Aleko

ALEKO is the hero of Alexander Pushkin's poem "The Gypsies" (1824). A. is, first of all, a generalized image of the young, European-educated generation of the 19th century, to which Pushkin ranked himself. This is a hero of the Byronic type, endowed with such a keen sense of dignity that he perceives all the laws of the civilized world as violence against a person. The conflict with society, with which A. is associated by birth and upbringing, is the starting point of the hero's biography. However, A.'s past is not disclosed in the story. The hero is characterized in the most general sense as a "fugitive", forcibly expelled or voluntarily left the familiar environment. Above all, he values \u200b\u200bfreedom and hopes to find it in the natural free life of a gypsy camp.

The story "Gypsies" is based on the opposition of two social structures, characteristic of romanticism: civilization and wild will. Criticism of the contradictions of civilization occupies an important place in the work. A. denounces the "captivity of stuffy cities" in which people "trade in their will", "heads before idols bend and ask for money and chains." The image of "chains" has traditionally been used by romantics to characterize feudal despotism and political reaction. In "Gypsies" he is referred to the present day. A.'s break with civilization goes beyond narrow-minded problems and receives a deep ideological substantiation. Thus, the motive of exile in the fate of the hero is initially perceived as a sign of his high capabilities, his moral advantages over a flawed civilization.

Later, the exiled A. appears among the primitive people, whose life Pushkin characterizes with the metaphors "will", "bliss", "laziness", "silence". This is a kind of paradise, where evil has not yet penetrated and where, it seems, A. can rest his soul, find his happiness. But it is precisely such an environment, fundamentally alien to activity, that in contrast reveals the strangeness of A.'s personality and character. The life practice of the romantic hero is traditionally carried out in passions. Such a hero manifests himself in stormy experiences, in the exclusiveness of desires and actions, especially in the sphere of love relationships. In the old world, A.'s life was not successful; Once in a gypsy camp, he connects hope for another, new, life with Zemfira. She is "dearer than the world" to him. While Zemfira loves him, life for A. is full of harmony. But with Zemfira's betrayal, the acquired balance collapses. A.'s vanity is offended, his heart is tormented by jealousy, the need for revenge. Blinded by an explosion of indomitable desires, in an effort to restore, as it seems to him, justice, A. inevitably goes to the crime - the murder of Zemfira. In A.'s love, possessive, egoistic instincts are manifested, i.e. those moral qualities that characterize him as the bearer of the spirit of the civilization he despises. The paradox of A.'s fate is that it is he, the champion of freedom and justice, who brings blood and violence into the innocent simple life of gypsies - that is, he morally corrupts it. In such a plot twist, the hero's inconsistency is revealed. It turns out that the “son of civilization” (as A. Belinsky called it) is incompatible with the communal gypsy life, just as it is incompatible with the world of enlightenment. Secondary expulsion - this time from a gypsy camp - and the punishment of loneliness complete the hero's storyline.

A.'s life credo is clarified in the story by Zemfira's old father. If A. defends the rights of an individual, then the old Gypsy man, humbly accepting the natural order of being, speaks on behalf of clan life. In the unpredictable behavior of a gypsy woman, in the spontaneity of her love, he sees only an outpouring of natural forces that are not subject to human judgment. The old man, who once in his youth also experienced the torment of love, now wants to warn A., pass on his experience to him. But "evil and strong" A. does not hear the old man, does not accept his advice. “No, I, without arguing, // I will not refuse my rights, // Or at least I will enjoy revenge,” he declares.

Colliding two philosophies of life, Pushkin does not give preference to one or the other. The most important method of contrast in romantic thinking is necessary for especially vivid illumination of the conflict in question. In essence, A. in this conflict symbolizes the extremes of the development of modern individualistic society, the overgrown principle of personality. This, perhaps, explains the maximum generalization of the characterization of the hero, who is deprived of a real biography and national identity, excluded from a specific historical and everyday environment. Literary criticism has developed a long tradition of accusing A. of bankruptcy (Belinsky saw him as an egoist, Dostoevsky - an eternal outcast). But Pushkin's position is much more complicated than exposing the hero. Although the hero is objectified in The Gypsies, the presence of autobiographical features in him (A. - the gypsy form of the name Alexander) indicates a lyrical interpretation not only of some of the hero's views (contemporary critics, for example), but also the general tone of the author's compassion for his fate. A. is tragic. In an expressive portrait of a hero of the time, doomed to follow the path of evil and paying for his delusions with his life, Pushkin showed the imperfection of human nature itself, the objective tragedy of the paths of development of human culture.

