Large Russian and compilers of Russian dictionaries never abandoned the letter "ё" and did not throw it out of the Russian graphic system.
It must be assumed that those who invented and approved the letter “e” were no more stupid than us.
She owed her appearance to one of the first meetings of the recently created Russian Academy, which took place on November 29, 1783 in the house of the director of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova. The meeting was attended by such prominent figures of his own, as indeed, of the subsequent time, such as G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, I.I. Lepyokhin, Metropolitan Gabriel and others.
They discussed the creation of a complete explanatory Slavic-Russian dictionary, later known as the 6-volume Dictionary of the Russian Academy. The meeting was already drawing to a close when Princess E.R. Dashkova, the mistress of the house, asked the luminaries of culture if any of them could write the word "Christmas tree."
The participants thought that the princess was joking, but Yekaterina Romanovna wrote the word "iolka" she uttered and asked: "Is it right to depict one sound in two letters?"
Academics were confused and agreed that there was no suitable letter to convey the sound combination that opened this word. To which the princess noted that “these reprimands have already been introduced by the custom, which, when it does not contradict common sense, should be followed in every way”, and suggested using the new letter “ё” “to express words and reprimands, with which consent beginning, as if matyory, Iolka, Izh. " The participants recognized that Princess Dashkova was right, and it was suggested that the member of the Academy of Sciences, Metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Petersburg Gabriel, should evaluate the feasibility of introducing a new letter.
But even after that, the letter "ё" only appeared occasionally in manuscript for 12 years, for example, it was used by G.R.Derzhavin when writing letters.
In the poem, N. M Karamzin was the first to use it, replacing the letter “ё” with the indigestible combination in the word “slioza”.
The debut of the printing of the letter “ё” by the printing press took place at the Moscow University Printing House with X. Ridiger and H. A. Claudia in 1795 when the book of the poet, fabulist, chief prosecutor of the Senate, and then Minister of Justice Ivan Dmitriev Dmitriev “And my trinkets” was published .
The first word printed with the letter "ё" was the word "everything." The words followed: light, stump, cornflower.
In the same printing house in 1796, N. M. Karamzin in his first book “Aonid” prints with the letter “ё”: a dawn, an eagle, a moth, tears and the first verb with “ё” “flowed”.
The first typo in the word with the letter "ё" happened in 1797, when, due to the negligence of the corrector, a circulation appeared with the word "garnished" instead of "faceted".
The first surname with the letter "ё" - Potemkin wrote in 1798 G. R. Derzhavin.
These were the first steps of the letter "ё" before she confidently walked through the pages of books, magazines and newspapers.
There was, however, a small obstacle to the spread of the letter "ё" in the 18th-19th centuries. It consisted in the fact that the elite in those days belonged to the “creeping” pronunciation, as a manifestation of philistinism, the speech of “vile mob”. At that time, the “ecclesiastical” “reckoning” reprimand was considered noble and more cultural.
Formally, the letter "ё", like "» ", entered the alphabet and received serial numbers only after the revolution, that is, under Soviet rule. In the famous Decree signed by the Soviet People's Commissar for Education A.V. Lunacharsky "On the introduction of a new spelling" of 1918, the old "fita", "izhitsa" and many unloved "yat" were canceled, and the use of the letter "ё" was proposed to be "recognized as desirable ". Literally - "Recognize the desirable, but optional use of the letter" ё "".
The letter ё received official status during the years of World War II. First, on December 24, 1942, the order came out of the People’s Commissar of Education of the RSFSR Vladimir Petrovich Potemkin “On the introduction of the mandatory use of the letter“ ё ”in school practice, and then a reference dictionary of uses from that time appeared. The letter "ё" was considered officially included in the Russian alphabet.
But, alas, the current “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” code, which is in force in our time, does not make this letter mandatory. There is a list of situations in which the letter “ё” must be printed, for example, in books for children, in study guides for foreign students. It is mandatory to spell the letter “ё” in geographical names, in words that without “ё” have different meanings, but sound the same, so - donkey - donkey, everything - everything and so on.
And in the post-war period, fiction and scientific literature almost always came out using the letter “ё”, but in 1956 Khrushchev decided to take up culture, and one of his initiatives was to simplify spelling rules and make the letter “ё” optional.
In subsequent years, the use of the letter “ё” became an apple of discord between ideologists of simplification and the patriotic part of the Russian intelligentsia advocating the mandatory use of it. Most scholars and cultural figures also insist on the mandatory use of the letter "ё". Her ignorance often leads to sad oddities.
For example, the Russian nobleman in the novel L.N. Tolstoy “War and peace by the name of Levin turned into Levin. And, by the way, due to neglect of the letter “ё”, world-famous cultural figures who were actually Roerichs are now known as Roerichs.
The letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 03.05.2007 No. AF-159/03 “On the decisions of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language” somewhat repeats the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR Vladimir Petrovich Potemkin, indicating the mandatory use of the letter “ё” in cases when a misreading of the word is possible, for example, in proper names, since ignoring the letter “ё” in this case is a violation of the Federal Law “On the state language of the Russian Federation”.
But again, according to the current rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, in ordinary printed texts the letter e is used at the request of the author or editor. That is, any book, magazine, newspaper can be printed both with the letter "ё" and without it.
But, for example, such a serious organization that does not delve into disputes of various linguistic trends, such as Sberbank of Russia, recognizes the letter "ё" as mandatory. Its service system contains all 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and each is assigned a serial number. Otherwise, it would be impossible to identify, for example, the citizens of Alyonov, Yorokhov, Schroeder and others.
In 2005, a monument was erected in the letter ё in Ulyanovsk. The author is an artist Alexander Zinin. The monument is dedicated not only to the letter “E”, but also to the writer N. M. Karamzin, who was the first to officially use it in Russian.
Probably everyone who truly loves our “great and mighty” Russian language and Russian literature is sincerely grateful to the great Russian woman, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, for the letter “E” given to us all.
And it remains to hope that the love of culture, combined with common sense, are separated by the letter "E" and it will forever remain in our language.
The Governor of the Ulyanovsk Region Sergey Morozov ordered the letter "ё" to be returned to the pages of all official documents. This is done in memory of the great Russian writer Nikolai Karamzin, a native of Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk), who introduced this letter widely. In addition, a monument to this letter has been standing in Ulyanovsk for a year now.
This is not the first time Morozov has advocated the purity of the Russian language. Last week, he signed a decree according to which all local officials will have to pass tests in the Russian language and the history of their native land, the newspaper Novye Izvestia writes.
Officials are at a loss. The governor promised everyone who would forget to put dots over "ё", to force him to rewrite documents again. Out of habit, this can lead to a large expenditure of paper, in addition, officials fear that they will not be able to simultaneously think about the contents of the document and monitor the use of the letter beloved by the governor.
However, in the press service of the head of the region, the newspaper explained that so far this order has not been formally fixed, and therefore has the character of an “oral recommendation”.
The letter "ё" appeared in Russian writing, as they say, thanks to the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Princess Yekaterina Romanovna Dashkova. At one of the first meetings of the Russian Academy on November 29 (November 18 according to the old style) of 1783, which took place in her house, the princess told academics that it was incorrect to use two letters to indicate one sound (previously written "io"). Dashkova proposed the use of the new letter "ё" "for expressing words and reprimands, with which consent begins, as a matriory, iolka, iozh."
The letter "ё" became famous thanks to N.M. Karamzin, in connection with which he often (even in such authoritative sources as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia) is erroneously indicated by its author. In 1796, in the first book of the poem almanac “Aonids” published by Karamzin, which came out of the same university printing house, the words “dawn”, “eagle”, “moth”, “tears”, and also the first verb were printed with the letter “ё” "flowed." However, it is not known whether it was Karamzin's own idea or the initiative of one of the publishing house employees. It should be noted that in scientific works (for example, in the famous "History of the Russian State", 1816-29) Karamzin did not use the letter "ё".
Formally, the letters "e" and "y" entered the alphabet (and received serial numbers) only in Soviet times (except for the "New Alphabet" of Leo Tolstoy (1875), in which the letter "e" was in 31st place, between yat and "e"). On December 24, 1942, by the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, the obligatory use of the letter “ё” was introduced in school practice, and since that time (sometimes, however, they mention 1943), it is officially considered to be part of the Russian alphabet. For the next ten years, fiction and scientific literature came out with almost continuous use of the letter "ё", but then the publishers returned to their previous practice: use it only in case of emergency.
Proponents of the return of the letter to the press argue that the non-binding use of this letter in the seal has distorted a lot of personal names, and many common names. So, for example, the letter "ё" disappeared from the spellings (and then pronunciations) of the surnames: Cardinal Richelieu (French Richelieu), philosopher and writer Montesquieu (French Montesquieu), physicist Roentgen (German Rontgen), microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur (French Pasteur), artist and orientalist Nikolai Rörich, mathematician Pafnuti Chebyshev and others (in the latter case, even with a change in the place of stress: Chebyshev instead of the correct Chebyshev).
The letter ё also disappeared from the surname of the nobleman Levin, the character from the novel L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina", whose last name turned into Jewish - "Levin". Here the hero shared the fate of the author: Tolstoy was called Leo, not Leo, as evidenced, for example, by his lifetime lifetime foreign publications with the name Lyof or Lyoff on the cover.
