The plot of V. Shalamov's stories is a painful description of the prison and camp life of the prisoners of the Soviet GULAG, their tragic fate similar to one another, in which the case, merciless or merciful, an assistant or a murderer, arbitrariness of chiefs and thieves reigns supreme. Hunger and its convulsive satiety, exhaustion, painful dying, slow and almost equally painful recovery, moral humiliation and moral degradation - this is what is constantly in the focus of the writer.
Eulogy
The author recalls by the names of his comrades in the camps. Recalling the mournful martyrology, he tells who and how he died, who suffered and how, who hoped for what, who and how behaved in this Auschwitz without stoves, as Shalamov called the Kolyma camps. Few managed to survive, few managed to survive and remain morally unbreakable.
Life of engineer Kipreev
Having not betrayed or sold anyone, the author says that he has developed for himself a formula for active protection of his existence: a person can only consider himself human and withstand, if at any moment he is ready to commit suicide, ready to die. However, later he realizes that he only built a comfortable shelter for himself, because it is not known what you will be in the decisive moment, whether you have enough physical strength, and not just mental strength. Arrested in 1938, engineer-physicist Kipreev not only withstood the beating during interrogation, but even rushed at the investigator, after which he was put in a punishment cell. However, they still get a signature under false testimony from him, intimidating with the arrest of his wife. Nevertheless, Kipreev continued to prove to himself and to others that he was a man, not a slave, as all prisoners are. Thanks to his talent (he invented a way to restore burnt out light bulbs, repaired an X-ray machine), he manages to avoid the most difficult jobs, but not always. He miraculously survives, but the moral shock remains in him forever.
On presentation
Camp corruption, Shalamov testifies, to a greater or lesser extent affected everyone and took place in a variety of forms. Two thieves are playing cards. One of them is played in fluff and asks to play for "presentation", that is, in debt. At some point, infuriated by the game, he unexpectedly orders an ordinary prisoner from among the intelligentsia, who happened to be among the spectators of their game, to hand over a woolen sweater. He refuses, and then one of the thieves "finishes" him, but the sweater still goes to the blatar.
At night
Two prisoners sneak to the grave, where the body of their deceased comrade was buried in the morning, and take off the underwear from the dead man to sell or exchange for bread or tobacco the next day. The initial disgust for the removed clothes is replaced by the pleasant thought that tomorrow they may be able to eat a little more and even smoke.
Single measurement
Camp labor, unambiguously defined by Shalamov as slave labor, for the writer is a form of the same corruption. The gross prisoner is not able to give a percentage rate, so labor becomes torture and slow mortification. Zek Dugaev is gradually weakening, unable to withstand a sixteen-hour working day. He carries, kailit, pours, again carries and again kailit, and in the evening the caretaker appears and measures what Dugaev has done with a tape measure. The named figure - 25 percent - seems to Dugaev very large, his calves ache, his arms, shoulders, head ache unbearably, he even lost the feeling of hunger. A little later, he is summoned to the investigator, who asks the usual questions: name, surname, article, term. A day later, the soldiers take Dugaev to a remote place, surrounded by a high fence with barbed wire, from where the chirring of tractors can be heard at night. Dugaev guesses why he was brought here and that his life is over. And he only regrets that the last day was tormented in vain.
Rain
Sherry Brandy
A poet-prisoner dies, who was called the first Russian poet of the twentieth century. It lies in the dark depths of the lower row of solid two-story bunks. It takes a long time to die. Sometimes a thought comes up - for example, that bread was stolen from him, which he put under his head, and this is so scary that he is ready to swear, fight, search ... But he no longer has the strength for this, and even the thought of bread weakens too. When a daily ration is put into his hand, he presses the bread to his mouth with all his might, sucks it, tries to tear and gnaw with scurvy loose teeth. When he dies, he is not written off for two more days, and inventive neighbors manage to receive bread for the dead as a living person when distributing them: they make him, like a puppet doll, raise his hand.
Shock therapy
Prisoner Merzlyakov, a man of large build, finding himself in general work, feels that he is gradually giving up. One day he falls, cannot get up right away and refuses to drag the log. First they beat him, then the guards, they bring him to the camp - he has a broken rib and pains in his lower back. And although the pains quickly passed, and the rib healed, Merzlyakov continues to complain and pretends that he cannot straighten up, trying at any cost to delay the discharge to work. He is sent to the central hospital, to the surgical department, and from there to the nervous one for research. He has a chance to be activated, that is, written off due to illness. Remembering the mine, pinching the cold, a bowl of empty soup, which he drank without even using a spoon, he concentrates all his will so as not to be caught in deception and sent to the penalty mine. However, the doctor Pyotr Ivanovich, himself a prisoner in the past, did not miss. The professional displaces the human in him. Most of his time he spends precisely on exposing simulators. This flatters his pride: he is an excellent specialist and is proud that he retained his qualifications, despite a year of common work. He immediately realizes that Merzlyakov is a simulator, and anticipates the theatrical effect of a new exposure. First, the doctor gives him a raush-anesthesia, during which Merzlyakov's body can be straightened, and after another week, the procedure of the so-called shock therapy, the action of which is similar to an attack of violent madness or an epileptic seizure. After it, the prisoner himself asks for discharge.
Typhoid quarantine
Prisoner Andreev, falling ill with typhus, goes to quarantine. Compared to general work in the mines, the position of the patient gives a chance to survive, which the hero almost did not hope for. And then he decides, by hook or by crook, to stay here as long as possible, in the transit, and there, perhaps, he will no longer be sent to the golden slaughter, where hunger, beatings and death. At the roll call before the next dispatch of those who are considered recovered to work, Andreev does not respond, and thus he manages to hide for a long time. The transit line is gradually emptying, the turn finally reaches Andreev as well. But now it seems to him that he won his battle for life, that now the taiga is satiated and if there are dispatches, then only for near, local business trips. However, when a truck with a selected group of prisoners, who were unexpectedly given winter uniforms, passes the line separating near and far missions, he realizes with an inner shudder that fate has cruelly laughed at him.
Aortic aneurysm
Illness (and the emaciated state of the "goner" prisoners is quite tantamount to a serious illness, although officially it was not considered such) and the hospital - in Shalamov's stories an indispensable attribute of the plot. Inmate Ekaterina Glovatskaya is admitted to the hospital. Beauty, she immediately liked the doctor on duty Zaitsev, and although he knows that she is in close relations with his acquaintance, prisoner Podshivalov, the head of the amateur art circle ("serf theater", as the head of the hospital jokes), nothing prevents him in turn try your luck. He begins, as usual, with a medical examination of Glovatskaya, with listening to the heart, but his male interest is quickly replaced by a purely medical concern. He finds Glovatska's aortic aneurysm, a disease in which any careless movement can cause death. The authorities, who took it as an unwritten rule to separate lovers, had already once sent Glovatskaya to a female mine in the penalty area. And now, after the doctor's report about the prisoner's dangerous illness, the head of the hospital is sure that this is nothing more than the intrigues of the same Podshivalov, who is trying to detain his mistress. Glovatskaya is discharged, but already when she is loaded into the car, what Dr. Zaitsev warned about happens - she dies.