Fox: Belinsky V.G. Seventh article. Poems: "Cigans", "Poltava", "Count Pulin" // Belinsky V.G. Works by Alexander Pushkin. M., 1985; Dostoevsky F.M. Pushkin // Dostoevsky F.M. Full composition of writings. L., 1984. T.26; Fridman N.V. Romanticism in the works of A.S. Pushkin. M., 1980; Mann Y. Dynamics of Russian Romanticism. M., 1995.

L.M. Elnitskaya The image of A. Pushkin was embodied in the opera of the same name by S.V. Rachmaninov to a libretto by V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (1892). The name of the opera testifies to the transfer of the conflict into the intimate space of the lyric-psychological “little tragedy”. A man of all-crushing passions, A. from the first note is gloomy, tormented by jealous suspicions. The composer compassionately reveals the tragedy of the rejected hero's loneliness. Music "in the first person" tells about the all-justifying feeling of love, which elevates A. above his beloved and rival.

Pushkin wrote the poem "Gypsies" in 1824. The central character of the work is the young man Aleko, endowed by the author with the features of the Byronic hero characteristic of the literature of romanticism, who is opposed to the world around him.

main characters

Aleko - a young man, an exile, who joined the gypsies, was in love with Zemfira; upon learning of her betrayal, he killed the gypsy and her lover.

Zemfira - a young freedom-loving gypsy, was in love with Aleko, but then fell in love with another.

Old man - Zemfira's father.

“Gypsies in a noisy crowd
They roam around Bessarabia. "

The camp stopped for the night by the river. Behind the tent "the tame bear lies in the wild." The gypsy woman Zemfira brings with her a young man Aleko, who wants to be a gypsy. The young man is “pursued by the law”, but Zemfira decides to be “his friend”. Zemfira's father allows Aleko to stay, he is ready to share "both bread and shelter" with the newcomer.

***

Having heard their conversation, the old father of Zemfira told the legend about how the poet (Ovid), who was "already years old", was exiled to them in exile by the king (Augustus). And although everyone loved him, the poet could not get used to the "worries of the poor life", considering it a punishment, and until the last day he yearned for his homeland (Rome).

***

Two summers have passed. Aleko "leads the wandering days without worries or regrets", showing people in the villages performances with a trained bear.

***

Once Aleko heard Zemfira singing the song "Old husband, formidable husband, Cut me, burn me ..." about the fact that he hates and despises her husband, because he loves another. Aleko tried to forbid the girl to sing. However, Zemfira said that this song was about him and left.

***

At night Zemfira woke up her father:

“Oh my father! Aleko is scary.
Listen: through a heavy dream
And he moans, and he weeps. "

Zemfira shared with her father that Aleko's love had grown hateful to her, "her heart asks for will." Zemfira went to wake Aleko. He said that he dreamed of how she cheated on him. Zemfira told him "not to believe crafty dreams."

***

Seeing that Aleko was sad, the old father told him:

“Take comfort, friend: she is a child.
Your despondency is reckless:
You love bitterly and hard
And a woman's heart is joking. "

The old man told Aleko that long ago, when he was still young, Mariula, Zemfira's mother, loved him. But one day they met a camp and the woman, leaving him a daughter, left with the camp.

Aleko was surprised that the old man did not take revenge on "both the predators and her insidious." The old man answered:

"For what? more freedom than a bird's youth;
Who can keep love? "

Aleko, on the other hand, said with confidence that he would not give up his rights, or at least take revenge.

***

Aleko goes out into the field at night. He sees "a noticeable trace slightly in the dew" and "two close shadows": Zemfira and a young gypsy. Noticing her husband, the girl tells her lover to run, but Aleko kills him with a knife, and then Zemfira herself. In the morning the gypsies buried the "young couple".

