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Etruscan art
ETHRUSCIANS lived on the territory of modern Italy in the 1st millennium BC. e.
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THIS people had
17.02.2017 3 its own philosophy, its own ideas about life and death, a special perception of the world around.
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"EVENING SHADOWS" -
02/17/2017 4 unnaturally elongated female and male sculptures associated with the cult of the dead (2nd-1st centuries BC).
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02/17/2017 5 Believer. From the sanctuary of Diana of Nemia. Ancient Rome 200 - 150 BC e. France, Paris, Louvre
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02/17/2017 6 Capitoline she-wolf Ancient Rome 500 BC e. Italy, Rome, Capitol Museum
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What is he, a man of that era? This is how the famous Roman orator and public figure Cicero (106-43 BC) presents him in his treatise 06 Duties: “Citizen of strict rules, brave and worthy of primacy in the state. He will fully devote himself to serving the state, will not seek wealth and power and will protect the state as a whole, taking care of all citizens ... he ... will keep to justice and moral beauty "
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02/17/2017 10 Capitoline Brutus Ancient Rome 210 - 190 BC e. Italy, Rome, Palazzo Dei Conservatory
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02/17/2017 11 Statue of Octavian Augustus from Prima Porta Ancient Rome 20 AD e. Vatican, Vatican Museums
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Octavian Augustus from Prima Porta. Octavian's father, Guy Octavius, came from a wealthy plebeian family that belonged to the ksadnic class; Julius Caesar made him a patrician. Mother, Atia, came from the Julian clan. She was the daughter of Julia, Caesar's sister, and Senator Mark Atius Balbinus, a relative of Gnaeus Pompey. Guy Octavius \u200b\u200bmarried her in a second marriage, from which Octavian's sister, Octavia the Younger, was born (she was called the Younger in relation to her half-sister). The nickname "Furin" Octavian received in the year of his birth in honor of his father's victory over the fugitive slaves of Spartacus, won in the vicinity of the city of Furia. Augustus tried not to use the name "Octavian", as it reminded him that he came to the Julian family from the outside, and not by direct origin.
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Guy Julius Caesar Octavian August
The foundations of art were laid during the reign of Octavian Augustus. This time, characterized by a high level of cultural development, is not accidentally called the "golden age" of the Roman state. It was then that the official style of Roman art was created, most clearly manifested in the numerous statues of Octavian Augustus.
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The Roman writer Suetonius (c. 70 - c. 140) noted: "He rejoiced when someone, under his piercing gaze, as if under the dazzling rays of the sun, lowered his head."
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The statue of Marcus Aurelius is a bronze ancient Roman statue that is located in Rome in the New Palace of the Capitol museums. It was created in the 160-180s.
The originally gilded equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius was installed on the slope of the Capitol opposite the Roman Forum. This is the only equestrian statue that has survived from antiquity, since in the Middle Ages it was believed that it depicts St. Constantine.
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In the XII century, the statue was moved to the Lateran square. In the 15th century, the Vatican librarian Platina compared the images on the coins and identified the rider. In 1538, she was placed on the Capitol by order of Pope Paul III. The base for the statue was made by Michelangelo. The statue is only twice its life size. Marcus Aurelius is depicted in a soldier's cloak (over a tunic). Under the raised hoof of the horse, there used to be a sculpture of a bound barbarian.
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In an era of reassessment of values, he expressed his attitude in the following way: “The time of human life is a moment, its essence is an eternal flow, sensation is vague, the structure of the whole body is perishable, the soul is unstable, fate is mysterious, glory is unreliable” (From the diary “Alone with yourself ")
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Septimius Bassian Caracalla (186-217) - Roman emperor from the dynasty of the Severs.
One of the most cruel emperors. The sharp turn of the head, the swiftness of movement and the tensed muscles of the mei allow you to feel assertive strength, hot temper and furious energy. Angrily knitted eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead, a suspicious look from under the forehead, a massive chin_ all speaks of the emperor's merciless cruelty.
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02/17/2017 20 Portrait of Caracalla Ancient Rome 211 - 217 AD e. Italy, Rome, National Roman Museum
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02/17/2017 21 Aulus Blizzard Ancient Rome 110 - 90 BC e. Italy, Florence, Archaeological Museum
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The bronze statue of Aulus Metellus from the Museum of Florence, also executed by the Etruscan master of that time, although it still retains all the features of the Etruscan bronze portrait in the plastic interpretation of the form, in fact, is already a Roman monument, full of civic public sound, unusual for Etruscan art. In the bust of Brutus and the statue of Aulus Metellus, as in many portraits from alabaster urns, the boundaries of the Etruscan and Roman understanding of the image converged. Here one should look for the origins of the ancient Roman sculptural portrait, which grew not only on the Greco-Hellenistic, but above all on the Etruscan basis.
