieved, but at the same time, the credit market "shrank" and a chain reaction followed by the closure of banks throughout the country, unable to meet the growing needs of customers for specie. In the spring of 1837, a financial panic broke out. In May 1838, Congress canceled Jackson's circular, but it was too late: a severe crisis raged until 1843.

My gift is poor and my voice is not loud,
But I live, and on my earth
Someone kindly being:
It will be found by my distant descendant
In my poems: who knows? my soul
Will be with his soul in intercourse,
And, as I found a friend in a generation,
I will find a reader in posterity.

Belinsky believed that "of all the poets who appeared together with Pushkin, the first place undoubtedly belongs to Mr. Baratynsky." Philosophy and depth of thought are inherent in his poetry. Baratynsky spent the last years of his life in the Muranovo estate near Moscow, which later belonged to the Tyutchevs.

From the age of 18, Pyotr Nikitich worked as a journalist, he had a good style and was famous for his ability to clearly express his thoughts. In 1869, a young publicist was involved in the case of Sergei Nechaev and sentenced to a year and four months in prison. After serving his term, Tkachev went into exile in Velikiye Luki, from where he soon moved to Europe. Among the Russian emigration, he developed his own political direction, going back to the ideas of the famous French rebel Auguste Blanqui. In his journal Nabat, Tkachev explained that in the name of a bright future, the "intelligent minority" was called upon to plot and wrest power from the hands of bloodsuckers and satraps. He argued that the basis of the future free life would not be the will of the people, but the activities of a narrow circle of advanced revolutionaries. In 1883, the fighter for popular happiness fell ill with a serious mental illness and died in Paris in 1885.

During his lifetime, Tkachev had practically no followers in Russia, but elements of his teaching are present in Lenin's theory of revolution.

On July 11, 1903, the Soviet illegal intelligence officer Rudolf Ivanovich Abel was born (real name - William Genrikhovich Fisher).

The FBI considers his arrest to be their feat, describing in detail how they scrupulously tried to figure him out for 4 years. But the truth is much simpler and sadder: Abel was captured as a result of betrayal. All high-profile espionage cases in America are the result, as a rule, not of the activities of counterintelligence services, but of the testimony of defectors and traitors. Abel worked in the United States for 10 years, the intelligence networks he created on the continent are still only guesses, since the betraying radio operator actually did not know much, so no one else could be arrested.

Abel entered the States with a passport in the name of Andrew Kayotis, was arrested as Emil Goldfuss, identified himself as Colonel Abel during his arrest, taking the name of his recently deceased friend and colleague, Latvian Rudolf Abel. With this name, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison, in 1962 he was exchanged for the spy pilot Powers, and with him he became known throughout the Soviet Union after the release of the film Dead Season. The fact that Abel is from Russian Germans and in fact Fisher, that he was born in England, that he worked abroad even before the war (he went out to the future Academician Kapitsa), that he took part in radio games with the Germans during the Great Patriotic War - all this became known only recently, and information about his illegal activities is still not subject to disclosure.

On July 11, 1940, Elena Kamburova was born ... The original voice of this singer is impossible not to recognize. Urban romances, ballads, serenades…

She is very zealous about her repertoire and chooses those songs where the music does not obscure, but only highlights the word. “I am a plowman,” says the singer, “And the field is littered with weeds. Today is the time for the celebration of graphomaniacs. But I still plant some plots. It is very important that they do not overgrow ... "

In 1992, Elena Kamburova created the Moscow Theater of Music and Poetry, in which she united singers and artists close to her worldview ... Today, People's Artist of Russia Elena Kamburova celebrates her birthday.

This, of course, did not happen all of a sudden, although the technology by that time had been perfected in jewelry: “release” it abroad, and then - bang! and the door to the house was closed. The trick worked especially well with those subjects who were not going to leave anywhere. The exiles probably experienced a rather complex range of emotions: from relief that the repression did not break out inside the protected area, otherwise it could result in something worse than forced emigration, to the despair of a man, in front of whom the iron curtain fell with a crash, and everything important and what was dear to him remained there, inside. Maybe there was also a feeling of freedom - the choice was not made by you, and they will burn with fire there, in the end.

Surely Lyubimov more or less foresaw this outcome: the pressure on the Taganka Theater was clearly growing from the beginning of the 80s, and Brezhnev, who somehow put up with the existence of the Taganka “island of freedom”, was no longer there.