After the funeral, the old man approached Aleko, who was watching everything from afar, and said:

“Leave us, proud man!
We are wild; we have no laws
We do not torment, we do not execute -
We don't need blood and groans -
But we don't want to live with the killer ...
You are not born for the wild
You only want will for yourself. "

"He said - and a noisy crowd
A nomadic camp has risen
From the valley of a terrible night. "

Only one cart remained in the steppe, in which at night "no one put out the fire", "did not sleep until morning."

Epilogue

The narrator recalls how he met “carts of peaceful gypsies”, how he shared food with them, and loved their songs.

“And for a long time dear Mariula
I kept repeating a tender name. "

“But there is no happiness between you,
Poor sons of nature! ..
And under old tents
Painful dreams live. "

Conclusion

In the poem "Gypsies" Pushkin depicted the expulsion of the romantic hero not only from the civilized world, but also from the world of freedom, since Aleko had committed a crime against universal human values.

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In the summer of 1821, during his exile in Chisinau, Pushkin traveled for several weeks with a gypsy camp. Impressed by those days, he began to write a poem "Gypsies", which he completed at the end of 1824 in Mikhailovsky. For the first time, excerpts from the poem were published in the almanac "Polar Star", then in the "Northern Flowers". Readers could get acquainted with the full text of "Gypsies" only in 1827, when the work was published as a separate edition.

The Gypsies complete the cycle of Pushkin's southern poems. This is practically the last work of the poet, written in romantic style. It reflected the author's creative crisis, deep changes in his worldview. The main theme of the poem is the debunking of the romantic hero. But the poet did not find what could replace the usual ideals, because the finale of the work is so gloomy.

Motive flight from civilization to free savages was at that time quite popular. In Gypsies, Pushkin showed how false and utopian such an idea is. The hero of the poem Aleko is an exile persecuted by the law. But the young man not only wants to avoid responsibility for the crime he has committed. Aleko became disillusioned with civilization, hated city life. Among the gypsies, he seeks freedom and sincerity of feelings.

This plot setting is typical of a romantic work. The author does not report anything about Aleko's past, about the crime he committed. The reader can only guess about this from separate moments. It is clear that Aleko is an educated person, since he is aware of the fate of Ovid. Surely he knows city life well, about which he speaks as follows: "Crazy persecution of crowds or brilliant shame".

Aleko easily accepts the primitive life of the gypsies, quickly fits into their nomadic life. "Torn tents", "Poor dinner", rags of clothes and the need to walk around the villages with a tame bear in order to earn bread do not scare him. Love of the beautiful Zemfira and the desired freedom should make Aleko completely happy. But that did not happen.

The hero owns "Secret sadness", the reason for which even Aleko himself does not understand. This is a longing for a familiar life, comfort, communication with educated people. In fact, Aleko never became a part of the gypsy freeman, because he did not understand and did not accept the essence of this will - freedom of feelings and actions.

The heroines of the poem Zemfira and Mariula have no moral obligations to men and children. They blindly follow their desires, obey their passions. Pushkin deliberately created the image of Zemfira's mother, who left her daughter for a new love. In a civilized society, this act would cause universal censure, but Zemfira does not condemn the mother. She does the same.

Gypsies do not consider betrayal a sin, because no one can hold back love. For an old man, his daughter's act is common. But for Aleko, this is an attempt on his rights, which cannot go unpunished. The murder of Zemfira and her lover clearly shows that in his soul the hero of the poem never became a gypsy. "I am not like that"Aleko admits.

The old man calls the young man a proud man, evil and brave as opposed to a peaceful and "Timid soul" fellow tribesmen. He clearly identifies the reason for Aleko's action - selfishness. "You only want will for yourself", - Zemfira's father accuses the killer. Considering himself free, Aleko does not want to see others free.

For the first time, Pushkin depicted the expulsion of a romantic hero not only from civilized society, but also from the world of freedom. Aleko commits a crime not against prejudices and traditions, but against universal values. His jealousy and cruelty do not cause sympathy from readers. The hero turns out to be an egoist and a murderer.