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The figure of a mature man, who leaves his right shoulder open, and in a tunic. In high Roman-type shoes with laces. The head is slightly turned to the right. The hair is short, with small strands. Wrinkles on the forehead, as well as in the corners of the mouth and empty eyes, which should have been filled with inserts from a different material. The right hand is raised and extended forward, with an open hand; the left hand with a half-closed hand is lowered down along the body, under the toga. The ring finger of the left hand has an oval-framed ring. The left leg is slightly bent forward. Attributed to Aretian production.
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02/17/2017 24 Portrait of a "Syrian woman" Ancient Rome Around 170 Russia, St. Petersburg, Hermitage
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The expressive realistic portrait in marble is a perfect example of deep and precise psychological characterization and brilliant craftsmanship. A thin, oblong face with irregular and even ugly features is touching and attractive in its own way.
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02/17/2017 26 Antinous Ancient Rome 117 - 134 AD
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02/17/2017 27 Young handsome Antinous is the favorite of Emperor Hadrian. During the emperor's journey along the Nile, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the Nile. The grief-stricken emperor established something like the cult of Antinous. There was even a legend that the young man sacrificed himself in order to distract the oracle's formidable prediction from the emperor. This found support among the masses, as it revived the cult of a perishing and reborn god again.
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02/17/2017 28 Mother and child ("Mater-matuta") Ancient Rome 450 BC e. Italy, Florence. Archaeological Museum
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02/17/2017 29 The image of a seated woman with a child in her arms is the Etruscan-Latin deity of the Great Mother ("Mater-matuta"). Already in this sculpture, the features of the Etruscan character were manifested: the squat proportions, the frozen tension of the figure. The composition includes two winged sphinxes - a favorite motif of the Etruscans - on both sides of the throne. Being an anthropomorphic (that is, represented in the image of a man) urn-canopic, the statue is associated with the cult of the dead.
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Painting art
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Mysteries - worship, a set of secret cult events dedicated to deities, in which only initiates were allowed to participate. They were often theatrical performances. The Mysteries of Ancient Greece represent an original episode in the history of religions and in many ways are still mysteries. The ancients themselves attached great importance to the Mysteries: only those initiated in them, according to Plato, bliss after death, and according to Cicero, the Mysteries were taught both to live well and die with good hopes.
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02/17/2017 32 Villa of the Mysteries. Pompeii. Ancient Rome c. 100 BC e. Italy, Pompeii
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02/17/2017 33 Villa of the Mysteries. Wall painting Ancient Rome c. 100 BC e. Italy, Pompeii
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17.02.2017 35 The villas are characterized by great luxury and decoration made of precious materials. Wall painting was an integral part of the villas. There were two types of villas: villa rustica - a rural villa with an economic or industrial character, and villa peurban - an urban villa designed for relaxation and all kinds of entertainment ...
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The art of ancient Rome, like that of ancient Greece, developed within the framework of a slave-owning society, therefore these two main components are meant when they speak of "ancient art". Usually in the history of ancient art they adhere to the sequence - first Greece, then Rome. Moreover, the art of Rome is considered the completion of the artistic creation of ancient society. This has its own logic: the flowering of Hellenic art falls on the 5th - 4th centuries. BC e., the heyday of the Roman - in the I-II centuries. n. e. And yet, if we consider that the date, even legendary, of the founding of Rome is 753 BC. e., then the beginning of the activity, including artistic, of the people who inhabited this city, can be attributed to the VIII century. BC e., that is, the century, when the Greeks did not yet build monumental temples, did not sculpt large sculptures, but only painted the walls of ceramic vessels in a geometric style.
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Portrait of Pompey Evolution should be noted - from portraits of the Romans of the Early and Mature Republic, closed in their isolated clan world, to portraits of the leaders of the Late Republic, such as Pompeii, Caesar, and Cicero. Almost imperial claims are embodied in the plasticity of these images. The meaning of the depicted, which is gaining a strong public resonance, goes beyond the republican views.
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Pompeii. A street in the city of Sculptors of those years sought primarily to impress a person. The sculptor Zenofor erected a huge statue for Nero, which stood for a long time at the lobby of the Golden House. It was a grandiose, probably awe-inspiring to the Romans, a portrait that had nothing to do with the ear of the ancient Greeks themselves. However, chamber sculpture was also widespread in the first period of flourishing of the Empire's art - marble figurines that adorned interiors, quite often found during the excavations of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia.
