After going through many texts to prepare for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, we have identified the main problems encountered there. For each of them, we have selected the appropriate arguments from the literature. All of them are available for download in the form of a table, link at the end of the article.

1. BL Vasiliev, “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”.The weaker sex and hellish war - now such a harsh life situation is easy to imagine. Boris Vasiliev in this story tells about the war with Nazi Germany. In order to stop the invaders, the main character, the commandant of a small military unit, Fedot Vaskov, takes on a mission five brave girls, anti-aircraft gunners: Rita, Zhenya, Sonya, Lisa and Galya. They left a quiet life in the rear for the sake of defending the Motherland. Rita was awaited by her husband, little son and sick mother. Liza is a dad and a college student. Sonya is a big family and a university. The war took away not only their happiness, but also their lives. Such a high price did not stop fragile girls. They were not afraid that they would have to go to any conditions just to destroy the enemy. Each girl died for the free future of the people and did not regret her choice. On the contrary, she fought courageously and heroically against the Germans for the sake of a peaceful future.
2. T.N. Teterskaya, "In captivity of the blockade childhood."The writer survived the blockade in Leningrad. The work is based on biographical material. War affects people greatly. If the adult psyche breaks down, it's scary to imagine what happens to the child. Little children and war are truly a heartbreaking spectacle that cannot be held back from tears. This St. Petersburg novel tells how unhappy women try to hide and feed two small defenseless children. Too many troubles have fallen on the fragile shoulders of the two sisters. They go on real feats: to smuggle food under tight control, risking their lives. All these sacrifices are made in order to bring the children at least a little crumb of food and preserve the life given to them. The book also tells about the harsh life after the tests passed, which also reveals the courage of the Russian people who fought even in the rear.
3. Olga Gromova, Sugar Child.The book describes the difficult 30s - 40s in the USSR. The father of the little girl Eli was recognized as an enemy of the people, he ends up in the NKVD. Now mother and daughter are forced to exist in the camp of Kyrgyzstan CHSIR (members of the family of traitors to the Motherland) and ESR (socially dangerous elements). At the age of five, Elya had already experienced what war is, repression, as a result, she learned what incessant disease, hunger, cold and poverty are. But these life trials did not break the woman and her little daughter. They had the patience and courage to follow the main rule of their lives: never be afraid of anything. Thus, they conquered fear, remained kind people and tried to somehow brighten up the terrible days in the camp: they sang songs, recited poetry and continued to truly care and love each other.

Showing courage for the sake of ...

goals

1. Stephen King, The Green Mile.The novel is narrated from the perspective of a former federal prison overseer, Paul Edgecomb. In block "E" there are criminals sentenced to death in the electric chair. An innocent man named John Coffey finds himself in this terrible place. He is charged with the rape and murder of two twin girls. Criminals cannot be released from prison, but Paul Edgecombe breaks this rule because he discovered John's gift. It turned out that the sentenced person can heal people. The warden's wife, Melinda Moores, is dying of cancer. Paul realizes that John Coffey will not live long, as well as his boss's wife. This pushes him to take a big risk: bring John to Melinda in order to heal her. This act was a courageous decision, because a man could not only lose his job, but also go to jail.
2. In the novel by M. AND. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita"the heroine shows unprecedented courage, agreeing to a deal with Satan. She does this for the sole purpose of finding and bringing back the Master. A woman experiences pain, fear, disgust, but still achieves her goal by overcoming herself. Moreover, she had the strength to give up her dream in order to save Frida. However, the devil appreciated the spiritual wealth of his ball queen and rewarded her with eternal peace with the Master. It is courage that helps people achieve what they want.

justice

1. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".As we remember, Pugachev's soldiers swiftly took the Belgorod fortress. Petya Grinev, the main character of the work, endured many different tests: civil war, death of the commandant, massacres. Facing a choice between death and betrayal, he could go over to Pugachev's side, as his neighbor Shvabrin did, but no. The officer took courage and courage to remain true to his duty. When the enemy demanded an immediate answer to the question whether Grinev would recognize him as tsar, he replied: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you. " Peter did not shy away, but kept a fair order, not sparing his life.
2. L.N. Tolstoy "Father Sergius".The main character is subjected to strong tests, as if he is walking on the verge of holiness and vice. A striking example of courage in Leo Tolstoy's story is the protagonist's desire not to succumb to temptation. The sin of Father Sergius was pushed by an allegedly lost girl who came to the cell with the aim of seducing and killing his desire and hopes for a great gift - to inherit the Kingdom of Heaven. Thanks to perseverance and courage, the hero was able to interfere with thoughts that could be realized and lead to dire consequences. In order not to succumb to the alluring deception, the man chopped off his finger. This act greatly shocked the girl, she became ashamed, and in order to beg forgiveness from God, she became a nun.
3. A. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm".In the play, the author touches on a family problem: a married woman succumbs to sin. Katerina, the main character of the work, succumbed to feelings, passions and cheated on her husband, Tikhon. But for a God-fearing girl, conscience is not an empty phrase. Mental experiences become unbearable, and Katerina gathers up the courage to confess her wrongdoing. She talks about a terrible event in the temple. She is not stopped by the fact that for the sake of justice she will lose her faithful spouse, forever lose her reputation and never marry again. Katerina, despite all this, chose justice. She found the strength to confess. The truth may be painful to hear, but it is much better than living a lie.