Lyubimov, of course, was not threatened in the West by either starvation or professional disappearance: during the years of emigration, he not only staged several brilliant dramatic performances, but also turned into one of the most prominent opera directors. So in 1988, when slurred calls from Moscow began with hints that maybe it would be possible to return, he was up to his neck. But nevertheless, having withstood the importance for the sake of a short distance, Yuri Petrovich, of course, returned to Moscow and, of course, immediately rushed to the theater. It is understandable: having created "Taganka" out of the blue, in 1963, the director gave her as much as not every mother manages to invest in a child.

Taganka, meanwhile, was in complete disarray: the warring factions of the theater regularly supplied food for gossip around the theater in Moscow, the old performances withered, and the new ones turned out to be rather stale. One can only wonder how a middle-aged man, having gone through a split in the troupe, having retaken old and recruited new actors, managed, if not to return the former deafening glory of the Taganka Theater, then in any case to make it a living and completely viable organism.

11.07.2018 07:47

Happy summer morning everyone.

On July 11, 1836, a performance was held at the Alexandrinsky Theater ... "The Real Inspector", in which the young and fair real Inspector Prodov was added to the previous heroes. He reveals the machinations of officials led by Gorodnichiy, punishes the guilty and offers his hand and heart to Gorodnichiy's daughter. The author of the play, as it turned out later, was not Gogol at all, but a certain Prince Tsitsianov. Apparently, this was the first case of black PR in St. Petersburg...

And literally at the same time, on the other side of the world, in the United States, by order of US President Andrew Jackson, the Department of the Treasury issued the "Circular about the specie", which contained a requirement for the acquisition of public land to pay exclusively in gold or silver. The authorities sought to tame the frenzied land speculation and "squeeze" the paper money supply. The goal was achieved, but at the same time, the credit market "shrank" and a chain reaction followed by the closure of banks throughout the country, unable to meet the growing needs of customers for specie. On May 9, 1837, a financial panic broke out. On May 21, 1838, Congress canceled Jackson's circular, but it was too late: a severe crisis raged until 1843.

But I live, and on my earth

Someone kindly being:

It will be found by my distant descendant

In my poems: who knows? my soul

Will be with his soul in intercourse,

And, as I found a friend in a generation,

I will find a reader in posterity.

On July 11, 1844, the future theorist of Russian radicalism Pyotr Tkachev, the founder of the conspiratorial direction in populism and the forerunner of modern terrorists, was born in the Sivtsevo estate of the Pskov province. Like many nihilists, Tkachev was from a quite decent family (his father was a poor landowner), but from his youth he sought to alleviate the fate of the people. Having entered the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, he took part in student unrest, spent time under arrest, but nevertheless finished his studies. From the age of 18, Pyotr Nikitich worked as a journalist, he had a good style and was famous for his ability to clearly express his thoughts. In 1869, a young publicist was involved in the case of Sergei Nechaev and sentenced to a year and four months in prison. After serving his term, Tkachev went into exile in Velikiye Luki, from where he soon moved to Europe. Among the Russian emigration, he developed his own political direction, going back to the ideas of the famous French rebel Auguste Blanqui. In his journal Nabat, Tkachev explained that in the name of a bright future, the "intelligent minority" was called upon to plot and wrest power from the hands of bloodsuckers and satraps. He argued that the basis of the future free life would not be the will of the people, but the activities of a narrow circle of advanced revolutionaries. In 1883, the fighter for popular happiness fell ill with a serious mental illness and died in Paris in 1885. During his lifetime, Tkachev had practically no followers in Russia, but elements of his teaching are present in Lenin's theory of revolution.

On this day in 1893, Kokichi Mikimoto received his first imitation pearl. A Japanese businessman took out a basket with the first samples of cultured pearls from the sea. Five years earlier, on the advice of one of the professors of the University of Tokyo, he lowered it into the sea, after filling it with bamboo cages with young mollusks, between the valves of the shells of which they introduced grains of sand. This technology was quickly introduced into production, and already from the beginning of the 20th century, albeit of lower quality, but cheaper artificial pearls began to displace natural pearls from the market. On July 11, 1897, the first attempt was made to explore the Arctic with the help of a balloon. Solomon August Andre with two comrades took to the skies from the Danish island of Svalbard. Their balloon with a volume of 4531 cubic meters was equipped with a sail, which was attached to a complex system of cables. With its help, it was planned to control the aircraft. Nothing was known about the fate of the researchers until August 6, 1930, when their bodies were discovered on White Island (Franz Josef Land).

