My teachers, Messrs. Gurov (memory eternal to him) and Alekseev (God bless him), introduced me, an employee of their newspaper " B&B" , with Sasha Mosyakin, who wrote extensively and extensively for B&B.I’ll be honest, I’ve been reading Mosyakin a lot. Because everything in his stories appealed to me! For me, he was an out-of-the-ordinary author for those times.However, the number of letters was somewhat excessive, which harmed the size of the newspaper text. This is where Sasha got burned: the managers soon lost interest in his voluminous creations with sequels...
Then I left B&B to work with Vasya Giltaychuk in his magazine EVA. I left out of natural necessity: I ran away from a salary of 180 lats, which a new, businesslike and cool editor put me on"B&B" , agreeing to a salary of 500 lats, which Vasya promised me.500 - that was fair! But only on paper. And only as a salaryself-employed person,who then paid all taxes on this money on his own, while the employer washed his hands of it and didn’t give a damn...So I became the first editor-in-chief in Latvia, hired asself-employed person. It’s complete crap, but from the point of view of effective entrepreneurship, it’s both a beautiful and wise solution by the owner of the publication to his financial problems... Sorry, I got distracted! :)
How editor, I immediately invited my favorite author, Sasha Mosyakin, with whom the B&B editors had already become disillusioned by that time. And he agreed to bring his bikes to the EVA magazine for 40 lats apiece. And he brought it properly. And I couldn’t help but enjoy both the form and the content of those tales, especially the exciting story with several sequels about the secret of the Amber Room.
But Vasya was vigilant and, with the help of Google, caught Sasha innocently borrowing from the Internet. Only two paragraphs - but they were borrowed, and one to one! Vasya sadly threw up his hands, saying, why do you need me then? such am I paying money?..
Then he lost his position.Because the women's magazine "EVA" under my leadership accidentally became a men's magazine. I was kicked out, and I signed a contract to write for the weekly magazine “Saturday”. There, the charming boss girls Olya and Rita had a well-established practice: publish an original newcomer in a row - once, twice, five - and then, well, him. The next such newcomer after me was Mosyakin. I, worried about him, counted: one, two, five... Sasha refreshed the publication - and Mosyakin was no longer in Saturday. It's a pity. Sorry, I got distracted again!
But after the newspaper, magazine and weekly magazine, Sasha confidently moved in exactly the right direction: he entered Russian publishing houses. Not for publications, but for publishing houses! And what he had difficulty pushing into printhere in Latviain the form of heavily truncated newspaper and magazine publications - in Russia all this flowed in a large-circulation and thick-book stream.
In 2015, historian Alexander Mosyakin presented several of his research books at the Polaris bookstore. All of them are actually about the same thing: about the colossal theft of artistic values and about the same extent of lies of the Soviet authorities - in the name and for the benefit of Soviet power, that is, the power of the working people.
That’s why it’s still impossible to open all the archives! No way! For from there will flow such a full-flowing Yang Tzu of facts that it will wash away both the proletarian historiography of the USSR and the democratic official historiography of Russia, which is forced to continue to lie in the name of the same thing: to save us all from the catastrophic volumes of accumulated lies. Since the time of Viktor Suvorov’s “Icebreaker” I realized that this is exactly so, and that this is why Suvorov is still right...
I will not retell Mosyakin’s books.
You need to read them slowly and thoughtfully yourself. In particular, the horror of his chilling conclusions (and there is nothing to hide them with, so no one is hiding them) lies in the fact that there was and is no secret of the Amber Room.This whole secret was invented by the NKVD (KGB) of the USSR and the MGB of the GDR - “Stasi”, and all the written volumes with stories of the loss and stories of the search for the Amber Room are just a long-running “mulka”, specially launched by the above-mentioned secret intelligence services.I repeat: what Mosyakin found is chilling soul...
So read the historical works of the Riga resident Mosyakin, gentlemen.The efforts of our fellow countryman are worth it. Where is the harmless and attractive Dan Brown... :)
Alexander Mosyakin now works in Moscow at the Institute of Systemic Strategic Analysis.
Many people believe that Vikings are a nationality. In fact, the Vikings were something of a military alliance, which at one time seriously expanded their possessions. We are told that the Vikings were at the peak of their power around the 9th - 11th centuries, but these dates still need to be proven somehow.