Major Pugachev's last battle
Among the heroes of Shalamov's prose, there are those who not only strive to survive at any cost, but are also able to intervene in the course of circumstances, stand up for themselves, even risking their lives. According to the author, after the war of 1941-1945. in the northeastern camps began to arrive prisoners who fought and passed German captivity. These are people of a different temper, “with courage, the ability to take risks, who believed only in weapons. Commanders and soldiers, pilots and scouts ... ". But most importantly, they possessed the instinct of freedom, which was awakened in them by the war. They shed their blood, sacrificed their lives, saw death face to face. They were not corrupted by camp slavery and were not yet exhausted to the point of losing their strength and will. Their "fault" consisted in the fact that they were surrounded or in captivity. And it is clear to Major Pugachev, one of these people who have not yet been broken: “they were brought to death - to replace these living dead,” whom they met in Soviet camps. Then the former major gathers prisoners who are just as decisive and strong, as they match, who are ready either to die or to become free. In their group - pilots, scout, paramedic, tanker. They realized that they were innocently doomed to death and that they had nothing to lose. An escape is being prepared all winter. Pugachev realized that only those who pass common work can survive the winter and after that run. And the participants in the conspiracy, one after the other, are promoted to the subservient: someone becomes a cook, someone a kultorg, who repairs weapons in the security detachment. But now spring is coming, and with it the planned day.
At five o'clock in the morning they knocked on the watch. The attendant lets in the camp prisoner cook, who has come, as usual, for the keys to the pantry. A minute later, the attendant is strangled, and one of the prisoners changes into his uniform. The same thing happens with the other duty officer who returned a little later. Then everything goes according to Pugachev's plan. The conspirators burst into the premises of the security detachment and, having shot the officer on duty, seize the weapon. Keeping at gunpoint the suddenly awakened soldiers, they change into military uniforms and stock up on provisions. After leaving the camp, they stop a truck on the highway, disembark the driver and continue their journey by car until the gasoline runs out. After that, they leave for the taiga. At night - the first night at large after long months of captivity - Pugachev, waking up, recalls his escape from a German camp in 1944, crossing the front line, interrogation in a special department, charges of espionage and a sentence of twenty-five years in prison. He also recalls the visits to the German camp of emissaries of General Vlasov, who recruited Russian soldiers, convincing them that for the Soviet power all of them who were captured are traitors to the Motherland. Pugachev did not believe them until he could be convinced himself. He lovingly looks at his sleeping comrades, who believed in him and stretched out their hands to freedom, he knows that they are "better than everyone, more worthy than everyone." A little later, a battle ensues, the last hopeless battle between the fugitives and the soldiers who surrounded them. Almost all of the fugitives die, except for one, seriously wounded, who is healed in order to be shot later. Only Major Pugachev manages to leave, but he knows, hiding in a bear den, that he will be found anyway. He does not regret what he did. His last shot was at himself.
Retold
TARGET:
Educational:
Educational:
Developing:
TASKS:
Download:
Preview:
TRAGEDY OF THE PEOPLE AS A THEME OF THE LITERATURE OF THE XX CENTURY.
LESSON-WORKSHOP ON THE STORY OF V. SHALAMOV
"SNAKE CHARMER"
Chernokova Valentina Leonidovna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
MOU "Konevskaya secondary school"
Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region.
But all that was not forgotten
Not sewn - covered in the world.
One lie at a loss
And only the truth to the court.
A. Tvardovsky
Our argument is not a church one about the age of books,
Our dispute is not spiritual about the benefits of faith,
Our argument is about freedom, about the right to breathe
About the will of the Lord to knit and decide.
V. Shalamov
“Kolyma stories” by V.T. We study Shalamov after works of fiction about the Great Patriotic War and captivity and works by A.I.Solzhenitsyn about Soviet concentration camps. Shalamov's stories help to awaken the souls of schoolchildren, teach them to be caring and humane.
TARGET:
Educational:
Studying, comprehending and analyzing the moral experience of generations on the example of V. Shalamov's stories.
Educational:
Preparing students for adult life, where their moral judgments will become the support and basis of adult moral behavior;
Developing:
Formation of the skill of students to critically comprehend and analyze the actions of the heroes of literary works and real persons, their own,
Development of personal qualities: the ability to understand what is good and evil, responsibility, duty, honor, dignity, pity, etc.
TASKS:
Acquaintance of students with the time in which VT Shalamov lived, with the fate and work of the writer who went through all the "circles of hell";
Revealing the ideological meaning of his "Kolyma stories".
EQUIPMENT: multimedia system, collections of stories by V. Shalamov "Kolyma stories", portraits of V. Shalamov.
LESSON FORM: workshop lesson
REFERENCES:
- Krupina N.L., Sosnina N.A. The Involvement of Time: Contemporary Literature in the Upper Secondary School. M .: Education, 1992, p. 79.
- Khairullin R.Z. Save a living soul: Materials for a lesson about "Kolyma stories" by VT Shalamov // Russian literature. 1993, No. 5, p. 58.
- Shalamov V.T. Kolyma stories. Moscow: Sovremennik, 1991.
INTERNET ADDRESSES, MULTIMEDIA CHRESTOMATS:
- http://autotravel.org.ru
- http://www.book site.ru
- http://www.cultinfo.ru/shalamov
- http://www.kolyma.ru
- http://www.perm36.ru
- http://www.sakharov-center.ru
- Multimedia anthology "Domestic history, literature, art
LESSON PLAN
During the classes.
- Inductor.
On the slide - the word "conjure".
A) Write the word "conjure", choose synonyms for it and give a short explanation of the meaning of the word. (work in pairs - 2-3 minutes). Additional task: write down what you would like to conjure, what to direct the spell to? The entries are read aloud.
B) - And now let's look into the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov: (on the slide)
Conjure - 1. persistently beg for something in the name of something (high) 2. For superstitious people: subjugate yourself, uttering magic words (for example - conjuring a snake - this is the name of one of V. Shalamov's stories).
Why do you think the story is named that way?
(It's hard to explain, so let's try to figure out what the author writes about).
Before us is V. Shalamov's story "The Snake Charmer".
C) Write down how you felt while reading the story. While writing, look through it from beginning to end (4-5 minutes), 3-5 works are read aloud, the teacher writes down the words on the board.
2. Brief retelling of the plot, clarification of the features of the composition(story within story, change of storytellers).
Let's turn to the content of the story.
