The Belogorsk fortress was a village lost in the steppe, surrounded by a tyn that had rotted in many places. The population was mostly made up of disabled soldiers (disabled, that is, out of military age, but remained in the ranks of the army) teams, which made up a garrison of one hundred and thirty people, and the Cossacks. The order in the fortress was the most domestic - Vasilisa Yegorovna, the captain's wife, was in charge. To a large extent this was due to the fact that both the soldiers and their commanders, except for Shvabrin, were themselves peasants, lived on a subsistence economy, and there was never a military threat as such. A peaceful, unwise life dictated its own rules of existence. The minor disturbances of the few bands of Bashkirs and Kirghiz were relatively harmless, and they had not been there for many years. Most of the soldiers had already grown old in the service in Belogorskaya, their commander and his wife had lived there for twenty years.
Ivan Kuzmich was an old campaigner, stupid, but honest and kind. He became an officer of the soldier's children and in the depths of his soul continued to be a soldier. His nobility (and only a nobleman could be an officer) was deprived of even that minimal aristocracy that Grinev's parents possessed. He sometimes recalled the service and tried to "teach" the soldiers, trying to explain to them where the right and where the left leg was, but his wife was constantly tugging at him and from the point of view of everyday life was, as a rule, absolutely right.
Vasilisa Yegorovna was not a stupid woman, talkative and curious, like any lively country woman who was forced to manage a large household, and she considered the entire fortress her own household. She adored the news and everything that brought variety to a boring life, tried to keep everything in her hands, which she successfully did, since she was the commandant's wife. Of course, her horizons were minimal, and the fact that Grinev's father owned three hundred serfs made a deep impression on her, while this was a very small number of serf souls in the time of Catherine.
Marya Ivanovna, their daughter, was a quiet, silent person, easily embarrassed, but very sincere and sincere. She was a girl of marriageable age, but in such a wilderness it was not at all easy to meet an interesting person. Masha possessed great sensitivity of the heart and could intuitively feel the qualities of a person, so she avoided Shvabrin.
Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin at first gave the impression of a witty and relaxed person who knew the value of local secrets and good-naturedly teased them. After it turns out that this impression is deceiving, and Shvabrin conceals deep vulnerability in his soul.
The soldier's song, put in the epigraph, on the one hand, sets the reader in a certain gallant mood and tells what the chapter should be talking about, on the other hand, it is a kind of humor of the author. Indeed, the wooden fence around the village can hardly be called a “fortification”. the song is about a cannon, and it seems that it’s just about the cannon from the story, because it was the only din. A quote from Fonvizin's "Minor" orients just such a perception. The inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress, cut off from the world, turn out to be the "old people".

In April 1649 the king Alexey Mikhailovich approved the Order of the City Deanery. In it, the sovereign commands, "so that there is no dirt - to have a janitor in every courtyard", to "be in charge of every yard business, repairs and other matters." So at the state level, for the first time, supervision over the performance of the functions of "public deanery" (to do the good for society) was created. This is considered the time of foundation of the services of the Russian housing and communal services.

And the decree Peter the Great On January 16, 1721, he transferred the functions of "public deanery" to the Russian police created by that time. Peter I called the police "the soul of citizenship and all good order", associated with this department the concepts of "welfare of the population", "prohibition of excesses in house expenses", "acts of good homeowners", "cleanliness in the streets and in houses."

Janitor, cute janitor

These words from the scary song of the group "Agatha Christie" in our case sound calm and respectful. For more than a hundred years, little has changed in the tools with which wipers bring beauty to the streets and courtyards. In metal, a representative of this profession displayed Taras Kostenko... Today this sculpture is one of the landmarks of Belgorod.

Thanks to the janitors, a century ago, Belgorod was recognized by contemporaries as one of the best county cities not only in the Kursk province, but also in the Russian Empire. Local historian wrote about it in the book "Kursk province on an old postcard" Yuri Donchenko, noting further that “it [Belgorod] made a pleasant impression on every visitor, giving enough comfort to those living in it”.