The ambiguity has led to the fact that sometimes the letter "ё" is used in a letter (and accordingly read ["o]) in words where it is not needed. For example," scam "instead of" scam "," grenadier "instead of" grenadier "," being "instead of" being "," custody "instead of" custody ", etc. Sometimes such an incorrect spelling and pronunciation becomes generally accepted. So, the world chess champion, known to many as Alexander Alyokhin, was actually Alekhine and was very indignant when he The surname was spelled and pronounced incorrectly. His surname is the noble family of the Alekhins, and not a derivative of the fa the milling version of the name Aleksey - "Alyokha".
Some (in particular, the notorious designer Artemy Lebedev, believe that the use of "ё" interferes with reading, since the eye "stumbles" on the diacritical mark. According to others, it is the characters that go beyond the line help to read, since the person does not perceive separate letters, and the drawing of the word as a whole. Therefore, they believe, if the letter "ё" is used everywhere, the average reading speed would increase, since the Russian language (especially after the reform of 1917-1918) lacks characters that go beyond the line and drawing the word bo recognizable. (In this sense, only eight lowercase letters, except for "ё", help reading: "b", "d", "y", "p", "y", "f", "c" and "u ", whereas in the Latin alphabet there are half of them: 13 out of 26.). In addition, according to the norms of Russian book publishing, the use of the letter" ё "is mandatory in children's books.
Yoshkin cat without the letter Y - no!
Anticipating the advent of the Internet in the 20th century, Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova proposed the use of the letter "E".
In Ulyanovsk, which is considered to be the birthplace of the letter ё, in 1997 a monument has been erected. Moreover, the head of the region obliged all officials to use the letter in internal documents. And the Ulyanovsk IT experts developed the-application, which scans a text document and, after synchronization with several dictionaries, replaces the letter "E" with "Ё" in the right places.The existing monument was erected on November 3, 2005.. It was preceded by another, temporary monument. The height of the monument to the letter "ё" 2.05 meters, weight - more than three tons.
www.vmdaily.ru
November 18/29, 1783 at a meeting of the Russian Academy in the house of the Director of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences Princess E.R. Dashkova in the presence of prominent literary scholars G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, I.I. Lepekhin and others Ekaterina Romanovna (Dashkova) when discussing the draft of the first in our history explanatory dictionary - the six-volume Dictionary of the Academy Russian, suddenly asked the husbands of science, why the word "Christmas tree" is spelled "iolka". And why does one need this sound, by the way, very frequent in the language by that time, depicted in two letters? But is it not better to introduce the new letter E, which was immediately written with the hand of the princess. Scientific authority Dashkova was very tall and there were no objections. So this day was the birthday of the new Russian letter.
Her - 7th letter of the Russian and Belarusian and 9th - Ruthenian alphabets. It is also used in some non-Slavic alphabets based on the civilian Cyrillic alphabet (for example, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Chuvash and Udmurt). After consonants means their softness (if possible) and sound [o]; in other cases, a combination. In words of a native Russian origin (except for words with prefixes three- and four-) always bears stress. In rare cases of unstressed use (which is possible only in borrowings: königsberg , surfercomplicated words: loesslike or words with prefixes three- and four-: four-part) is phonetically identical to the unstressed “and”, “e”, “I” or has a side stress, but may reflect features on scriptures in the source language.
In the Russian language (that is, in the Russian letter) the letter "ё" is used primarily in those positions where the pronunciation [(j) o] is formed from [(j) e], which explains the derivative of the "e" form of the letter ( I borrowed from Western scripts). In the Russian letter, in contrast to the Belarusian one, the placement of points on d "e" is optional in most cases (see the rules for using this letter).
In other Slavic Cyrillic letters [note 1] the letter “ё” is not used. In Ukrainian [note 2] and Bulgarian writing, for the designation of the corresponding sounds they write “ b"After consonants and" yo" in other cases. In Serbian writing (and Macedonian built on its basis) there are generally no special letters for iotated vowels and (or) softening the previous consonant, since to distinguish syllables from soft and hard consonants, not different vowels are used there, but different consonants, and iot always written in a separate letter. In the Old and Church Slavonic alphabet there is no analogous “ё” letter due to the lack of appropriate combinations of sounds; Russian "ёkane" is a common mistake when reading the Church Slavonic text.
Letter introduction
The combination of sounds formed in the Russian pronunciation (and [o] after soft consonants) for a long time did not find any expression in the letter. In the 18th century, [note 6], a letter designation was introduced for them IO under a common cap, but it turned out to be bulky and rarely used. Options used: signs oh, io, ô, ió, io .
In 1783, instead of the existing options, the letter ё was borrowed from French, where it has a different meaning. In the oven, however, it was first used only twelve years later (in 1795). The suggestion was made about the influence of the Swedish alphabet.
