Modern Egyptians, Mexicans, Iraqis and other peoples who live among the ruins of ancient civilizations are unlikely to have anything to do with them, no matter how skillfully they convince themselves of this.

Paleocontact took place?

Modern science recognizes that the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Sumer, Maya were very highly developed and had very advanced technologies. But not a single scientist could really explain where these civilizations drew this knowledge and technology from. Until now, they have not been able to explain how and with the help of what technologies the ancient structures that belonged to these civilizations were built. How did people who, according to modern historians, used primitive tools of labor, manage to carve temples directly into the rock with stone tools or build pyramids of unimaginable sizes with the weight of each block tens of tons?

The complex of pyramids in Giza (Egypt) built in the 26th-23rd centuries BC. e.

Another question that modern science cannot answer is where did these civilizations come from, where did they already have such technologies in their arsenal during their formation, and where did they suddenly disappear, leaving only legends, myths and ancient structures as references to themselves?

Modern Egyptians, Mexicans, Iraqis and other peoples who live among the ruins of ancient civilizations are unlikely to have anything to do with them, no matter how skillfully they convince themselves of this ... It can be said with certainty that these civilizations disappeared long ago before the arrival of these people, that they only used these ancient places for their needs and never had anything to do with their construction.

Are aliens gods?

One of the possible versions of the acquisition of such high technologies and powerful knowledge by these civilizations is the theory of paleocontact - an assumption about the meeting of ancient people with representatives of other planets. More and more researchers are beginning to lean towards this version, since in almost all ancient legends there are references to a meeting with aliens (Gods) and the transfer of any knowledge or social and moral laws to people. Practically all these legends are the same in their content, they only change the characters and their names.

Depiction of the Annuaki alien gods

Among all the legends, one can single out the Sumerian legends about the Annunaki Gods, who settled on our planet in the amount of 600 people. The very same word "Annunaki" literally translates as "50 of those who descended from heaven."

In Sumerian myths, there is also a mention of a certain creature, half-man-half-fish Oanna, who came out to people from the sea and traveled through cities and villages, passing on knowledge about construction, medicine, laws, crafts and agriculture. The same descriptions are found among the ancient Egyptians, the Indians of Peru, and even in the early Christian Book of Enoch.

UFOs in paintings and cave paintings

Rock paintings in India. Age - 10,000 years

Not only ancient tales and legends point to meetings with the Gods from the sky, but also ancient objects of fine art. There are many paintings, figurines, drawings and rock art that depict meetings with guests from heaven.
These testimonies are difficult to distort, as they show exactly what the artist who painted them saw. They clearly depict flying saucers, the "Gods" themselves and their technology.

An excellent selection of such images can be seen in Eric von Däniken's famous documentary, Chariots of the Gods. Scientists believe that these images are thousands of years old.

It is noteworthy that information about UFOs is found not only in traditions and legends, but also in the works of ancient historians and scientists. So, for example, the ancient Roman historian Plutarch, the Byzantine historian Deacon, and the Italian sculptor Cellini wrote about UFOs.

All eyewitness accounts are very similar to modern ones - objects that move across the sky at unimaginable speeds freeze, change their flight path and emit a glow.

Alien skulls in archaeological finds

Modern archeology also poses serious questions to official history. Findings of archaeologists today more and more confirm the version of the contacts of aliens with people. The latest artifacts that have been excavated under the thickness of the soil prove that other creatures lived on the planet along with people, very similar in structure to humans.

Find R. Riquelme

In 2011, in Peru, archaeologist R. Riquelma managed to unearth graves with skeletons that were strikingly different from ordinary human skeletons. They had a completely different skull shape, and their dimensions were significantly different from human ones. The growth of these creatures was no more than 50 cm, and the size of the head was proportionally much larger than that of an ordinary person.

Skull found by Riquelme in Peru

The skull of this creature caused surprise among many scientists, since its eye sockets were huge, the shape itself resembled a triangle, and the skull itself was disproportionately elongated and was not at all like the skull of an ordinary person. Also, a fontanel was found on the surface of the skull. At first, scientists thought that the skull belonged to a child, but immediately abandoned this version - the teeth in the skull were molars. The find was sent for DNA testing, but the results were never reported to anyone, soon the find was “forgotten” and never remembered or investigated again.

In the 90s, the entire scientific world was puzzled by a new find - skulls were found in Peru, which were also elongated, and the skeletons themselves made it possible to assume that the growth of these "people" was about 3 meters. An interesting fact is that the pharaohs and their wives in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs are depicted with long headdresses. Since the discovery of these skeletons, many scientists seriously believe that these are by no means headdresses, but the people depicted in hieroglyphs actually had such a skull structure.

It is also noteworthy that the growth of these people is 2 or 3 times higher than that of all other people who are depicted on the same frescoes.

Abstract on the topic:

"Basic Hypotheses of the Origin of Man".

On the subject: "The concept of modern natural science."

Completed by a 2nd year student

Ivanova Yu.V.

Moscow, 2010

Introduction ……………………………………………………. 3

Theories of anthropogenesis:

1. Theory of evolution …………………………………….. 3

   Theory of creation (creationism) …………………….. 5

   Theory of paleovisit …………………………………….. 7

   Theory of spatial anomalies ……………….. 9

Conclusion ………………………………………………… 11

Bibliography ………………………………………………… 12

Introduction.

Every person, as soon as he began to realize himself as a person, was visited by the question “where did we come from?”. Despite the fact that the question sounds very simple, there is no single answer to it. Nevertheless, a number of sciences deal with this problem - the problem of the emergence and development of man. In particular, in the science of anthropology, even such a concept as anthropogenesis, that is, the historical and evolutionary formation of the physical type of a person, has been singled out. Other aspects of the origin of man are studied by philosophy, theology, history, paleontology. Theories regarding the origin of life on Earth are varied and far from reliable. The most common theories for the origin of life on Earth are as follows:

evolutionary theory;

Creation theory (creationism);

Theory of external interference;

Theory of spatial anomalies.

Evolution theory.

evolutionary theory n assumes that man descended from higher primates - great apes by gradual modification under the influence of external factors and natural selection.

The evolutionary theory of anthropogenesis has an extensive set of diverse evidence - paleontological, archaeological, biological, genetic, cultural, psychological, and others. However, much of this evidence can be interpreted ambiguously, which allows opponents of evolutionary theory to challenge it.

According to this theory, the following main stages of human evolution take place:

time of successive existence of human anthropoid ancestors (Australopithecines);

the existence of the most ancient people: Pithecanthropus;

the stage of the Neanderthal, that is, the ancient man;

development of modern people (neoanthropes).

In 1739, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in his "Systema Naturae" classified man - Homo sapiens - as one of the primates. Since then, there has been no doubt among scientists that this is precisely the place of man in the zoological system, which covers all living forms with single classification relationships based mainly on the features of the anatomical structure. In this system, primates form one of the orders within the class of mammals and are divided into two suborders: semi-monkeys and higher primates. The latter include apes, great apes and humans. Primates share many specific features that distinguish them from other mammals.