love

1. Jack London "Martin Eden". The fisherman Martin Eden, the protagonist of the novel, falls in love with a girl named Ruth from an educated and wealthy family. In order to gain the attention of his beloved, he begins to read many books, study versification, and learn different languages. Martin was unlucky for a long time, his studies were difficult, they did not want to publish his work in magazines, those around him thought that he was doing nonsense. In order to have money, Martin worked hard physical work. After a long time of waiting, Martin was offered to print his own works. An adult man went to such feats in order to win the favor of his beloved and please her parents. The hero possessed tremendous willpower, courage, it was these qualities that helped him achieve his own goal.
2. MA Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".Bulgakov's novel tells the story of a brave and persistent woman who is driven by love. For the sake of a wonderful feeling, she not only found the strength to part with her husband and leave a rich apartment with a housekeeper. Margarita was able to sell her soul to the devil to find out if the master is alive or not. After making the deal, she turned into a witch. This reincarnation helped her to take revenge on the critic Latunsky. The woman completely destroyed his apartment. After all, the critic was able to prevent the novel from being published, and this news killed the master, made him unhappy, and he ended up in a hospital for the mentally ill. The hero is lucky that he has such a devoted lover who was not afraid to do everything necessary for the well-being of the chosen one. Woland returned the burned novel about Pontius Pilate and gave the lovers eternal peace.
3. A.I Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet".The main character, Vera Nikolaevna Sheina, receives a gift from an old admirer on her birthday - a garnet bracelet. This anonym turns out to be Georgy Zheltkov, an official who has had the brightest feelings for Vera for a very long time. The man gathers up the courage to send this gift and tell her husband about his feelings. But the woman made it clear that without Zheltkov she would have lived much calmer. Then he asks her to listen to Beethoven's sonata No. 2. Meanwhile, he gives the hostess the garnet bracelet returned to him, asks to hang it on the icon of the Mother of God. Then he locked himself in his room and took his own life. This is a truly courageous act that only a few are capable of.

Courage used for evil

1. FM Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment".Not all thoughts that come to people's minds are good. One of the terrible thoughts visited the main character of the novel - Rodion Raskolnikov. He decided that he needed to kill the old pawnbroker. The young man decides that this act can completely change his life. There will be no poverty, and Sister Duna will not have to marry a vile man. However, things are not going according to plan. Yes, Raskolnikov plucked up the courage to commit murder. But because of this act, absolutely innocent people suffered: the old woman, her younger sister, who was pregnant, and Raskolnikov himself, because he actually did not kill the old woman, but himself. The main thing is that the hero, having gone through subconscious torments, found the strength to confess what he had done. In a word, courage does not always help a person, it can help the force that destroys him from the inside.
2. In the epic novel by M. Sholokhov "And Quiet Don"the protagonist showed courage throughout the story, but in the finale he came to the conclusion that in vain he allowed the war to tear him away from his home. All his courage was thrown into the wind, because even Gregory himself did not know where his enemies were. He changed sides of the barricades, not understanding where the truth was, for which it was worth bravely going to the end. Everywhere there were friends, fellow villagers, fellow citizens, and not invaders and invaders. Having used strength and courage against them, Melekhov lost himself, completely entangled in life.

Lack of courage

1. N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General".In the comedy, the author talks about Anton Antonovich — a mayor who is terribly afraid of the visit of the Inspector General. He begins to stubbornly prepare for his arrival, but stupid city landowners, Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky, mistake an ordinary person for the Inspector General. However, Anton Antonovich tries hard to create a good impression. He lends Khlestakov as much as he asks. He also gives him the best room, generously feeds his servant and the "official" himself. The mayor is ready to sacrifice not only material benefits for the sake of a good impression and in order to avoid verification. He disdainfully refers to the blessing for the wedding of his only daughter and "The Inspector General".
2. In the play by A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"Tikhon did not have enough courage to resist the despotism of his mother, who humiliated his beloved wife. The man preferred to sneak out of the house, abuse alcohol and forget, rather than solve the problem in the family. Even his wife was a more determined and strong-willed person. She started a rebellion against conventions and old rules, which ended with her death. Only then did the cowardly and cowardly Tikhon dare to raise his voice to his mother, but it was already too late. Due to his failure, the family was destroyed.

Of the many topics that are provided on the exam in the Russian language for writing an essay, the topic "Heroism" can be especially distinguished.

The goal of Russian education is to raise a person worthy and intelligent, who knows what he wants to achieve in life, a true patriot of his country. The growth of requirements for the quality of the educational level of the population of the Russian Federation led to the introduction of the Unified State Exam, designed to test the knowledge of schoolchildren.

The unified state examination measures the knowledge of graduates after graduation, on the way to a higher educational institution, in various branches of science.

One of the most important subjects in the country in which schoolchildren are examined is the Russian language. This is literally the pillar on which the country is based, because only people with their own system of oral communication can be considered a single people.

What is heroism

Heroism, in the understanding of people, is the accomplishment of a great feat by a person in the name of other people.

Heroes are not those who were born with this intention, but those who have become shoulder to shoulder for a common goal, driven by the concept of justice.

Self-sacrifice in the name of a good cause that brings peace and prosperity to humanity is also considered heroism.