On November 29 (November 18, old style), 1783, one of the first meetings of the recently created Russian Academy was held in the house of the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, which was attended by G.R. Derzh avin, D.I. Fonvizin, I. I Lepyokhin, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, Metropolitan Gabriel and others. The project discussed a complete explanatory Slavic-Russian dictionary, later known as the 6-volume Dictionary of the Russian Academy. Academics were about to go home when Yekaterina Romanovna asked those present if anyone could write the word "Christmas tree." The academics decided that the princess was joking, but, having written the word "iolka" she pronounced, she asked: "Is it right to depict one sound in two letters?" Noting that "these reprimands are already introduced by the custom, which, when it does not contradict common sense, in every possible way to follow, ”Dashkova suggested using the new letter“ ё ”“ to express words and reprimands, with which consent begins, like matriory, iolka, izh, iol ”. Dashkova’s arguments seemed convincing, and the expediency of introducing a new letter was proposed to be assessed by a member of the Academy of Sciences, Metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Petersburg Gabriel. November 18, 1783 the letter "ё" was officially recognized.
The princess’s innovative idea was supported by a number of leading cultural figures of that time, including Derzhavin, who was the first to use “ё” in his personal lawsuit. The first print edition, in which the letter “ё” is found, is the book of Ivan Dmitriev “And My Trinkets” (1795), published at the Moscow University Printing House by H. Ridiger and H. A. Claudia (this printing house, which was published since 1788 by the newspaper Moskovskiye Vedomosti, was located on the site of the current building of the Central Telegraph). The first word printed with the letter “ё” was “everything”, then “light”, “stump”, “immortal”, “cornflower”. The first surname ("Potemkin") with this letter was printed in 1798 by G.R. Derzh Avin.
The letter “ё” became famous thanks to N. M. Karamzin, in connection with which he until recently (until the story described above was widely publicized) was considered its author [Note 7]. In 1796, in the first book of the poem almanac “Aonids” published by Karamzin, which came out of the same university printing house, the words “dawn”, “eagle”, “moth”, “tears” were printed with the letter “ё”, as well as the first verb "Flowed." However, it is unclear whether it was Karamzin's own idea or the initiative of one of the publishing house employees. It should be noted that in scientific works (for example, in the famous History of the Russian State, 1816–29), Karamzin did not use the letter “ё”.
Diffusion difficulties
Although the letter "ё" was proposed in 1783, and used in print in 1795, it was not considered a separate letter for a long time and was not officially included in the alphabet. This is characteristic of the newly introduced letters: the status of the “» ”sign was the same, which, unlike the ё, was obligatory for use since 1735. Academician Ya. K. Grot in his “Russian Spelling” [note 8] noted that these two letters “should also occupy a place in the alphabet,” but for a long time this remained only a good wish.
The spread of the letter “ё” in the 18th-19th centuries was also hindered by the then attitude to “youkee” pronunciation as a philistine, the speech of “mean mobile”, while the “church” “heck” reprimand was considered more cultural, noble and intelligent (among fighters with Youkanye ”were, for example, A. P. Sumarokov and V. K. Trediakovsky).
A decree signed by the Soviet People's Commissar for Education A.V. Lunacharsky, published (without date) on December 23, 1917 (January 5, 1918) and introducing as a mandatory reformed spelling, among other things, read: “Recognize the use of the letter“ desirable, but not obligatory ё "".
Formally, the letters "ё" and "ит" entered the alphabet (and received serial numbers) only in Soviet times (except for the "New Alphabet" of Leo Tolstoy (1875), in which the letter "ё" was in 31st place, between yat and "e"). On December 24, 1942, by the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR V.P. Potemkin, the obligatory use of the letter “ё” was introduced in school practice, and from that time (sometimes, however, they mention 1943 or even 1956, when normative rules were first published spelling) it is officially considered to be part of the Russian alphabet. For the next ten years, fiction and scientific literature came out with almost continuous use of the letter “ё”, but then the publishers returned to their previous practice: use it only in case of emergency.
There is a legend that Joseph Stalin influenced the popularization of the letter “ё”. According to her, on December 6, 1942, an order was brought to Stalin for signature, in which the names of several generals were printed with the letter “e”, and not “e”. Stalin was furious, and the next day the letter “ё” suddenly appeared in all the articles of the newspaper Pravda.
On July 9, 2007, the Russian Minister of Culture, A. S. Sokolov, in an interview with Mayak radio station, spoke out in favor of using the letter “ё” in writing.
Famous Supporters
Some writers and poets publish or published their texts with the obligatory use of the letter “ё”. Among them are A. I. Solzhenitsyn, Yu. M. Polyakov, A. V. Karasev, M. V. Semenova, M. K. Shcherbakov, S. V. Loginov, M. V. Pogarsky. At different times, supporters of this letter were such famous linguists as D.N. Ushakov, L.V. Shcherba, A.A. Reformatsky.
Famous opponents
Artemy Lebedev, Maxim Potashev.