However, the theory of evolution gained its distribution thanks to the research of the English scientist - Charles Darwin. His theory of natural selection was a real breakthrough, the arguments given by Darwin and his followers led to the fact that the theory of evolution became widespread in the scientific world and the evolution of man from the animal world became the main theory of anthropogenesis.

Today, there are many ordinary people in the world who consider themselves staunch adherents of evolutionary anthropogenesis, but, despite the large number of his admirers, there is a huge number of scientists and ordinary people who recognize the theory as untenable and bring strong, undeniable arguments against the evolutionary view of anthropogenesis. world. The authoritative part of scientists perceives the evolutionary theory only as a mythology based more on philosophical fabrications than on scientific data. Thanks to this, in the modern scientific world, ongoing discussions about the causes of the emergence of the world and man continue, which sometimes even result in mutual hostility. However, the theory of evolution still exists and is the most serious and justified.

Theory of creation (creationism).

This theory states that man was created by God, gods or divine power from nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version is that God created the world in seven days, and the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples.

Of course, the most ardent followers of this theory are religious communities. Based on the sacred texts of antiquity (Bible, Koran, etc.), followers of all world religions recognize this version as the only possible one. This theory appeared in Islam, but its spread in Christianity. All world religions gravitate towards the version of the Creator God, however, its appearance may change, depending on the religious branch.

Orthodox theology considers the theory of creation to be unprovable. Nevertheless, various proofs of this theory are put forward, the most important of which is the similarity of myths and legends of different peoples that tell about the creation of man.

Modern theology uses the latest scientific data to prove the theory of creation, which, however, for the most part do not contradict evolutionary theory.

Some currents of modern theology bring creationism closer to evolutionary theory, believing that man evolved from apes through gradual modification, but not as a result of natural selection, but by the will of God or in accordance with a divine program.

Creationism is thought of as God's Creation. However, at present, some consider it as the result of the activities of a highly developed civilization that creates various forms of life and monitors their development.

Since the end of the last century, the theory of evolution has dominated the world, but a few decades ago, new scientific discoveries made many scientists doubt the possibility of the evolutionary mechanism. In addition, if the evolutionary theory has at least some explanation for the process of the emergence of living matter, then the mechanisms for the emergence of the Universe simply remain outside the scope of this theory, while religion provides exhaustive answers to many controversial questions. For the most part, creationism is based on the Bible, which gives a fairly clear scheme for the emergence of the world around us. Many people believe that creationism is a theory based solely on faith in its development. Nevertheless, creationism is precisely a science based on scientific methodology and the results of scientific experiments. This misconception stems primarily from a very superficial acquaintance with the theory of creation, as well as from a well-established prejudiced attitude towards this scientific movement. As a result of this, many people are much more sympathetic towards completely unscientific theories, not confirmed by practical observations and experiments, such as, for example, the fantastic "paleovisit theory", which admits the possibility of artificial creation of the Universe known to us by "external civilizations".

Often, creationists themselves add fuel to the fire by putting faith on a par with scientific facts. This gives many people the impression that they are dealing more with philosophy or religion than with science.

Creationism does not solve the problem of a narrow, highly specialized field of scientific knowledge. Each individual science that studies its own part of the world around us is organically part of the scientific apparatus of creationism, and the facts obtained by it add up a complete picture of the creational doctrine.

The main goal of creationism is to promote human knowledge of the world around us by scientific methods and use this knowledge to solve the practical needs of mankind.

Creationism, like any other science, has its own philosophy. The philosophy of creationism is the philosophy of the Bible. And this greatly increases the value of creationism for humanity, which has already managed to see by its own example how important the philosophy of science is to prevent the rash consequences of its development.

Creationism is by far the most consistent and consistent theory of the origin of the world around us. And it is precisely its consistency with the numerous scientific facts of the most diverse scientific disciplines that make it the most promising platform for the further development of human knowledge.

The theory of external intervention (paleovisit).

According to this theory, the appearance of people on Earth is somehow connected with the activities of other civilizations. The term paleovisit itself means visiting the Earth by extraterrestrial civilizations. In the simplest version, TVV considers people to be direct descendants of aliens who landed on Earth in prehistoric times.

More complex TVV options involve:

a) interbreeding of aliens with the ancestors of people;

b) generation of Homo sapiens by genetic engineering methods;

c) management of the evolutionary development of terrestrial life by the forces of extraterrestrial superintelligence;

d) the evolutionary development of terrestrial life and mind according to the program originally laid down by the extraterrestrial supermind.

At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, the topic of paleovisit had a real chance to be included in the scope of normal scientific research.

On the one hand, during this period there was a real revolution in the perception of all the problems of extraterrestrial civilizations. By that time, radio astronomy and communication technology had reached such a level of development that it became clear that radio communication between humanity and its alleged "brothers in mind" from the nearest star systems is already feasible today. Listening to the cosmos began in search of meaningful signals, articles and monographs about extraterrestrial civilizations and ways of contacting them began to flood in, in a word, the question of extraterrestrial intelligence, which until now seemed somewhat abstract, has finally become the subject of practical concerns of science.

On the other hand, the entry of mankind into the space age had a profound impact on scientific thought, and indeed on the whole of society. The conquest of near-Earth space, the rapid progress of cosmonautics, its limitless prospects - all this, among other things, created a solid basis for the assumption that the more developed civilizations of the Galaxy could have long begun interstellar expeditions.

The first developer of the theory of paleovisit was M.M. Agrest. Having expressed the idea of ​​the possibility of repeated visits to the Earth by messengers from other worlds, the scientist called for the search for relevant evidence in myths, legends, written records and material culture. He drew attention to a number of facts related mainly to the Middle East and neighboring regions: biblical texts about the coming of celestial beings to Earth, a giant stone terrace erected in Baalbek (Lebanon, unknown by whom and for what purpose), a drawing of an "astronaut" on the rocks Tassilin-Ajera (North Africa), etc. However, the theory did not receive a proper response in the scientific world. There were other attempts to return to it, but they all rested on the stereotypes of conservative science and the impossibility of presenting substantiated evidence.

In recent decades, the theory of paleovisit is experiencing its second birth. Every year the number of its supporters and followers is growing, and scientific research gives scientists the right to speak more and more confidently about the existence of an extraterrestrial highly developed civilization that created our world. Some ancient tribes claim to be descended from aliens who passed on their knowledge to them and repeatedly visited the Earth. This cannot be denied, since inexplicable discoveries in the field of mythology and archeology baffle conservative science, but all these mysteries of world history make sense in the context of the existence of an extraterrestrial presence. These are rock paintings depicting unknown creatures, and complex structures resting in the thickness of the earth or on its surface ... And who knows, maybe the mysterious Stonehenge, which sends secret signals into outer space, is an information module, thanks to which extraterrestrial intelligence monitors the life of its creations.

