What is shown on the map - the routes of the most important journeys. Routes of the most important travels, great geographical discoveries, a conventional term adopted mainly in historical literature, denoting the largest. Maps of countries visited

Routes of the most important travels GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES, a conventional term adopted mainly in historical literature, denoting the largest geographical discoveries of European travelers in the 15th to mid-17th centuries. In foreign literature, the period of the Great Geographical Discoveries is usually limited to the mid-15th to mid-16th centuries. Great geographical discoveries

The caravel is a symbol of the Great Geographical Discoveries. Great geographical discoveries became possible thanks to the successes of European science and technology. By the 15th century, sailing ships (caravels) that were reliable enough for ocean navigation were created, Great geographical discoveries

Walrus Tusk New trade routes also forced the search for Turkish conquests, which blocked traditional merchant ties with the East through the Mediterranean Sea. In overseas lands, Europeans hoped to find wealth: precious stones and metals, exotic goods and spices, ivory and walrus tusks. Great geographical discoveries

Coat of arms of Portugal The Portuguese were the first to launch systematic expeditions in the Atlantic Ocean. Portugal's activity at sea was predetermined by its geographical position in the far west of Europe and the historical conditions that developed after the end of the Portuguese Reconquista. Great geographical discoveries

Henry (Enrique) the Navigator Traditionally, Portugal's successes at sea are associated with the name of Prince Henry the Navigator (). He was not only an organizer of sea expeditions, but also seriously engaged in the development of open lands.

Azores In 1416, the Portuguese sailor G. Velho, following south along Africa, discovered the Canary Islands; in 1419, the Portuguese nobles Zarco and Vaz Teixeira discovered the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo; in 1431, V. Cabral, the Azores. Great geographical discoveries

Diogo Can in the Congo During the 15th century, Portuguese caravels explored the sea route along the western coast of Africa, reaching increasingly southern latitudes. In the years Diogo Can (Cao) crossed the equator, opened the mouth of the Congo River and walked along the coast of Africa to Cape Cross. Kahn discovered the Namibian deserts, thereby refuting the legend that had existed since the time of Ptolemy about the impassability of the tropics. Great geographical discoveries

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, portrait by an unknown artist of the 16th century. In 1492, after the capture of Granada and the completion of the reconquista, the Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella accepted the project of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus () to reach the shores of India, sailing to the west.

Coin 1 colon with the profile of Columbus The Columbus project had many opponents, but it received the support of scientists at the University of Salamansa, the most famous in Spain, and, no less significantly, among the business people of Seville.

Christopher Columbus (g.g.) From the Canary Islands, Columbus headed west. On October 12, 1492, after a month of sailing in the open ocean, the fleet approached a small island from the group of Bahamas, then named San Salvador.

Second Expedition Subsequently, Columbus made three more voyages to America in 2010, during which part of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad, etc. were discovered; part of the Atlantic coast of Central and South America was surveyed.

Columbus with an anchor and his noble coat of arms For his great discoveries, Columbus was granted a noble coat of arms by the Spanish monarch, on which “the castle of Castile and the lion of Leon were adjacent to images of the islands he discovered, as well as anchors symbols of the admiral’s title.” Columbus's personal coat of arms

Vasco da Gama Returning to Portugal in September 1499, Vasco da Gama was greeted with great honor, received a large monetary reward and the title "Admiral of the Indian Ocean", as well as the title of Don and the cities of Sines and Vila Nova de Milfontes as his fiefdom. In 1519 he received the title of Count of Vidigueira.

PORTRAIT OF VASCO DA GAMA Later he was in India twice more. Died in Cochin (India) on December 24. The ashes were transported to Portugal and buried in the small church of Quinta do Carmo in Alentejo. In 1880, the ashes were transferred to the Jeronimite Monastery in Lisbon.

John Cabot In Spain and Portugal, marine expeditions were equipped every year, which made overseas voyages and discovered new lands. Other European countries also became interested in overseas countries. Over the years, England equipped expeditions led by the Italian navigator John Cabot, who reached the shores of North America near the island of Newfoundland. Great geographical discoveries

Pedro Alvares Cabral In 1500, the Portuguese squadron under the command of Pedro Cabral, heading to India, was greatly diverted by the equatorial current and reached Brazil, which Cabral mistook for an island. Then he continued his voyage, circumnavigated Africa and proceeded through the Mozambique Channel to India. Like previous travelers, Cabral considered the land he discovered in the west to be part of Asia. Great geographical discoveries