Variations on the Theme
In the late XIX - early XX centuries. an attempt was made to introduce another letter in Russian writing: corresponding to French eu and German ö but not iotated and not mitigating previous consonants (spelling Goethe, Burns, Roentgen It seemed insufficiently true, as the Russian "ё" implies a strong mitigation; but Eugene, Ezel about as inadequate as Yezhen, Jezel) For her, an inscription in the form of uh with two points ( ӭ ), and this sign was really used in the pre-revolutionary press when transmitting foreign names and names, along with “ё” in Russian words. Sometimes just the German literal was used in the same meaning ö .
In the few cases where a “creeping” pronunciation formed in place of the letter yat, spelling through “ё” in the old spelling was not possible — an obvious spelling mistake; the use of dots with accents (in the dictionary text) emphasized the incorrect pronunciation ( stars) The editors of the 3rd (posthumous, remade) edition of the Dahl dictionary found an interesting way out of this difficult situation: the publishers simply put dots over the yat.
Rules for the use of the letter "ё"
Laws and regulations
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ABOUT USE OF THE LETTER “ё” IN SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS
When conducting an examination of textbooks for compiling federal lists of textbooks, as well as when accepting documents from publishers and authors for conducting an examination, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation suggests paying attention to the use of the letter “ё” of the Russian alphabet in textbooks for educational institutions, including surnames of authors and names of textbooks. It is recommended to draw up expert opinions on textbooks taking into account the spelling of the letter "ё" (Order of the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR of December 24, 1942 N 1825 "On the use of the letter" ё "in Russian spelling").
Please bring this information to all publishers and authors submitting textbooks for examination to expert organizations.
I.I. KALINA
December 24, 1942 by order No. 1825 of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR V.P. Potemkin, the mandatory use of the letter "ё" was introduced. According to legend, the publication of the order was preceded by a story when Stalin rudely dealt with the councilors of the Council of People's Commissars Yakov Chadayev for the fact that on December 5 (or 6) he brought him a decree on the signature in which the names of several generals were printed without the letter “ё”. Chadaev informed the editor of Pravda about the leader’s desire to see the e in the press. And already in the issue of December 7, 1942, this letter suddenly appears in all articles. On the front page to the right of the name of the newspaper we read: “Workers, collective farmers, the Soviet intelligentsia! With selfless labor, strengthen your help to the front! Holy fulfill your civic duty to your homeland and e ё valiant defenders at the front! ”
In accordance with Part 3 of Art. 1 Federal Law of June 01, 2005 No. 53-ФЗ “On the State Language of the Russian Federation”, the procedure for approving the norms of the modern Russian literary language, when used as the state language of the Russian Federation, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 23, 2006 No. 714 "On the procedure for approving the norms of the modern Russian literary language when it is used as the state language of the Russian Federation, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" established that the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation approves on the basis of recommendations of the Interdepartmental Commission on Russian language list of grammars, dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of the modern Russian literary language when it is used as the state language of the Russian Federation, as well as the rules of Russian oh spelling and punctuation.
In accordance with the Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 03.05.2007 No. AF-159/03 “On Decisions of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language”, it is required to write the letter “ё” in cases where incorrect reading of the word is possible, for example, in the names own, since ignoring the letter "ё" in this case is a violation of the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation".
According to the current rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, in ordinary printed texts the letter употреб is used selectively. However, at the request of the author or editor, any book can be printed sequentially with the letter e.
The opinion of philologists
The official portal of the “Russian Language in the Media” Commission of the Russian Language Council under the Government of the Russian Federation ( Literacy.ru) in section Elementary truths recommends selective use ё:
Elementary truth number 7. The use of the letter обязательно is mandatory in texts with successive accent marks, in books for young children (including textbooks for elementary school students), and in textbooks for foreigners. In ordinary printed texts, ё is recommended to be written in cases where an incorrect reading of the word is possible, when it is necessary to indicate the correct pronunciation of a rare word or to prevent a speech error. The letter ё should also be written in their own names. In other cases, the use of ё is optional, that is, optional.
Sound content of the letter
The letter "ё" is used:
- to convey the stressed vowel [o] and at the same time to indicate the softness of the previous consonant: comb, oats, youth, crawling, lying, honey, in the afternoon, dog, wandered, everything, aunt, Fedor (after g, to, x this is possible only in borrowings: Goethe, Cologne, Höglund, liquor, not counting the only proper Russian word weave, weave, weave, weave with derivatives, as well as formed in Russian from borrowing the word alarmist);
- to transmit shock [o] after sizzling: burn, damn, silk, click (in this position, the choice between spelling through “ё” or through “o” is determined by a rather complicated system of rules and lists of exception words);
- to transmit a combination of [j] and percussion [o]:
- at the beginning of a word: tree, hedgehog, capacity;
- after vowels: loan, her, point, striker, forges, spit;
- after consonants (separated separator): blows, linen, volume.