Theory of spatial anomalies.

The followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - humanoid triad, which is commonly understood as substances, the fusion and interaction of which led to the emergence of mankind. These substances form a chain "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Terrestrial Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. This theory considers matter and energy not as natural elements of the universe, but as spatial anomalies: the ideal space does not contain either matter or energy and consists of protoparticles in an equilibrium state, the violation of this balance leads to the emergence of elementary particles that are in energy interaction with each other. Aura is an informational element of the universe. It is able to influence matter and energy, but it itself depends on them, that is, interaction is also observed here. It is more like a computer that stores and processes information and calculates a plan for the development of the material world several steps ahead.

However, the followers of the theory of spatial anomalies believe that the development of human civilization, and perhaps other civilizations of the universe, makes the aura more and more like the Universal Mind and even a deity, whose capabilities increase as the mind develops and spreads in the Universe.

TPA suggests that the "Matter-Energy-Aura" system strives for constant expansion, complication of the structural organization, and Aura, as a control element of the system, strives to create mind.

In this respect, the mind is an absolutely priceless thing. After all, it allows you to transfer the existence of mother and energy to a new level, where there is directed creation: the manufacture of objects that do not exist in nature, and the use of energy that nature stores in a latent state or wastes.

Aura is not a god, and it cannot miraculously create an intelligent being. It can only in the process of complex interactions bring to life such factors that can later lead to the emergence of reason.

TPA explains this by the fact that in its desire to complicate life forms, Aura calculates the perspectives of each species several steps ahead. Species highly specialized and therefore unpromising, it allows to die out. And views that have a perspective push for changes in a given direction.

Probably, the Aura has an energy or material potential, which allows it to make changes in the genetic structures and cause the specified mutations. There are suggestions that life is determined not only by biochemical processes, but also by special wave phenomena at the subatomic level. It is possible that these phenomena are the material echo of the aura - and perhaps the aura itself.

TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets the biosphere develops along the same path programmed at the level of the Aura.

In the presence of favorable conditions, this path leads to the emergence of a humanoid mind of the earth type.

In general, the interpretation of anthropogenesis in RTA does not differ significantly from evolutionary theory. However, TPA recognizes the existence of a certain program for the development of life and mind, which, along with random factors, governs evolution.

Conclusion.

The origin of life is one of the most mysterious questions, the exhaustive answer to which is unlikely to ever be received. Many hypotheses and even theories about the origin of life, explaining various aspects of this phenomenon, are still unable to overcome the essential circumstance - to experimentally confirm the fact of the appearance of life. Modern science does not have direct evidence of how and where life arose. There are only logical constructions and indirect evidence obtained through model experiments, and data in the field of paleontology, geology, astronomy and other sciences.

The main problems of anthropology and in the closest way ... In 1871, in the book " Origin human and sexual selection "Ch. Darwin put forward hypothesis O origin human from an ape-like ancestor...

Hypotheses origin life

Coursework >> Biology

All forms of life, including human. Suddenness is an artifact, ... In modern natural science, there are five major concepts of the origin of life: 1) creationism ... positions in the coacervate hypothesis origin life. basis hypotheses makes the assertion that...

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The paleocontact hypothesis suggests that the improvement of our civilization was due to more developed beings of extraterrestrial origin who flew to Earth. Their knowledge and experience played a huge role in the development of mankind. Among other things, there is a possibility that alien aliens (paleocontact theory) are at the origins of the human race. In various scriptures there are many indirect allusions pointing to this.

For the first time such thoughts were made by the scientist K. Tsiolkovsky, which is why he is the founder of the theory of paleocontact. M. Agreste gave wide popularity to the theory, when in the middle of the last century the article written by him “Traces lead to space” saw the light. In this article, various legends and myths appeared in the form of evidence of numerous visits of representatives of extraterrestrial races to our planet.

The Swiss archaeologist and writer Erich von Daniken took up the further development of the hypothesis. At first, his main occupation was entrepreneurship, but he did not achieve much success in this area. Subsequently, E. von Daniken seriously took up archeology. Later, he attracted a large audience to think about paleocontact by publishing the book "Memories of the Future" and making a documentary film of the same name.

Another representative of this theory is the scientist Z. Sitchin, who studied the history of the Middle East, archeology and ancient languages. In his opinion, the pyramids in ancient Egypt played the role of launch pads for the take-off of spaceships, and people at that time believed that aliens were gods, the creators of everything on Earth. He believed that there was a twelfth planet called "Nibiru", the inhabitants of which had close contact with the ancient people of Assyria and Babylon. This point of view is clearly seen in his books The Twelfth Planet and The Cradles of Civilization.

It is important to mention that already in ancient times, the Egyptian priests believed in the existence of other worlds and the creatures inhabiting them, who had contacts with earthlings. These hypotheses were adopted by some Greek philosophers. Thinkers Anaximander and Epicurus adhered to the same point of view as the Egyptian priests, believing that the cosmos has many worlds, emerging and dying, and living beings live in each of them. Another Greek philosopher, Anaxagoras, suggested that the so-called "germs of life" are transported in outer space. The famous physicist Isaac Newton admitted the existence of extraterrestrial life and noted in his notes that alien inhabitants are able to reach other worlds to communicate with their inhabitants. If we take into account all the research and conclusions in this area, it becomes clear that the main problem of paleovisits comes from the belief in the rationality of the creatures that inhabit the cosmos.

At one fine moment, when people realized that the Earth is just a ball, and every corner of this ball has already been explored, their eyes turned to space. Then humanity believed in the infinity of the universe, there were many fantastic stories about flights into space. And it immediately became clear that if people have the opportunity to go on a space journey, then the inhabitants of other planets can fly to Earth. This was the start of the Paleovisit hypothesis. But during such visits, there was the possibility of the formation of specific relations between people and newcomers from outside, which already implies paleocontact.

In 1952, scientists in the jungles of South America during the expedition discovered a strange thing: in a tribe of Indians, the Kayapo, they worship an unusual deity. According to the ancient legends of the tribe, one day a stranger appeared among them. Dressed in clothes that completely covered his body, he held a powerful weapon in his hands. Only the most courageous entered into a fight with him, while the rest, frightened, hid. But the attacks of the natives had no effect, as their weapons crumbled right in their hands. The stranger decided to stay with the Indians. They gave him a name - Bel Kororoti. He had a beneficial effect on the life of the natives, taught them many useful things. One girl from the tribe became his wife and bore him children who grew up very capable and intelligent. But the moment came when the alien decided to return to where he came from. Standing on the highest mountain, he looked up until a cloud of sparkling lightning descended on him, which took him with him. A lot of time has already passed, but the Indians still honor Bela Kororoti, the "messenger of heaven." And in honor of him they arrange a holiday, for which they put on suits specially woven from palm leaves, very much reminiscent of astronauts' spacesuits.