Accordingly, a hero is a person who performs a feat out of love for his neighbor, actively creates the fate of the world and is prone to altruistic behavior. From the point of view of psychology, this concept can denote any individual who commits a noble deed, overcoming his own fears and doubts.

Examples of heroic behavior can be found not only in literary sources, but also in the environment. Works telling about the heroes' exploits are often based on events taken from life.

The problem of heroism - arguments from the literature for the exam

The problem of heroism and the formation of a person's personality as a hero was raised in their creations by many writers.

The most famous are the following works of Russian authors: B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" and B. Polevoy "The Story of a Real Man".

Less well known in modern Russia is the story "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya" by V. Uspensky, which is based on the story of a young pioneer who, together with her friends, joined a partisan detachment and died heroically under torture by the Nazis.

The story of B. Polevoy is based on a real-life story about the pilot Alexei Maresyev. Shot down in enemy territory, he was able to pass through the forest thicket. Due to the fact that in extreme conditions there was no one to provide first aid, the man lost both legs, however, overcoming his own imperfection for the sake of love for the sky, he was able to learn how to fly an airplane wearing prostheses.

"The Fate of a Man" tells the story of Andrei, who defended his native Motherland from Nazi Germany. Despite the news of the death of people close to him, the main character was able to withstand, not surrender to the horrors of war. The ability to empathize with people remained in him, despite the hardships and hardships that fate presented. This is most clearly expressed in his act: Andrei adopted a boy who had lost his family.

The heroes of the book "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" are ordinary people who, by the will of fate, were in the forefront of the battle for the country. They could have survived, but their strongest desire was to protect their homeland, so their death was worthy.

Foreign literature also presents many creations based on the heroism of ordinary people. One can single out arguments from the works of famous authors.

A classic example is E. Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, where two people from different worlds meet - a demolition man and an ordinary girl. Robert, who died in the explosion of the bridge, who knows that he is going to certain death, but did not retreat from the task entrusted to him, and Maria, who more and more clearly understands that she will not see her beloved, but lets him go for the sake of a great goal - to put an end to the war that is tearing the country apart for parts. Which of them can be considered a real hero?

Another classic example of heroism can be considered the story of D. London "Love of Life". A person in this creation does not save anyone but himself, but his courage, dedication and will to preserve life deserve the deepest respect, since many people who have faced the betrayal of friends, finding themselves in a hostile area, would surrender to the will of circumstances.

The problem of true and false heroism according to Tolstoy

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is one of the most famous Russian writers and thinkers, one of the greatest novelists in the world

For example, true heroism always comes "from the heart", is full of depth and purity of thoughts; false heroism manifests itself as a desire to "show off" without having deep motives inside. According to the classics of Russian literature, a person who commits a heroic act in order to be positively appreciated by others cannot be a real hero.

Bolkonsky is an example here, who strives to accomplish "a beautiful feat, certainly appreciated by other people."

True heroism lies in the fact that a person steps over his ego, not caring how beautiful he will look in the eyes of other people, and does everything possible for the well-being of the common cause.

Heroism of a Russian woman and mother

A woman in the literature of her native country is a collective image of several roles: mother, wife, daughter.

An example of the heroism of a Russian young lady is the wives of the Decembrists, who followed their beloved husbands, who were exiled to distant, practically uninhabited lands.

Women brought up according to the laws of a secular society, where exile means shame, were not afraid to leave their comfortable conditions in the wilderness.

The second example of the heroism of a Russian woman is Vera Rozaltseva from Chernyshevsky's novel "What is to be done?" The heroine is a qualitatively new type of emancipated lady. She is not afraid of difficulties and actively implements her own ideas, while helping other girls.

If we consider female heroism on the example of a mother, then we can single out the story of V. Zakrutkin "Human Mother". Maria, a simple Russian woman who lost her family because of the Nazis, loses her will to live. The inhumanity of war makes her “petrified in heart”, but the heroine finds the strength to live on and begins to help orphans, who also grieve for their departed relatives.

The image of the Mother, presented in the story, is deeply humane in relation to people. The author of the work presented to the reader such a quality of a woman as love for humanity, indivisible by nationality, faith, etc.

Heroism during the Great Patriotic War

The war with Germany brought many new names to the board of honor, some of which became such posthumously. The outbreak of indignation at the inhumanity and unprincipledness of the SS Fuhrer's troops is manifested in the partisan methods of warfare.

There are two types of heroes during the Second World War:

• partisans;
• soldiers of the Army of the Soviet Union.

The first include the following people:

• Marat Kazei. After the Nazis killed his mother for harboring partisans, he went to fight with his sister in the partisan headquarters. For his courage he was awarded a medal in 1943, died the following year at the age of 14 while performing a mission;
• Lenya Golikov.He joined the partisan detachment in 1942. For numerous feats, it was decided to award the hero with a medal, but he did not manage to get it. In 1943 he was killed along with the detachment;
• Zina Portnova. She became a scout in 1943. She was caught on assignment and tortured a lot. In 1944 she was shot.

The second group includes the following people:

• Alexander Matrosov. He closed the embrasure with his body, allowing the detachment to pass to carry out a combat mission;
• Ivan Panfilov. The division under his leadership fought bravely near Volokolamsk, repelling enemy attacks for six days;
• Nikolay Gastello. He sent a burning plane to the enemy troops. Died with honor.

In addition to people known for their exploits and participation in the war, a huge number of heroes were never named by the country due to ignorance about them.