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The Colosseum The Colosseum, the largest of the ancient Roman amphitheaters, is one of the famous ancient monuments of ancient Rome and one of the most remarkable structures in the world. It is located in Rome, in the hollow between the Esquiline, Palatine and Celievsky hills, in the place where there was a pond that belonged to the Golden House of Nero. The Colosseum was originally called the Flavian Amphitheater because it was a collective edifice of the emperors of the Flavian dynasty. The construction was carried out for 8 years, in 72-80 years. n. e.
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The symbol of Rome is the famous Capitoline wolf. The Capitoline she-wolf (lat.Lupa Capitolina) is an Etruscan bronze sculpture, stylistically dated to the 5th century BC. and kept in Rome since antiquity. Depicts (approximately life-size) a she-wolf breastfeeding two babies - Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of the city. It is believed that the wolf was the totem of the Sabines and Etruscans, and the statue was transferred to Rome as a sign of the fusion of the Romans with these peoples.
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Basilica Emilia The Basilica Emilia, the remains of which can still be seen on the north side in front of the Basilica Julius, was built in 179 BC. e. Mark Emilius Lepidus and Mark Fulvius Nobilior at the site of an older temple. Now it is hard to believe in it, but Pliny the elder called the basilica one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. The basilica had three naves and three entrances from the square, large windows for illuminating the interior, and relief decorations depicting the mythical foundation of the city. During the reign of Augustus, the portico of Gaius and Lucius was built opposite the basilica.
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Neptunov's Cart In 1736, the sculpture-fountain composition "Neptunov's Cart" was placed in the central basin of the Upper Park. The sculptures were cast in lead and gilded. The center of the composition was the figure of Neptune "with a carriage", as well as dolphins and "riding" on horses. The central stream of the fountain raised a gilded copper ball. After repeated restorations, Neptunov's Cart had to be removed in 1797. Instead, a new group was established - "Neptune", which remains to this day. The fountain figures were originally created in Nuremberg (Germany). In 1660, Georg Schweigger (German: Georg Schweigger) and goldsmith Christoph Ritter (German: Christoph Ritter) presented the model in the form of its component parts. Then Schweiger and his student Jeremiah Eissler (German: Jeremias Eissler) worked on the model until 1670, but the complete set of figures was not completed until 1688-1694; the casting was done by WHHeroldt. The fountain was never exhibited in Nuremberg, but it became known as a kind of attraction, even when it was in a warehouse. In 1796, the bulk of the figures were bought by Russia and sent to Peterhof. The copy now installed in the city park of Nuremberg has been there since 1902.
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Pantheon Pantheon (ancient Greek πάνθειον - a temple or a place dedicated to all gods, from ancient Greek πάντεζ - everything and θεόζ - god) - "temple of all gods" in Rome, a monument of centric-domed architecture during the heyday of ancient architecture Rome, built in the 2nd century AD. e. under the emperor Hadrian on the site of the previous Pantheon, built two centuries earlier by Mark Vipsanius Agrippa. The Latin inscription on the pediment reads: “M. AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIUM FECIT ", which in translation sounds like:" Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, elected consul for the third time, erected this. "
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Fountain of the Turtles The Fountain of the Turtles in the small square of Mattei is the most charming of the fountains in Rome. Its beauty, its graceful lines make one believe in the legend that this jewel of art of the late 16th century belongs to Raphael, but it is the work of Landini (1585).
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A relief with figures of Roman dignitaries acted as orators, drawing the crowd: from here Cicero spoke against Catiline, and Antony touched the Romans with his eulogy on Caesar's death. But moments of splendor were followed by a gradual decline, and at first the Forum had to give way to new forums of the era of the empire, after which, together with the entire Roman civilization, shocked by the invasions of barbarians, plunged into the darkness of the long Middle Ages. In the last century, however, an interest in archeology arose and systematic excavations began.
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Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Erected by the Senate in 141 AD in honor of Faustina, wife of Antoninus, deified after death. Later it was dedicated to the emperor himself. Corinthian columns remain from the temple, supporting an amazingly painted entablature. In the 11th century, the temple was converted into a Christian church dedicated to San Lorenzo in Miranda and rebuilt in the 17th century.