Many similar traditions can be found in other tribes. For example, in Brazil there is a Tupanimba tribe, in which the legend about the god Mo-nano, about the creation of the Universe and man, has been preserved. This legend tells how the god got angry at people who stopped respecting him. He retired to heaven, from where he sent righteous fire at them as a punishment for their sins. Only one person out of all survived, his name was Irin-Mage. God spared the man and married one of his daughters. Later they had offspring, which became the successor of the human race.

Another interesting legend exists in a tribe living on the banks of the Xingu River, which is a tributary of the Amazon. It tells that in ancient times all people lived on a star. But one day they had to call a council to choose a new house. One of the inhabitants stepped forward and suggested as a new habitat a wonderful planet, which he had already explored. Everyone agreed with him and began to weave a long thread that would connect their world with the Earth. Some Indians remained on the star, while most moved to the new world, however, thanks to the thread, they communicated with each other. But one day a demon came and cut off this thread, after which the connection with the star was forever lost.

A large number of ancient traditions bear indications that representatives of other planets visited the Earth in the distant past, but, more importantly, there are numerous material evidences of their visits. Various historical monuments containing drawings of unusual creatures of a humanoid type can be found around the world.

For example, in Siberia, archaeologists have discovered objects dating back to 700 BC, with strange creatures depicted on them. So, on one of them, there is a drawing of a creature with an elongated face and huge eyes. In Altai, many similar things were found in burial places, thanks to which they were very well preserved, as they were deep underground in conditions of constant temperature. Various artifacts carved with the faces of bird-like creatures have been discovered in Costa Rica. The head of the creatures is covered with something resembling a helmet, and instead of a nose they have a beak.

In China, during expeditions in the provinces of Shanxi and Guangzhou, many jade figures dating back to the second millennium BC were found. The figurines are made in the form of people with long fangs. Scientists are at a loss as to what these figurines served for, but put forward the theory that these figurines are the prototype of the people who inhabited China in ancient times.

Similar figurines depicting strange humanoids have been found in Japan. These figurines are molded of clay in the form of creatures with very long arms and huge bulging eyes. They have a tube in their mouth, similar to a scuba diver's tube, and a large plate on their chest. Some researchers have a hypothesis that these figures, called dogu, existed as a tool for shamans. Representatives of extraterrestrial races trained shamans to take away pain from a person, transferring it to a figurine, which later had to be broken. It helped heal the person.

In Syria, stone figurines with several pairs of eyes became archaeological finds. The stone figurines are dated to 3500 BC, and some of them are carved with smaller figurines resembling a baby in the womb. Scientists suggest that the stone idols are alien creatures.

In addition to material evidence, there is still a lot of evidence of visiting the Earth by representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations. In particular, there are tribes that have phenomenal knowledge in a particular area. The Maya Indians, for example, had extensive astronomical calculations. This is what allowed them to create a fairly accurate calendar. In addition, the huge stone buildings built by the Indians of the tribe are still fraught with a mystery, as they were built without special tools. A similar situation is with the Dogon tribe, which lives in Mali. The knowledge of the tribe is unique: they are well acquainted with astronomy, they know that there is an invisible star next to Sirius, but in fact it is - Sirius is a double star, a white dwarf is located next to it. Among the legends of the tribe there are stories about the visits of creatures from the sky, reminiscent of amphibians. Maybe this is the explanation for the unusual knowledge that the tribe possesses.

Another proof of the visits of aliens are the finds of archaeologists during the expedition to the mountains of Bayan-Kara-Ula, which took place in 1937-1938. Researchers have found a huge number of caves with burials in them. The skeletons found in the graves did not look like human ones, on the contrary, their structure was strikingly different from the structure of the human skeleton: a huge head with fragile joints and thin bones, the height of the creatures was only 1.3 meters. Eyewitnesses who were abducted by aliens gave just such descriptions of the appearance of aliens.

Scientists have considered that these are the skeletons of extinct monkeys. These conclusions were severely criticized by the public, denying the possibility of development of monkeys to such a level that they made orderly burials of the dead.

In these caves, above the graves, the researchers found strange drawings depicting the Moon and the Sun, and below them - small creatures in helmets. According to local legends, these creatures are yellow drops that came to Earth from heaven.

But the most important find in these caves is a huge number of stone disks on which strange signs are carved. Many undertook to decipher these signs, but their actions were unsuccessful. But in 1962, Chinese linguists deciphered some parts of the messages, which told that 12 thousand years ago, an alien spacecraft hit the Earth. A malfunction on the ship forced them to stay. But they failed to survive, the earth's climate was too alien for the aliens. According to the records, it is their bodies that are buried in those graves.

There are still a great many such amazing facts found all over the world. All of them contain information that representatives of extraterrestrial races flew to our planet, but none of them gives an answer to the question: why did they do it? However, there is one hypothesis that explains such visits by the fact that aliens came in search of genetic samples. And, in addition, there is an assumption that they taught people to bring the dead back to life, i.e. create zombies. If we take into account the African Voodoo religion, then in it a zombie is a corpse of a person animated by a sorcerer, who is completely in the power of the one who brought him back to life, and carries out his orders. The appearance of this concept can be attributed to 500 BC. Legends containing references to the animated dead exist in other countries. For example, in China there are legends about the creatures of Jang shi, literally it means "stiffened corpse." According to the description, these creatures are not endowed with any mental abilities, but have an excellent sense of smell, good eyesight and long claws. In Scandinavian culture, there are also such creatures, they are called Draugr.

In addition, scientists suspect that human blood was of great interest to aliens, as it was the source of vitality, the bearer of the essence of human existence.

The Indians believed that blood is the connecting element between the world of the dead and the world of the living. The blood contained the meaning of being a person who was transferred to the afterlife after death. Therefore, it was very significant, and ancient people performed special rites involving bloodletting.

Many ancient cultures contain stories of creatures resembling vampires. So, for example, the Cherokee Indians had the goddess Utlunta, who transformed into a woman and drank blood. And in the religious cult of Voodoo - the goddess Kali and the evil spirits of the vitals. The goddess Kali brought destruction and death, and her appearance was terrible: blue skin combined with a long tongue. However, vampires, in some way, had significant differences from zombies, because vampires, although they were dead, had a soul. People in ancient times believed that vampires are people who have sinned greatly during their lifetime.

In any case, researchers are still speculating whether bloodletting was a sure way to get closer to God, or whether all these traditions and legends of ancient people are a means to convey to us information about visits to the Earth by aliens from outside.

Aliens are an argument of despair. They should be called only when all rational explanations are over.
Carl Sagan. A world full of demons: Science is like a candle in the dark
Any sufficiently advanced extraterrestrial intelligence is indistinguishable from God.
Shermer's Last Law(107)

Alexander Borisovich Sokolov - “Scientists hide?” (“Alpina-non-fiction”, 2017).