The problem of courage and heroism of sailors

War does not happen only on land. It captures both the firmament and the expanses of water. This is the inherent power of the destructive element - to involve everyone and everything in their networks. People of the opposing sides collided not only on the ground, but also in the water.

• V. Kataev "Flag". The Nazis offer to surrender to the Russian team of sailors, but the latter, realizing that they will die if they do not surrender, still decide in favor of the battle, defending the city;
• VM Bogomolov "Flight" Swallows ". When ferrying ammunition across the river, the steamer "Swallow" is fired upon by the fascist troops, as a result of this action the mine hits the barge. Realizing the fact of danger, the captain, driven by the idea of \u200b\u200bprotecting his homeland, turns the steering wheel and directs the ship towards the enemy.

Russian writers focus on the decision of people whose main quality is courage. Courageous high-risk behavior is still relevant today.

Courage and heroism today

There are heroes at any time, regardless of the circumstances of their environment. Nowadays, the names of those who performed the feat in the name of humanity are engraved on the honor board.

These are ordinary children in everyday life and heroes in extreme situations:

• Evgeny Tabakov. At the age of seven, he saved his sister from a maniac, while receiving a fatal wound;
• Julia Korol. Showed the highest level of courage in rescuing comrades as a result of the tragedy on Syamozero;
• Sasha Ershova. In the event of an accident in the water park, she kept a little girl above the water, preventing her from drowning.

In the annals of the history of our days, not only the children presented above are inscribed, but also many other modern people who actively help in situations of high risk to those who turned out to be weaker than the circumstances.

Of great importance in stories with a heroic way of life is the correct upbringing of their own children by parents. After all, the maturation of the future personality depends on how well the relatives will convey to the child the norms and values.

How to write an essay on the theme "Heroism of the Russian people"

The heroic deeds of people over the course of many generations formed the history of the exploits of the Russian state. Students who need to pass a profile exam in the Russian language write an essay when they finish 9th grade.

"How to write a creative assignment correctly?" - this question worries many schoolchildren who want to show the maximum result during testing.

Any essay on a given topic is always based on a goal and a plan. The purpose of the essay is given in the assignment to it. The plan is developed by the student himself, usually it involves breaking the work into stages of work on it.

What does the composition plan consist of:

1. Introduction.
2. Main part.
3. Conclusion.

In addition to the main stages, the student should think about what arguments he will refer to when writing an essay; relevant presentation of information that the student would like to convey to the reader; the correct use of the means of the Russian language in the text.

For example, consider the theme of the heroism of the Russian people on the example of Sholokhov's novel "Quiet Don". It is based on the history of the world of the White Guards fighting for their ideals. They are doomed by history to extinction, but fearlessly fight against the bitter truth of communism, forcibly implanted in the Cossack Don.

The epic clearly shows the problems that worried people of that time: the split of the population into two fronts (the White and Red Guards), the desire to defend their truth, everyday life and the established order; clash of ideals of different groups of the population.

Sholokhov show the internal evolution of the heroes of his novel, their changes over time: both internal and external. For example, at first Dunyasha appears to the audience as a "girl with pigtails", at the end of the novel - as a whole person who independently chose her own path. Dunya, a descendant of a White Guard, chooses the communist who killed her brother as her husband.

The girl is an example of the highest sacrifice and heroism, as she is not afraid to step over the outdated stereotypes of society.

Conclusion

Each person decides for himself who to call a hero. S. Marshak, for example, in his poem about an unknown rescuer, draws the reader's attention to the fact that such a hero can be any passer-by.

L. Tolstoy in his epic distinguishes between the concepts of true and false heroism. False heroism, according to the writer, is the desire to show off to the public, while the real feat of a person begins with the pure thoughts of his soul.

Anyone can become a hero, regardless of the circumstances. After all, no one knows what kind of life the little partisans would have lived if the Patriotic War had not happened in the 40s of the last century.

The most important thing in life is to be a person worthy of yourself; respect yourself as a person; strive for the stars and help people lost in life.

Reasoning about correct behavior is nothing without practical application. Big things always start with small things. Becoming a hero begins with helping those in need.

The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, caring for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The influence of war on human life, character and perception of the world. The participation of children in the war. Human responsibility for their actions.

What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M.Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man")

In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of Man" can be seen a manifestation of true courage during the war. The main character of the story, Andrei Sokolov, goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he passed all the tests: he suffered from hunger, fought bravely, sat in a punishment cell and fled from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained human dignity. The war took the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break down, and again showed courage, however, no longer on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

In the center of the story of the novel "The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who, on the verge of war, ended up in a foster family. The girl's own father was associated with the communists, therefore, in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers for education. Liesel begins a new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with ordinary childhood concerns, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, despite the fact that it only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides a Jew in the basement, looks after him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudy are scattering bread on the road along which a column of prisoners must pass. She is sure that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are taking place everywhere. Liesel doesn't understand why people refuse to live and rejoice. It is not by chance that the narrative of the book is conducted on behalf of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.

Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - Nineteen Years")

It is difficult for a person who is faced with the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. So, one of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not take part in the battles, but tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of the war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the carnage, the count is horrified at its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torment, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is not able to cope with a mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him to understand that happiness does not consist in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is inside every person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as a part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhuman and unnatural.