Alonso de Ojeda In an 18th-century engraving. The travels of the navigator Amerigo Vespucci were important for understanding the essence of the discovery of Christopher Columbus. Over the years, he made four trips to the shores of America, first as part of a Spanish expedition led by Alonso Ojeda, and then under the Portuguese flag. Great geographical discoveries

Amerigo Vespucci Having compared the data received, and Spanish and Portuguese navigators discovered the entire northern coast of South America and its eastern coast up to 25° south latitude, Vespucci came to the conclusion that the discovered lands were not Asia, but a new continent, and proposed calling it the “New World.” "

John Cabot's explorations in North America were continued by his son Sebastian Cabot. During his years leading English expeditions, he tried to find the so-called Northwest Passage to India and managed to reach Hudson Bay. Having failed to find a short route to India, England showed little interest in the open lands overseas. Hudson Bay Great geographical discoveries

The difference between America and Asia was finally confirmed by Ferdinand Magellan, who carried out the first circumnavigation of the world (), which became practical evidence of the sphericity of the Earth. Fernand Magellan

A ship from Magellan's fleet. Image 1523 An expedition led by Magellan explored the southeastern part of South America, discovered the strait between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (the Strait of Magellan) and sailed through the southern part of the Pacific Ocean. Great geographical discoveries

Cordova, Calahorra Tower In the years, the Spanish conquistadors J. Ponce de Leon, F. Cordova, J. Grijalva discovered the entire eastern coast of South and Central America, the Gulf Coast, and the Florida Peninsula. Great geographical discoveries

Map of the hike. Expedition to Mexico Great geographical discoveries

Map of California in the 17th century. The territory is depicted as an island. The search for gold, the mythical country of Eldorado, led the conquistadors far into the interior of the American continent. In the years, Sebastian Cabot, who switched to Spanish service, explored the lower reaches of the Parana River and discovered the lower reaches of the Paraguay River.

Francisco Orellana sailed the Amazon from the Andes to the mouth in 1542. By 1552, the Spaniards had explored the entire Pacific coast of South America, discovered the largest rivers of the continent (Amazon, Orinoco, Parana, Paraguay), and explored the Andes from 10° north latitude to 40° south latitude. Francisco de Orellana, depicted by a modern artist.

HERNANDO DE SOTO In the second quarter of the 16th century, French navigators also achieved significant success. J. Verrazano (1524) and J. Cartier () discovered the eastern coast of North America and the St. Lawrence River. In the years, the Spaniards E. Soto and F. Coronado traveled to the Southern Appalachians and the Southern Rocky Mountains, to the basins of the Colorado and Mississippi rivers.

Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America in 1617 centuries. Russian explorers explored the northern coasts of the Ob, Yenisei and Lena and mapped the contours of the northern coast of Asia. In 1642, Yakutsk was founded, which became the base for expeditions to the Arctic Ocean. Great geographical discoveries

Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America Great geographical discoveries In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (ca) left Kolyma and walked around the Chukotka peninsula, proving that the Asian continent is separated from America by a strait. The outlines of the northeastern coast of Asia were refined and plotted on maps (1667, “Drawing of the Siberian Land”).

Cape Dezhnev But Dezhnev's report on the discovery of the strait lay in the Yakut archive for 80 years and was published only in 1758. In the 18th century. The strait discovered by Dezhnev was named after the Danish navigator in the Russian service, Vitus Bering, who in 1728 opened the strait for the second time. In 1898, in memory of Dezhnev, a cape at the northeastern tip of Asia was named after him. Great geographical discoveries

Henry Hudson made four expeditions to North America over the years. He passed through the strait between Labrador and Baffin Island into a vast gulf in the interior of North America. Later, both the strait and the bay were named after Hudson. A river in eastern North America is also named after him, at the mouth of which the city of New York later arose. Hudson's fate ended tragically; in the spring of 1611, the mutinous crew of his ship landed him and his teenage son in a boat in the middle of the ocean, where they went missing. HENRY HUDSON

John Davis spent three voyages in the waters of the North Atlantic, discovered the strait between Greenland and America (Davis Strait), and explored the coast of the Labrador Peninsula. John Davis Great geographical discoveries

Portrait of William Baffin by Hendrik van der Borcht William Baffin sailed in Arctic waters over the years: he made expeditions to the shores of Spitsbergen, explored Hudson Bay and the sea that was later named after him, discovered a number of islands in the Canadian Arctic archipelago, moving along the western coast of Greenland and reached 78° northern latitude. Samuel de Champlain In the first quarter of the 17th century. Europeans begin to explore North America. At first, France achieved the greatest success in this region. The first governor of Canada, Samuel Champlain. explored part of the eastern coast of North America, traveled deep into the continent: he discovered the Northern Appalachians, climbed up the St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes and reached Lake Huron. By 1648, the French had discovered all five Great Lakes.

