William Shakespeare WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE is an English playwright, poet, and actor of the Renaissance. In world history, he is undoubtedly the most famous and significant playwright, who had a huge influence on the development of all theatrical art. Shakespeare's stage works are still performed on theater stages all over the world today.
William Shakespeare () William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564 in the English town of Stratford-upon-Avan. The surname "Shakespeare" can be translated from English as "spear-shaking". William Shakespeare's father, John, was a craftsman, merchant (wool trader), and in 1568 became mayor of Stratford. William's mother, Mary Ardenne, was the daughter of a farmer from Wilmcote. From some sources it is known that William Shakespeare studied at a grammar school.
The architecture of the house is typical of that time. On the ground floor there is a living room with a fireplace, a large hall with an open fireplace and further along the corridor - the workshop of the owner of the house. On the second floor of the house there are three bedrooms. A small cottage and the room that now houses the kitchen were added to the house later. SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE
In 1582, William Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway. In the mid-1580s, Shakespeare and his family moved to London. Shakespeare made money by guarding horses at the theater. This position was followed by behind-the-scenes work at the theatre. Only a few years later, William Shakespeare received his first small role. Before working in the theater, Shakespeare also had to master the profession of a school teacher.
The Globe Theater, where Shakespeare worked. The GLOBE is a public theater in London. It operated from 1599 to 1644. The name was borrowed from Greek mythology and refers to Hercules, who held the globe on his shoulders. Under King James I, the theater received the status of "Royal".
The works of William Shakespeare. Periods of creativity: “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “The Taming of the Shrew”, “Much Ado About Nothing”; “Romeo and Juliet”; first period (1590 – 1594) – comedies “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “The Taming of the Shrew”, “Much Ado About Nothing”; chronicle plays; tragedy "Romeo and Juliet"; “King Lear”, “Hamlet”, “Othello”; second period (1594 – 1607) – tragedies “King Lear”, “Hamlet”, “Othello”; sonnets; “Cymbeline”, “The Storm”, “Winter Night”. Third period (1608 – 1612) – fairy tale plays “Cymbeline”, “The Storm”, “Winter Night”.
Literary theory Comedy (Greek)Comedy (Greek) - the song of a cheerful crowd - a type of drama in which the action and characters are interpreted in the forms of the funny or imbued with the comic (Molière, Beaumarchais, Griboedov, Gogol). Sonnet – A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines with a special rhyme pattern. Tragedy (Greek) Tragedy (Greek) - the song of the goat - is a type of drama based on a particularly intense, irreconcilable conflict that ends in the death of the hero.
Last years of his life 1612 - Shakespeare is already rich enough to acquire a title of nobility. He buys a house in his home town of Stratford-upon-Aven and moves there. Shakespeare lived in Stratford until his death. April 23, 1616 - William Shakespeare dies at Stratford-upon-Aven on his birthday. He was buried in the church of his hometown.
Shakespeare had a gigantic vocabulary - from 20 to 25 thousand words, but a modern Englishman with a higher education uses no more than 4 thousand words. Shakespeare introduced about 3,200 new words into the English language - more than his literary contemporaries combined. Not a single manuscript of Shakespeare has survived. Only six signatures on official documents made by his hand have survived. According to Ben Jonson, Shakespeare "knew a little Latin and even less Greek", although his plays show that he was fluent in foreign languages - French, Italian, Greek and Latin. Shakespeare's entire family - father, mother, wife, children - were illiterate. At the moment there is no information that Shakespeare himself was literate. Shakespeare's direct line was interrupted in 1670 with the death of his granddaughter Elizabeth.
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His father, John Shakespeare, was a wealthy artisan (glove maker) and usurer, and was often elected to various public positions, and was once even elected mayor of the city. He did not attend church services, for which he paid large fines. His mother, nee Arden, belonged to one of the oldest English families.
The house, built in the 16th century, is located on Henley Street in the city centre. In the opinion of our contemporary, the house seems simple and very small, but in those days only a very wealthy person could afford such a dwelling. It is known that Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was a glove maker and a wool trader.
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Shakespeare House
The architecture of the house is typical of that time. On the ground floor there is a living room with a fireplace, a large hall with an open hearth and further along the corridor - the workshop of the owner of the house. On the second floor of the house there are three bedrooms. A small cottage and a room in which the kitchen is now located were added to the house later.