The main character of G. Baklanov's story "Forever - Nineteen Years" Alexei Tretyakov painfully reflects on the reasons, the significance of the war for the people, people, life. He finds no weighty explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, the devaluation of human life for the sake of achieving any important goal terrifies the hero, causes bewilderment: “... One and the same thought haunted: will it ever turn out that this war could not have happened? What could people have done to prevent it? And millions would have survived ... ".

How did the children experience the war events? What was their participation in the fight against the enemy? (L. Kassil and M. Polyanovsky "Street of the youngest son")

Not only adults, but also children stood up to defend their homeland during the war. They wanted to help their country, their city and their family in the fight against the enemy. In the center of the story of Lev Kassil and Max Polyanovsky "The Street of the Youngest Son" is an ordinary boy Volodya Dubinin from Kerch. The story begins with the storytellers seeing a street named after a child. Having become interested in this, they go to the museum to find out who Volodya is. The storytellers talk with the boy's mother, find his school and comrades, and learn that Volodya is an ordinary boy with his dreams and plans, whose life has been burst into the war. His father, the captain of a warship, taught his son to be steadfast and brave. The boy bravely joined the partisan detachment, obtained news from the rear of the enemy and was the first to learn about the retreat of the Germans. Unfortunately, the boy died while clearing the approaches to the quarry. However, the city did not forget its little hero, who, despite his young years, performed a daily feat on a par with adults and sacrificed his life for the sake of saving others.

How did the adults feel about the participation of children in military events? (V. Kataev "Son of the Regiment")

War is terrible and inhuman, this is not a place for children. In war, people lose loved ones, become bitter. Adults do their best to protect children from the horrors of war, but, unfortunately, they do not always succeed. The protagonist of Valentin Kataev's story "The Son of the Regiment" Vanya Solntsev loses his entire family in the war, wanders through the woods, trying to get through the front line to his "friends". There the scouts find the child and bring him to the camp to the commander. The boy is happy, he survived, made his way through the front line, he was deliciously fed and put to bed. However, Captain Yenakiev understands that the child has no place in the army, he sadly remembers his son and decides to send Vanya a child's receiver. On the way, Vanya escapes, trying to return to the battery. After an unsuccessful attempt, he manages to do this, and the captain is forced to come to terms: he sees how the boy is trying to be useful, eager to fight. Vanya wants to help the common cause: he takes the initiative and goes into reconnaissance, draws a map of the area in an ABC book, but the Germans catch him for this occupation. Fortunately, in the general turmoil, the child is forgotten and he manages to escape. Yenakiev admires the boy's desire to protect his country, but worries about him. To save the child's life, the commander sends Vanya with an important message away from the battlefield. The entire crew of the first gun perishes, and in the letter that Yenakiev transmitted, the commander says goodbye to the battery and asks to take care of Vanya Solntsev.

The problem of the manifestation of humanity in war, the manifestation of compassion, mercy to the captured enemy. (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

Only strong people who know the value of human life are capable of showing compassion for the enemy. So, in the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy has an interesting episode describing the attitude of Russian soldiers towards the French. In the night forest, a company of soldiers warmed themselves by the fire. Suddenly they heard a rustle and saw two French soldiers, who, despite the wartime, were not afraid to approach the enemy. They were very weak and could barely keep their feet. One of the soldiers, whose clothes betrayed him as an officer, fell exhausted to the ground. The soldiers laid an overcoat for the sick man and brought both cereals and vodka. They were Officer Rambal and his orderly Morel. The officer was so cold that he could not even move, so the Russian soldiers took him in their arms and carried him to the hut occupied by the colonel. On the way, he called them good friends, while his batman, already pretty drunk, sang French songs, sitting between the Russian soldiers. This story teaches us that even in difficult times you need to remain human, not to kill the weak, to show compassion and mercy.

Is it possible to show concern for others during the war? (E. Vereiskaya "Three girls")

In the center of Elena Vereiskaya's story "Three Girls" are friends who stepped from their carefree childhood into a terrible wartime. Friends Natasha, Katya and Lyusya live in a communal apartment in Leningrad, spend time together and go to a regular school. The most difficult test in life awaits them, because suddenly the war begins. The school is being destroyed, and the friends stop their studies, now they are forced to learn to survive. The girls grow up quickly: the cheerful and frivolous Lucy turns into a responsible and organized girl, Natasha becomes more thoughtful, and Katya becomes self-confident. However, even at such a time, they remain human and continue to take care of loved ones, despite the difficult living conditions. The war did not separate them, but made them even more friendly. Each of the members of the friendly "communal family" primarily thought about others. Very touching is the episode in the book where the doctor gives most of his rations to a little boy. At the risk of starving to death, people share everything they have, and this inspires hope and makes them believe in victory. Caring, love and support can work wonders, only thanks to such relationships, people were able to survive some of the most difficult days in the history of our country.

Why do people keep the memory of the war? (O. Bergholz "Poems about myself")

Despite the gravity of the memories of the war, they must be preserved. Mothers who have lost their children, adults and children who have seen the death of loved ones will never forget these terrible pages in the history of our country, but contemporaries should not forget. For this there is a huge number of books, songs, films designed to tell about the terrible time. For example, in "Poems about Myself" Olga Berggolts calls for always remembering wartime, people who fought at the front and died of hunger in besieged Leningrad. The poetess appeals to people who would like to smooth it out "in the timid memory of people" and assures them that she will not let them forget "how a Leningrader fell on the yellow snow of deserted squares." Olga Berggolts, who went through the whole war and lost her husband in Leningrad, kept her promise, leaving after her death many poems, essays and diary entries.