In Russian words “ё” is possible only under stress [note 9] (at least by the side: triple, four-story, loesslike); if during inflection or word formation the stress goes to another syllable, then “ё” is replaced by “e” ( honey - on m edu - m enice, takes - select et, about - not about em (but: about anything)).
In borrowings, along with the letter “ё”, combinations of the same sound value can be used b after consonants and yo in other cases. In addition, “ё” can occur in borrowings in an unstressed position.
E and Yo
According to § 10 of the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation", officially in force since 1956, "the letter" ё "is written in the following cases":
A more detailed regulation is provided by the new edition of these rules (published in 2006, approved by the Spelling Commission of the RAS), § 5:Note In foreign words at the beginning of words and after vowels instead of letters ё is written yo, eg; iodine, area, major
- When it is necessary to prevent incorrect reading and understanding of a word, for example: find out Unlike find out; everything Unlike everything; bucket Unlike bucket; perfect (communion) as opposed to perfect (adjective), etc.
- When you need to specify the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: the Olekma River.
- In special texts: primers, Russian language textbooks, orthoepy textbooks, etc., as well as dictionaries to indicate the place of stress and correct pronunciation
Addicting letters ё can be consistent and selective.
Consistent use of letters ё required in the following varieties of printed texts:
a) in texts with successive accent marks; b) in books addressed to young children; c) in educational texts for elementary school students and foreigners studying the Russian language. Note 1. Consistent use ё Adopted for the illustrative part of these rules. Note 2. At the request of the author or editor, any book can be printed sequentially with the letter ё. Note 3. In dictionaries, words with a letter ё placed in the general alphabet with the letter ee.g. : barely, spruce, christmas tree, spruce, cherish, herringbone, christmas tree, spruce; to have fun, to amuse (sya), cheerfulness, cheerful, fun .In ordinary printed texts, the letter ё used selectively. It is recommended to use it in the following cases.
1. To prevent incorrect word recognition, for example. : everything, palate, summer, perfect (in contrast to the words everything, sky, summer, perfect), including to indicate the place of stress in the word, e.g. : bucket, find out (Unlike we will recognize).
2. To indicate the correct pronunciation of a word - either rare, not well-known, or having a widespread incorrect pronunciation, for example. : gesy, surfing, fleur, harder, alkali, including to indicate proper stress, e.g. : fable, brought, carried away, convicted, newborn, filler .
3. In proper names - surnames, geographical names, for example. : Konenkov, Neyolova, Catherine Deneuve, Schrödinger, Dezhnev, Koshelev, Chebyshev, Vyoshenskaya, Olekma.
“Ё”, “yo” and “yo” in borrowing and transfer of foreign own names
The letter "ё" is often used to convey the sounds [œ] and [ø] (for example, indicated by the letter "ö") in foreign words and names (see below for more details).
In the borrowed words, to write a combination of phonemes / jo /, the letter “yo” or “yo” are usually used:
- Yo it is written at the beginning of the words (“iodine”, “iota”, “yogurt”, “York”, “yoga”, etc.) or after vowels (“coyote”, “raion”, “major”, “meiosis”, etc. .); Until 1956, writing was also used. "and about" (Io in pre-reform spelling); currently the spelling “iodine” is stored in the chemical nomenclature;
- "Yo" written after consonants, at the same time softening them ("battalion", "broth", "minion", "senior", "guillotine", "pavilion", "champignon", "companion", "fjord", etc.) - as a rule , in place after the palatalized [l] and [n] in the Romance languages; pre-reform spelling also used options: Io, Yyo.
In recent decades, however, the use of the letter "ё" in this role has spread. It is already a normative element of the systems (transliteration sense) of transferring names and names from some Asian languages \u200b\u200b(for example, the Kontsevich system for the Korean language and the Polivanov system for the Japanese language): Kim Yongnam, Yoshihito, Shogun.
In borrowings from European languages, the transmission of sounds with the letter “ё” is rare; it is most often found in words from the Scandinavian languages \u200b\u200b(yotun, Yormungand), but usually exists in parallel with the traditional transmission through “yo” (Yormungand) and is often considered non-normative.
“E” in borrowings is often unstressed and in this position in pronunciation does not differ from the letters “and”, “e” or “I” ( shogunate, Erdös etc.), thereby losing its original clarity and sometimes turning into nothing more than an indication of pronunciation in the source language.
"Ё" in the rules of transcription from some European languages
- English: by the rules ё not used, including letter combinations ur, ir after consonants are transmitted as ep: Burns → Burns, Bird → Bird. Recently, however, there has been a tendency to write with ё: Purcell → Purcell, instead of the traditional Purcell; Pearl Harbor → Pearl Harbor, instead of Pearl Harbor, etc .; sometimes such spellings penetrate dictionaries already.