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London. The beginning of creativity
It is believed that Shakespeare studied at the Stratford “grammar school”, where he received a serious education: the Stratford teacher of Latin language and literature wrote poetry in Latin. In 1582, he married Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a local landowner, who was 8 years his senior; in 1583 daughter Suzanne was born, in 1585 twins were born: son Khemnet, who died in childhood (1596), and daughter Judith. Around 1587 Shakespeare left Stratford and moved to London. The Globe Theater, where Shakespeare's troupe worked.
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Globus theatre"
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The actual dimensions of the Globe are unknown, but its plan can be reconstructed almost exactly based on scientific research conducted over the past two centuries. These data indicate that it was a three-tiered, open, high-walled amphitheater with a diameter of 97 to 102 feet (29.6-31.1 m), which could accommodate up to 3,000 spectators. The sketch by Wenceslas Hollar shows the Globe as a round building. Later, in the same form, the no longer existing theater was included in its engraved so-called. "Long Landscape" of London (1647). However, in 1997-1998. the discovery of a small part of the Globe's foundation showed that it was a polygon with 20 (or possibly 18) sides.
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On the inner side of the theater wall there were boxes for the aristocracy. Above them were galleries for wealthy citizens. There were three levels of seating in total. Separate privileged spectators were right on the stage.
At the base of the stage there was an area called the stalls (or, in the back of old inns, the yard), where, for 1p, people (groundlings) had to stand to see the performance. Groundlings ate hazelnuts during the performance - during the excavations of the Globe, many nut husks were found preserved in the mud - or oranges.
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Globus theatre"
Sometimes a tent was pulled over part of the stage - blue if they were playing a comedy, and black with gold stars if they were playing a tragedy.
Streams of blood spilled onto the stage from bull bladders hidden under clothes.
If a villain died, the blood was black.
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Creation
In 1592, Shakespeare became a member of the London acting troupe of Burbage, and from 1599, also one of the shareholders of the enterprise. Under James I, Shakespeare's troupe received royal status. For many years, Shakespeare was engaged in usury, and in 1605 he became a tax farmer of church tithes.
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Creation
The Shakespearean canon includes 37 plays; 18 appeared during Shakespeare's lifetime, 36 were published in the first collected works of Shakespeare (1623, "Pericles" was not included). Attempts to establish the chronology of Shakespeare's work have been carried out since the 2nd half of the 18th century. Below is a list of Shakespeare's plays with the dates of their writing, the periodization of creativity and the genre definitions accepted in Shakespearean criticism.
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First period (1590-1594). Early chronicles: "Henry VI", part 2 (1590); "Henry VI", part 3 (1591); "Henry VI", part 1 (1592); "Richard III" (1593). Early comedies: The Comedy of Errors (1592), The Taming of the Shrew (1593). Early tragedy: Titus Andronicus (1594). Second period (1595-1600). Chronicles close to the tragedy: "Richard II" (1595); "King John" (1596). Romantic comedies: "The Two Gentlemen of Verona" (1594); "Love's Labour's Lost" (1594); "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1596); "The Merchant of Venice" (1596). The first mature tragedy: "Romeo and Juliet" (1595). Chronicles close to comedy: "Henry IV", part 1 (1597); "Henry IV", part 2 (1598); "Henry V" (1598). The pinnacle creations of Shakespeare as a comedian: “Much Ado About Nothing” (1598); "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (1598); "As You Like It" (1599); "Twelfth Night" (1600).
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Third period (1600-1608). Tragedies that marked a turning point in Shakespeare’s work: “Julius Caesar” (1599); "Hamlet" (1601). "Dark Comedies" (or "problem plays"): "Troilus and Cressida" (1602); “The end is the crown of the matter” (1603); "Measure for Measure" (1604). The pinnacle of Shakespeare's tragedy: Othello (1604); "King Lear" (1605); "Macbeth" (1606). Ancient tragedies: "Antony and Cleopatra" (1607); "Coriolanus" (1607); "Timon of Athens" (1608). Fourth period (1609-1613). Romantic tragicomedies: "Pericles" (1609); "Cymbeline" (1610); "The Winter's Tale" (1611); "The Tempest" (1612). Late chronicle: "Henry VIII" (1613; possibly with the participation of J. Fletcher). Outside the canon: "Edward III" (1594-1595; authorship doubtful); "Thomas More" (1594-1595; one scene); "Two noble relatives" (1613, together with Fletcher). Some Shakespeare scholars (including Soviet ones - A. A. Smirnov) divide Shakespeare's work into three periods, combining the 1st and 2nd (1590-1600) into one.