Criticizing pseudoscientific ideas can be difficult, for a reason that the American psychologist Jonathan Smith put in two words: "patchwork" (108) . The ideas and arguments of the adherents of some pseudoscientific concept, unlike normal science, do not form a system. It is a chaotic collection of separate statements, sometimes loosely connected with each other. To refute this, you yourself will have to collect some semblance of a “theory” from scraps. And in vain you will look for allusions to scientific publications. Authoritative sources here are books with catchy titles, popular blogs and films.

The theory of “paleocontact” is just such a case, although once upon a time even serious scientists were fond of this hypothesis that excited the imagination (however, they were somehow not historians or archaeologists). And the popularity of the idea was ensured in the second half of the 20th century by science fiction writers and the corresponding cinema.

Let us recall Clark-Kubrick's "Space Odyssey", which opens with the scene of this same paleocontact. From the heights of the 21st century, it is easy to find factual inconsistencies in the film. Using the hands of aliens, the author tried to teach our ancestors - Pithecanthropes, amorphous and stupid - to make tools and hunt. We now know that chimpanzees are capable of both. So the newcomers would have to conduct master classes not only in front of Australopithecus, but to teach the whole humanoid brethren in the African jungle (and also the Capuchins in South America, who masterfully manage stones) to the mind.

However, supporters of the popular version of paleocontact consider the “start” of the Paleolithic to be not a large-scale affair for aliens. Aliens had much more serious views on our planet. What did they want? Save humanity from epidemics? To reveal to people the secret of eternal youth? No, better! Build up the entire planet with structures made of stone blocks.

In our country, the movement of "paleocontacters" has a long history. Back in 1987, the journal Tekhnika-Youth published an article entitled "The Ballad of Space "Ushels"" (109), whose authors, Lev Fomin and Aleksey Arefiev, analyzed (and smashed to smithereens) the main arguments in favor of paleocontact. And in 1988, Soviet scientists - philologist Alexander Kondratov and archaeologist Konstantin Shilik - wrote the book "How the myths of the 20th century are born" (110) , a whole section of which was devoted to "ancient astronauts." Analyzing the reasons for the popularity of the idea of ​​paleocontact, the authors considered it as a kind of modern religion.

Alas, after almost 30 years, the number of supporters of this pseudoscientific concept has only increased.

Perhaps the most famous preacher of "paleocontact" in the world is the Swiss writer and filmmaker Erich von Däniken. This extremely active character has produced more than 30 books that have been published in tens of millions of copies. Cheerful and energetic, Erich does not write scientific nonsense, his works are distinguished by a different style - rollicking, with jokes and constant attacks on "academic science". The immediacy and directness of Deniken are captivating. “It’s hard to call me a scientist, because I have never participated in scientific work,” the “researcher of ancient civilizations” in an interview with the German magazine Focus (111) naively admits. And it is true! And in one of the books, Deniken tells how he tried to find out from a friend “who is this Omar Khayyam”, whose name he had just read on the label of a wine bottle (112) .

“Really, sometimes you wonder what pseudo-arguments the authors of school and university textbooks try to use in order to substantiate their teachings that cause yawning” (113) is another characteristic statement of Deniken.

Apparently, it was yawning that pushed the cheerful Swiss away from doing science. But he perfectly mastered the formula "aliensdidit" ("aliens did it"). How to use it? It is necessary to find something incomprehensible in the past (for von Däniken with his horizons, this is a couple of trifles), and then - aliensdidit! "Who? Who built these structures / carved these magnificent statues in the rock / stuffed these mummies into the tombs / comprehended the movement of the planets / invented the calendar? What do you think, huh? the author winks at us. What are the mysterious creatures? Does anyone seriously believe that people were capable of this? Where are they, wretched! And what if for a moment we assume that they were aliens? At this point, the theorem can be considered proven.

The second iconic figure in the sky of paleocontact is the American writer Zecharia Sitchin, who gave the world the planet Nibiru and the almighty Anunnaki. Once every 3600 years, the mysterious planet approached the Earth. And it was in these moments of history that something happened to humanity! People invented either agriculture, or ceramics, or writing. Is it just a coincidence? Hardly! It's all the fault of the Anunnaki - the gods, the creators of the Sumerian civilization. Unlike the humorist Deniken, Sitchin is extremely serious and even boring. The writer appointed the next visit to Nibiru for 2012. But either “their gasoline has run out, or maybe the engine has stalled,” as Vysotsky sang. The Nibiruans have not arrived.

Consider the main arguments of the supporters of paleocontact.

1. First, the unevenness of technical and cultural progress. "Leaps" in the development of mankind - for example, the sudden appearance of art, the rapid spread of agriculture - are announced as the result of "humanitarian aid" from outside.

How could a person, paleocontacters ask, who until then eked out a practically animal existence for millions of years, “wandered through the forests in search of berries” and used nothing but rough-hewn stones, at one moment become a creator of magnificent works of art, a city builder, an astrologer, a healer , conqueror of the world?

Alas, when talking about sudden ancient innovations, paleocontacters quickly get into a puddle. Because, firstly, they obviously draw information only from popular literature. Secondly, they get confused in the chronology of events (which is poorly known).

So, Erich von Däniken in the book “The Stone Age Was Different” writes about the achievements of Neanderthal man:

“In addition to the huge volume of the brain, which in itself says a lot, the Neanderthal man erected amazing structures for his time. He managed to create such perfect masterpieces that his Cro-Magnon descendants, who lived 35,000 years after him, did not create anything worthy of standing on a par with them ”(114) .

Immediately after such an intriguing passage, Deniken begins to talk about the flint mines in the town of Rijkholt. Everything is fine, only the age of this monument is 5000 years, Neanderthals have died out for 30,000 years.

“Despite the fact that more than 2 million years passed between the appearance of Australopithecus and Neanderthal, both used similar tools - sharpened stones - and appearance (as we imagine them) did not differ much from each other - and this is Zecharia Sitchin . “Then, unexpectedly and inexplicably, as if from nowhere, about 35,000 years ago, a new race of people appeared on Earth - Homo sapiens (“reasonable man”), which swept the Neanderthal from the face of our planet” (115) . Compare the description of Australopithecus and Neanderthal from at least Wikipedia and count for yourself how many mistakes Sitchin made in this short text.

But even if we close our eyes to factual errors, the question remains: does progress have to be even? We ourselves live in an era of unprecedented technological leap. However, such examples do not work on supporters of paleocontact.

2. "Inappropriate artifacts" - that is, some ancient objects (products, sculptures, structures), whose appearance is impossible in "that era", with "that development of technology." It is assumed that the paleocontacter knows "that era" well.

Out of place artefacts include gigantic images in the Nazca desert, fakes glorified by Hollywood - "Aztec crystal skulls", and occasionally sensational smaller finds, like the Romanian "part from a 250,000 year old UFO" that turned out to be a tooth of an excavator bucket (116) .