- Bulgarian: through ё transmitted combination bas well as sometimes (in some cases after vowels) yo: Zhelyo → Zhelyo, Zmeyovo → Zmeyevo (but Panayot → Panayot).
- Hungarian: ё used only in the following cases:
- ö and ő after consonants: Öttömös → Etтömös, Mezőörs → Mezöörs, Hejőbába → Heöbaba;
- o and ó after gy, ny, ty: Gyoma → Gyoma.
- Danish: ё ø after consonants: Jørgen → Jörg en, Nørgaard → Nörg op.
- Spanish: through ё only the letter combination is transmitted yo, and then not in all cases: Yoel → Yoel (with the more common Yoel), but Pelayo → Pelayo.
- Italian: ё not used.
Deutsch: ё used only after consonants in the transfer of letters ö and its substitute oe: Böhmke (Boehmke) → Böhmke. However, in a number of proper names of German origin, the letter ö historically transmitted by letter e (and its corresponding sound - sound uh), eg:
- Göring → Goering
- Goebbels → Goebbels
- Röntgen → X-ray
- Roerich → Roerich
- Goeben → Goeben
- Dutch: ё
- eu after consonants: Beunke → Bönke;
- ui after consonants: Kruissink → Kreussink.
- Norwegian: the same as in Danish.
- Polish: ё used in the following cases:
- ią → yong or eat (before b and p);
- io → ё;
- ją after vowels → yong or eat (at the beginning of the word instead ё there will be yo, and after consonants b);
- jo after vowels → ё (at the beginning of the word yo, and after consonants b);
- lą → linen or lem;
- lo → le.
- Portuguese: ё not used (combinations nho and lho transmitted as new and pour) In the Brazilian version of the Portuguese language combination nho and lho transmitted as nyo and lol.
- Romanian: ё not used.
- Serbian: ё only used in љo → le and њo → not.
- Slovak: through ё transmitted:
- the letters o and ó after soft consonants ď , ľ , ň and ť ;
- combination jo yo).
- Ukrainian: through ё combinations are transmitted yo and b (these same combinations are used to transmit Russian ё in Ukrainian).
- Finnish: letter ё transmitted (except the beginning of the word) ö and öö ; at the beginning of a word through uh.
- French: ё used only in the transfer of the following letter combinations:
- in a certain masculine article le;
- eu after consonants: Babeuf → Babeuf;
- ieu (→ b or ye, depending on pronunciation): Montesquieu → Montesquieu;
- œ and œu after consonants: Sacré-Cœur → Sacre Coeur;
- u in un, um after consonants and also not before vowels.
- Croatian: ё only used in ljo → le and njo → not.
- Czech: through ё transmitted:
- the letters o and ó after soft consonants ď , ň and ť ;
- combination jo not at the beginning of the word (there through yo).
- Swedish: ё only used to transmit letters ö after consonants: Öström → Eström.
"Ё" in the rules of transcription from some eastern languages
- Korean: ё used to transmit diphthonic combinations of two vowels with y: ㅛ (yo) and ㅕ (yŏ): Koryo (Koryŏ - 고려), Hyundai (현대), exception: Pyongyang (instead of Pyongyang) (Pyongyang - 평양).
- Japanese: ё used for syllable transmission yo (Kana よ / ヨ): Yokota (横 田), Yoritomo (頼 朝), Yoshitoshi (吉 俊), Yoshitsune, with the exception of some of the proper names: Tokyo, Yokohama, Kyoto, Toyota (t. Toyota), Yoko (t. Yoko) and other (using ё instead yo in most such cases, with the exception of historically rooted geographical names, it is not considered an error).
Effects optional use the letters ё
The slow (and so to the end not completed) entry of the letter "ё" into life is explained by its form that is inconvenient for fast writing, which contradicts the main principle of cursive writing: fused writing (without tearing the pen from the paper), as well as the technical difficulties of publishing technology before computer time. In addition, people who have surnames with the letter “ё” often have difficulties, sometimes insurmountable, in processing various documents due to the irresponsible attitude of some workers to writing this letter. This problem was especially acute with the introduction of the USE system, which manifests itself in the danger of differences between the spelling of the passport name and the name on the Certificate for passing the USE [Note 10]. The traditional optionality of use led to erroneous readings, which gradually became generally accepted. They affected everything: a huge mass of personal names, and many common nouns.
Permanent ambiguity is caused by such written without ё words like: everything, iron, rest, flax, blowjob (flies past, without hitting), planted, perfect, summer, palate, recognize, tapeworm, is recognized and others. Erroneous (without ё) pronunciation and emphasis in words such as newborn beets and others.