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Creation
Shakespeare's work absorbed all the most important radiations of the Renaissance - aesthetic (synthesizing the traditions and motifs of popular romantic genres, Renaissance poetry and prose, folklore, humanistic and folk dramas) and ideological (demonstrating the entire ideological complex of the time: traditional ideas about the world order, the views of feudal defenders -patriarchal structure and political centralization, motives of Christian ethics, Renaissance neoplatonism and stoicism, ideas of sensationalism and Machiavellianism, etc.).
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Best works
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"A dream in a summer night"
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"Romeo and Juliet"
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"King Lear"
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"Hamlet"
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"Twelfth Night"
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"The Taming of the Shrew"
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"Othello"
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last years of life
In 1612, Shakespeare retired for unknown reasons and returned to his native Stratford, where his wife and daughters lived. Shakespeare's will, dated March 15, 1616, was signed in illegible handwriting, leading some researchers to believe that he was seriously ill at the time. Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616.
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Burial place
Three days later, Shakespeare's body was buried under the altar of Stratford Church. The epitaph is written on his tombstone:
Friend, for God's sake, don't swarm
The remains taken by this earth;
He who is untouched is blessed for centuries,
And cursed is the one who touched my ashes.
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The last years of his life he retired from literary activity and lived quietly and unnoticed with his family. This was probably due to a serious illness - this is indicated by Shakespeare's surviving will, clearly drawn up hastily on March 15, 1616 and signed in a changed handwriting. On April 23, 1616, the most famous playwright of all time died in Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare introduced about 3,200 new words into the English language - more than his literary contemporaries combined.
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Who are you, Mr. Shakespeare?
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Shakespeare's works are unusually multifaceted. At one time, doubts were expressed that they could come from the pen of one person - especially such a relatively poorly educated one as the far from brilliant actor from Stratford. The celebrated plays, with their intricate plots and unforgettable characters, amaze with the depth and breadth of human feelings and reflect the author's knowledge of history, literature, philosophy, law and even court etiquette. How did this provincial, who belonged to the lower strata of society, know how aristocrats behave and lawyers speak? Perhaps the actor allowed his name to be used by an educated person who occupied a high position and wanted to keep his authorship secret?
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Despite intriguing hypotheses about a mysterious author hiding under the name of a country actor, most scholars today recognize William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon as the author of great works. Shakespeare was recognized as a genius during his lifetime, and his contemporaries did not have the slightest doubt about his authorship. It is useless to try to explain where he got the experience and talent necessary to create his masterpieces. Wouldn't it be better to be grateful to that young man who 400 years ago went to London, leaving his humble past behind him? His action made the world a much richer place.
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“He was not a man of an era, but of all times.” -Ben Jonson
Well, if you stop loving - so now, Now, when the whole world is at odds with me. Be the most bitter of my losses, But not the last drop of grief! And if grief is given to overcome, Do not strike from an ambush. in the morning - in the morning without consolation. Leave me, but not at the last moment, When I become weak from minor troubles. Leave me now, so that I immediately understand, That this grief of all adversities is more painful, That there are no adversities, but there is one misfortune - To lose your love forever .
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Shakespeare I do not know how to hide my feelings: when I have a reason for sadness, I must be sad and not smile at anyone's jokes; when I am hungry, I must eat and not wait for anyone; when I feel sleepy, I must sleep without worrying about anyone’s affairs; when I'm having fun, laugh - and never imitate anyone else's mood.