3. Reading the text.(The teacher reads the first 12-14 lines).
1. Write down words and word combinations that affect the reader's feelings.
2. Read all selected words aloud, complementing your findings.
4. Work in groups.
1 group. Indicate artistic details and features of the text that require reflection, explain your choice.
Group 2. Write down any problematic questions when reading the story.
Reading aloud materials compiled by groups.
5. Word of the teacher.
“The fearlessness of thought is the main victory of Varlam Shalamov, his literary feat,” wrote the famous critic V. Lakshin. But not a thought, but a feeling - this is what amazes today's readers of Kolyma Stories. Too realistic are pictures of the distortion of human nature and goodness itself, too obvious inhumanity, too often - almost everywhere - conquering death.
Shalamov repeatedly wrote: “The camp is a negative school of life in its entirety. No one can take anything useful or necessary from there, neither the prisoner himself, nor his boss, nor his guards, nor involuntary witnesses - engineers, geologists, doctors ... ”And he even argued that the entire camp experience was an absolute evil.
Recently, we have been turning to our history more and more often, and this interest can be easily explained, because it was only in the mid-80s of the 20th century that the “iron curtain” of censorship was removed from our literature, and we finally found the long-awaited truth. It was a terrible truth, the truth about countless repressions that claimed millions of lives, about shameful trials, about the torture chambers of the NKVD, where by any means they knocked out the necessary testimony from people, about prisons and camps. It is this truth that we learned from the pages of the works of Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Varlam Shalamov, Yuri Dombrovsky and Georgy Vladimov. These are the writers whose biography was associated with the GULAG - a monstrous offspring of the System.
It is this fragility of human life, its insignificance in the general System that Varlam Shalamov shows us in his tragic book “Kalym Tales”. A person in the camp, according to Shalamov, is radically changing, many concepts inherent in normal people atrophy: love, a sense of duty, conscience, even a vital reflex is often lost. Let us recall, for example, the story “A Single Frozen”, when the hero, on the eve of his death, regrets not about the lost life, but about the uneaten ration of bread. Shalamov shows how the camp breaks the human personality, but the author does this, as it were, not from the outside, but tragically experiencing everything together with his heroes. It is known that such stories as "For the Presentation" and "The Snake Charmer" clearly have an autobiographical background.
There are no rules and regulations in the camp world. They are abolished, because the main means of the System are violence and fear. Not everyone succeeds in getting out of their influence. And yet they are - Personalities, for example, Major Pugachev (from the story of Varlam Shalamov "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev"). They could not be broken, and this inspired and inspires the readers to believe in the victory over evil.
Shalamov testifies to the horrors of camps, prisons, isolation wards, he looks at what is happening through the eyes of a person deprived of freedom, choice, who has learned how the state itself destroys a person through repression, destruction, and violence. And only those who have gone through all this can fully understand and appreciate any work about political terror, concentration camps. For us, the book only opens the curtain, which, fortunately, is not given. We can only feel the truth with our hearts, experience it in our own way.
6. The student's message about the fate of V. Shalamov.
7. The word of the teacher.
Shalamov himself wrote about his book in the following way: “The Kolyma Tales” is an attempt to raise and solve some important moral questions of the time, questions that simply cannot be resolved on other material. The question of the meeting between man and the world, man's struggle with the state machine, the truth of this struggle, the struggle for himself, within himself - and outside himself. Is it possible to actively influence your destiny, which is being ground by the teeth of the state machine, by the teeth of evil? The illusory and weight of hope. The ability to rely on forces other than hope. "
Outcomes:
What contributes to spiritual degradation? (Hunger and cold, Beatings and bullying, Huge deadlines, Overwork, Disappointment, Lack of perspective, Long distances, Confrontation of the state machine, system).
What helps a person to survive?
What helps the one who has gone through all the circles of the camp hell to rise and defeat the trampled person in himself? (Inertia, Hope for a miracle, Love for life, Desire to survive, Human dignity, Happiness and kindness)
I would like to end the lesson with a poem Shalamov.
Poems are stigmata
Trace of someone else's suffering
Evidence of reckoning
For all people, poet.
They will seek salvation
Or will they believe in heaven
Forgive or forget ...
And you - don't forget.
You must see forever
Light of someone else's suffering
Love and hate
For all people, poet.
1959
D.Z. Write an essay-reasoning or essay “Do not freeze, my friends, neither before a lie, nor before meanness, learn courage, be decent people” (A. Galich)
Snake charmer
We were sitting on a huge larch that had been felled by a storm. Trees in the edge of permafrost can barely hold onto the uncomfortable ground, and the storm easily pulls them up by their roots and knocks them to the ground. Platonov told me the story of his life here - our second life in this world. I frowned at the mention of the Dzhankhara mine. I myself have visited bad and difficult places, but the terrible fame of “Dzhankhara” resounded everywhere.
- How long have you been on the Dzhankhara?
“A year,” Platonov said quietly. His eyes narrowed, wrinkles became sharper - in front of me was another Platonov, ten years older than the first.
- However, it was difficult only at first, two or three months. There are only thieves. I was the only ... literate person there. I told them, "squeezed romans," as they say in thieves' jargon, I told them in the evenings of Dumas, Conan Doyle, Wallace. For this they fed me, clothed me, and I worked a little. You, too, probably used this single literacy advantage here too?
“No,” I said, “no. It always seemed to me the last humiliation, the end. I never told novels for soup. But I know what it is. I have heard the "novelists".
- Is this condemnation? - said Platonov.
“Not at all,” I replied. - A hungry person can be forgiven a lot, a lot.
- If I stay alive, - said Platonov the sacred phrase, which began all reflections on the time beyond tomorrow, - I will write a story about it. I already came up with the name: "Snake Charmer". Good?
- Good. You just have to live. This is the main thing.
Andrei Fyodorovich Platonov, a screenwriter in his first life, died three weeks after this conversation, he died as many died - he waved his pick, swayed and fell face down on the stones. Glucose intravenously, strong heart remedies could bring him back to life - he wheezed for another hour or an hour and a half, but had already calmed down when the stretcher from the hospital came and the orderlies carried this little corpse to the morgue - a light load of bones and skin.
I loved Platonov because he did not lose interest in that life beyond the blue seas, beyond the high mountains, from which we were separated by so many miles and years and in the existence of which we almost did not believe, or, rather, believed as schoolchildren believe in the existence of some America. Platonov, God knows where, had some books, and when it was not very cold, for example in July, he avoided talking about topics that the entire population lived with - what kind of soup would or was for dinner, whether bread would be given three times a day or right away in the morning, whether it will rain tomorrow or clear weather.
I loved Platonov, and now I will try to write his story "The Snake Charmer".