On July 11, 1903, the Soviet illegal intelligence officer Rudolf Ivanovich Abel was born (real name - William Genrikhovich Fisher). The FBI considers his arrest to be their feat, describing in detail how they scrupulously tried to figure him out for 4 years. But the truth is much simpler and sadder: Abel was captured as a result of betrayal. All high-profile espionage cases in America are the result, as a rule, not of the activities of counterintelligence services, but of the testimony of defectors and traitors. Abel worked in the United States for 10 years, the intelligence networks he created on the continent are still only guesses, since the betraying radio operator actually did not know much, so no one else could be arrested. Abel entered the States with a passport in the name of Andrew Kaiotis, was arrested as Emil Goldfuss, identified himself during the arrest
Colonel Abel, taking the name of his recently deceased friend and colleague, Latvian Rudolf Abel. With this name, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison, in 1962 he was exchanged for the spy pilot Powers, and with him he became known throughout the Soviet Union after the release of the film Dead Season. The fact that Abel is from Russian Germans and in fact Fisher, that he was born in England, that he worked abroad even before the war (he went out to the future Academician Kapitsa), that he took part in radio games with the Germans during the Great Patriotic War - all this became known only recently, and information about his illegal activities is still not subject to disclosure.

On July 11, 1984, director Yuri Lyubimov, who was in England on a business trip from the Ministry of Culture, was deprived of Soviet citizenship by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, signed by Konstantin Chernenko. This, of course, did not happen all of a sudden, although the technology by that time had been perfected in jewelry: “release” it abroad, and then - bang! and the door to the house was closed. The trick worked especially well with those subjects who were not going to leave anywhere. The exiles probably experienced a rather complex range of emotions: from relief that the repression did not break out inside the protected area, otherwise it could result in something worse than forced emigration, to the despair of a man, in front of whom the iron curtain fell with a crash, and everything important and what was dear to him remained there, inside. Maybe there was also a feeling of freedom - the choice was not made by you, and they will burn with fire there, in the end. Surely Lyubimov more or less foresaw this outcome: the pressure on the Taganka Theater was clearly growing from the beginning of the 80s, and Brezhnev, who somehow put up with the existence of the Taganka “island of freedom”, was no longer there. Lyubimov, of course, was not threatened in the West by either starvation or professional disappearance: during the years of emigration, he not only staged several brilliant dramatic performances, but also turned into one of the most prominent opera directors. So in 1988, when slurred calls from Moscow began with hints that maybe it would be possible to return, he was up to his neck. But nevertheless, having withstood the importance for the sake of a short distance, Yuri Petrovich, of course, returned to Moscow and, of course, immediately rushed to the theater. It is understandable: having created "Taganka" out of the blue, in 1963, the director gave her as much as not every mother manages to invest in a child. Taganka, meanwhile, was in complete disarray: the warring factions of the theater regularly supplied food for gossip around the theater in Moscow, the old performances withered, and the new ones turned out to be rather stale. One can only wonder how a middle-aged man, having gone through a split in the troupe, having retaken old and recruited new actors, managed, if not to return the former deafening glory of the Taganka Theater, then in any case to make it a living and completely viable organism. By the way, it is worth noting that at different times such theater and film stars as Boris Khmelnitsky, Veniamin Smekhov, Valery Zolotukhin, Leonid Yarmolnik, Ivan Bortnik, Nikolai Gubenko, Vladimir Vysotsky played on the Taganka ...

On July 11, 1987, the 5 billionth inhabitant of the planet Earth was born. He was declared Matej Gaspar from Zagreb (at that moment Yugoslavia, now independent Croatia).

Have a wonderful summer day everyone. , all the most interesting events, recommendations and reviews here.

The history of the world, and in particular Russia, is reflected on this page in the form of the most significant events, turning points, discoveries and inventions, wars and the emergence of new countries, turning points and cardinal decisions that took place over many centuries. Here you will get acquainted with the outstanding people of the world, politicians and rulers, generals, scientists and artists, athletes, artists, singers and many others, who and in what years of them were born and died, what mark they left in history, what they remember and what reached.

In addition to the history of Russia and the world on July 11, significant milestones and significant events that took place on this July day of spring, you will learn about historical dates, about those influential and popular people who were born and passed away on this date, and you can also get acquainted with memorable dates and folk holidays in Catholicism and Orthodoxy, signs and sayings, natural disasters, the emergence of cities and states, as well as their tragic disappearance, get acquainted with revolutions and revolutionaries, those turning points that in one way or another influenced the course of development of our planet and much other - interesting, informative, important, necessary and useful.