Born in the small town of Stratford-upon-Avon on April 23, 1654. He came from a family of merchants and artisans. He studied at the "grammar school", where the main subject was Latin and the basics of Greek. At school he received a wide knowledge of ancient mythology, history and literature, which was reflected in his work. Birth
MOVING TO LONDON At the turn of the 1590s. Shakespeare comes to London. During these years, his first play was created - the chronicle "Henry VI". Having become quite a prominent figure, Shakespeare immediately received a jealous attack from one of the playwrights of the “university minds” group that reigned on the stage at that time, Robert Green, who called him a “stage shaker” (a pun on Shakespeare’s last name: Shake-speare, that is, “spear shaker ") and the crow, which "dresses itself in our feathers" (an altered quote from "Henry VI"). This was the first surviving review.
The emergence of a new playwright In 1592-94, London theaters were closed due to the plague epidemic. During an involuntary pause, Shakespeare creates several plays: the chronicle "Richard III", "The Comedy of Errors" and "The Taming of the Shrew", his first tragedy (still in the prevailing style of "bloody tragedy") "Titus Andronicus", and also publishes for the first time under his own name, the poems "Venus and Adonis" and "Lucretia". In 1594, after the opening of the theaters, Shakespeare joined the new cast of the Lord Chamberlain's troupe, so named after the position of its patron Hunsdon. The “university minds” left the stage (died or stopped writing for the theater). The era of Shakespeare begins.
Creative takeoff. "Globe" In the 1590s. (the period that is considered to be the first in Shakespeare's work) Shakespeare creates all of his main chronicles as well as most of the comedies. In 1595-96, the tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” was written, followed by “The Merchant of Venice” - the first comedy that would later be called “serious”. In the fall of 1599, the Globus Theater opened. Above the entrance are the winged words: “The whole world is a theater” (“Totus mundis agit histrionem”). Shakespeare is one of its co-owners, an actor of the troupe and the main playwright.
UNEXPECTED DEPARTURE The reason for the unexpected termination of such a successful career as a playwright and departure from the capital was, apparently, illness. In March 1616, Shakespeare draws up and signs a will, which will subsequently cause so much confusion about his identity, authorship and will become the reason for what will be called the “Shakespearean question.” It is generally accepted that Shakespeare died on the same day that he was born - April 23. Two days later, burial followed in the altar of the Church of the Holy Trinity on the outskirts of Stratford, in the registry of which this was recorded.
SHAKESPEARE'S QUESTION A source of grief and doubt for Shakespeare's biographers was his will. It talks about houses and property, about rings as keepsakes for friends, but not a word about books or manuscripts. It was as if it was not a great writer who had died, but an ordinary man in the street. The will became the first reason to ask the so-called “Shakespearean question”: was William Shakespeare from Stratford the author of all those works that we know under his name?
INTERESTING FACTS Shakespeare had a gigantic vocabulary - from 20 to 25 thousand words, but a modern Englishman with a higher education uses no more than 4 thousand words. Shakespeare introduced about 3,200 new words into the English language - more than his literary contemporaries combined.
Not a single manuscript of Shakespeare has survived. Only six signatures on official documents made by his hand have survived. Shakespeare's entire family - father, mother, wife, children - were illiterate. At the moment there is no information that Shakespeare himself was literate.
Let us summarize: Shakespeare is the highest expression of English Renaissance literature, moreover, of all English literature: there is no equal to him in terms of creative greatness, significance and vitality of his legacy in the literary history of England. A national genius, Shakespeare belongs to the geniuses of European and world literature, to a small number of writers who have had and are having an intense impact on the development of many national literatures and on the entire spiritual culture of the world. Shakespeare's view of things is extraordinarily real. They have grasped everything, given a real price to everything. This feeling, this reality and sobriety of perception and transmission of reality are the essence of his realism.
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William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) English playwright and poet, one of the most famous playwrights in the world, author of at least 17 comedies, 11 tragedies, 5 poems and 154 sonnets.
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Biography Coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family Non Sanz Droict - French. “Not without the right” Coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family - “Not without the right” Shakespeare’s life is little known; he shares the fate of the overwhelming majority of other English playwrights of the era, whose personal lives were of little interest to contemporaries. There are different views on the personality and biography of Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon into a wealthy but not noble family and was a member of an acting troupe.