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Temple of Romulus It was believed that this temple was erected by Maxentius for the son of Romulus, who died as a child in 307 AD, but, probably, we are talking about the Temple of the Penates, built on the site of a previously destroyed temple, on the ruins of which a large basilica was built. Most of the temple has survived thanks to the transformation into the atrium of the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian (VI century AD).
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Domitian Hippodrome The Palatine Grand Hippodrome is 160 meters long and 50 meters wide. The wall structures were made of fired bricks with marble cladding. The stadium was surrounded by a portico; on one of its sides there was a tribune, from which the emperor watched the shows and performances of gymnasts.
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Roman art completes the centuries-old path begun by Hellenic culture. It can be defined as a phenomenon of the transition period from one artistic system to another, as a bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages. At the same time, just as every piece of art is not only a link in the chain of artistic development, but also a unique individual phenomenon, Roman art is integral and original. The “audience” of ancient Roman art, especially during the years of the Later Empire, was more numerous than that of Greek art. Like a new religion that captured wide sections of the population of the eastern, western and north African provinces, the art of the Romans influenced a huge number of the inhabitants of the empire, including emperors, influential officials, ordinary Romans, freedmen, slaves. Already within the empire, an attitude was formed towards art as a phenomenon that united people of different classes, races, and social positions.
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But in ancient Rome, not only were the general aesthetic qualities that determined the character of the coming culture were formed, the methods that were followed by the artists of later times were also developed. In European art, ancient Roman works often served as a kind of standards, which were imitated by architects, sculptors, painters, glassblowers and ceramists, gem cutters and decorators of gardens and parks. The priceless artistic heritage of ancient Rome continues to live on as a school of classical craftsmanship for contemporary art.
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Culture of Ancient Rome World art culture Lesson-presentation Vasilyeva ON Lomovskaya secondary school Dudkovo 2009Slide 2
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Worship of the Gods The Romans worshiped the gods of fate, cities, and patron spirits of every person. The gods of the hearth occupied a special place in their beliefs. For rituals in honor of the home gods, the Roman family gathered around the home altar. Lararias were built in the houses - something like a small chapel, where wax statuettes of Lars (patrons of the house) and Penates (keepers of the hearth and food reserves) were located. The head of the family put honey cakes, wine, flowers in front of the altar, or threw the part of the dinner intended for the gods into the fire of the hearth. The cult of the Genius, the patron saint of the emperor and all men, was of national importance. Juno patronized women.
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Rome During the heyday of the Empire, the Roman type of urban planning spread: the city consisted of residential quarters, public buildings, squares (forums) and artisan areas. The Romans learned to make a material such as concrete from lime mortar, crushed stone and volcanic sand, which made it possible to build massive and durable structures. The Romans took such architectural elements as the arch and vault from the Etruscans. The Romans borrowed architectural orders from the Greeks.
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Appian Way The Roman roads were of great strategic importance, they united different parts of the country. The Appian road leading to Rome (VI-III centuries BC. Named after the builder - censor Appius Claudius Tsek) for the movement of cohorts and messengers was the first of the network of roads that later covered all of Italy. Near the valley of Aricci, a road paved with a thick layer of concrete, rubble, lava and tuff slabs, because of the terrain, went along a massive wall (197 m long, 11 m high), dissected at the bottom by three through arched spans for mountain waters.
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Aqueducts and viaducts Rome is gradually becoming the most water-rich city in the world. Powerful bridges and aqueducts (the Appia Claudius aqueduct, 311 BC, the Marcius aqueduct, 144 BC), running tens of kilometers, occupied a prominent place in the architecture of the city, in the form of its picturesque surroundings AKVEDUK (lat ., from "water" and "lead") - a bridge with a groove water supply and arched spans, sometimes in several tiers in places of lowering of the earth's surface. VIADUK (lat., From "path, road" and "lead") - a bridge along which a section of the road passes at the point of intersection with a ravine, ravine, another road, etc.
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Baths Public baths (baths) were equipped with a gymnasium, playgrounds, swimming pools with hot, warm and cold water. Baths were a favorite resting place of the Romans. There they did physical exercises, exchanged news. Instead of soap, olive oil was rubbed into the skin. After the steam room, they plunged into a pool of cold water. Then they did a massage and went home to dinner.
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Roman Forum The center of life in Rome, the capital of the empire, was the square lying between two hills - the Capitol and the Palatine. It was called Forum Romanum. People's meetings were held here, at which they discussed laws, resolved issues of war and peace, and concluded trade deals. On the square there were buildings decorated with marble and bronze statues, columns and arches, which were erected in honor of the victories of the Roman emperors and generals.