At the same time, at the beginning of the 17th century, European sailors penetrated the most remote part of the world from Europe, the areas located south of Southeast Asia. The Spaniard Luis Torres discovered the southern coast of New Guinea in 1606 and passed through the strait separating Asia and Australia (Torres Strait). Torres Strait Map Great Geographical Discoveries

Abel Janszon Tasman In Dutchman Abel Tasman discovered Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, and part of the coast of Northern and Western Australia. Tasman identified Australia as a single landmass and named it New Holland. But Holland did not have enough resources to explore the new continent, and a century later it had to be rediscovered. Great geographical discoveries

People are vain. Bloggers are even more vain. They are measured by places in the top, social capital and other attributes of success in virtual life. Well, travel bloggers are triply vain. They have the opportunity to compete in the number of countries and cities visited, in kilometers of routes and flights. Fortunately, the Internet is full of all kinds of services that allow you to visualize and count your tourism achievements. The main such tool is travel maps. I do not set out to review sites and programs that allow you to map your travels. There are a lot of them. I’ll only tell you about those that I use myself.

Although I am not a blogger or a traveler, curiosity and vanity are not alien to me. I also try to keep travel statistics and maps are my favorite tool for this.

In this post, I will limit myself to post-facto travel mapping (mapping routes that have already been taken). Maps used online during trips (both paper and electronic), navigation and construction of routes online are a topic for a separate discussion.

Maps of countries visited

The most global map available to a tourist or traveler, unless of course he has gone to Mars, is a map of visited countries. Such a map usually also serves as a counter, indicating the number of countries.

You can find at least a dozen sites that allow you to create such a map interactively and provide a code to insert into your page, for example, in LiveJournal.

They differ in ease of use, graphics and, most importantly, in their approach to the number of countries. Some consider only officially recognized independent states, some include territories with a special status (for example, Hong Kong and Macau), while others cannot find some little-known countries like my beloved Kiribati.

I use the very first service that appeared on the Internet (http://douweosinga.com), which generates the simplest graphical map (1):

This service only counts “official” countries, of which I have accumulated 61.

Another version of the map - from http://bighugelabs.com - looks good, but adds Hong Kong, Macau and the Åland Islands (2):

The cutest in terms of graphics, but not the most convenient for inserting into your website, is the map from http://www.ammap.com/ (3):

Maps of visited regions by country

This type of map allows you to shade visited regions on a world or country map. This makes sense, first of all, for large countries with a federal structure, which is why such services are available for the USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, and Russia.

For Russia, such maps can be built using at least two services - www.visited.ru and http://xtalk.msk.su/rusmap/.

Maps of visited places and cities

Some services allow you to combine countries visited and places visited. True, the choice of locations remains the privilege of the service’s authors and is not always clear.

RunKeeper draws routes in GoogleMaps and saves them on its website in the user's account.

Here, for example, is a map of a 12-kilometer walk in Riga from RunKeeper with additional information (time, pace, calories, terrain and pace chart) (15):

And this is GPS tracking of a 16 km long walk through San Francisco (16):

The only big drawback of RunKeeper is its buggy nature. During long routes, it often freezes and does not allow you to record the entire route. However, this may not be due to the application, but to its carrier.

Rail route maps

I have not found a suitable service for these purposes. I built a map of my railway routes in Google Maps Engine, without worrying too much about the accuracy of the railway display. On a small scale it looks like this (17):

Air travel maps and databases

Here, unlike the railway, there are several good services that allow you to maintain a database of air travel and display them on the map. I use Flight Memory (http://www.flightmemory.com) and Open Flights (http://openflights.org/). One of them is better suited for maintaining a flight database, and the other is better at building maps. Luckily, Flight Memory data can be imported into Open Flights.

Both services allow you to maintain a database of air travel and generate a lot of interesting statistics and flight maps.

Here, for example, are my general flight statistics for 2010-2012 (I was too lazy to enter earlier flights) from Flight Memory (18):

And here are the statistics on airports, airlines, planes, routes (19):

Flight Memory generates separate maps for domestic and international flights, which in my opinion is inconvenient. This is what my map of international flights for 2010-12 looks like from Flight Memory (20):

The map from Open Flights seems to me to be better in terms of graphics and it does not divide flights into domestic and international. My 2012 flight map (21):

Questions

With all the variety of services for creating route and travel maps, there are no ideal tools. In this regard, several questions remain.