The end of the work is not the end of the work at all. After the beep, you still need to collect the instrument, take it to the storeroom, hand over it, line up, go through two out of ten daily roll calls under the swearing of the convoy, under the merciless screams and insults of your own comrades, who are still stronger than you, comrades who are also tired and rush home and get angry at any delay. We still have to go through the roll call, line up and go five kilometers into the forest for firewood - the nearby forest has long been all cut down and burned. A team of lumberjacks prepare firewood, and the pit workers carry a log each. How heavy logs are delivered, which even two people cannot take, no one knows. Cars are never sent for firewood, and the horses are all in the stable because of illness. After all, a horse weakens much faster than a person, although the difference between its former life and its present is, of course, immeasurably less than that of people. It often seems, yes, it probably is, in fact, that man therefore rose from the animal kingdom, became a man, that is, a creature that could come up with such things as our islands with all the incredibleness of their life, that he was physically tougher than any animal. It was not the hand that humanized the monkey, not the embryo of the brain, not the soul - there are dogs and bears acting smarter and more moral than man. And not by subjugating the power of fire - all this was after the fulfillment of the main condition of transformation. All other things being equal, at one time a person turned out to be much stronger and more enduring physically, only physically. He was as tenacious as a cat - this saying is wrong. It would be more correct to say about a cat - this creature is tenacious, like a person. The horse cannot stand the month of winter local life in a cold room with many hours of hard work in the cold. If this is not a Yakut horse. But they don't work on Yakut horses. They, however, are not fed. They, like deer in winter, hoof snow and pull out last year's dry grass. And man lives. Maybe he lives with hopes? But he has no hopes. If he is not a fool, he cannot live on hopes. That is why there are so many suicides. But the feeling of self-preservation, tenacity to life, physical tenacity, which is subordinate to consciousness, saves him. He lives the same way that a stone, a tree, a bird, a dog live. But he clings to life tighter than they do. And he is tougher than any animal.
Platonov was thinking about all this, standing at the entrance gate with a log on his shoulder and waiting for a new roll call. The firewood was brought in, piled up, and people, crowding, hurrying and cursing, entered the dark log hut.
When his eyes got used to the darkness, Platonov saw that not all workers went to work. In the far right corner, on the upper bunks, carrying a single lamp, a gasoline-powered smokehouse without glass, sat about seven or eight people around two, who, crossing their legs in Tatar style and putting a greasy pillow between them, were playing cards. The smoking smokehouse trembled, the fire lengthened and swayed the shadows.
Platonov sat down on the edge of the bunk. Shrugged shoulders, knees, muscles trembled. Platonov was brought to the "Dzhankhara" only in the morning, and he worked the first day. There were no empty seats on the bunks.
"Now everyone will disperse," thought Platonov, "and I will lie down." He dozed off.
The game at the top is over. A black-haired man with a mustache and a large fingernail on his left little finger rolled over to the edge of the bunk.
“Well, call this Ivan Ivanovich,” he said.
A push in the back awakened Platonov.
- You ... Your name is.
- Well, where is he, this Ivan Ivanovich? - called from the upper bunks.
“I'm not Ivan Ivanovich,” said Platonov, squinting.
- He's not coming, Fedechka.
- How does it not go?
Platonov was pushed out into the light.
- Do you think to live? Fedya asked him quietly, rotating his little finger with a grown dirty nail in front of Platonov's eyes.
“I think,” replied Platonov.
A strong punch to the face knocked him down. Platonov got up and wiped the blood off with his sleeve.
"You can't answer that way," Fedya explained affectionately. - You, Ivan Ivanovich, were they taught to answer at the institute?
Platonov was silent.
- Go, you creature, - said Fedya. - Go and lie down to the parasha. Your place will be there. And if you scream, we'll strangle you.
This was not an empty threat. Already twice in front of Platonov's eyes, people were strangled with a towel - for some of their thieves' accounts. Platonov lay down on the wet smelly boards.
- Boredom, brothers, - said Fedya, yawning, - if only someone scratched his heels, or something ...
- Masha, and Masha, go scratch Fedechka's heels.
Mashka, a pale, pretty boy, a thief of about eighteen, emerged into the strip of light.
He took off Fedechka's worn-out yellow low shoes, carefully took off his dirty torn socks, and began to scratch Fedya's heels, smiling. Fedya giggled, flinching from tickling.
“Get out,” he said suddenly. - You can't scratch. You can not.
- Yes, I, Fedechka ...
- Get out, they tell you. Scratches, scratches. There is no tenderness.
The people around them nodded sympathetically.
- Here was a Jew on my "Kosom" - he scratched. That one, my brothers, scratched. Engineer.
And Fedya plunged into memories of a Jew who scratched his heels.
- Well, him, - said Fedya. - How can such people scratch? Anyway, raise it up.
Platonov was taken out into the light.
- Hey, you, Ivan Ivanovich, fill the lamp, - Fedya ordered. - And at night you will put firewood in the stove. And in the morning - a parachute to the street. The daily will show you where to pour ...
Platonov obediently kept silent.
- For this, - explained Fedya, - you will get a bowl of soup. I don’t eat yushki anyway. Go sleep.
Platonov went to his old place. The workers almost all slept, curled up in twos, threes - it was warmer that way.
- Eh, boredom, the nights are long, - said Fedya. - If only someone squeezed the novel. Here on my "Kosom" ...
- Fyodor, and Fyodor, and this new one ... Do you want to try?
- And then, - Fedya perked up. - Lift it up.
Platonov was raised.
- Listen, - said Fedya, smiling almost ingratiatingly, - I got a little excited here.
“Nothing,” said Platonov through clenched teeth.
- Listen, can you squeeze novels?
Fire flashed in Platonov's dull eyes. He really couldn't. The entire cell of the investigation prison was heard by "Count Dracula" in his retelling. But there were people there. And here? To become a jester at the court of the Duke of Milan, a jester who was fed for a good joke and beaten for a bad one? After all, there is another side to this matter. He will introduce them to real literature. He will be an enlightener. He will awaken their interest in the artistic word, and here, at the bottom of his life, he will carry out his work, his duty. According to an old habit, Platonov did not want to tell himself that he would simply be fed, that he would receive an extra soup not for taking out a bucket, but for another, more noble job. Noble? It's still closer to scratching the dirty heels of a thief than to enlightenment. But hunger, cold, beatings ...
Fedya, smiling tensely, was waiting for an answer.
“M-I can,” said Platonov, and for the first time on this difficult day smiled. - I can squeeze.
- Oh you, my dear! - Fedya was amused. - Come, climb here. You have bread on you. You will eat better tomorrow. Sit down here on the blanket. Light a cigarette.
Platonov, who had not smoked for a week, sucked the cigarette butt with painful pleasure.
- What is your name?
“Andrey,” said Platonov.
- So, Andrei, it means something more authentic, more fun. Like the Count of Monte Cristo. No need to talk about tractors.
- "Les Miserables", maybe? - suggested Platonov.
- Is it about Jean Valjean? They were squeezing me on the Kosom.