Many people believe that Vikings are a nationality. In fact, the Vikings were something of a military alliance, which at one time seriously expanded their possessions. We are told that the Vikings were at the peak of their power around the 9th - 11th centuries, but these dates still need to be proven somehow. There is also a classic misconception about the nationality of the Vikings - that they were exclusively Scandinavian - Swedes, Danes, Norwegians, Estonians and so on. In fact, the Baltic Slavs (aka the Vendians of the Icelandic sagas) also took part in the Viking movement. The Western Slavic peoples Ruyans and Vagrs, that is, Varangians, became famous among the Vikings for their raids on Scandinavia and Denmark allegedly in the 12th century. This information was preserved, including in the sagas (for example, in the “Saga of Magnus the Blind and Harald Gilli”). Perhaps the medieval historiographer Mavro Orbini, whom we have already talked about, meant precisely the Viking attacks by the Slavic conquest of Europe.
In other words, a Viking and a Varangian are one and the same. Which, by the way, is proven by the strong similarity of the culture of the first Varangian rulers of Rus' - Rurik, Sineus, Truvor and their squad - with the culture of the upper strata of Viking society. And, by the way, the Franks called all “northerners” Normans, including Slavs, Finns, etc., and not just Scandinavians.
Horned helmets are the most glaring misconception about the Vikings.
In fact, there really were horned helmets, but not among the Vikings, but among the Celts. Some images from pre-Viking times show warriors wearing horned helmets. But such helmets were rare and ritual, they were worn by priests. As for the Vikings, a huge number of burials from that era are known. And there is not a single case of finding such a helmet. They are all round, without horns. As an example, consider the reconstruction of the helmet from Sutton Hoo. But this is a royal helmet. Ordinary Vikings wore simpler helmets or leather hats made of thick cowhide. True, all this does not prevent us from depicting Vikings with characteristic horned bowlers. Historical science also claims that the Vikings sometimes used Asian coins and objects with Arabic Muslim inscriptions. But this question, of course, has more to do with the reliability of the official chronology.
Here's something else. When the legendary Norwegian explorer and traveler Thor Heyerdahl launched an expedition to the Russian city of Azov in 2000, it caused widespread outrage among supporters of the Western historical paradigm. Of course, the goal of Heyerdahl’s archaeological expedition was, neither more nor less, to find confirmation of the hypothesis according to which the ancestors of the Scandinavians, led by Odin, came to their country from the Don steppes.
The idea that the ancestral home of the Scandinavians should be sought here arose among the famous Norwegian after he became thoroughly familiar with one of the Old Scandinavian Royal Sagas - “The Saga of the Ynglings”.
Having studied the materials of the Azov region, Heyerdahl writes the following: “... I was simply amazed when I learned that the tribes of the Aesir and Vanir were real peoples who inhabited these places BC!”
The international expedition, which also included Heyerdahl's longtime friend and associate Yuri Senkevich, lasted 2 seasons - 2000 and 2001, and in 2002 Thor Heyerdahl passed away. What did the expedition manage to discover? About 35 thousand valuable artifacts, among which are 3 buckles, completely identical in appearance to those worn by the ancient Vikings. Heyerdahl believed that this fact alone was enough to begin to rewrite history. Indeed, according to the official point of view, everything was the other way around - the Norman theory claims that it was the Varangians (who are considered to be Scandinavians) who brought statehood to Rus'.
By the way, did you know what the word “Viking” means?
Its origin is derived from different languages: among some peoples it means “rower of a boat,” among others it means “pirate,” among others it means “campaign” or “one who goes on a campaign.” It is curious that in the sagas supposedly from the 13th century, the Viking past is presented in a romantic aura. It is often described, for example, how old people complained that in their youth they “went Viking” (that is, on expeditions), but now they are weak and are not capable of such deeds. In Scandinavia, Vikings were the name given to brave men who carried out military expeditions to foreign lands.
Contained 0.774235 g of gold, respectively, 1 million rubles represented 774 kg of gold. In 1913, the exchange rate of the ruble against other currencies was 9.46 rubles per pound sterling, 1.94 rubles per US dollar, 0.46 rubles per German mark, 0.37 rubles per French franc.
Gold reserves during the First World War
Most of these values were used by the leadership of the RSDLP (b) and the RCP (b) to retain power and create party reserves abroad.
Reckoning on peace treaties
In accordance with the 3rd article of the Russian-German additional (to the Brest-Litovsk) treaty and the financial agreement attached to it, signed in Berlin on August 27, 1918 by representatives of Soviet Russia, on the one hand, and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary , Turkey and Bulgaria) - on the other hand, the RSFSR pledged to pay Germany an indemnity in credit notes and gold (245,564 kg). In September 1918, two “gold trains” were sent from the gold storage facility in the former Nizhny Novgorod branch of the State Bank of Russia through Moscow and Orsha to the Reichsbank storerooms in Berlin, where 93,535 kg of gold worth 124.835 million rubles were loaded.