What helps to win the war? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

You cannot win a war alone. Only by rallying in the face of common misfortune and finding the courage to face fear can you win. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's War and Peace, the feeling of unity is especially acute. Different people united in the struggle for life and freedom. each soldier, the fighting spirit of the army and belief in their own strength helped the Russians to defeat the French army, encroaching on their native land. The battle scenes of the Shengraben, Austerlitz and Borodino battles especially clearly show the solidarity of people. The winners in this war are not careerists, who only want ranks and awards, but ordinary soldiers, peasants, militias who perform feats every minute. The modest battery commander Tushin, Tikhon Shcherbaty and Platon Karataev, the merchant Ferapontov, young Petya Rostov, who combine the basic qualities of the Russian people, did not fight because they were ordered, they fought of their own free will, defended their home and their loved ones, that is why they won in war.

What unites people during the war? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

A huge number of works of Russian literature are devoted to the problem of uniting people during the war years. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" people of different classes and views rallied in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer on the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls upon the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov changes clothes and remains in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin perform their duty with heroism, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of people in the face of danger fascinate. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and feeling brotherhood, the people were able to rally and defeat the enemy.

Why learn from defeats and victories? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

One of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy Andrei went to war with the intentions to build a brilliant military career. He left his family to gain glory in battle. How bitter was his disappointment when he realized that he had lost this battle. What seemed to him in his dreams as beautiful battle scenes, in life turned out to be a terrible massacre with blood and human suffering. Awareness came to him as an epiphany, he realized that war is terrible, and it carries nothing but pain. This personal defeat in the war made him reassess his life and admit that family, friendship and love are much more important than fame and recognition.

What feelings does the conqueror feel about the endurance of a defeated enemy? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")

The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in the story "Sashka" by V. Kondratyev. A young Russian soldier takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sasha is ordered to take him to the headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the captive a leaflet on which it was written that the captives were assured of life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost a loved one in this war, orders the German to be shot. Conscience does not allow Sasha to kill an unarmed man, a young guy just like him, who behaves the same way as he would behave in captivity. The German does not betray his own people, he does not beg to be spared, preserving his human dignity. At the risk of being court-martialed, Sashka does not follow the commander's order. Belief in the righteousness saves him and his prisoner life, and the commander cancels the order.

How does war change a person's worldview and character? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

G. Baklanov in his story "Forever - Nineteen Years" speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe - a great liberation of the spirit,” said Atrakovsky. - Never before has so much depended on each of us. Therefore, we will win. And this will not be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That's how people are. " War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to a breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, the definition of true life values \u200b\u200bby everyone. In war, values \u200b\u200bare reassessed, the worldview and character of a person change.

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "Sun of the Dead")

In the epic "The Sun of the Dead" I. Shmelev shows all the horrors of war. "The smell of decay", "cackle, stomp and roar" of anthropoid, these are wagons of "fresh human meat, young meat!" and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads! Human! " War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. She makes a beast out of man, makes him do terrible things. No matter how great the external material destruction and destruction, they do not terrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor hunger, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person who does not oppose him begins, for him "everything is nothing!" "And there is no one, and none." For the writer, it is indisputable that the human spiritually - the spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that there will always be people, in any circumstances, even during a war, in whom the beast will not defeat man.

The responsibility of a person for the actions that he committed in the war. Mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. grossman "Abel")

In the story "Abel (Sixth August)" V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only of a universal human misfortune and ecological catastrophe, but also of a person's personal tragedy. Young striker Connor bears the onus of being the man destined to push the button to set the killing mechanism in motion. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to save their own lives. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is convinced that true humanity is impossible without involvement in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The conjunction in one person of a heightened sense of Peace and a soldier's diligence imposed by the state machine and the system of education turns out to be fatal for a young man and leads to a split in consciousness. Crew members perceive what happened in different ways, not all of them feel responsible for what they have done, they talk about high goals. An act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by public thought, presented as a struggle against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute sense of guilt, all the time washing his hands, as if trying to wash them of the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has shouldered.

What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")

In the story "Killed near Moscow" K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, "made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, moved, moves not someone else's will, but itself, having received its move, and therefore unstoppable" ... The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left calls the war the "master" of everything. All life is now determined by the war, which changes not only life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: "In a war, who is the first to fail." The death that war brings occupies almost all the thoughts of the soldiers: “It was during the first months at the front that he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one. Everything is so in these minutes, everyone overcomes them with himself alone: \u200b\u200bthere will be no other life ”. The metamorphoses that occur with a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show unthinkable courage, self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only the bodies of people, but also their souls: the writer shows how disabled people are afraid of the end of the war, since they no longer imagine their place in peaceful life.

The school year has come to an end. It's time for exams for the 11th grade students. As you know, in order to get a school certificate, you need to pass two main exams: in mathematics and the Russian language. But also a few more items to choose from.

The nuances of the essay in the Russian language on the exam

To get the maximum points for the delivery, it is necessary to correctly write an essay, that is, the third part. Part "C" has many essay topics. The exam organizers offer written papers on friendship, love, childhood, motherhood, science, duty, honor, and so on. One of the most difficult topics is the issue of courage and resilience. You will find the arguments to it in our article. But that is not all. Your attention is also offered a plan according to which it is necessary to write an essay for the exam in the Russian language in grade 11.