At the same time, the poet destroys the romantic halo of the gypsy will. The colorfully described details of life show the poverty and ignorance of the wild people, and freedom of love and action does not bring them happiness. This plot twist and assessment of the characters' actions allowed critics to call the poem "atypical."

Compositionally the work is built around the gypsy song of Zemfira, which is not accidentally occupying a central place, since it is culmination conflict. The poem consists of eleven parts. Nine of them are written in iambic tetrameter, and Zemfira's song - in two-legged anapest. Another song "The Birdie Does Not Know ..." is written by a chorea with four feet.

In addition to two songs, the poem contains two more stories of the old gypsy: about the exiled poet and about the unfaithful wife Mariula. They serve the development of the plot and reveal the characters of the heroes well. Parts of the work have completely different forms. There is a narration on behalf of the author, descriptions of the nature and life of gypsies, dialogues. All parts are masterfully connected into one whole and consistently implement the poet's plan.

The Gypsies did not have much success in Russia, although some phrases of the poem became winged. The work was enthusiastically received by the European public. It was The Gypsies that inspired Merimee to write Carmen, and Rachmaninov, his first opera Aleko. The song "The Birdie of God Does Not Know ..." was set to music by 32 composers. She entered many children's books and anthologies.

• "Gypsies", a summary of the chapters of Pushkin's poem

Zemfira is a wonderful artistic embodiment of a whole, spontaneous nature. It is sustained by the poet from the first word to his last exclamation. Her short song is performed with poetic charm and grace, which she sings, rocking the child. The passionate, impetuous nature of the gypsy was expressed entirely in her words:

Old husband, formidable husband, I hate you
Cut me, burn me: I despise you;
I am firm, not afraid I love another,
No knife, no fire. I am dying in love.

All Zemfira's ardent love and thirst for unlimited freedom were expressed in these words. She behaves so energetically and defiantly in relation to Aleko because she defends the most precious and cherished thing that she has: freedom of feeling.

After all, a simple wild gypsy has nothing else in which she could show her personality, except for a free and sincere feeling. To take this away from her would be to deprive her of her spiritual image; she instinctively understands this, and therefore says: "I am dying in love."

Without this feeling, Zemfira becomes a living corpse, and then she already prefers physical death. With this exclamation, she dies, preserving the consciousness of her human dignity, since, according to the wild gypsy woman, to love is to live, and without free and sincere love there is no life. Her beloved is killed, the object of free passion has died, and therefore there is no point in living.

The old Gypsy man, Zemfira's father, is directly opposite Aleko in character; This is a calm person, simple and good-natured about life. Through his lips, the poet condemns Aleko's selfishness and cruelty:

The old man is a representative of people simple and close to nature. He is kind and meek, gentle and generous. He renounces the vicious proud man Aleko, but in his heart there is no anger even against the murderer of his daughter.

He says to him: “I'm sorry! peace be with you. " Pushkin is clearly more sympathetic to the old gypsy man than Aleko. This reflected the Russian nature of the poet, expressed his aspirations for folk principles. But he still does not quite clearly understand folk principles.

For example, he forced the old man to justify Zemfira's betrayal, arguing that love appears and disappears at the whim of the heart and cannot be stopped, just as it is impossible for the moon to indicate a place in the sky, to tell her to illuminate that, and not another cloud.

On the contrary, according to the popular concept, love should be eternal. But, deliberately forcing the old man to express ideas that are unlike his character, the poet unconsciously draws him correctly: the old man to his death did not stop loving and did not forget his wife who had betrayed him.

The old gypsy is the complete opposite of Aleko. This is a person who not only loves his freedom, but who knows how to value and respect the freedom of others. His wife Mariula once left with a gypsy from a neighboring camp, leaving her husband and a little daughter. The old man did not chase after her in order to take revenge, as he believed that no one "could keep love."

Nor does he take revenge on Aleko for the fact that he took away the last joy in life - his daughter. The image of the old gypsy is clearly romantic. But Pushkin needs such an interpretation of it in order to brighten up Aleko's egoism. Zemfira is also the opposite of Aleko in the sense that she does not reflect on her life, she is submissive to feelings.