Gold taken by Kappel during the storming of Kazan
Telegram from Kappel to Chechek about the seizure of the Russian Gold Reserve
General Staff Colonel V.O. Kappel, Czech units under the command of J. Shvets, K. Kutlvasher and Russian captain Stepanov. Unexpectedly for the Reds, the soldiers of Major Blagotich's Serbian battalion went over to their side, hitting the flank of the Red Latvian Riflemen, who had been transferred the day before to the defense of the city.
By noon on August 7, 1918, Colonel Kappel’s detachment had completely liberated Kazan from the soldiers of the Latvian 5th Zemgale Regiment, who defended the city along with other red detachments. Colonel Kappel reported in a telegram to Colonel S. Chechek: “The trophies cannot be counted, Russia’s gold reserves of 650 million have been captured...”. In addition, from the Kazan part of the Gold Reserve of the Russian Empire, the Whites received 100 million rubles in credit notes, gold bars, platinum and other valuables. Subsequently, Colonel Kappel did everything to remove Russia’s gold reserves from Kazan on time and preserve it for the White Cause.
Part of the gold and silver reserves of the Russian Empire captured in Kazan and in the amount of more than five hundred tons of gold and at least 750 boxes of silver were sent on ships under guard to Samara, the capital of KOMUCH. From Samara, gold was transported to Ufa for some time, and at the end of November 1918, the gold reserves of the Russian Empire were moved to Omsk and became available to the government of Admiral Kolchak.
The gold was deposited in a branch of the State Bank.
In May 1919, a group of bank employees began counting gold. The seals and seals on all the boxes were checked, after which the act of May 10, 1919 established that in total there was gold in Omsk in the amount of 651,532,117 rubles. (505 tons). In addition, gold was stored here that was not included in the state reserve - gold parts of instruments belonging to the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures.
On October 31, 1919, the gold reserves were loaded into wagons under heavy guard by officers. Gold and security were placed in 40 wagons, and accompanying personnel were in another 12 wagons. The Trans-Siberian Railway along its entire length from Novo-Nikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk) to Irkutsk was controlled by the Czechs, whose attitude towards the admiral greatly worsened after the dispersal of the Ufa Directory and the subsequent repressions. In addition, the main task of the Czechs was their own evacuation from Russia. Only on December 27, 1919, the headquarters train and the train with gold arrived at the Nizhneudinsk station, where representatives of the Entente forced Admiral Kolchak to sign an order to renounce the rights of the Supreme Ruler of Russia and transfer the train with the gold reserve to the control of the Czechoslovak Corps. On January 15, 1920, the Czech command handed Kolchak over to the Socialist Revolutionary Political Center, which within a few days handed the admiral over to the Bolsheviks. On February 7, the Czechoslovaks returned 409 million rubles in gold to the Soviet authorities in exchange for guarantees of the unhindered evacuation of the corps from Russia.
The missing gold is now being sought by amateur treasure hunters in many cities from Irkutsk to Petropavlovsk (Northern Kazakhstan), where, however, according to some historians, it could not have been.
Gold in the hands of the Czechoslovak Legion
In Kazan, according to preliminary data, more than 657 million rubles in gold were seized. This gold was transported to Samara, and then, under the protection of the Czechoslovak Corps, sent from Samara to Omsk. During the re-registration in Omsk, only 651 million rubles were discovered. On this basis, some historians argue that the missing 6 million were stolen by the Czechs. In addition, there is a discrepancy of 4-5 million rubles between the amount remaining with Kolchak after the purchase of weapons and the amount received by the Bolsheviks in Irkutsk. According to one version, these 4-5 million were also stolen by the Czechs when the gold was again under their guard on the way from Omsk to Irkutsk. In support of this version, correspondence between the leaders of the Czech army and the state is cited, in particular, a secret letter from Benes to the command of the legion, according to Vladivostok local historian Buyakov, in which he expresses interest in “purchasing gold and other precious metals.” Another basis for this version is that the legionnaires who returned to their homeland founded their own bank - Legiabank, which became one of the largest banks in Czechoslovakia. However, according to updated data, the missing Kolchak gold could not be enough to found a bank.