- Then the "Jacks of Hearts Club" or "Vampire"?
- Exactly. Come on jacks. Hush, you creatures ... Platonov cleared his throat.
- In the city of St. Petersburg in one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, one mysterious crime was committed ...
It was already dawning when Platonov was finally exhausted.
“This ends the first part,” he said.
- Well, great, - said Fedya. - How he is her. Lie here with us. You won't have to sleep much - dawn. Sleep at work. Gain strength by the evening ...
Platonov was already asleep.
They took me to work. A tall country boy, who had slept through yesterday's jacks, angrily pushed Platonov in the doorway.
- You bastard, go and look.
They immediately whispered something in his ear.
They were forming in ranks when a tall guy approached Platonov.
“Don’t tell Fedya that I hit you. I, brother, did not know that you were a novelist.
- I will not tell, - Platonov answered.
Varlam Shalamov
Snake charmer
We were sitting on a huge larch that had been felled by a storm. Trees in the edge of the permafrost can barely hold onto the uncomfortable ground, and the storm easily pulls them up by their roots and knocks them to the ground. Platonov told me the story of his life here - our second life in this world. I frowned at the mention of the Dzhankhara mine. I myself have visited places bad and difficult, but the terrible fame of "Dzhankhara" thundered everywhere.
- How long have you been on the Dzhankhara?
“A year,” Platonov said quietly. His eyes narrowed, wrinkles became sharper - in front of me was another Platonov, ten years older than the first.
- However, it was difficult only at first, two or three months. There are only thieves. I was the only ... literate person there. I told them, “squeezed novels,” as they say in thug jargon, I told them in the evenings of Dumas, Conan Doyle, Wallace. For this they fed me, dressed me, and I did not work much. You probably also used this single literacy advantage here at one time?
“No,” I said, “no. It always seemed to me the last humiliation, the end. For soup, I never told novels. But I know what it is. I have heard the "novelists".
- Is this condemnation? - said Platonov.
“Not at all,” I replied. - A hungry person can be forgiven a lot, a lot.
- If I stay alive, - said Platonov the sacred phrase, which began all reflections on the time beyond tomorrow, - I will write a story about it. I already came up with the name: "Snake charmer". Good?
- Good. You just have to live. This is the main thing.
Andrei Fyodorovich Platonov, a screenwriter in his first life, died three weeks after this conversation, he died as many died - he swung his pick, swayed and fell face down on the stones. Glucose intravenously, strong heart remedies could bring him back to life - he wheezed for another hour or an hour and a half, but had already calmed down when the stretcher from the hospital came and the orderlies carried this little corpse to the morgue - a light load of bones and skin.
I loved Platonov because he did not lose interest in that life beyond the blue seas, beyond the high mountains, from which we were separated by so many miles and years and in the existence of which we almost did not believe, or rather, believed in the way schoolchildren believe in the existence of some America. Platonov, God knows where, had some books, and when it was not very cold, for example in July, he avoided talking about topics that the entire population lived with - what kind of soup would or was for dinner, whether bread would be given three times a day or right away in the morning, whether it will rain tomorrow or clear weather.
I loved Platonov, and now I will try to write his story "The Snake Charmer".
The end of the work is not the end of the work at all. After the beep, you still need to collect the instrument, take it to the storeroom, hand over it, line up, go through two out of ten daily roll calls under the swearing of the convoy, under the merciless screams and insults of your own comrades, who are still stronger than you, comrades who are also tired and rush home and get angry at any delay. We still have to go through the roll call, line up and go five kilometers into the forest for firewood - the nearby forest has long been all cut down and burned. A team of lumberjacks harvests firewood, and the pit workers carry a log each. How heavy logs are delivered, which even two people cannot take, no one knows. Cars are never sent for firewood, and the horses are all in the stable because of illness. After all, a horse weakens much faster than a person, although the difference between its former life and its present is, of course, immeasurably less than that of people. It often seems, yes, it probably is, in fact, that man therefore rose from the animal kingdom, became a man, that is, a creature that could come up with such things as our islands with all the improbability of their life, that he was physically tougher than any animal. It was not the hand that humanized the monkey, not the embryo of the brain, not the soul - there are dogs and bears acting smarter and more moral than man. And not by subjugating the power of fire - all this was after the fulfillment of the main condition of transformation. All other things being equal, at one time a person turned out to be much stronger and more enduring physically, only physically. He was as tenacious as a cat - this saying is wrong. It would be more correct to say about a cat - this creature is tenacious, like a person. The horse cannot stand the month of winter local life in a cold room with many hours of hard work in the cold. If this is not a Yakut horse. But they don't work on Yakut horses. They, however, are not fed. They, like deer in winter, hoof snow and pull out last year's dry grass. And man lives. Maybe he lives with hopes? But he has no hopes. If he is not a fool, he cannot live on hopes. That is why there are so many suicides.
But the feeling of self-preservation, tenacity to life, physical tenacity, which is subordinate to consciousness, saves him. He lives in the same way that a stone, a tree, a bird, a dog live. But he clings to life tighter than they do. And he is tougher than any animal.
Platonov was thinking about all this, standing at the entrance gate with a log on his shoulder and waiting for a new roll call. The firewood was brought in, piled up, and people, crowding, hurrying and cursing, entered the dark log hut.
When the eyes got used to the darkness, Platonov saw that not all workers went to work. In the far right corner, on the upper bunks, carrying a single lamp, a gasoline-powered smokehouse without glass, sat about seven or eight people around two, who, crossing their legs in Tatar style and putting a greasy pillow between them, were playing cards. The smoking smokehouse trembled, the fire lengthened and swayed the shadows.
Platonov sat down on the edge of the bunk. Shoulders, knees cracked, muscles trembled. Platonov was brought to the Dzhankhara only in the morning, and he worked the first day. There were no empty seats on the bunks.
"Now everyone will disperse," thought Platonov, "and I will lie down." He dozed off.
The game at the top is over. A black-haired man with a mustache and a large fingernail on his left little finger rolled over to the edge of the bunk.
“Well, call this Ivan Ivanovich,” he said.
A push in the back awakened Platonov.
- You ... Your name is.
- Well, where is he, this Ivan Ivanovich? - called from the upper bunks.
“I'm not Ivan Ivanovich,” said Platonov, squinting.
- He's not coming, Fedechka.
- How does it not go?
Platonov was pushed out into the light.
- Do you think to live? Fyodor asked him quietly, twirling his little finger with a built-up dirty nail in front of Platonov's eyes.
“I think,” replied Platonov.
A strong punch to the face knocked him down. Platonov got up and wiped the blood off with his sleeve.
"You can't answer that way," Fedya explained affectionately. - You, Ivan Ivanovich, were they taught to answer at the institute?
Platonov was silent.
- Go, you creature, - said Fedya. - Go and lie down to the parasha. Your place will be there. And if you scream, we'll strangle you.