Are there any universal services for maintaining travel statistics with routes and maps - similar to Flight Memory, but for any type of movement?

Are there specialized services for building routes by rail and sea?

Well, I will be glad to any advice on the topic.

Good luck satisfying your curiosity and vanity. The cards have been dealt.

A person is always driven by curiosity. Thousands of years ago, discoverers, going further and further into unknown lands, created the first semblances of geographical maps, trying to put the relief they saw on sheets of papyrus or clay tablets.

Probably the oldest map found is from the Egyptian Museum in Turin, made on papyrus by order of Pharaoh Ramses IV in 1160 BC. e. This map was used by an expedition that, on the orders of the pharaoh, was looking for stone for construction. The map familiar to our eyes appeared in ancient Greece half a thousand years BC. Anaximander of Miletus is considered the first cartographer to create a map of the world known at that time.

The originals of his maps have not survived, but 50 years later they were restored and improved by another scientist from Miletus, Hecataeus. Scientists have recreated this map based on the descriptions of Hecataeus. It is easy to recognize the Mediterranean and Black Seas and nearby lands. But is it possible to determine distances from it? This requires a scale that was not yet available on ancient maps. For a unit of measurement of length, Hecataeus used “days of sailing” on the sea and “days of marching” on dry land, which, of course, did not add accuracy to the maps.

Ancient geographical maps also had other significant shortcomings. They distorted the image, because a spherical surface cannot be turned onto a plane without distortion. Try to carefully remove the orange peel and press it to the table surface: you won’t be able to do this without tearing. In addition, they did not have a degree grid of parallels and meridians, without which it is impossible to accurately determine the location of the object. Meridians first appeared on the map of Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC. e., however, they were carried out through different distances. It was not for nothing that Eratosthenes was called the “Father of Geography” as a mathematician among geographers. The scientist not only measured the size of the Earth, but also used a cylindrical projection to depict it on the map. In this projection there is less distortion because the image is transferred from the ball to the cylinder. Modern maps are created in different projections - cylindrical, conical, azimuthal and others.

The most perfect maps of the ancient era are considered to be the geographical maps of Ptolemy, who lived in the 2nd century AD. e. in the Egyptian city of Alexandria. Claudius Ptolemy entered the history of science thanks to two large works: the “Manual of Astronomy” in 13 books and the “Manual of Geography”, which consisted of 8 books. 27 maps were added to the Geography Manual, among them a detailed map of the world. No one created a better one either before Ptolemy or 12 centuries after him! This map already had a degree grid. To create it, Ptolemy determined the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) of almost four hundred objects. The scientist determined latitude (distance from the equator in degrees) by the altitude of the Sun at noon using a gnomon, longitude (degree distance from the prime meridian) by the difference in the time of observations of the lunar eclipse from different points.

In medieval Europe, the works of ancient scientists were forgotten, but they were preserved in the Arab world. There, Ptolemy's maps were published in the 15th century and reprinted almost 50 more times! Perhaps it was these maps that helped Columbus on his famous voyage. Ptolemy's authority grew so much that even collections of maps were called "Ptolemies" for a long time. It was only in the 16th century, after the publication of Gerardus Mercator’s Atlas of the World, on the cover of which Atlas was depicted holding the Earth, that collections of maps were called “atlases.”

Geographic maps were also created in Ancient China. Interestingly, the first written mention of a geographic map is not related to geography. In the 3rd century BC. e. The Chinese throne was occupied by the Qin dynasty. A rival in the struggle for power, Crown Prince Dan sent an assassin to the ruler of the dynasty with a map of his lands drawn on silk fabric. The mercenary hid a dagger in a bundle of silk. History tells that the assassination attempt failed.

During the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, images of America and Australia, the Atlantic and Pacific oceans appeared on world maps. Errors on maps often resulted in tragedy for sailors. Having explored the shores of Alaska, the large Kamchatka expedition of Vitus Bering in the 18th century did not have time to return to Kamchatka by the beginning of the autumn storms. The dreamer Bering spent three weeks of precious time searching for the mapped but non-existent Land of Gama. His sailing ship "St. Peter", broken, with sailors dying of scurvy, landed on a deserted island, where the famous Commander rested forever. “My blood boils every time,” wrote one of Bering’s assistants, “when I remember the shameless deception caused by an error on the map.”