Photo by Vladimir Yurchenko

IN 1913 year the janitor's salary was 18 rubles per month. With this money, he could buy a choice of three coats or four suits, 12 pairs of leather shoes, over 80 kg of beef, 54 bottles of vodka, 1,250 loaves of bread, over a ton of potatoes, and almost 700 liters of milk. The janitors lived in artels in the janitors, their families usually stayed in the village. Inventory and ammunition were issued by the state. The janitors always had a metal badge indicating the block number and a whistle - "in case of frightening off adversaries and calling the policeman".

Best of fourteen

At the beginning of the last century, the city authorities of Belgorod treated the comfort of the townspeople with a commendable responsibility, at least as the documents testify. IN 1913 year on the territory of the city for seven years the Law "On ensuring normal rest of employees in trade and craft establishments" was in force and was strictly observed. The fifth article of this document prohibited trade on Sundays and church holidays.

"Guide to Belgorod"Ivana Kulegaeva tells that in 1911 year Belgorod was a pretty good county town, "the best of the 14 cities of the Kursk province." It had everything that was supposed to be in a city with organized trade, consumer services and housing and communal services corresponding to their time.

There was something to keep track of: there was a hospital, pharmacies, doctors, police and fire department, printing houses, baths, bookstores, a brewery. Belgorodians were entertained by three cinemas, two concert halls. On holidays and weekends, you could walk in city parks. In Belgorod to 1913 year there are about two dozen educational institutions. Trade enterprises carried bread, livestock, wool, leather, bacon, wax and manufactured goods.

Naturally, at that time, garbage removal, storage and disposal were also a problem. However, the Belgorod zemstvo council strictly followed this - they punished careless business executives and were in charge of the arrangement and maintenance of public buildings. And the housing commission kept records of the rent and utility bills. There was one more organization - the City Office for the Apartment Tax. Receipts were issued taking into account a special gradation, based on which houses were apartments - brick or wooden.

According to the Evaluation and Statistical Department of the Kursk Provincial Zemstvo for 1913 year, apartments with two to five bedrooms cost their owners from four to six rubles a month. The payment included heating, lighting, sewage treatment and repairs. For these purposes, the Belgorod zemstvo council of the Belgorod district spent at least 15 % its annual budget, or about 50 thousand rubles... Well, in general, for "expenses for education, medicine, veterinary medicine, public contempt, for prisoners, for socio-economic well-being", for the establishment of nurseries and free distribution of "silvicultural" material to the population was allocated to 80 % budget funds.

Water story

At the end of the 18th century, the empress Catherine II ordered to build the first water supply system in Moscow. The construction was entrusted to the general Bauer... The search for clean water led to springs near the village of Bolshiye Mytishchi, from where they began to build the first Moscow water supply system. Completed by 1804 year... IN 1898 year the first sewage system was built in Moscow.

And in Belgorod, the first water supply system with lifting machines began to operate from 1871 year... The city was supplied with spring water from under the Melova (White) Mountain through water supply networks, the length of which was 5 km. The released water was measured in buckets. In the first year, the residents of Belgorod received water from 621.5 thousand buckets - 7.8 thousand cubic meters of water. In the settlement Zhiloy (the western part of the city from the Moscow highway), in 1886, water was supplied from an artesian well. By the way, to this day, Belgorod residents drink artesian water.

By the beginning of the 20th century, 20% of Russian cities had water supply systems. The average water consumption in cities was no more than 40 liters per person per day. The quality of the supplied water left much to be desired. Sewerage systems with the purification of diverted streams were available only in 23 cities of the Russian Empire. On the whole, the sewerage network in the country reached only 18% of the total length of the water supply network. According to statistical reports of that time, 60% of the city's housing stock had no electricity, almost 80 - running water and 90 - sewerage. The share of the housing stock with central heating was about 1%. Belgorod was no exception in these indicators, although, as Anatoly Krupenkov and Boris Osykov noted in the "Historical Chronicle of Belgorod", there was a steady tendency towards development.