This was not an empty threat. Already twice in front of Platonov's eyes, people were strangled with a towel - for some of their thieves' accounts. Platonov lay down on the wet smelly boards.
- Boredom, brothers, - said Fedya, yawning, - if only someone scratched his heels, or something ...
- Masha, Masha, go scratch Fedechka's heels. Mashka, a pale, pretty boy, a thief of about eighteen, emerged into the strip of light.
He took off Fedechka's worn-out yellow low shoes, carefully took off his dirty torn socks, and began to scratch Fedya's heels, smiling. Fedya giggled, flinching from tickling.
“Get out,” he said suddenly. - You can't scratch. You can not.
- Yes, I, Fedechka ...
- Get out, they tell you. Scratches, scratches. There is no tenderness.
The people around them nodded sympathetically.
- Here was a Jew on my "Kosom" - he was scratching. That one, my brothers, scratched. Engineer.
And Fedya plunged into memories of a Jew who scratched his heels.
- Well, him, - said Fedya. - How can such people scratch? However, raise it up.
Platonov was taken out into the light.
- Hey, you, Ivan Ivanovich, fill the lamp, - Fedya ordered. - And at night you will put firewood in the stove. And in the morning - a parachute to the street. The daily will show you where to pour ...
Platonov obediently kept silent.
- For this, - explained Fedya, - you will get a bowl of soup. I don’t eat yushki anyway. Go sleep.
Platonov went to his old place. The workers almost all slept, curled up in twos, threes - it was warmer that way.
- Eh, boredom, the nights are long, - said Fedya. - If only someone squeezed the novel. Here on my "Kosom" ...
- Fyodor, and Fyodor, and this new one ... Do you want to try?
- And then, - Fedya perked up. - Lift it up.
Platonov was raised.
- Listen, - said Fedya, smiling almost ingratiatingly, - I got a little excited here.
“Nothing,” said Platonov through clenched teeth.
- Listen, can you squeeze novels?
Fire flashed in Platonov's dull eyes. He really couldn't. The entire cell of the investigation prison was heard by "Count Dracula" in his retelling. But there were people there. And here? To become a jester at the court of the Duke of Milan, a jester who was fed for a good joke and beaten for a bad one? After all, there is another side to this matter. He will introduce them to real literature. He will be an enlightener. He will awaken their interest in the artistic word, and here, at the bottom of his life, he will carry out his work, his duty. According to an old habit, Platonov did not want to tell himself that he would simply be fed, he would receive an extra soup, not for taking out a bucket, but for another, more noble job. Noble? It's still closer to scratching the dirty heels of a thief than to enlightenment. But hunger, cold, beatings ...
"Russia 1905" - A bomb was thrown at the troops from the balcony. The First State Duma was created in 1906 and lasted 72 days. Local government bodies. Blown up by a mine in 1904; there is also S.O. Makarov was. This agreement will be signed in duplicate in French and English ... There are a lot of people, there is a crowd in front of the house.
"The first Russian revolution" - Granting the people democratic freedoms - speech, assembly, press, conscience. Stage III (January 1906 - July 3, 1907) - The period of the descending revolution. The working day has been reduced to 9 hours, wages have been increased. Peasant unrest began in Little Russia. January 9, 1905 - "Bloody Sunday". Labor movement.
"The first Russian revolution" - Some national outskirts (for example, Central Asia) were deprived of representation. The Duma was dissolved by the decree of Nicholas II of June 3 (the Third June coup). Third June coup. Powers of the First State Duma. Meeting room of the State Duma in the Tauride Palace, St. Petersburg. The consequences of the explosion on August 12, 1906 on the Aptekarsky Island.
"Revolution 1905-1907" - January 9, 1905 "Bloody Sunday." Sovereign! But! Performances in the army and navy. Mass workers' strikes and strikes. Slogans "Down with autocracy!", "Long live the republic!" The government is forced to make concessions. The manifesto was not a constitution, but a declaration of intent. June 12, 1905 - an uprising on the battleship Potemkin.
"Revolution of 1905" - Muscovites were supported by the workers of St. Petersburg. By October 1905, workers in the country's large industrial centers were on strike. Diorama Heroic Krasnaya Presnya. The seriousness of the situation was finally realized by the king himself. Changes in the political system of the Russian Empire. A wave of arrests and mass shootings swept through the city.
"Revolution of 1905-1907" - Decline of the revolutionary wave. Trade unions were closed, revolutionary parties were persecuted, and repressions against the press began. All-Russian October political strike. On May 12, 1905, a strike began in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Purpose: the constitutional structure of Russia based on universal suffrage.
There are 7 presentations in total
"Shock therapy"
Lesson on the "Kolyma Tales" by V. Shalamov
Registration: portrait of V.T. Shalamov; an exhibition of books, newspaper publications, reviews about the writer.
Lesson objectives: arouse interest in the personality and work of V.T. Shalamov, who became a symbol of openness, will and Russian frankness; to show "unusual life material", taken as the basis of "Kolyma Tales", and to captivate students by reading the text of the stories, to lead students to comprehend the tragic fate of a person in a totalitarian state.
Epigraph:
Where violence reigns, grief reigns and blood is shed.
V. Grossman
And I saw hell on earth
Sasha Black.
The camp is a negative experience, a negative school, corruption for everyone - for bosses and prisoners, guards and spectators, passers-by and readers of fiction.
"Kolyma stories».
"Kolyma Tales" is the fate of martyrs who have not been, have not survived and have not become heroes.
V.T. Shalamov
Teacher's word.
"Damn you, Kolyma,
What is called the Black Planet
Will you go insane
There is no return from there "
This cry also contains the voice of the writer V. Shalamov. It is about this planet, people, by the will of fate, inhabiting it, which is discussed in the "Kolyma Tales".
Varlam Shalamov entered our society and literary consciousness imperceptibly, but firmly. Long published as a poet, he gained fame for the Kolyma Tales, written between 1954-1973.
But these stories began to be published in our country only in recent years. The theme of "arrests, prisons and camps" is not new, but Shalamov sounded it in its own way.
"Kolyma stories" - there are many of them. Each of them has its own name, but they are all united in the "Kolyma", and this is not only a general name indicating the place of action, but also "a passionate story about the destruction of a person", about "corrupting the mind and heart, when the vast majority find out the day every day it gets easier, that it is possible, it turns out to live without meat, without sugar, without clothes, without shoes, as well as without honor, without conscience, without love, without duty. " It is clear to the majority, but is this discovery accepted by all as the norm?
We know about the time of repressions, the policy of hopeless lies, mockery and mockery of a person from the stories: “A golden cloud spent the night” by A. Pristavkin, “Black stones” by A. Zhigulin.
But Shalamov's stories show another side of this policy: in the camps there was a whole system of extermination, physical and moral destruction of a person convicted under Article 58.