Folk calendar, signs and folklore July 11

July 11 is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 173 days left until the end of the year.

Peter's Day Eve, Nettle Spell

In Rus', it was believed that nettle has magical properties and is able to give a person strength and vivacity. Therefore, they tried to harvest it for future use and collected nettles just on the day of July 11, because they believed that after that day it would lose its healing properties. By the way, people believed that a canvas that could be woven from nettles would help overcome back pain.

United Nations World Population Day.

World Chocolate Day.

European Union Day of Remembrance for the Victims of the Srebrenica Genocide.

Belgium, Dutch Unity Day in Flanders.

Italy, Palermo, Saint Rosalia Festival.

Kiribati, Gospel Day.

Mongolia, People's Revolution Day.

Mongolia, National holiday "Nadom".

Russia, Lighting Artist's Day.

The history of Orthodoxy on the day of July 11

the transfer of the relics of the unmercenary martyrs and miracle workers Cyrus and John (412);

the memory of St. Sergius and Herman, miracle workers of Valaam (c. 1353).

the memory of the Monk Xenophon of Robea, hegumen (1262);

memory of St. Paul the doctor;

the memory of Hieromartyr Vasily Sitnikov, deacon (1918);

the memory of the Monk Martyr Sebastiana (Ageeva-Zueva), a nun (1938);

the memory of the Hieromartyr Gregory Samarin, deacon (1940);

celebration in honor of the icon of the Mother of God "Three Hands" (VIII).

Orthodox: Herman, Ivan, Cyrus, Pavel, Sergey.

Catholic: Olga, Pelageya, Benedict.

What happened in Russia and the world on July 11?

Below you will learn about the history of the world and Russia on July 11, the events that took place in different historical time periods and periods, starting from prehistoric times BC and the emergence of Christianity, continuing with the era of formations, transformations, times of discovery, scientific and technical revolutions, as well as interesting middle ages to modern times. Below are reflected all the significant events of this day in the history of mankind, you will learn or remember those who were born and left us in another world, what events took place, what made it so special for us to remember.

History of Russia and the world July 11 in the XIV century

1302 - Battle of the Golden Spurs. The Flemish militia, mostly made up of artisans, defeated the French army.

History of Russia and the world July 11 in the XVI century

1533 - Pope Clement VII finally announced that the marriage of King Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon was still considered valid and excommunicated the king from the church. The king by this time had already divorced his first wife and married Anne Boleyn, ties between the Anglican Church and the Vatican were interrupted.

1576 - English expedition of Martin Frobisher discovered Greenland.

History of Russia and the world July 11 in the XVIII century

1700 - The German Academy of Sciences is founded in Berlin.

1733 - the solemn consecration of the Peter and Paul Cathedral, which was built according to the project of the architect Domenico Trezzini, took place in St. Petersburg.

1776 - Captain James Cook sailed from Plymouth on the Resolution, accompanied by the Discovery, on his last expedition.

1783 - The French Academy stopped work on the development of the steamship as unpromising.

1792 - The French Legislative Assembly put forward the slogan "The Fatherland is in danger!". By decree of the assembly, all men were called up for military service.

History of Russia and the world July 11 in the XIX century

1810 - the Sheremetev Hospital was built by Count Nikolai Sheremetev (since 1929 - the Moscow Research Institute for Emergency Medicine named after N.V. Sklifosovsky).

1890 - The first political elections in Japanese history were held.

1893 - Kokichi Mikimoto received the first imitation pearl.

1897 - the first attempt was made to explore the Arctic with the help of a balloon. Solomon August Andre with two comrades took to the skies from the Danish island of Svalbard. Their balloon with a volume of 4531 m³ was equipped with a sail, which was attached to a complex system of cables. With its help, it was planned to control the aircraft. Nothing was known about the fate of the researchers until August 6, 1930, when their bodies were discovered on White Island (Franz Josef Land).

History in Russia and the world July 11 in the XX century

1903 - At the initiative of the Royal Yacht Club of the Irish city of Cork, the first races of ships with a steam engine took place.

1905 - The International Sports Bowling Association is formed.

1907 - the first airplane with a cantilever wing made its first flight - an aircraft of Louis Blériot type VI "Libellul", equipped with trailer ailerons.