Former Deputy Minister of Finance in the Kolchak government, Novitsky, in a publication in a London Russian-language magazine in 1921, claimed that the Czechs had embezzled 63 million rubles. Representatives of the German opposition parties in the pre-war parliament of Czechoslovakia accused the government of stealing 36 Russian millions. Neither Novitsky’s figures nor the figures of German parties are confirmed by documents and are not supported by serious historians. . According to modern data, an amount approximately equivalent to 63 million was secretly transferred by the Ministry of Finance to the accounts of trusted representatives of the white movement abroad in order to protect the gold from possible confiscation by the Bolsheviks.
In connection with the issue of Russian gold in Czechoslovakia, it is sometimes noted that after the Civil War, the Czech government invited several thousand Russian emigrants to the country and actively helped them financially. From 1921 to mid-1927 alone, 489 million crowns (approximately $170 million) were allocated to support them - that is, a significantly larger amount than what the legionnaires could take out of Siberia even according to the most daring estimates.
Gold of Ataman Semenov
Ataman Semenov
Waste of gold reserves by the Bolsheviks
After all the well-known events and vicissitudes associated with “Kolchak’s gold”, its remainder was delivered in May 1920 from Irkutsk to Kazan. The amount was 409,625,870 rubles. This is 317.5 tons of pure gold, which was credited to the balance sheet of the Central Budget and Accounting Department of Narkomfin.
In addition, at the beginning of 1920, the government of V.I. Lenin had gold worth about 550 million rubles at its disposal.
In total, the gold reserves of the Russian Empire received by the Bolsheviks at that time remained two-thirds and were estimated at 960 million rubles, which is equivalent to 743.3 tons of pure precious metal. However, according to archival documents recently found by Alexander Mosyakin, on November 9, 1920, the gold reserves of the RSFSR were already 546,196,180 rubles, which is equivalent to 422.9 tons of pure gold, plus the Bolsheviks had Romanian gold worth 117.9 million rubles at their disposal. (91.3 t).
By September 1, 1921, the gold reserves of the RSFSR had shrunk to 73,520,849 rubles (56.9 tons). The Bolsheviks also spent 12.6 million rubles in Romanian gold.
In 1920-1921, 5 million gold rubles were allocated as assistance to “Kemalev” Turkey, which was waging a war with the Entente.
Gold Party Formation
In just 10 months of 1921, gold worth 485.3 million rubles was exported from Soviet Russia to the West. (375.7 tons), of which only a quarter was spent on the purchase of grain, locomotives, equipment for the Red Army, etc., and the bulk of the gold went to secret party accounts in Western banks. The authorized representative of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) for gold and foreign exchange operations abroad, Maxim Litvinov, was responsible for these top-secret operations. Speaking in April 1928 in Moscow at the 3rd session of the Central Executive Committee, Litvinov admitted: “In 1921, I was the chief representative of the Council of People's Commissars for currency transactions and the sale of our gold abroad. I was in Reval and several hundred million rubles of our gold, which I sold abroad, passed through my hands. Most of this gold was sold by me directly or through various intermediaries to large French firms, which melted this gold either in France or in Switzerland, from where this gold found its last refuge in the storerooms of the American Reserve Bank." . This is how the “party gold” was formed in case the Bolsheviks lost power. As a result, by the beginning of 1922, the free gold and foreign exchange reserves of the RSFSR, taking into account Romanian gold, amounted to only 107.7 million rubles. (83.5 t) .
Locomotive scam instead of bread
Two hundred million gold rubles were spent by the Bolsheviks in the early 1920s on the purchase of steam locomotives in Sweden and England at many times inflated prices. The transaction was organized on behalf of Trotsky by the prominent Bolshevik and railway engineer Yu. V. Lomonosov, who was appointed representative of the Council of People's Commissars for railway orders abroad. Despite the presence of its own 9 factories that previously produced steam locomotives (of which the largest were Kharkov, Lugansk and Kolomensky, with a production volume of 207, 150 and 132 units in 1915, respectively), on November 5, 1920, the Russian Railway Mission was established by Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. She paid the Swedish company Nidqvist and Holm 200 million gold rubles, and the lion's share of this money was spent on creating production facilities, since the company chosen by Lomonosov had previously produced no more than 40 steam locomotives per year. The contract required the delivery of 1,000 steam locomotives to Soviet Russia from Sweden, and in case of refusal of supplies, Russia had to pay a penalty to the manufacturer, which the Swedish side took advantage of, actually delivering 500 locomotives.
Coins that made up the empire's gold reserves