For millions of people, the state machine "has changed the fate, the best thing that happened."
"Kolyma Stories" is a reportage from its time, from the time when the current generation of grandfathers and fathers serenely sang textbook words and official music "I don’t know of any other country where people breathe so freely." And only very few survivors could tell how they actually breathed behind the barbed wire of the Kolyma camps.
2. A brief retelling of the "Kolyma stories" by V.T. Shalamov. Student speeches.
Story "In the Night" introduces us into an atmosphere of human lawlessness, hunger and cold. Glebov and Bagretsov (two convicts) - go to work. After a tiring day at work, collecting bread crumbs after dinner, they climb the rock and dismantle the stone blockage. There is a dead man under the stones, and he's wearing almost new pants and a shirt. “With sunken, shining eyes,” with which there was nothing to talk about, and there was nothing to think about, because “consciousness” was no longer human consciousness.
The meaning of the story is contained in the last phrase: "Tomorrow they will sell linen, exchange it for bread, maybe even get some tobacco ..."
So they will live one more day. Feelings, morality are suppressed by cold and hunger, but the night brings hope.
In the story "Two Meetings" Brigadier Kotur disappears. He did not have time to get off the wheelbarrow when the boss approached. Here we read how 1938. The authorities decided to send the stages from Magadan to the mines of the North on foot. From a column of 500 people, 30-40 survived five hundred kilometers away.
"The rest settled on the way - frostbitten, hungry, shot ..."
The story "Procurator of Judea" begins with the words: "December 5, 1947. To the Nachaevo Bay
steamer "Kim" entered with a human cargo ... "" by three thousand prisoners. "
On the way, the prisoners rioted and the authorities decided to fill all the holds with water. All this was done at 40 ° C. The front-line surgeon Kubantsev is shocked by the sight of corpses, survivors, terrible wounds that Kubantsev never knew and never dreamed of.
“Of course, there were no gas chambers in Kolyma. Here they preferred to freeze it out - the result was the most comforting, ”we read in the story "Lessons in Love"
3. The word of the teacher. How did V. Shalamov work on these stories?
The truth of life became V. Shalamov's aesthetic credo. Each and every one of his stories meets this high criterion. It is difficult for us to imagine what a tremendous mental strain his stories cost the writer.
This is how he describes his creative process: “Each story, each phrase of it was previously read in an empty room - I always talk to myself when I write. I scream, I threaten, I cry. And I can't stop tears. Only afterwards, finishing the story or part of the story, I wipe away my tears. "
His work can be called "Encyclopedia of Kolyma Life". You can find everything in them. Description of the land, history, population, the capital of the Kolyma region; you will learn all about the bosses, about the production rates, about the method of making prison bunks; why the prisoners first eat the gruel and take the bread with them; about how they go crazy with hunger and how they cut off their fingers. Much can be learned from this "encyclopedia" that could not be imagined.
In a letter to Pasternak, Shalamov lists real cases from Kolyma life, which became the plot of the stories:
“A fugitive who was caught in the taiga and shot by“ operatives ”. They cut off both of his hands, so as not to carry the corpse several miles away, otherwise his fingers must be typed. And the fugitive got up and made his way to our hut in the morning. Then they shot him completely. "
"The sweater is woolen, homemade, often lies on the bench and moves - there are so many lice in it."
“There is a line, people in a row are clasped by their elbows, there are tin numbers on their backs (instead of an ace of diamonds), a convoy, a lot of dogs, every 10 minutes - Lo-wait! They lay for a long time in the snow, without raising their heads, waiting for the command "
“Someone saw a piece of paper in their hands, probably the investigator gave it out for denunciations. Sixteen hour working day. They sleep leaning on a shovel - you can't sit down and lie down, they'll shoot you right away. "
"Those who cannot go to work are tied to drags, and the horse drags them along the road for 2-3 kilometers."
“The gate is at the opening of the adit. The log with which the gate is turned, and the seven exhausted ragamuffins walk in a circle instead of a horse. And there is a guard by the fire. Isn't it Egypt? "
“There is nothing lower in the world than the intention to forget these crimes. Forgive me for writing all these sad things to you, I would like you to get a somewhat correct impression of that significant and remarkable thing that is enormous for the almost 20-year period - five-year plans, large construction projects, the exact name of "daring" and " achievements ". After all, not a single large construction project has been without prisoners, whose life is a powerless chain of humiliation. Time has successfully made a person forget that he is a human ... "
4. Thinking and reflecting on the stories we have read.
What is the tragedy of "Kolyma Tales"?
Before us are stories about the Kolyma goners, clinging to life in every way.
Discussion of the stories "Day off" and "Vaska Denisov, the swine thief."
Weekend story
Teacher's word.
Man and nature are one. Man is a child of nature. But a person deprived of normal conditions begins to perceive it as something alien, hostile. A person cannot dissolve in nature or take it into himself, feel his unity with it - this also requires mental strength, an intact soul is needed.
How is the singularity of our story visible?
And what was hidden behind the silvery larch trees?
Find in the text how he does it?
Warmth emanates from this lonely man, fervently whispering the words of prayer. "
“There was an amazing expression on his face - the same that happens on the faces of people recalling childhood or anything equally expensive”)
And then - a completely contrasting scene. Which one? Read it.
What thoughts does this scene suggest to you?
What saves a person in this inhuman life?
This “last” could be different - the desire to return to relatives, to family, love for children, faith in God.)
In the story "Vaska Denisov, the Pig Thief" hungry Vaska sneaks into the village to earn a bowl of soup or a piece of bread, but too late - the owner poured the soup out to the pigs. Climbing into someone's closet, Vaska finds a slaughtered and frozen pig. Having escaped from the pursuit, the hero of the story locked himself in a red corner. “When a squad of riflemen was called in, and the doors were opened, and the barricade was dismantled, Vaska managed to eat half of the pig.”
Why is Vaska sneaking into the village?
Why were Vaska's efforts in vain?
When was the rifle squad called?
"He walked swaying from weakness, but not home ..." where?
Corruption is one of the main words in Shalamov's sentence to the camp.
Discussion of the story "The Snake Charmer".
Teacher's word.
Many of Shalamov's stories speak of the power in the camp of the "blatars" over the "enemies of the people." The state entrusted the "friends" of the people with the "re-education" of those who came to the Kolyma under Article 58.
Let us mentally imagine Platonov's dwelling place and his day before appearing in a dark barracks, while trying to rely as much as possible on the words of the writer;
Eternal Frost. Here even the trees “barely hold on to the uncomfortable ground, and the storm gently pulls them out by their roots and knocks them to the ground”;
Platonov is a pit worker. But after work, work awaits him again:
What kind of work awaits him?
Why do you think the author gives such a detailed listing of the sequence of actions?