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Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe of Constantine. 4th century. Rome. The Arch of Emperor Titus was built in honor of his trip over rebellious Palestine. A 6-bronze sculptural group was hoisted on it: Titus, accompanied by the goddess Victoria, sat on a chariot drawn by four horses. The arches underneath were called triumphal, as they were associated with triumph - the solemn entry of the beggar into the city. 06the erection of triumphal arches spread throughout Europe.
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Trajan's Column In addition to arches, monumental columns were also built in Rome. This is the column of Trajan (architect Apollodorus), erected in 113 in honor of the victory of the Romans over the Dacians. The column, made up of 17 Carrara marble drums, rose 30 meters and was crowned with a bronze statue of the Emperor Trajan. Outside, the column was decorated with marble slabs with reliefs of the most important episodes of the war with the Dacians. This sculptural ribbon, about 22 meters long, encircles the entire column
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The Pantheon - the temple of all gods For many centuries, this temple has been an unsurpassed example of construction, crowned with a dome. The grandiose round space of the temple is covered with a spherical cup of the dome with a diameter of 43.2 m. In the center of the dome there is a window with a diameter of 9 m, through which streams of sunlight are pouring. The entire weight of the huge dome is supported by eight massive pylon supports hidden in the wall. They are connected to each other by a system of brick arches. The wide stone pediment of the portico rests on 8 columns. The Pantheon is considered the most perfect example of Roman architecture, both technically and artistically.
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Colosseum During the Flavian Imperial Dynasty, 75-80s. a grandiose amphitheater was built in the center of Rome. In the Middle Ages, it got the name "Colosseum" - from the Latin word "colossus" - colossal. The Colosseum is a huge oval bowl measuring 188x156 m with rows of seats that go down to the center - the arena. There were fights of gladiators, fights between people and animals. Up to 56 thousand spectators could watch them. The structure is surrounded by a powerful wall. It is divided into 4 tiers, consisting of pillars and arches. Each tier was decorated with columns of different types: the lower one - Doric, the second - Ionic, the third - Corinthian. The fourth tier was a blank wall, dissected by Corinthian pilasters - protrusions. So the Roman architect skillfully and in his own way used the Greek order system, supplementing it with Roman elements - an arch and a vault.
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Sculptural portrait The Romans borrowed from the Etruscans the custom of venerating dead ancestors. The plaster or wax mask was removed from the face of the deceased and displayed in the front room. During the funeral procession, the masks of not only the deceased, but also the ancestors were carried behind the coffin. This custom taught the Romans to see in the portrait not an ideal hero, but a real person, to appreciate the authenticity of a sculptural portrait.
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Sculptural portrait In the II-I centuries. BC e. the Roman highest nobility was given the right to erect their statues in public places. They depicted specific people, and the sculptors sought to convey external similarity, but without idealization
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Frescoes Wall frescoes are genuine masterpieces of painting found in the so-called Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii. They depict not only the characters of myths, participants in the initiation into the cult of the god Dionysus, but also the mistress of the villa, the girl who serves her, the winged goddess. Roman frescoes often reproduced paintings by Greek masters. Landscapes, gardens and parks, cities and temples, birds and animals are captured in these paintings.
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Frescoes Fresco "Spring" from the city of Stabius, near Pompeii. The girl, symbolizing spring, moves away from the viewer into the depths of the space, breathing coolness and freshness. In her left hand she holds a cornucopia, and with her right she gently touches a flower rising from the ground. Her golden yellow cape, auburn hair and the pink tone of her bare shoulders harmonize wonderfully with the vibrant green backdrop of a blooming louga. The joy associated with the arrival of spring, with the warm spring sun, the fragrance of blossoming nature, the feeling of lightness of the girl's movements, as if floating in the air, permeate the entire pictorial composition.
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The fine arts of the Etruscans ETRUSCIANS lived on the territory of modern Italy in the 1st millennium BC. e.
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* * THIS people had their own philosophy, their ideas about life and death, a special perception of the world around them.
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* * "EVENING SHADOWS" - unnaturally elongated female and male sculptures associated with the cult of the dead (2nd-1st centuries BC).