According to Kulegayev's guidebook, the water supply system of Belgorod by this time consisted of two suburban water pumping stations. There were two tanks - at the Bazarnaya and Petropavlovskaya squares. “18 water-folding booths began to function in the city. Plumbing was installed in 181 private households and in 8 city houses. There are 45 fire hydrants in operation. " Net income from the water supply system exceeded 6 thousand rubles per year.

With the development of the city, the water supply system also develops. The volume of released water is already in 1910 year amounted to 8 million buckets, or almost 100 thousand cubic meters of water.

In December 1910 year The Belgorod city government adopts a resolution by which it decides to complete the construction of the water supply system and "take care of replacing the most unusable water meters with new ones." It is also noted that water booth guards should keep books to record the daily proceeds from the sale of water. Well, after five years - in 1915 year - The volume of water supplied by the water supply more than doubled and amounted to about 260 thousand cubic meters.

Its fountains are inseparable from Belgorod and city water supply. The very first of them appeared simultaneously with the city-wide water supply in 1871 year... It was a decorative source in a nunnery, which was used for consecration and collection of drinking water on church holidays. At the turn of the century, a fountain appears in the city in the New Square - one of the most recognizable symbols of pre-revolutionary Belgorod.

About light and heating

The first power plant was put into operation in Belgorod in August 1911th... It was then that it became possible to illuminate the streets of the city not with kerosene lanterns, but with bulbs.

TO 1913 year the light was on for eight months a year. Moreover, according to the "Historical and statistical collection of the Belgorod province", published in 2012 year, from January to May, the city was illuminated not on moonlit nights from 5 pm to 3 am, from September to December - from 5 pm to 6 am.

Among the main communal specialties in demand in 1913 year in Belgorod, was the profession of a fireman. It was the stokers who provided warmth and comfort in the houses, offices, and state institutions of the county town in cold weather. All of them were heated with coal or wood. The firemen received well - up to 30 rubles a month, they ate in factory canteens. Lunch cost them 32 kopecks. The city authorities provided homeless people with a dormitory in a brick building of two floors. On the top floor there was a room with a stage for performances and cinematography. Movies were shown on Saturdays, performances were given 12 times a year. There was also another room for billiards, books and magazines.

Hey cabby!

To the service of the sample 1913 year in Belgorod, undoubtedly, cab drivers should be included. They dashingly flew and dashing on Bagrovaya, Gostennaya, Kurskaya, Moskovskaya, Sumskaya and even Uzenkaya streets of the city. By that time there were many of them in Belgorod. Even a special settlement existed, called the Yamshchikov settlement, with a population of 199 souls.

But it only seemed that this service was acting chaotically, uncontrollably. In fact, there was a station in the district center - a prototype of the current taxi company. The owner of the station was the merchant Antsyrev. He stored hay for the horses, making sure that they were fed, healthy and shod. It was also imperative to make sure that the station was kept clean, and the cabbies began work sober. And it was under the jurisdiction of this station, Anatoly Krupenkov writes in the almanac "Old Belgorod", 3,213 horses, which ran 62,243 miles in a year.

The tax note was interesting: “The committee for organizing the celebrations convincingly asks the gentlemen who come not to believe the cabbies who spread ridiculous rumors about various kinds of terrible diseases in some hotels. This is done in order to get extra pay from the hotel owners, who persuaded cabs to deliver visitors to them. "

Tax for cabs in pre-revolutionary Belgorod from "Guide to Belgorod" by Ivan Kulegaev

1. one-horse from the station and to the station - 20 kopecks;
2. parokonny - 35 kopecks;
3. one-horse end of the city - 15 kopecks;
4. parokonny - 25 kopecks.