But the rest is far away. There is still a five-kilometer journey back, but already with a heavy log, because no cars are provided, and the horses cannot cope: “a horse is much weaker than a man, a horse cannot stand a month of winter local life in a cold room and with many hours of work - hard work in the cold ".
Platonov reflects on the nature of human endurance: trees, animals perish, "and man lives." Why?
And here we are with Platonov in the barracks. Finally, it seems he can rest. "Shrugged shoulders, knees, muscles trembled", but "a push in the back woke Platonov" ... he was "pushed into the light"
Fedechka is a thief, "blatar" is the master of the situation, in his power is human life. “Do you think to live?” He asks Platonov. Asks "quietly", explains "affectionately", but behind this is the behavior of a predatory animal. Because the quiet, insinuating words are followed by "a strong blow right in the face", which knocks Platonov off his feet.
Fedechka calls Platonov Ivan Ivanovich, for him everyone is like Platonov - Ivan Ivanovich, he somehow depersonalizes, impersonates people, he is a creature for him. When Platonov, who has not yet lost his human dignity, replies that he is not Ivan Ivanovich, Fedechka says: “You cannot answer like that. You, Ivan Ivanovich, at the institute, was that how they were taught to answer? ". He points to Platonov in his place and warns: “Go creature ... Go and lie down to the bucket. Your place will be there. And if you scream, we'll strangle you. "
Platonov experiences moral humiliation and mockery.
The scary thing is that Fedechka is bored. The "lesson" he teaches Platonov is short entertainment. “It's boring, brothers,” said Fedya, yawning, “if only someone scratched his heels, or something…” “And so they obsequiously take off his dirty torn socks, and obsequiously scratch his heels. Fedechka does not like the way a young hedgehog does it. Here, he recalls, there was an engineer at the Kosoy mine, he was scratching. And this recollection suggests that wherever Fedya is, he everywhere feels like a master, a master. And so Platonov was raised again, and then again, because Fedechka could not sleep, again it was boring: "If only someone squeezed the novel."
It is striking how many lackeys among the blatars are pleasing for Fedechka's sake to humiliate and humiliate, and if the owner demands, then kill. The mine was one of thieves. The fate of the only literate of them, Platonov, is terrible. He was fed, dressed for the fact that he retells Dumas, Conan Doyle, Wallace. This is also a humiliation for the sake of a bowl of "soup" that Fedya favors him; he doesn't eat slops.
Does the author condemn Platonov for this? Why?
But when Platonov asks: "Is this a condemnation?" - the narrator replies: "- Not at all ... - A hungry person can be forgiven a lot, a lot."
Shalamov will repeat twice that he loves Platonov. For what? Do we also perceive the story written for him as a sign of love, as a last bow to a comrade who survived on the terrible "Dzhankhara", nevertheless died, as many died, swinging a pick, swayed and fell facedown on his knees
Shalamov leaves behind his story the title coined by Platonov: "The Snake Charmer." Why do you think the writer liked it?
Discussion of the story "Tombstone"
Teacher's word.
“Everyone died”… - this is how the story “Funeral Word” begins.
In every story you read on your own, there is death. The Gulag Archipelago appears as a terrible, insatiable monster.
In the story "Two Meetings" we read that in 1938, the authorities decided to send the trains from Magadan to the mines of the North on foot. From a column of 500 people, 30-40 survived for five hundred kilometers. "The rest settled on the way - frostbitten, hungry, shot" ...
And here is the "Gravestone". "Everybody died"
Who, why, how?
“Nikolai Kazimirovich Barbe, a comrade who helped me pull out a large stone from a narrow pit, a foreman, was shot for not fulfilling the site plan” ...
“Ioska Ryutin has died. He worked in tandem with me. And the hard workers did not want to work with me. And Ioska worked "...
“Ivan Yakovlevich Fedyanin has died. He was a philosopher. Volokolamsk peasant, organizer of the first collective farm in Russia. For organizing the first collective farm, he received a term - a five-year prison term "...
“Fritz David has died. It was a Dutch communist Worker of the Comintern who was accused of espionage. Fritz David went mad and was taken away somewhere. "
And more death, and more, and more….
But we are struck by the final scene of this story, which gives a better idea of \u200b\u200bthe convicts and their characters.
On a winter Christmas evening, several convicts are warming themselves near a red-hot iron stove. And they talk about what they will do, what they will do when they return home. The former director of the Ural trust, Pyotr Ivanovich Timofeev, was deeply moved:
“- I would return home, to my wife, to Agnia Mikhailovna. Would buy a loaf of rye bread! I would have cooked porridge from a magar - a bucket! Soup, "dumplings" - also a bucket! And I would eat it all. For the first time in my life, I would have eaten my fill of this good, and the leftovers would have forced Agniya Mikhailovna to eat.
And you? ”Glebov’s hand touched the knee of our orderly.
First of all, I would go to the district committee of the party. There, I remember, there were an abyss of cigarette butts on the floor ...
Don't joke ...
I’m not kidding.
Suddenly I saw only one person left to answer. And this person was Volodya Volodya. He raised his head without waiting for a question. The light of glowing coals fell into his eyes from the open door of the stove - his eyes were alive, deep.
5. Let's summarize our lesson.
Who is to blame for the tragedy of thousands of people?
Why does Shalamov's prose so strongly affect our souls and hearts?
He showed what people, deprived of human conditions of life, can turn into: how the system kills some, and makes moral monsters, criminals and murderers out of others.
A person should not know, should not even hear about him. No person gets better or stronger after the camp. Everything suffered in the hell of Soviet Auschwitz was reflected in the "Kolyma Tales". The experience of Kolyma includes death, humiliation, hunger, resurrection, executions, the transformation into animals, the reassessment of values, the collapse of the usual ideas about the world, about man, about his capabilities.
Shalamov didn't have to invent anything.
The author of Kolyma Tales wanted to achieve the maximum persuasiveness of his prose. For him, first of all, it was important to "resurrect feelings" - the feeling that a person experienced in the inhuman conditions of the camp. "Feeling must return", overcoming the control of time, changing assessments, only under this condition it is possible to resurrect life.
6... Homework: Who do you think the writer felt after passing the Kolyma?
Orpheus, descending into the underworld; or
Pluto, ascended from hell.
(Information for search: who is Orpheus? Who is Pluto?)
Dictionary for the lesson.
1. Fiction - fiction
3. Blatari - criminal elements.
4. 58 article - "enemy of the Nvrod".
5. Liturgy - Christian worship
6. Epitrakhil - a part of the priest's vestments, an embroidered cover that was worn around the neck and worn under the robe.
Literature.
Russian language and literature. 1991. No. 8.
Fire. 1989 No. 22
Shklovsky E.A. Varlam Shalamov. - M .: Knowledge, 1991.
Top secret. Makeev S. Interview, which was not. No. 6, 2007.