1918 - the Council of People's Commissars of Russia approved the first half-year Soviet budget; on the same day, the Lithuanian Tariba proclaimed the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania, and invited the German prince Wilhelm von Urach to the royal throne.

1919 - The 8-hour working day is introduced in Holland.

1920 - in a referendum in East and West Prussia, the majority of the population voted to keep these regions as part of Germany.

1921 - after the victories of the Mongolian People's Army, with the help of the Red Army, people's power was established in Mongolia over the occupying Chinese troops and detachments of the White Guards.

1925 - The Ukrainian National Democratic Association (UNDO) was founded in Lviv.

1930 - The Novosibirsk Theater for Young Spectators was opened.

1933 - International Drug Control Convention adopted in Geneva.

1940 - Romania is expelled from the League of Nations for collaborating with the Nazis.

1942 - General Vlasov was captured by Wehrmacht soldiers in the Old Believer village of Tukhovezhi, Leningrad Region.

1943 - the peak of the "Volyn massacre", when the OUN-UPA forces simultaneously attacked, according to various sources, from 99 to more than 150 Polish settlements, with a total number of victims of up to 100,000 people.

1946 - the Saratov-Moscow gas pipeline was put into operation.

1959 - Joan Baez's performance was recorded for the first time during the Newport Folk Festival.

In Czechoslovakia, the victory of socialism was announced, the country was renamed the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.

France agreed to grant independence in August this year to Dahomey (modern Benin), Niger, Upper Volta (modern Burkina Faso), Ivory Coast, Chad, Central Africa (modern Central African Republic) and Congo.

1971 - The first production of the rock opera "Jesus Christ Superstar" is performed in Pittsburgh.

1975 - A mass grave of 6,000 ancient statues of warriors was discovered in Northwest China.

1979 - The American space station Skylab was deorbited and destroyed in the dense layers of the atmosphere.

1983 - Boeing 737 crash near Cuenca, killing 119 people. The worst plane crash in Ecuador.

Director Yuri Lyubimov was deprived of Soviet citizenship for activities hostile to the USSR.

The United States has announced that by 1989 all cars must have seat belts.

1989 - the beginning of the miners' strike in Kuzbass.

1991 - Hitoshi Igarashi, translator of the novel The Satanic Verses, written by British citizen of Indian origin Salman Rushdie, into Japanese was killed in Japan.

1991 - Jeddah DC-8 crash

The US and Vietnam restored full diplomatic relations.

During the Bosnian War, Serbian troops took Srebrenica, followed by the massacre of unarmed Muslims.

1998 - the opening of the World Youth Games took place in Moscow.

1999 - British Grand Prix: Michael Schumacher is out of contention for the title after suffering a broken right leg in an accident.

History of Russia and the world July 11 - in the XXI century

2001 - the leading company in the production of instant photography - the American concern "Polaroid" declared bankruptcy.

2003 - From now on in France, instead of the generally accepted anglicism e-mail, meaning electronic mail, the Canadian word couriel will be used as part of the struggle for the purity of the language.

2005 - fire in the shopping center "Passage", Ukhta. 25 dead.

2006 - Microsoft stopped technical support for Windows 98 and Windows ME operating systems.

2010 - The Spanish national football team for the first time in its history became the winner of the World Cup, defeating the Netherlands in the final.

2014 - rocket attack near Zelenopolye during the armed conflict in the east of Ukraine

The history of July 11 - which of the greats was born

Born celebrities of the world and Russia on July 11, XIII century

1274 - Robert the Bruce (d. 1329), King of Scotland, founder of the royal Bruce dynasty.

Born celebrities of the world and Russia on July 11, XVI century

1561 - Luis de Góngora y Argote (d. 1627), Spanish poet.

Born celebrities of the world and Russia on July 11, XVII century

1657 - Frederick I (d. 1713), King of Prussia (1701-1713).

Born celebrities of the world and Russia on July 11 in the XVIII century

1732 - Joseph Gerome Lefrancois de Lalande (d. 1807), French astronomer

Born with I am a celebrity of the world and Russia July 11 in the XIX century

1805 - Pyotr Andreevich Karatygin (d. 1879), playwright, actor and teacher, gained fame as a writer of vaudeville.

1824 - Yulia Valerianovna Zhadovskaya (d. 1883), Russian poetess, writer.

1825 - Gabriel Mkrtichevich Sundukyan (d. 1912), Armenian writer, playwright.