Many authors have written about the war. Only, unfortunately, these works, like many others, do not linger in the memory of children. We invite you to recall the most striking works in which you can find examples of courage and heroism.

The plan of the final essay for the exam in the Russian language

The reviewing teachers give a large number of points for an essay that has the correct composition. If you use our courage writing plan, teachers will appreciate your work. But don't forget about literacy.

Remember that an essay on the Russian language on the unified state exam differs significantly from written work on social studies, history and literature. It must be compositionally correct.

And we are moving on to a plan for a future essay on the problem of courage and resilience. The arguments will be given below.

1. Introduction. Why do you think it is needed? The point is that the graduate needs to bring the examiner to the main problem, which is considered in the text. Typically, this is a small paragraph of 3-5 sentences on the topic.

2. Statement of the problem. In this part, the graduate writes that he has identified the problem. Attention! When you specify it, think carefully and find the arguments in the text (there are about 3 of them in the fragment).

3. Graduate commentary. At this point, the student explains to the reader the problem of the read text, and also characterizes it. The volume of this item is no more than 7 sentences.

5. Own point of view. At this point, the student must write whether he agrees with the author of the text or not. In any case, your answer needs to be substantiated, in our case on the issue of courage and resilience. The arguments are given in the next paragraph.

6. Evidence from works of art or arguments from life. Most teachers insist that graduates give 2-3 arguments from works of fiction.

7. Conclusion. As a rule, it consists of 3 sentences. At this point, the task of the graduate is to draw a conclusion to everything said above, that is, to summarize. The conclusion will sound more effective if you end the essay with a rhetorical question.

Many examinees note that the argumentation point is the most difficult for them. Therefore, we have selected examples of courage for you in the literature.

Mikhail Sholokhov. The story "The fate of a man"

You can show stamina in captivity. Soviet soldier Andrei Sokolov is captured. He then ends up in a death camp. One evening, the camp commandant summons him and invites him to raise a glass of vodka for the victory of the fascist weapon. Sokolov refuses to do this. Among them was a drunken Müller. He offers the prisoner to drink to his own destruction.

Andrey agreed, took a glass and drank it right there, without having a bite. Exhaling heavily, he said, "List me." The company of drunken German officers appreciated the courage and resilience. Argument # 1 for your essay is ready. It should be noted that this story ended successfully for the captured soldier Sokolov.

Lev Tolstoy. Epic novel "War and Peace"

The problem of courage was considered not only in the literature of the second half of the twentieth century, but also a century earlier. When we read this novel in literature lessons, we involuntarily became witnesses of the courage and resilience of the Russian people. Lev Tolstoy wrote that during the battle the command did not tell the soldiers what to do. Everything went by itself. The wounded soldiers were taken to the medical aid stations, the bodies of the dead were taken to the front line, and the ranks of the fighters closed again.

We see that people did not want to say goodbye to life. But they overcame fear, kept fighting spirit under the flying bullets. It was in this that courage and resilience were manifested. Argument # 2 is ready.

Boris Vasiliev. The story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"

We continue to consider the arguments for the essay. This time, a lesson in courage will be demonstrated to readers by a brave girl during the Great Patriotic War. In this story, Boris Vasiliev writes about a detachment of girls who died, but still managed to win, because they did not allow a single enemy warrior to return to their native land. This victory took place because they selflessly and sincerely loved their homeland.

Komelkova Evgeniya is the heroine of the story. A young, strong and courageous girl from the fighters of the story. Comic and dramatic episodes are associated with her name. Her character shows traits of benevolence and optimism, cheerfulness and confidence. But the most important feature is hatred of the enemy. It is she who attracts the attention of readers, arouses their admiration. Only Zhenya had the courage to summon enemy fire in order to ward off a mortal threat from the wounded Rita and Fedot. Not everyone can forget such a lesson in courage.

Boris Polevoy. "The Story of a Real Man"

We would like to bring to your attention another striking work that tells about the Great Patriotic War, the heroism and firmness of character of the Soviet pilot Maresyev.

In general, in the arsenal of Boris Polevoy, there are many works where the author considers the problem of courage and resilience.

Arguments for the composition:

In this story, the author writes about the Soviet pilot Maresyev. It so happened that he survived the plane crash, but was left without legs. This did not stop him from returning to life. The man stood on the dentures. Maresyev again returned to his life's work - to flying.

We have examined the problem of courage and resilience. We have given the arguments. Good luck on your exam!

In this article, you are offered the problems found in the texts for preparing for the exam in the Russian language, and literary arguments for them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the page.