“Look at these grandiose monuments! - exclaims a supporter of paleocontact. - On their size, processing accuracy. Estimate how far they were dragged. Is it possible for such miserable people of the Stone Age, these half-animals in animal skins, who had just climbed down from the trees? How many thousands of people had to put their lives on the erection of meaningless monuments, if we accept the traditional version? Did they have nothing else to do? And did so many people live in that era?

Confidently dismissing the earthly origin of megalithic structures, the paleocontacter believes that sawing limestone blocks in quarries is a favorite pastime for aliens.

3. Ancient myths, legends, epics, religious texts. In them, the authors of theories about aliens look for and find references to spaceships, robots, alien monsters, "incredibly accurate" descriptions of the solar system.

There would be a desire, but there will be an alien in the text. Especially if the document is written in a dead language, using a writing system that is alien to us. Recognized masters of linguistics have been arguing about his interpretations for years. Ancient legends are poetic, filled with metaphors, allegories, miracles. What a field for interpretation!

In a decent myth, the gods live in heaven and periodically descend to Earth. How much fantasy is needed to replace the sky with space, and the gods with omnipotent humanoids? The gods demonstrate their anger - they incinerate people and entire cities. Is this not a direct indication of the use of nuclear weapons? And when a deity heals the crippled or resurrects the dead - obviously, we are talking about the miracles of Nibiruan medicine. This is how aliens appear in the Bible and the Mahabharata, Chinese chronicles, Icelandic sagas, ancient Egyptian and Sumerian mythology.

An unsurpassed master of finding aliens in ancient texts, the real king of interpretations is Zecharia Sitchin. Here is an example of his approach, which I suggest you put into practice. The word "shem", found in the Bible, is usually translated from Hebrew as "name". However, according to Sitchin, the same term was used in Scripture for a memorial stele with an oval top. And the word itself comes from the root "shama", meaning "that which is above." What is this if not a space rocket? If now the word “shem” in the Bible is always translated as “heavenly ship”, then Holy Scripture will acquire a completely different meaning (117) . Try it and see - Sitchin is damn right!

What is the biblical story about the creation of the world really about? “And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, grass yielding seed, fruitful tree yielding fruit after its kind, in which is its seed, on the earth. And so it was."

Sitchin considers this passage an accurate description of the sequence of domestication of plants (118). Indeed, according to historians, “this process began with wild herbs, followed by wild cereals, and then fruit trees and shrubs,” writes Sitchin.

The Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh certainly describes "air-space travel" for which the hero needs a shem (well, you get the idea - a space rocket).

Even in the signs of the Sumerians, Sitchin saw the image of a spacecraft with a descent module - exactly like Apollo 11 with a lunar module! Take a look at the picture: a real three-stage rocket with parts tightly fitted together (119) .

Indeed, what else was the Anunnaki to fly from Nibiru thousands of years ago, if not on three-stage Apollos.

We have come to the next point.

4. Ancient images. Now let's play an exciting game "find the alien in the picture."

Why are ancient drawings and sculptures good? The fact that they are often schematic, conditional - for example, they violate, or even completely ignore the laws of perspective. So, in the drawings of the ancient Egyptians, the size of a human figure does not mean the distance to a person, but his status. In ancient works of art, the language of symbols unfamiliar to us can be used. In addition, they are far from perfect.

As in the case of ancient texts, interpreters have room to turn around. With some skill, astronauts and interplanetary ships are found not only on rock paintings and in the works of ancient sculptors, but even on Orthodox icons.

Suppose this, according to Zecharia Sitchin, is a head in a helmet with straps and goggles (Israel, 9th millennium BC) (see the figure below, on the left) (120) .

But this 4,000-year-old stone goddess is dressed in a pilot or astronaut costume with “a special helmet, on both sides of which objects tightly covering the ears, resembling pilot headphones…” (121) (see the figure above, on the right).

True, bare feet stick out from under the pilot's dress, but these are such trifles.

And here is irrefutable proof that the Sumerians used radioactive substances in medicine: “... on a cylinder seal dating from the earliest period of the Sumerian civilization ... without a doubt, a person is depicted lying on a special bed; his face is protected by a mask and he is exposed to some kind of radiation”(122) (see figure below).

Nothing poorer than von Däniken's fantasy. Any creature depicted in a headdress or with something around its head seems to the tireless Swiss as an astronaut in a helmet. Horned helmet? Definitely radio antennas. Anything flying - be it the "wheels with eyes" from the book of the prophet Ezekiel or Hanuman's chariot from the Ramayana - is nothing more than a flying saucer.

Supporters of paleocontact seriously believe that such games prove something. And they pile interpretations upon interpretations without any care, forgetting about Occam's blade. But do you remember? It is not necessary to produce entities beyond what is necessary. Von Däniken and Co. time after time snatch from their bosoms the “ancient alien” hypothesis, which requires many arbitrary assumptions, without even bothering to consider simpler, often trivial explanations.

For example, a "celestial chariot" from a myth might be:

Allegory, metaphor;

An impression of some atmospheric phenomenon (comet flyby);

Description of hallucinations;

But I really want it to be a spaceship!

Something covering the head of a man in the picture may be a schematic headdress, a ritual mask of a shaman, an unusual hairstyle, an ornament “just for beauty”.

But I really want it to be an astronaut's helmet!

I will formulate a few questions that I would ask any adherent of paleocontact:

Why did the aliens, who owned super-technologies, spend time on structures made of stone blocks? Stone processing is great, but for aliens who have overcome interstellar distances, isn't it rather weak? By the way, in Russia at the end of the 19th century they stopped building fortifications made of stone, since they no longer served as reliable protection against actively improved artillery (123).

In continuation of the previous one: why would aliens (or people who have mastered alien technology) build “ancient observatories” from rough-hewn boulders that pointed to heavenly bodies at certain points in time? Is Stonehenge the limit of Nibiruan technology? Didn't our heavenly guests have normal astronomical instruments?

Why should the "ancient landing sites" (in the Nazca desert) look like giant images of terrestrial animals - monkeys, spiders, birds or lizards? Otherwise, the aliens will not guess where to land the starship? Why do super-civilizations need any signs for landing? Even our landers on the Moon and Mars did without them. And what super-civilization marks the future cosmodrome by hammering wooden stakes (their remains were found at the corner points of the Nazca images)? (124)

Why should aliens from distant stars who visited our planet thousands of years ago look like terrestrial cosmonauts of the 20th century, that is, like little men in a spacesuit, in a helmet “with antennas”? Such aliens are drawn by a child who has seen enough cartoons, but we seem to be adults.

How far can one go in interpreting legends and myths? Doesn't the stupa with Baba Yaga from Russian folk tales turn out to be a space aircraft, Kolobok - a spheroidal cybernetic organism, Kashchei the Deathless - a terminator robot, Pike from the hole - a representative of the underwater civilization of ichthyoids?

Where does common sense end when interpreting images? For example, in the drawing of my daughter Alena (see the figure below), a space rocket and a humanoid with tentacles? Or is it still a house with a roof and a girl?