In contrast to Aleko, the poem gives images of gypsies: free, following the dictates of her immediate feelings, Zemfira, her simple and ingenuous father. The moral concepts of gypsies, romantically presented by Pushkin, are fully expressed in the sentence that the old gypsy passed on to the murderer of his daughter:

“Leave us, proud man! We do not torment, we do not execute,
We are wild, we have no laws. We don't need blood and groans;
But we don't want to live with the murderer. "

The proclamation of humanity and goodness is the inner meaning of Pushkin's last romantic poem. However, the poet is not inclined to recognize the life of the gypsies as his ideal: he does not see the full embodiment of human aspirations in it either. Pushkin understands that "nakedness", poverty, primitive views do not constitute human happiness, although they compare favorably with the "brilliant shame" of secular life.

The very "truth" of following their feelings and desires among the gypsies does not rise to the height of humanistic consciousness. Yes, they are not tortured or executed, but still, in the name of their own happiness, they break the happiness of others. Aleko suffers, whom Zemfira betrayed, and tries to drown out his suffering in bloody revenge.

The old gypsy, abandoned by Mariula, knows: “what happened will not be again,” “joy is barking for everyone,” and he calms down and seems to be reconciled. But his heart is cold and sad, but loneliness and torments him and burns. How vividly the story of the old gypsy transmits these feelings:

I was young; my soul
At that time she boiled with joy;
And not one in my curls
The gray has not turned white yet, -
Between the beauties of the young
One was ... and for a long time it,
Like the sun, I admired
And finally he called mine ...
Ah, fast my youth
A star flashed like an epileptic!
But you, the time of love, has passed
Even faster: only a year
Mariula loved me.
Once near the Cahul waters
We met an alien camp;
Those gypsies, their tents
Having broken near ours by the mountain,
We spent two nights together.
They left on the third night, -
And leaving the little daughter
Mariula went after them.
I slept peacefully; the dawn flashed;
I woke up, no girlfriend!
I search, I call - and the trace is gone.
Longing, Zemfira cried,
And I cried - from now on
All the virgins of the world have become ashamed of me;
Between them never my gaze
Didn't choose a girlfriend
And lonely leisure
I didn’t share with anyone.
Therefore, the poem ends with a gloomy final chord. Therefore, Pushkin does not find happiness with the "poor sons of nature."

Realistically showing the relations of people that developed in the "captivity of stuffy cities" of that time, drawing "fatal passions" that penetrate into the "nomadic canopy", Pushkin in a bright romantic aspiration dreams of a happy, free, humane human life.

He dreams of a world in which the happiness of every person will not be in conflict with the happiness of other people - a world in which freedom will be based on a high, meaningful, creative life.

The exact opposite of Aleko's character is the gypsy. His speeches, all outlook are simple and calm. Whether he spoke about the betrayal of his Mariula, or told the legend about Ovid, or expelled the murderer of his daughter, the tone of the old gypsy's speeches was equally objective, alien to impetuosity and passion. Not that he was indifferent to people. With a warm feeling he tells about the “holy elder” Ovid, who was exiled by the Roman emperor to the banks of the Danube, the love and attention of local residents to him, his wonderful stories, his longing for his native land.

He cannot forget his love for Mariula. But over the years, with the experience of life, the old man developed a calm philosophical attitude towards people and life. Nothing can disturb him. Aleko complains that Zemfira does not love, the old man says that this is in the order of things: a woman's heart loves in jest. Aleko cheated on Mariul - the old man reasons:

Who can hold on to love?
Joy is given to all by harm;
Chew, it will not be again.

Aleko killed his daughter. The old man does not take revenge. What for? You can't resurrect her. He only casts out the killer, because Aleko was not born to wild will. The old man does not even wish him harm: “Forgive me! peace be with you ”- these are the last words of the gypsy.

From the point of view of artistic truth, the image of this philosophizing gypsy raises objections. Do such people meet? Undoubtedly, this is an idealized image; but the characters of the poem are always exceptional characters, so that some refinement of the poetic characterization of the gypsy is appropriate.

What traits did the poet endow the old gypsy man with and what is the ideological and compositional role of his image?