During the celebrations:

1. one-horse hour - 60 kopecks;
2. parokonny - 1 rubles;
3. at the end one-horse - 30 kopecks;
4. parokonny - 50 kopecks;
5. to the station - 10 kopecks more expensive than the end.

Cabbies and a station in Belgorod existed until 1917 year... Followed by 1913 year events - the beginning of the First World War, the October Revolution - slowed down for a long time the further development of public services not only in Belgorod, but throughout Russia.

TO 1917 year 800 cities in the country had 200 water pipes, 23 sewerage systems, 35 tram companies, 600 baths and only 13 laundries. Only in 1927 year the level of development of the communal service in Russia has pulled up to 1913 year.

Vitaly Sochkan

What were the Belgorod Fortress, the order established in it? Belgorod Fortress is a village surrounded by a log fence. Everything looked rather unattractive: the streets are narrow and crooked, the huts are low. The people in the fortress are used to the fact that active hostilities do not take place here, the service is calm.

Captain Mironov and Vasilisa Yegorovna, his wife, have been living here for many years. Vasilisa Yegorovna takes part in all her husband's affairs, the situation in the fortress is almost homely. This produced on Grinev

Depressing experience. How to explain such a “family” nature of relations between people in the fortress?

This was due to the morals of the commandant of the fortress and his wife. These are people of the old way, they treated their subordinates without ceremony, and most of the soldiers were local residents. This was also determined by the fact that strict discipline was not required, since the minor unrest of the Bashkirs were not dangerous. Tell us about its inhabitants.

Ivan Kuzmich, the commandant of the fortress, and his wife, Vasilisa Yegorovna, show an example of the old patriarchal way of life. They live in perfect harmony, Vasilisa Yegorovna supports her husband in everything, comments (not without a grain of irony) on his actions, and gives advice. From her remarks, we learn that the captain “does not know the point” in the service, therefore, cannot teach anything to subordinates. Vasilisa Yegorovna Shvabrin calls “a beautiful lady”.

About Shvabrin, we learn that he has been in the fort for the fifth year, is here as a punishment for a duel that ended in death. Shvabrin is trying to make friends with Grinev, he manages to do it. In this chapter, he is described as a witty, cheerful person.

Marya Ivanovna is the daughter of Captain Mironov. She is a pretty eighteen year old girl. It is not yet clear why Shvabrin, in a conversation with Grinev, described her as a fool.

But the reader understands that she is sensitive (does not tolerate gunfire), was brought up in old traditions, not rich (the Mironovs are poor, but regret it only because it could prevent their daughter from getting married). What is the meaning of the soldier's song, which is the epigraph to Chapter III? Let us remember that the epigraph is one of the means of expressing the author's position.

It is in the epigraphs that we guess the personality of A.S. Pushkin, since the narration is conducted on behalf of the main character. The author is ironic, using such an epigraph: the Belgorod fortress bears little resemblance to a fortification, and "fierce enemies" have not yet been here. This gallant song does not correspond to what it really is.

The second quotation from Fovisin's "Minor" also tunes the reader into an ironic way: "strange people" in the sense that they are very far from the world, are not developed properly, because they are far from the center of Russia, from large cities. What are your impressions of each of the characters? Heroes are underrepresented.

We have just started reading a piece. But the impressions about each of them have already formed. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov is already an elderly commandant of the fortress, he does not keep a strict order, since, apparently, he considers it optional. Listens to his wife.

Vasilisa Yegorovna is very skillful in housekeeping, knows how to clearly and correctly organize everyday life so that everyone feels at home. Interested in the fate of other people. Marya Ivanovna is a modest, sweet girl who obeys her parents in everything, was brought up in a patriarchal family, perceives her way of life as natural.

Shvabrin evoked ambivalent feelings. On the one hand, he is a funny, witty person. On the other hand, Grinev's remark that Shvabrin presented Masha as a complete fool is alarming.

It can be assumed that Shvabrin has dark feelings and thoughts.