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In 1592, Shakespeare became a member of the London acting troupe, and from 1599, also one of the shareholders of the enterprise. Under James I, Shakespeare's troupe received royal status (1603), and Shakespeare himself, along with other old members of the troupe, received the title of valet. For many years Shakespeare was engaged in usury, and in 1605 he became a tax farmer of church tithes. The recreated Globe Theater where Shakespeare's troupe worked
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Creativity Shakespeare's literary heritage is divided into two unequal parts: poetic (poems and sonnets) and dramatic. V.G. Belinsky wrote that “it would be too bold and strange to give Shakespeare a decisive advantage over all the poets of mankind, as a poet himself, but as a playwright he now remains without a rival whose name could be put next to his name.”
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The first period (1590-1594) Based on literary techniques, it can be called a period of imitation: Shakespeare is still entirely in the power of his predecessors. In terms of mood, this period was defined by supporters of the biographical approach to the study of Shakespeare’s work as a period of idealistic faith in the best aspects of life: “Young Shakespeare enthusiastically punishes vice in his historical tragedies and enthusiastically glorifies high and poetic feelings - friendship, self-sacrifice and especially love” ( Vengerov).
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Second period (1594-1601) Around 1595, Shakespeare creates one of his most popular tragedies - Romeo and Juliet - the story of the development of the human personality in the struggle against external circumstances for the right to free love.
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Third period (1600-1609) The third period of his artistic activity, approximately covering the years 1600-1609, is called by supporters of a subjectivist biographical approach to Shakespeare’s work a period of “deep spiritual darkness.” The heroes of Shakespeare's “great tragedies” are outstanding people, in whom good and evil are mixed. Faced with the disharmony of the world around them, they make a difficult choice - how to exist in it; they create their own destiny and bear full responsibility for it.
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Fourth Period (1609-1612) In the plays of the last period, difficult trials emphasize the joy of deliverance from disasters. Slander is exposed, innocence is justified, fidelity is rewarded, the madness of jealousy has no tragic consequences, lovers are united in a happy marriage. The optimism of these works is perceived by critics as a sign of the reconciliation of their author.
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Poems and Poems In general, Shakespeare's poems, of course, cannot be compared with his brilliant dramas. But taken by themselves, they bear the imprint of extraordinary talent, and if they had not been drowned in the glory of Shakespeare the playwright, they could well have brought and did bring great fame to the author.
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Sonnets A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines. In the English tradition, which is based primarily on Shakespeare's sonnets, a certain rhyme is adopted. In total, Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, and most of them were created in the years 1592-1599. The entire cycle of sonnets falls into separate thematic groups.
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Tragedies by William Shakespeare Shakespeare wrote tragedies from the beginning of his literary career. One of his first plays was the Roman tragedy Titus Andronicus, and a few years later the play Romeo and Juliet appeared. However, Shakespeare's most famous tragedies were written during the seven-year period 1601-1608. During this period, four great tragedies were created - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, as well as Antony and Cleopatra. Many researchers associated these plays with the guidelines of the genre: the main character should be an outstanding, but not devoid of vices, person, and the audience should feel certain sympathy for him. The playwright follows the doctrine of free will: the (anti) hero is always given the opportunity to extricate himself from the situation and atone for his sins. However, he does not notice this opportunity and goes towards fate. 12
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Tragedy is a dramatic genre based on the tragic collision of heroic characters and its tragic outcome, the opposite of comedy. The tragedy is marked by stern seriousness, depicts reality in the most pointed way, as a clot of internal contradictions, reveals the deepest conflicts of reality in an extremely intense and rich form, acquiring the meaning of an artistic symbol; It is no coincidence that most tragedies are written in verse.
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Tragedy "Hamlet" The tragic story of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is one of the most famous plays in world drama. Written in 1600-1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 4,042 lines and 29,551 words. The tragedy is based on the legend of Hamlet, recorded by the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus, and is primarily concerned with revenge - in it the main character, Hamlet, like the other two, seeks revenge on the death of his father. Researchers believe that the plot of the play was borrowed by Shakespeare from a play by Thomas Kyd.
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The tragedy of "Romeo and Juliet" "Romeo and Juliet" is a tragedy in 5 acts, telling the story of two warring families, the Montagues and the Capulets. The work dates back to 1595. The play is based on a short story by the 16th-century Italian writer Bandello, but the plot underlying both works is much more ancient: it was developed by Ovid in the story of Pyramus and Thisbe. The historical accuracy of this story has not yet been established. “There is no sadder story in the world than the story of Romeo and Juliet.”