What else to add? Paleocontacter takes great pride in the fact that his concept provides an explanation for a wide range of questions that "no other theory" can answer. “And only the hypothesis of the intervention of representatives of an extraterrestrial intelligence provides an answer to all questions at once and has universal applicability, explaining everything from the emergence of life on Earth and intelligence to the causes of biblical miracles” (125), writes Deniken proudly. In fact, universality, that is, the absence of applicability limits, is a characteristic feature of pseudoscientific fantasy. Before us is the classic "universal theory of everything, which explains everything." In this sense, the logic of paleocontacters is no different from the approach of a religious fanatic, who sees the "hand of the creator" everywhere. Instead of trying to figure it out, something incomprehensible (requiring explanation) is replaced by another, no less incomprehensible, but no longer requiring any explanation. That's the will of God, amen ... That is, Aliensdidit! It seems that the theory of paleocontact is an excellent substitute for religion for the modern man in the street, who for some reason is not satisfied with the classical Almighty. Tired of the traditional Lord? Let's replace it with all-powerful aliens (and literally: among the orthodox "paleocontacters" both Jesus and Buddha are messengers of other worlds). Covenants were given to us from above, only not by the Creator, but by little green men from a flying saucer. We are not alone, we are constantly being watched. And someday they will fly again to "fix everything."

The secret to the popularity of the paleocontact idea is simple: aliens are exciting! A school history textbook is boring. A teenager who grew up on science fiction films can only believe in the reality of what is happening on the screen. And how not to believe when the voice of the TV presenter sounds so confident, and the "researchers of ancient civilizations" authoritatively sparkle with glasses. As one creative person put it, “I like to believe in aliens!”. Like to believe. An ideal formulation of a view of the world that is directly opposite to the scientific one.

Can paleocontacter theories be called science? For comparison, open any article in a decent scientific journal devoted to the proof of some prosaic archaeological hypothesis. Whether it's about how ancient people hunted, or about their dwellings, or about the use of fire, or about helping each other with injuries, or about their diet, or, for example, about the causes of osteoarthritis in ancient artisans - you will see how carefully researchers substantiate each of their thesis, how careful they are in the wording. Compare with the level of argumentation of paleocontact supporters. Feel the difference between science and "nonsense" masquerading as science.

Pyramids, medieval astronaut and sloth. The astronaut on the bas-relief of the cathedral in Spain and other artifacts - analyzes the science journalist Alexander Sokolov

Alexander Sokolov. Science vs ancient astronauts

Who built the pyramids - the Atlanteans or the Martians? Did the guests from Nibiru discover the secret technologies of the gods to the Sumerians? Where are the mummies of ancient aliens kept? Is it true that humans are the product of alien genetic engineering? Why do historians not believe in paleocontact?

Paleocontact. Ancient aliens. Myths about human evolution.

Huge drawings on the Nazca plateau in Peru, megaliths around the world and mysterious allusions in ancient texts. Doesn't all this prove that powerful aliens visited the Earth in ancient times? Or maybe the man himself is the result of genetic experiments of aliens? What evidence do the adherents of paleocontact operate on, and is it worth taking seriously this version of the origin of man?

Humanity or UFO? Eugene Girya.

In the lecture, you will learn about archeology as a science that deals with the reconstruction and evidence-based interpretation of human behavior in the distant past.

The legendary archaeologist, historian and very charismatic popularizer of archeology Yevgeny Girya. There are legends about Evgeny: either he and his colleagues butchered an elephant with stone axes in the Leningrad Zoo, or straightened mammoth tusks using Paleolithic technology ... Is this true?

Eugene tells that the ancient man left behind a lot of objects of material culture: tools, fireplaces, labyrinths, rock paintings ... Traces of conscious activity can be found in the most unexpected places. For example, notches and incisions were found on camel bones aged 2.1 Ma. Looks like some ancient ape has already experimented with tools! How to distinguish natural damage from artificial traces of processing made by an intelligent or already almost intelligent being? The study of the traces of the activities of ancient people is the science of trasology. It is used in both forensics and archeology.

Exposing the goat-horned aliens (Alien... goats)

A number of drawings and figurines of different ages and from different continents are interpreted by paleocontact supporters as images of astronauts dressed in spacesuits and/or sealed helmets.
You can, of course, attribute everything to the artist's imagination or his lack of qualifications, but the resemblance is sometimes quite surprising...

And the negligence and inaccuracy of a number of images is fully explained by the fact that they were created by people long before the space age of mankind ...
There is a lot of indirect evidence that in the distant past our planet was visited by representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations that have reached a high level of development.
Numerous artifacts found in different parts of the globe depict strange creatures, which in our time are commonly called humanoids.

The first known mention of the possible influence of aliens on the history of the Earth belongs to Charles Fort, who published in 1919 the "Book of the Damned", dedicated to the consideration of facts excluded from consideration by official science.
The founder of the paleocontact hypothesis in its modern formulation is considered to be Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who first spoke in 1928-1929 with the idea of ​​a possible visit to the Earth by aliens in the past.

In 1950, Immanuel Velikovsky published the book "Fighting Worlds", which focuses on the theory of catastrophes (global glaciation, the disappearance of parts of the land under water, tsunamis), the cause of which, according to the author, is a change in the orbit of the Earth's rotation under the influence of Mars and Venus . The author's views, based on the texts of the Old Testament and some data from geology, astronomy, archeology, history and mythology with a claim to "interdisciplinarity", have been repeatedly criticized.

In the 50s - 60s, the Soviet mathematician Matest Agrest became a popularizer of the paleocontact hypothesis, in resonant articles “Traces lead to space” and “Cosmonauts of antiquity”, interpreting ancient myths as evidence of a visit to Earth by representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations. In the next two decades, more than two hundred works were published in the USSR in various popular scientific journals and newspapers, the topic of which was the problem of paleocontacts.

The peak of the worldwide enthusiasm for the idea of ​​paleocontact was influenced by the book of the Swiss ufologist Erich von Daniken "Chariots of the Gods" (1968), as well as the West German documentary film dilogy "Memories of the Future" (1970) and "The Message of the Gods" (in the Soviet box office) based on it. - "Secrets of the Gods", 1976) - falls on the 70s. In his book, which has become an international bestseller, E. von Daniken, based on his own interpretation of the ancient monuments of folklore, myths, sacred texts, architectural structures and archaeological finds (in particular, the so-called "inappropriate artifacts") as "evidence" of the visit of the EC to Earth, is trying to elevate the paleocontact hypothesis to the rank of a scientific theory.

Since it is impossible to exclude direct contacts of space civilizations with earthlings with the help of appropriate aircraft, there is no fundamental prohibition to associate some of the UFOs with the activities of aliens.
It seems natural to take a historical approach when it is required to study the question of paleocontacts, the possibility of which, expressed by K.E. Tsiolkovsky, does not depend on our desires and theory.
In general, the essence of the problem is the questions: were there any contacts, what are their goals, consequences, prospects?
What are the genetic ratios of Extraterrestrial Civilizations and humanity?