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* * Believer. From the sanctuary of Diana of Nemia. Ancient Rome 200 - 150 BC e. France, Paris, Louvre
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* * What is he, a man of that era? This is how the famous Roman orator and public figure Cicero (106-43 BC) presents him in his treatise 06 Duties: “Citizen of strict rules, brave and worthy of primacy in the state. He will completely devote himself to serving the state, will not seek wealth and power and will protect the state as a whole, taking care of all citizens ... he ... will keep to justice and moral beauty "
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* * Capitoline Brutus Ancient Rome 210 - 190 BC e. Italy, Rome, Palazzo Dei Conservatory
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* * Statue of Octavian Augustus from Prima Porta Ancient Rome 20 AD e. Vatican, Vatican Museums
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Octavian Augustus from Prima Porta. Octavian's father, Guy Octavius, came from a wealthy plebeian family that belonged to the ksadnic class; Julius Caesar made him a patrician. Mother, Atia, came from the Julian clan. She was the daughter of Julia, Caesar's sister, and Senator Mark Atius Balbinus, a relative of Gnaeus Pompey. Guy Octavius \u200b\u200bmarried her in a second marriage, from which Octavian's sister, Octavia the Younger, was born (she was called the Younger in relation to her half-sister). The nickname "Furin" Octavian received in the year of his birth in honor of his father's victory over the fugitive slaves of Spartacus, won in the vicinity of the city of Furia. Augustus tried not to use the name "Octavian", as it reminded him that he came to the Julian family from the outside, and not by direct origin.
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Gai Yuli Tse zar Octavian Augustus The foundations of art were laid during the reign of Octavian Augustus. This time, characterized by a high level of cultural development, is not accidentally called the "golden age" of the Roman state. It was then that the official style of Roman art was created, most clearly manifested in the numerous statues of Octavian Augustus.
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* * The Roman writer Suetonius (c. 70 - c. 140) noted: "He rejoiced when someone, under his piercing gaze, as if under the dazzling rays of the sun, lowered his head."
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The statue of Marcus Aurelius is a bronze ancient Roman statue, which is located in Rome in the New Palace of the Capitolian Museums. It was created in the 160-180s. The originally gilded equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius was installed on the slope of the Capitol opposite the Roman Forum. This is the only equestrian statue that has survived from antiquity, since in the Middle Ages it was believed that it depicts St. Constantine.
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In the XII century, the statue was moved to Lateran square. In the 15th century, the Vatican librarian Platina compared the images on the coins and identified the rider. In 1538, she was placed on the Capitol by order of Pope Paul III. The base for the statue was made by Michelangelo. The statue is only twice its life size. Marcus Aurelius is depicted in a soldier's cloak (over a tunic). Under the raised hoof of the horse, there used to be a sculpture of a bound barbarian.
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* * In the era of reassessment of values, he expressed his attitude in the following way: “The time of human life is a moment, its essence is an eternal flow, sensation is vague, the structure of the whole body is perishable, the soul is unstable, fate is mysterious, fame is unreliable” (From the diary “ Alone with myself")
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Septimius Bassia n Karaca lla (186-217) - Roman emperor from the dynasty of the Severs. One of the most cruel emperors. The sharp turn of the head, the swiftness of movement and the tensed muscles of the mei allow you to feel assertive strength, hot temper and furious energy. Angrily knitted eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead, a suspicious look from under the forehead, a massive chin_ all speaks of the emperor's merciless cruelty.
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* * Portrait of Caracalla Ancient Rome 211 - 217 AD e. Italy, Rome, National Roman Museum
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* * Aulus Blizzard Ancient Rome 110 - 90 BC e. Italy, Florence, Archaeological Museum
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The bronze statue of Aulus Metellus from the Museum of Florence, also executed by the Etruscan master of that time, although it still retains all the features of the Etruscan bronze portrait in the plastic interpretation of the form, in fact, is already a Roman monument, full of civic public sound, unusual for Etruscan art. In the bust of Brutus and the statue of Aulus Metellus, as in many portraits from alabaster urns, the boundaries of the Etruscan and Roman understanding of the image converged. Here one should look for the origins of the ancient Roman sculptural portrait, which grew not only on the Greco-Hellenistic, but above all on the Etruscan basis.
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The figure of a mature man, who leaves his right shoulder open, and in a tunic. In high Roman-type shoes with laces. The head is slightly turned to the right. The hair is short, with small strands. Wrinkles on the forehead, as well as in the corners of the mouth and empty eyes, which were supposed to be filled with inserts from a different material. The right hand is raised and extended forward, with an open hand; the left hand with a half-closed hand is lowered down along the body, under the toga. The ring finger of the left hand has an oval-framed ring. The left leg is slightly bent forward. Attributed to Aretian production.
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* * Portrait of a "Syrian woman" Ancient Rome Around 170 Russia, St. Petersburg, Hermitage
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The expressive realistic portrait in marble is the perfect example of deep and precise psychological characterization and brilliant craftsmanship. A thin elongated face with irregular and even ugly features is touching and attractive in its own way.