V. Belinsky says about the old Gypsy man: “This is one of those persons whose creation any literature can be proud of. There is something patriarchal about this gypsy. he has no thoughts: he thinks with feelings - and how true, deep, human are his feelings! His language is full of poetry. "

The old gypsy is endowed with a simple and calmly wise attitude towards life; he is kind, hospitable and tolerant. In his speeches, one can hear the experience of many years lived. His role in the poem, as Belinsky points out, is the role that the chorus played in the ancient Greek tragedy, explaining the actions of the characters of the tragedy, pronouncing the sentence over them. It is clear that the poet assigns such a role to a person who, in terms of his moral qualities, stands above the other characters in the poem.

In the speeches of the old man, we hear the voice of folk tradition, it is not for nothing that he utters this word, starting the story of Ovid. Listening to Zemfira's singing, the old man remarks: “So, I remember, I remember: this song / In our time it was folded,” that is, he speaks of Zemfira's song as a folk song.

His very story about Mariula, "a story about himself", is like a sad folk song about love, betrayal, separation.

Between the beauties of the young Ah, my youth quickly
One was ... and for a long time it flashed like a flood star!
Like the sun, I admired.But you, the time of love, has passed
And finally called mine. Even faster: only a year
Mariula loved me.

Reading these beautiful poems, we feel in them the life and movement of images, comparisons, epithets characteristic of folk poetry. Belinsky quite rightly noted that the old gypsy is opposed to the tragic hero of the poem, is higher than Aleko.

However, according to Belinsky, "despite all the lofty feelings of the old gypsy, he does not find out the ideal of man: this ideal can be realized only in a consciously rational being, and not in an immediately rational, not out of the care of nature and custom." A deeply correct remark warning against calling the old gypsy the ideal hero of the poem.

The image of the old gypsy and Zemfira, as well as the gypsy camp as a whole, full of the author's respect and love for his heroes, reveals an important side of his work. It is devoid of any traces of national exclusivity, while being at the same time completely Russian in spirit.

People of different races and nations, both large and small, enjoy complete equality in the poet's works, despite the fact that in those days many people, even from the environment of an educated society, were characterized by a disdainful attitude towards people of small, "wild" peoples.

In contrast to the image of Aleko, the image of an old gypsy is given in the poem - the embodiment of folk wisdom, that folk psychology and morality that develop among ordinary people living in the bosom of nature, outside the influence of urban civilization. The old gypsy man not only loves his freedom, but also respects the freedom of others.

4 / 5. 4

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is the author of a large number of famous works. Acquaintance with his work begins from the earliest years and until very old age it is pleasant to re-read his poems "I remember a wonderful moment", "Flower", "I remember another time", as well as his immortal poems - "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Caucasian prisoner "," Gypsies "," The Bronze Horseman "and others.

Each creation of A.S. Pushkin, imbued with a quivering plot and deep meaning. There is nothing superfluous in the works, and each character carries a message for its reader. Each individual creation deserves its own personal attention.

The poem "Gypsies" is the final one in the romantic cycle of works by A.S. Pushkin. It was written in 1824 in Chisinau. At that moment the author was in exile and spent most of his time observing the Roma ethnic group. Penetrating into the life of this people, Pushkin creates the poem "Gypsies", which is a kind of response to the previously written poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus". The author was amazed and fascinated by the philosophy of a free people - gypsies and freedom in relations between a man and a woman.

The work itself is presented in the composition according to all the rules of romanticism. True, he is presented in a more critical form, since Pushkin himself continues his conflict with Byron. In his opinion, the return to the natural environment is not the development of a person's creativity, but its inhibition and stagnation.

The main conflict is present in the poem - this is a clash of two worlds: modern and primitive. In the first, there are laws, rights and order, and in the second, rituals, customs and canons. Not without a love line that occurs between Aleko and Zemfira. The latter is the daughter of an old gypsy and lives a free life in a camp. It is she who brings Aleko to the camp and introduces him to local customs.

Aleko is the main character in the poem. He runs away from the city, as he is unable to put up with the injustice, falsehood and hypocrisy of others. Aleko's soul is personified by the image of the moon. Indeed, in a dream, the moon was darkened, like the state of mind of the main character.

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