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35. Masha Mironova is an open, honest, sincere, affectionate and loving person. At first, Masha seemed pinched, shy, even Vasilisa Egorova said that she was a coward, because she was afraid of guns firing. Maria was about eighteen years old, round-faced, ruddy, with light blond hair, slicked back behind her ears. She refused Shvabrin, and he called her a fool and a corrupt girl. Maria Mironovna was [...] ...
36. Pyotr Grinev is the main character of Alexander Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter". I believe that his fate and character was influenced not only by unusual and, often, terrible events, in which he was a direct witness and participant, but also by his parents. Petrusha's mother was of a noble family, her father was a retired prime major. These are decent and noble people, loyal [...] ...
37. The image of Pugachev is the most complicated and interesting image of the story. At the time described by AS Pushkin in "The Captain's Daughter", the situation in Russia was very difficult. In the 1760s - 1770s. a powerful wave of actions of peasants, Cossacks, working people swept across the country. This was due to the strengthening of serfdom. Empress Catherine II was especially concerned about the performances of the Cossacks. With [...] ...
38. Working on "The History of the Pugachev Revolt" (1834), Pushkin carefully studied the testimonies of eyewitnesses, he was greatly interested in the appearance of Pugachev, about whom many memories have been preserved. At the time of publication of the book, an engraving was ordered from the portrait of Pugachev, which was stored in the estate of Prince Vyazemsky near Moscow. Those to whom Pushkin personally donated the book received an engraved portrait enclosed in it. With the first description of the appearance [...] ...
39. The novel is based on the memoirs of the fifty-year-old nobleman Pyotr Andreyevich Grinev, written by him during the reign of Emperor Alexander and dedicated to “Pugachevschina”, in which the seventeen-year-old officer Pyotr Grinev involuntarily took part. Pyotr Andreevich with a slight irony recalls his childhood, the childhood of a noble undergrowth. His father Andrei Petrovich Grinev in his youth “served under Count Minich [...] ...

Summary - Analysis of the third chapter of the work "The Captain's Daughter"

The Belogorsk fortress was a village lost in the steppe, surrounded by rotten rot in many places. The population for the most part consisted of soldiers of the disabled (disabled, that is, those who left the military age, but remained in the ranks of the army) teams, which made up a garrison of one hundred and thirty people, and the Cossacks. The order in the fortress was the most domestic - Vasilisa Yegorovna, the captain's wife, was in charge of everything. To a large extent this was due to the fact that both the soldiers and their commanders, except for Shvabrin, were themselves peasants, lived on a subsistence economy, and there was never a military threat as such. Peaceful, simple life dictated its own rules of existence. The minor disturbances of the few bands of Bashkirs and Kirghiz were relatively harmless, and they had not been there for many years. Most of the soldiers have already grown old in the service in Belogorskaya, their commander and his wife have lived there for twenty years.

Ivan Kuzmich was an old campaigner, stupid, but honest and kind. He became an officer of the soldier's children and in the depths of his soul continued to be a soldier. His nobility (and only a nobleman could be an officer) was deprived of even that minimal aristocracy that Grinev's parents possessed. He sometimes recalled the service and tried to "teach" the soldiers, trying to explain to them where the right and where the left leg was, but his wife was constantly tugging and from the point of view of everyday life was, as a rule, absolutely right.

Vasilisa Yegorovna was not a stupid woman, talkative and curious, like any lively village woman who was forced to manage a large farm, and she considered the entire fortress her own farm. She loved the news and everything that added variety to a boring life, tried to keep everything in her hands, which she successfully succeeded since she was the commandant's wife. Of course, her outlook was minimal, and the fact that Grinev's father owned three hundred serfs made a deep impression on her, while this was a very small number of serf souls in the time of Catherine.

Marya Ivanovna, their daughter, was a quiet silent woman, easily embarrassed, but very sincere and sincere. She was a girl of marriageable age, but in such a wilderness it was not at all easy to meet an interesting person. Masha had a great heart sensitivity and could intuitively feel the qualities of a person, so she avoided Shvabrin.

Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin at first gave the impression of a witty and relaxed person who knew the value of local secrets and good-naturedly teased them. After it turns out that this impression is deceiving, and Shvabrin conceals deep vulnerability in his soul.

A soldier’s song, made in the epigraph, on the one hand, sets up the reader to a certain gallant mood and tells what is to be discussed in the chapter, on the other hand, is a kind of humor of the author. Indeed, the wooden fence around the village can hardly be called a "fortification". the song sings about the gun, and it seems that it’s about the gun from the story, because it was one and only. A quote from Fonvizin's "The Minor" orients just such a perception. It is the “ancient people” who are the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress torn from the world.

The Belgorod Fortress is a village surrounded by a log fence. Everything looked rather unattractive: the streets are narrow and crooked, the huts are low. People in the fortress are accustomed to the fact that active hostilities do not take place here, service is going on calmly. Captain Mironov and Vasilisa Yegorovna, his wife, have been living here for many years. Vasilisa Egorovna takes part in all the affairs of her husband, the situation in the fortress is almost home. This made a depressing impression on Grinev.

How to explain such a "family" nature of relations between people in the fortress?

This was explained by the mores of the fortress commandant and his wife. These are people of the old way, they treated their subordinates without ceremony, and most of the soldiers were local residents. This was also determined by the fact that strict discipline was not required, since the minor unrest of the Bashkirs were not dangerous.

Tell us about its inhabitants.

Ivan Kuzmich, the commandant of the fortress, and his wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, show an example of the old patriarchal way of life. They live in perfect harmony, Vasilisa Egorovna supports her husband in everything, comments (not without a share of irony) on his actions, gives advice. From her remarks, we learn that the captain “knows no sense” in the service, respectively, can not teach subordinates anything. Vasilisa Yegorovna Shvabrin calls "a beautiful lady."

About Shvabrin, we learn that he has been in the fort for the fifth year, is here as a punishment for a duel that ended in death. Shvabrin is trying to make friends with Grinev, he manages to do it. In this chapter, he is characterized as a witty, cheerful person.

Marya Ivanovna is the daughter of Captain Mironov. She is a pretty eighteen year old girl. It is not yet clear why Shvabrin, in a conversation with Grinev, described her as a fool. But the reader understands that she is sensitive (does not tolerate gunfire), was brought up in old traditions, not rich (the Mironovs are poor, but regret it only because it could prevent their daughter from getting married).

What is the meaning of the soldier's song, which is the epigraph to Chapter III?

Recall that the epigraph is one of the means of expressing the author's position. It is in the epigraphs that we guess the personality of A.S. Pushkin, as the narration is conducted on behalf of the main character. The author is ironic using such an epigraph: Belgorod fortress is a little like fortification, and the “fierce enemies” have not yet been here. This brave song does not match what is actually here.

The second quote from Fovisin's "Minor" also tunes the reader into an ironic way: "strange people" in the sense that they are very far from the world, are not developed properly, because they are far from the center of Russia, from large cities.

What are your impressions of each of the characters?

Heroes are underrepresented. We have just started reading a piece. But impressions of each of them have already developed.

Ivan Kuzmich Mironov is already an elderly commandant of the fortress, he does not keep a strict order, since, apparently, he considers it optional. Listens to his wife.

Vasilisa Egorovna - she is very skillful in housekeeping, she is able to clearly and correctly organize her life so that everyone feels at home. Interested in the fate of other people.

Marya Ivanovna is a modest, sweet girl who obeys her parents in everything, was brought up in a patriarchal family, perceives her way of life as natural.

Shvabrin evoked ambivalent feelings. On the one hand, he is a funny, witty person. On the other hand, Grinev's remark that Shvabrin presented Masha as a complete fool is alarming. It can be assumed that Schwabrin has dark feelings and thoughts.