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* * The young handsome Antinous is the favorite of the Emperor Hadrian. During the emperor's journey along the Nile, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the Nile. The grief-stricken emperor established something like the cult of Antinous. There was even a legend that the young man sacrificed himself to distract the oracle's formidable prediction from the emperor. This found support among the masses, as it revived the cult of the dying and reborn god again.
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* * Mother with child ("Mater-matuta") Ancient Rome 450 BC e. Italy, Florence. Archaeological Museum
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* * The image of a seated woman with a child in her arms is the Etruscan-Latin deity of the Great Mother ("Mater-matuta"). Already in this sculpture, the features of the Etruscan character were manifested: the squat proportions, the frozen tension of the figure. The composition includes two winged sphinxes - a favorite motif of the Etruscans - on both sides of the throne. Being an anthropomorphic (that is, represented in the image of a person) canopic urn, the statue is associated with the cult of the dead.
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Mysteries - worship, a set of secret cult events dedicated to deities, to which only initiates were allowed to participate. They were often theatrical performances. The Mysteries of Ancient Greece represent an original episode in the history of religions and in many ways are still mysteries. The ancients themselves attached great importance to the Mysteries: only those initiated in them, according to Plato, bliss after death, and according to Cicero, the Mysteries were taught both to live well and die with good hopes.
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* * Villa of the Mysteries. Wall painting Ancient Rome c. 100 BC e. Italy, Pompeii
The art of ancient Rome, like that of ancient Greece, developed within the framework of a slave-owning society, therefore these two main components are meant when they talk about "ancient art". Usually in the history of ancient art the sequence is followed first by Greece, then by Rome. Moreover, the art of Rome is considered the completion of the artistic creation of ancient society. This has its own logic: the flowering of Hellenic art falls on the 5th-4th centuries. BC e., the heyday of the Roman in the III century. n. e. And yet, if you consider that the date, even legendary, of the founding of Rome 753 BC. e., then the beginning of the activity, including artistic, of the people who inhabited this city, can be attributed to the VIII century. BC e., that is, the century, when the Greeks did not yet build monumental temples, did not sculpt large sculptures, but only painted the walls of ceramic vessels in a geometric style.
Portrait of Pompey It is necessary to note the evolution from portraits of the Romans of the Early and Mature Republic, closed in their isolated clan world, to portraits of the leaders of the Late Republic, such as Pompeii, Caesar, Cicero. In the plasticity of these images, almost imperial claims are embodied. The significance of what is depicted, which is gaining a strong public resonance, goes beyond the republican perceptions. Portrait of Pompey. 1st century BC BC Copenhagen. New Carlsburg Glyptotek.
Pompeii. A street in the city of Sculptors of those years sought primarily to amaze a person. The sculptor Zenofor erected a huge statue for Nero, which stood for a long time at the entrance to the Golden House. It was a grandiose, probably awe-inspiring to the Romans, a portrait that had nothing to do with the colossus of the ancient Greeks. However, in the first period of the heyday of the Empire's art, chamber sculpture was also widely used, decorating the interiors with marble figurines, which were quite often found during excavations of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia. Pompeii. Street in the city.
Colosseum The Colosseum is the largest of the ancient Roman amphitheaters, one of the most famous ancient monuments of ancient Rome and one of the most remarkable structures in the world. It is located in Rome, in the hollow between the Esquiline, Palatine and Celievsky hills, in the place where there was a pond that belonged to the Golden House of Nero. The Colosseum was originally called the Flavian Amphitheater because it was a collective edifice of the emperors of the Flavian dynasty. The construction was carried out for 8 years, in the years. n. e.
The symbol of Rome is the famous Capitoline wolf. Capitoline she-wolf (lat.Lupa Capitolina) Etruscan bronze sculpture, stylistically dated to the 5th century BC. and kept in Rome since antiquity. Depicts (approximately life-size) a she-wolf nursing two babies Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of the city. It is believed that the wolf was the totem of the Sabines and Etruscans, and the statue was transferred to Rome as a sign of the fusion of the Romans with these peoples.
Basilica Emilia The Basilica Emilia, the remains of which can still be seen on the north side in front of the Basilica Julius, was built in 179 BC. e. Mark Emilius Lepidus and Mark Fulvius Nobilior at the site of an older temple. It's hard to believe now, but Pliny the Elder called the basilica one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. The basilica had three naves and three entrances from the square, large windows for illuminating the interior, and relief decorations depicting the mythical foundation of the city. During the reign of Augustus, the portico of Gaius and Lucius was built opposite the basilica.