Today, cartography is completely transferred to digital format. To create detailed maps, not only ground-based geodetic instruments are used - theodolite, level, but also airborne laser scanning, satellite navigation, and digital aerial photography.

Illustration: depositphotos.com | Kuzmafoto

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Although I am not a blogger or a traveler, curiosity and vanity are not alien to me. I also try to keep travel statistics and maps are my favorite tool for this.

Maps of countries visited

The most global map available to a tourist or traveler, unless of course he went to Mars, is a map of visited countries. Such a map usually also serves as a counter, indicating the number of countries.

You can find at least a dozen sites that allow you to create such a map interactively and provide a code to insert into your page, for example, in LiveJournal.

They differ in ease of use, graphics and, most importantly, their approach to the number of countries. Some consider only officially recognized independent states, some include territories with a special status (for example, Hong Kong and Macau), while others cannot find some little-known countries like my beloved Kiribati.

I use the very first service that appeared on the Internet (http://douweosinga.com), which generates the simplest graphical map:

This service only counts “official” countries, of which I have accumulated 61.

Maps of visited regions by country

For Russia, such maps can be built using at least two services - www.visited.ru and http://xtalk.msk.su/rusmap/.

Maps of visited places and cities

Some services allow you to combine countries visited and places visited. True, the choice of locations remains the privilege of the service’s authors and is not always clear.

RunKeeper draws routes in GoogleMaps and saves them on its website in the user's account.

Here, for example, is a map of a 12-kilometer walk in Riga from RunKeeper with additional information (time, pace, calories, terrain and pace chart):

And this is GPS tracking of a 16 km walk through San Francisco:

The only big drawback of RunKeeper is its buggy nature. With long routes, it often freezes and does not allow you to record the entire route. However, this may not be due to the application, but to its carrier.

Rail route maps

Air travel maps and databases

Both services allow you to maintain a database of air travel and generate a lot of interesting statistics and flight maps.

Here, for example, are my general flight statistics for 2010-2012 (I was too lazy to enter earlier flights) from Flight Memory:

And here are the statistics for airports, airlines, planes, routes:

The map from Open Flights seems to me to be better in terms of graphics and it does not divide flights into domestic and international. My 2012 flight map (21):

Good luck satisfying your curiosity and vanity. The cards have been dealt.

“Great geographical discoveries of modern times” - Great - At the feet of a pedestrian, And a droplet point - In the Universe. Pharaohs. Cook????????? 2. The ancient Egyptians built majestic... Kuk. Columbus. The Earth spins from sunrise to sunrise. Columbus's landing on the shores of America. And castles. Ancient Rome. Christopher Columbus. 1519 - 1522. The new century is the century of technical inventions.

“The Age of Discovery” - What is the significance of the Age of Discovery? James Cook 1768 Marco Polo 13th century. Routes of the most important travels. Vasco Balboa 1513 Age of Great Geographical Discoveries. Answer the questions: Ferdinand Magellan 1520 Normans (Vikings) 10th century. Abdel Tasman 1644 Vasco da Gama May 20, 1498

"Discoveries" - Destruction of the virtual world of the church. The invisible hand of the market. Sugar, cotton, coffee, and cocoa were cultivated. Humanism was the most important ideological prerequisite for nationalism. The result of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the beginning of the 15th - mid-17th century. Thus, in 1640 the first English fortress was founded in. India - Fort St.

"Discovery of the Earth" - One of the most famous explorers in Africa. Fridtjof Nansen is one of the greatest Norwegian travelers. Give examples of the connection between physical and economic geography? During the lesson, complete the following table. F. Nansen. F. Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world. News of the Spanish discovery of new lands in the west stimulated the efforts of the Portuguese.

"The Story of the Discovery of the Earth" - Satellite (MODIS) photograph of the Strait of Magellan. Primitive people and nature. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, portrait by an unknown artist of the 16th century. IGDA/G. Ferdinand Magellan. Washington. Antonio Pigafetta. Middle Ages. Columbus's name on the world map. In 1519-21 he led a Spanish expedition to find a western route to the Moluccas.

“Development of Russian territories” - Geographical objects studied and discovered from the 11th to 20th centuries. Tests for verification. B) to the third. B) Siberia, Ural Mountains, Irtysh, Ob. B) XIX-XX centuries. B) to the fifth. Geographical objects studied and discovered from the 11th to 20th centuries. A) Chilly Sea, Murmansk coast, Karelian coast. Questions to check. How the territory of Russia was developed and studied.

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