1. True and false heroism unfolds before us in the pages novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"... The people carry in themselves true love for the Motherland, they protect it with their breast, dying for it in the war, not receiving orders and ranks. A completely different picture in high society, which only pretends to be patriotic if it is fashionable. So, Prince Vasily Kuragin went both to the salon, glorifying Napoleon, and to the salon, opposing the emperor. Also, the nobles willingly begin to love and glorify the fatherland when it is beneficial. So, Boris Drubetskoy uses the war to advance his career. It is thanks to the people with their true patriotism that Russia freed itself from the French invaders. But its false manifestations almost ruined the country. As you know, the Russian emperor did not spare the troops and did not want to postpone the decisive battle. The situation was saved by Kutuzov, who, with the help of delay, exhausted the French army and saved thousands of lives of ordinary people.
2. Heroism is manifested not only in war. Sonya Marmeladova, g the heroine of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment", had to become a prostitute to help the family not to die of hunger. The believing girl broke the commandments and went to sin for the sake of her stepmother and her children. If not for her and her dedication, they would not have survived. But Luzhin, shouting at every corner about his virtue and generosity, and exposing his undertakings as heroic (especially his marriage to the homeless woman Duna Raskolnikova), turns out to be a pitiful egoist who is ready to go over his head for his goals. The difference is that Sonya's heroism saves people, while Luzhin's falsehood destroys them.

War heroism

1. A hero is not a person without fear, he is one who can overcome fear and go into battle for the sake of his goals and beliefs. Such a hero is described in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" in the image of Andrey Sokolov. This is a completely ordinary person who lived like everyone else. But when thunder struck, he became a real hero: he was carrying shells under fire, because it is impossible otherwise, because his own people are in danger; endured captivity and a concentration camp without betraying anyone; endured the death of his loved ones, having been reborn for the fate of the orphan Vanka he had chosen. Andrey's heroism lies in the fact that he made the salvation of the country the main task of his life and fought to the end for this.
2. Sotnikov, hero the story of the same name by V. Bykov, at the beginning of the work seems not at all heroic. Moreover, it was he who became the reason for his captivity, and Rybak suffered with him. However, Sotnikov is trying to atone for his guilt, to take everything upon himself, to save a woman and an old man who accidentally fell under investigation. But the brave partisan Rybak is cowardly and is trying only to save his own skin, denouncing everyone. The traitor survives, but is forever covered in the blood of innocent sufferers. And in the awkward and unlucky Sotnikov, a real hero is revealed, worthy of respect and inextinguishable historical memory. Thus, in war, heroism is especially important because other lives depend on its manifestation.

The goal of heroism

1. Rita Osyanina, heroine B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", lost her beloved husband in the first days of the war, left with a little son. But the young woman could not stay away from the general grief, went to the front, hoping to avenge her husband and protect tens of thousands of children from the enemy. It was a real heroism to go to an unequal battle with the Nazis. Rita, her squad friend Zhenya Komelkova and their chief petty officer Vaskov opposed the Nazi squad and prepared for a mortal battle, and the girls really died. But it cannot be otherwise, behind the back is not just a patrol, behind the back is the Motherland. Thus, they sacrificed themselves to save the fatherland.
2. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", showed heroic qualities in the defense of the Belogorodskaya fortress. He remains steadfast and does not hesitate, he is supported by the duty of honor, the military oath. When the rebels captured the commandant, Ivan Kuzmich remained faithful to the oath and did not recognize Pugachev, although this threatened with death. Military duty made Mironov go to the feat, despite the fact that he had to pay for it with his life. He sacrificed himself to stay true to his beliefs.

Moral feat

1. It is extremely difficult to remain human after going through blood and bullets. Andrey Sokolov, hero the story "The Fate of a Man" by MA Sholokhov, not only fought, but was taken prisoner, in a concentration camp, fled, and then lost his whole family. It was the family that was the guiding star for the hero, having lost it, he waved his hand at himself. However, after the war, Sokolov met an orphan boy Vanka, whose fate was also crippled by the war, and the hero did not pass by, did not leave the state or other people to take care of the orphan, Andrei became a father for Vanka, giving himself and him a chance to find a new meaning in life. The fact that he opened his heart for this boy is a moral feat, which was no easier for him than courage in battle or endurance in the camp.
2. In the course of hostilities, it is sometimes forgotten that the enemy is also a person and, most likely, sent by war to your homeland by necessity. But it is even more terrible when the war is civil, when both brother and friend and fellow villager can be the enemy. Grigory Melekhov, hero novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don", in the new conditions of confrontation between the power of the Bolsheviks and the power of the Cossack atamans constantly hesitated. Justice called him to the side of the first, and he fought for the Reds. But in one battle, the hero saw the inhuman execution of prisoners, unarmed people. This senseless cruelty turned the hero away from his past views. Finally entangled between the parties, he surrenders to the winner, just to see the children. He realized that the family for him is more important than his own life, more important than principles and views, for the sake of it it is worth taking the risk, surrendering, so that the children at least see their father, who was always lost in battles.

Heroism in love

1. The manifestation of heroism is possible not only on the battlefield, sometimes no less is required in ordinary life. Yolkov, hero the story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet", performed a real feat of love, laying life on her altar. Having seen Vera only once, he lived only by her. When the husband and brother of his beloved forbade Zheltkov even to write to her, he could not live and committed suicide. But even he accepted death with the words to Vera: "Let your name shine." He did this act in order for his beloved to find peace. This is a real feat for the sake of love.
2. Mother's heroism is reflected in the story L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"... Alya, the main character, gave birth to a daughter, Milochka, with Down syndrome. The woman devoted her whole life to raising her daughter with a rare diagnosis then. Her husband left her, not only had to look after her daughter, but also work as a nurse. And later the mother fell ill, did not receive treatment, but suited Milochka better: work in the workshop for gluing envelopes, marriage, education in a special school. Having done everything that was possible, Alya left to die. Mother's heroism is everyday, imperceptible, but no less important.