Neptunov's Cart In 1736, the sculpture-fountain composition "Neptunov's Cart" was placed in the central basin of the Upper Park. The sculptures were cast in lead and gilded. The center of the composition was the figure of Neptune "with a carriage", as well as dolphins and "riding" on horses. The central stream of the fountain raised a gilded copper ball. After repeated restorations, Neptunov's Cart had to be removed in 1797. Instead, a new group, "Neptune", was installed, which continues to this day. The fountain figures were originally created in Nuremberg (Germany). In 1660, Georg Schweigger (German: Georg Schweigger) and goldsmith Christoph Ritter (German: Christoph Ritter) introduced the model in the form of its component parts. Then Schweiger and his student Jeremiah Eissler (German: Jeremias Eissler) worked on the model until 1670, but the complete set of figures was completed only in years. The casting was made by Heroldt (German: WHHeroldt). The fountain was never exhibited in Nuremberg, but it became known as a kind of attraction, even when it was in a warehouse. In 1796, the bulk of the figures were bought by Russia and sent to Peterhof. The copy now installed in the city park of Nuremberg has been there since 1902.
Pantheon Pantheon (ancient Greek πάνθειον temple or a place dedicated to all gods, from ancient Greek πάντεζ everything and θεόζ god) "temple of all gods" in Rome, a monument of centric-domed architecture of the heyday of architecture of Ancient Rome, built in 2nd century AD e. under the Emperor Hadrian on the site of the previous Pantheon, built two centuries earlier by Mark Vipsanias Agrippa. The Latin inscription on the pediment reads: “M. AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIUM FECIT ", which in translation sounds like:" Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, elected consul for the third time, erected this. "
Fountain of the Turtles The Fountain of the Turtles in the small square of Mattei is the most enchanting of the fountains in Rome. Its beauty, its graceful lines make one believe in the legend that this jewel of art of the late 16th century belongs to Raphael, but it is the work of Landini (1585).
A relief with figures of Roman dignitaries acted as orators, drawing the crowd: from here Cicero spoke against Catiline, and Antony touched the Romans with his eulogy on Caesar's death. But moments of splendor were followed by a gradual decline, and at first the Forum had to give way to new forums of the era of the empire, after which, together with the entire Roman civilization, shocked by the invasions of barbarians, plunged into the darkness of the long Middle Ages. In the last century, however, an interest in archeology arose and systematic excavations began.
Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Erected by the Senate in 141 AD in honor of Faustina, wife of Antoninus, deified after death. Later it was dedicated to the emperor himself. Corinthian columns remain from the temple, supporting an amazingly painted entablature. In the 11th century, the temple was converted into a Christian church dedicated to San Lorenzo in Miranda and rebuilt in the 17th century.
Temple of Romulus It was believed that this temple was erected by Maxentius for the son of Romulus, who died as a child in 307 AD, but it is probably about the Temple of the Penates, built on the site of a previously destroyed temple, on the ruins of which a large basilica was built. Most of the temple has survived thanks to the transformation into the atrium of the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian (VI century AD).
Domitian Hippodrome The Palatina Grand Hippodrome is 160 meters long and 50 meters wide. The wall structures were made of fired bricks with marble cladding. The stadium was surrounded by a portico; on one of its sides there was a tribune, from which the emperor watched the shows and performances of gymnasts.
Roman art completes the centuries-old path begun by Hellenic culture. It can be defined as a phenomenon of the transition period from one artistic system to another, as a bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages. At the same time, just as every work is not only a link in the chain of artistic development, but also a unique individual phenomenon, Roman art is integral and original. The “audience” of ancient Roman art, especially during the years of the Later Empire, was more numerous than that of Greek art. Like the new religion that captured wide sections of the population of the eastern, western and North African provinces, the art of the Romans influenced a huge number of the inhabitants of the empire, including emperors, influential officials, ordinary Romans, freedmen, and slaves. Already within the empire, an attitude was formed towards art as a phenomenon that united people of different classes, races, and social positions.
But in ancient Rome, not only were the general aesthetic qualities that determined the character of the coming culture were formed, the methods that the artists of later times followed were also developed. In European art, ancient Roman works often served as a kind of standards, which were imitated by architects, sculptors, painters, glassblowers and ceramists, gem cutters and decorators of gardens and parks. The invaluable artistic legacy of ancient Rome continues to live on as a school of classical craftsmanship for contemporary art.