1882 - Leonard Nelson (d. 1927), German idealist philosopher, psychologist

1885 - Roger de la Fresnay (d. 1925), French painter

1889 - Amleto Palermi (d. 1941), Italian director.

1890 - Petras Vaiciunas (d. 1959), Lithuanian poet and playwright, prisoner of the Gulag.

1892 - Thomas Mitchell (d. 1962), American actor

1895 - Pavel Merciless (d. 1968), poet ("Miner's Songs", "Donetsk Spaces", "A Year in the Kochegarka").

1899 - Pyotr Pavlenko (d. 1951), writer and screenwriter.

Born celebrities of the world and Russia on July 11 in the XX century

Rudolf Abel (real name William Genrikhovich Fisher) (d. 1971), Soviet intelligence officer.

Otto Eduard Hasse (d. 1978), German actor and director.

1910 - Sergei Nikolaevich Vernov (d. 1982), physicist, founder of the school on cosmic ray physics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

1912 - Kirey Mergen (real name Akhnaf Nurievich Kireev) (d. 1984), Bashkir writer, folklorist, doctor of philological sciences.

1916 - Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (d. 2002), academic physicist, Nobel Prize winner in 1964, editor-in-chief of the last edition of the TSB.

1920 - Yul Brynner (Yuli Borisovich Brynner), American film actor

1923 - Richard Pipes, American historian (b.

1924 - Giuseppe Bonaviri, Italian writer

Nikolai Gedda (real name Ustinov), Swedish opera singer of Russian origin (lyric tenor).

Mattivilda Dobbs, American opera singer

1926 - Rodolfo Arisaga, Argentine composer, teacher, music critic.

1931 - Franco Giraldi, Italian director

Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer.

Victor Vujacic (d. 1999), pop singer.

1935 - Konstantin Ershov (d. 1984), actor, film director, screenwriter ("Chasing Two Hares", "Viy", "The Wedding Is Accused").

1939 - Barbara Dittus (d. 2001), German actress

1940 - Elena Kamburova, Russian pop singer and actress.

Tom Holland is an American screenwriter and director.

Rolf Stommelen, German racing driver.

1944 - Myra Gale Brown, American singer When, at the age of 13, she married her cousin Jerry Lee Lewis and the press broke the news, her husband's career was put to rest.

1952 - Stephen Lang (Stephen Lang), American actor ("Avatar", "Johnny D.").

Robin Renucci, French actor.

Sila Ward, American actress.

1958 - Mark Lester, English actor

Susan Vega, American pop singer.

Richie Sambora, guitarist for the American rock band Bon Jovi.

1960 - Jafar Panahi, Iranian director

1961 - Werner Koch, German software developer, author of GnuPG.

1964 - Vladimir Ignatievich Pukhov, Russian banker, Chairman of the Board of OJSC SKB-Bank.

1966 - Kentaro Miura - Japanese mangaka, whose most famous work is the popular seinen manga Berserk.

1967 - Dave Fortman, member of the Ugly Kid Joe group.

1969 - Oleg Gutsulyak, Ukrainian writer, philosopher, author of the concept of "MesoEurasia" ("Mesogeia").

1984 - Ekaterina Vilkova, Russian theater and film actress.

1990 - Caroline Wozniacki, Danish tennis player, former world number one

Born celebrities of the world and Russia on July 11 in the XXI century

Died on July 11 - famous people of Russia and the world

Which of the famous people of the world and Russia died on July 11 in the 9th century

854 - Abundius of Cordoba, Christian Hieromartyr.

Which of the famous people of the world and Russia died on July 11 in the X century

969 - Olga (Princess of Kiev), the first of the Russian rulers converted to Christianity even before the Baptism of Rus'. First Russian Saint.

Which of the famous people of the world and Russia died on July 11 in the XII century

1174 - Amory I, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, King of Jerusalem from 1162. Son of Fulk and Melisende.

Which of the famous people of the world and Russia died on July 11 in the 16th century

1553 - Moritz (Elector of Saxony), Elector of the Albertine line of the Wettin dynasty.

1593 - Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian painter, decorator, representative of mannerism.

Which of the famous people of the world and Russia died on July 11 in the 17th century

1663 - Lubin Bozhin, French painter.

Any day of the year is memorable and distinctive in its own way, including this one - we hope you were interested in learning its history, because you learned more about it, events and people who were lucky enough to be born on July 11, to get acquainted with what he left us with you as an inheritance after yourself.