Purpose of the visit

Mining

Such a position had a scientific basis in the 1960s-1970s and was based on the complete absence of data on exoplanets (the first exoplanet was discovered only in 1989), scarce data on the chemical composition of the interstellar medium (sufficiently detailed data were obtained only after the launch of space observatories in the late 1980s) and the then modern idea of ​​high technology, forced to use gold (electronics industry), natural diamonds (instrument making, tool industry), rubies and sapphires (optical and watch industry) and other precious minerals. However, in the light of new discoveries in astronomy, it is clear that there is many times more gold, diamonds, iron and other resources in space, and in the vicinity of a number of stars there are literally “diamond clouds”, and it is not advisable to fly to Earth for this. In addition, in the light of trends in the development of terrestrial technologies proper in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries, there is less and less dependence on natural mineral "precious" resources and a transition to synthetic materials, especially in high-tech areas. For example, if in the 1970s gold and silver were actively used in electrical engineering and electronics (from relay contacts to internal conductors of microcircuits and gold-plated leads), then in the 21st century they almost fell out of use in these industries. Since the 1980s, synthetic diamonds, rubies, and sapphires have been mass-produced by the industry; they have the required properties and make it unnecessary to use natural analogues in optics, precision mechanics, and tool manufacturing. In other areas of technology, gold and other natural precious materials fell into disuse even earlier.

Organic raw materials (oil and similar hydrocarbons), as well as iron and light non-ferrous metals, are also well distributed in the Universe (on planets and in the interstellar medium). This was well known already in the 1960s, and during the oil crisis of 1972, against the backdrop of panicky forecasts of oil prices by the 2000s, there were futuristic projects for the extraction of hydrocarbons, primarily methane, on the planets of the solar system. But even according to the most optimistic estimates, the energy costs for their interplanetary transportation will be significantly greater than the energy intensity of the delivered batch. Interstellar, and even more so intergalactic transportation of hydrocarbons is completely inappropriate. This hypothesis, in its essence, was an echo of the panicky speculations of the 1970s and never had a scientific basis.

There may be interest in heavy metals (such as uranium), which are found in large quantities on Earth, but may not be present at all on most planets. But even on Earth, uranium is presented not in the form of nuggets, but in the form of poor ore, which, obviously, the aliens would have to enrich on the spot, creating industrial facilities like modern nuclear power plants and radiochemical plants. However, if we assume that such factories existed on Earth in the past, even after millennia, traces of them should have remained, at least in the form of radioactive anomalies that have not been detected. And it is unlikely that such high-tech facilities could be built from local materials using local technologies in the conditions of even the beginning of the 19th century on Earth, not to mention the primitive society, and the need for interstellar (and perhaps intergalactic) transportation of the most complex and heavy equipment calls into question the very idea of ​​​​mining and enriching metals on an alien planet. The success of the industrial production of artificial chemical elements on Earth shows that it is easier for a highly developed civilization to establish their synthetic production.

Human Resources

Supporters of paleocontact theories (for example, Zecharia Sitchin) argue that aliens needed people as a cheap or free labor force. Such a hypothesis follows more from folklore, which generalizes human fears and vices, than from any scientific data. Skeptics claim that a civilization capable of interstellar travel must have achieved a level of industrial automation that eliminated the need for free labor. In addition, such a labor force will be completely unskilled (it is unlikely, for example, that the skills and knowledge of even the best masters of ancient Egypt would have been in any way in demand even in the earthly 19th century, not to mention the era of astronautics). As an illustration, skeptics cite the labor market in the United States, where there has been no need for cheap and unskilled labor from non-industrial countries in Asia, Africa and Oceania for half a century. One can also cite the example of the USSR, where at the beginning of industrialization the free unskilled labor of Gulag prisoners was widely used, but with the development of technology in the course of the implementation of atomic and space projects, the use of prisoner labor even in auxiliary operations came to naught.

intermediate base

The option of using the Earth by aliens as a planet with conditions closest to their usual ones as an intermediate base (“jump airfield”) for refueling and maintenance of spacecraft, replenishment of provisions and rest of crews on the way to distant worlds is also being considered. This topic comes up mostly in science fiction. However, the high value of the free fall acceleration on the Earth greatly complicates this task. In addition, the need to decelerate from intergalactic speeds to the first cosmic speed and subsequent acceleration makes the use of such a maneuver completely meaningless from an energy point of view, even if we assume that the transit vehicle does not land, but is serviced in Earth orbit or on the Moon by space shuttles (a similar feature is also characteristic of modern aviation: long-haul liners take on board a sufficient amount of fuel to fly to the destination airport without intermediate landings, since the fuel costs for landing and subsequent take-off from an intermediate airfield for a large aircraft are approximately equal to the costs of 3-4 hours of cruising flight). In addition, even if we assume that aliens are close to terrestrial life in terms of chemical structure and biology, due to the chiral purity of biological objects, there is a high (50%) probability of a “mirror world”, which will make the Earth’s bioresources unsuitable for aliens.

Experiment

The reason for the visit to Earth of "ancient cosmonauts" could be an experiment carried out with a single purpose known to them.

Research mission

There is a possibility of aliens visiting the Earth for research purposes, without necessarily coming into contact with local life forms.

Man-made disasters and air battles

M. Agrest, E. von Daniken, L. Soucek and others, based on the biblical legend about the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, suggest that the death of cities was caused by a powerful nuclear explosion. However, this hypothesis does not find confirmation in other written sources, and the exact location of the biblical Sodom and Gomorrah is unknown, which calls into question the correspondence of the Old Testament tradition to historical reality. An alternative point of view is that these cities really existed in the vicinity of the Dead Sea, but were destroyed as a result of an earthquake accompanied by explosions of underground gases. Rocks in the vicinity of the desert around the Dead Sea do not contain traces of high levels of radioactive substances.

Similar hypotheses are put forward for other cities (Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Borsippa, etc.), where melted bricks and fragments of fortress walls were found during excavations. However, such finds may be the result of a strong fire, and by no means nuclear explosions, which has been proven in a number of modern experiments.

The formation of round-shaped tektites, which are found in various places on the planet (including the ocean floor), distributed over a large area, is explained by the action of natural processes or the result of meteorite impact (although there is no unequivocal opinion on this), and by no means as a result of a nuclear explosion or the action of an engine alien spaceship. The crust that would have formed as a result of such an impact is resistant to erosion and should have already been found, which is not documented.

The Mahabharata and Ramayana texts, often used by palaeocontact supporters as evidence of ancient aerial battles allegedly using rocket or nuclear weapons, have obvious features of exaggeration and a tendency to surpass the previous description every time. Many episodes of them can be explained by the use of firearms of various types (rockets, explosive shells) using black powder, which left a strong impression and migrated to epics in an exaggerated form. The descriptions of water weapons or invisible loops found there, which have no real basis, confirm this point of view.