Change the spelling of names
So, for example, the letter “ё” disappeared from the spellings (and then pronunciations) of the surnames: Cardinal Richelle e (fr. Richelieu) [Note 11], philosopher and writer Montesqui e (fr. Montesquieu) [Note 12], physics P entgen (German Wilhelm conrad röntgen), microbiologist and chemist Louis Past era (fr. Pasteur), artist and philosopher N. K. R eriha [note 13], famous British politician h erchilla Churchill), Austrian physicist Schr edinger (German Schrödinger) and many others etc. Very often, especially in the scientific community, the name of the mathematician P. L. Chebysh is pronounced incorrectly ewa (in the latter case, even with a change in the place of stress: Chebyshev instead of the right Chebyshev) .
The letter “ё” also disappeared from the surname of the nobleman Levin, the character of the novel by Anna N. Tolstoy “Anna Karenina”. For the modern reader, the surname Levin can be associated with the surname “L evin ”, originating from Levitical priests from the tribe of Israel Levi (the surname Levitan is also known). Surnames L ewines and L ёwines should not be confused also because in tsarist Russia Jews, as a rule, were not nobles. Similar changes occurred with the name of Count Tolstoy, whose name was L ёin, not L ein, as evidenced, for example, by his lifetime lifetime foreign publications with the name Lyof or Lyoff on the cover (some of which are reproduced below) [note 14].
Changing the spelling of geographical names and names
- In Soviet times, the incorrect pronunciation of the name of the city of Königsberg (including in the famous film “Seventeen Moments of Spring”) became widespread.
- Pyongyang was originally supposed to be written as Pyongyang (평양) (cf. English: Pyongyang) according to Kontsevich’s system, where the vowel “ㅕ” should be transcribed as “» ”, as is done with Hyundai (현대).
- Surname of the Nazi leader Goebbels (German Goebbels) was to be written as Goebbels, as was Goering's last name (German Göring) should have been written as Goering.
- Fröken Bock from the children's book “Toddler and Carlson, who lives on the roof” is spelled fröken in Swedish, and “fröken” is closer to Swedish pronunciation.
- Surname of the famous French singer Mireille Mathieu (fr. Mireille mathieu) for a long time was written and pronounced incorrectly - "Mathieu". The last few years are increasingly writing and pronouncing it correctly - "Mathieu."
- The names Burns and Röntgen were mentioned above, which began to be written Burns and X-rays, although the Burns and Roentgen variants are also used (as a surname).
Writing Russian words in Latin letters
When transferring Russian names and Latin names, the letters "e" and "ё", generally speaking, should be different, but often they are mixed, written indifferently through the Latin "e". In particular, the surnames “Khrushchev”, “Gorbachev” and “Korolev” most often [Note 15] are transmitted in English as Khrus (h) chev, Gorbachev and Korolevwhile right Khrushchyov (Hruščëv, Hruŝëv), Gorbachyov (Gorbačëv), Korolyov (Korolëv), etc., depending on the transliteration method used [Note 16].
Turning an e into an e
The ambiguity has led to the fact that sometimes the letter "ё" is used in a letter (and accordingly read ["o]) in words where it is not needed. For example," scam "instead of" scam "," grenadier "instead of" grenadier "," being ”instead of“ being ”,“ custody ”instead of“ custody ”[Note 17], etc. Sometimes such incorrect spelling and pronunciation becomes generally accepted. Thus, the world chess champion, known to many as Alexander Alyokhin, was actually Alekhine and I was very indignant when his name was spelled and pronounced incorrectly. His last name is the noble family Alekh others, and not a derivative of the familiar variant of the name Aleksey - "Alyokha".
In those places where it should be e, but not ё, it is recommended to emphasize the prevention of incorrect recognition of the word ( everything takes) or erroneous pronunciation ( scam, grenadier, debye, Croesus, Olesha).
Writing without ё caused many pronunciation errors in the words that people learned not from spoken language, but from books and newspapers in the 1920s and 1930s: the driver, the youth, the musketeer (instead of вместо in these words) pronounced "e").
Orthoepy: the emergence of new options
Due to the optional use of the letter “ё”, words appeared in the Russian language that it is permissible to write both with the letter “ё” and “e”, and pronounce accordingly. E.g. , bl ёcool and bl ecool, white eblue and white ёsy, man evR and man ёvp elie and f ёlie and others
Variants constantly arise in the language under the influence of conflicting analogies. For example, the word notched There are variants of pronunciation with e / e because of the double motivation: notch / notch. The use or non-use of the letter "e" does not play a role here. But in the course of natural development, the literary language always strives to get rid of options: either one of them becomes non-literary, incorrect (from [d'e] wka, holo [l'o] ditsa), or pronunciations take on different meanings (is [t'e] kshiy - is [t'o] kshy).
Most pronounce “glider” (with emphasis on the first syllable), and not “glider”, since the following trends have developed in the Russian language: in the names of machines, mechanisms, various devices, accent is preferred on the first syllable, or rather, the penultimate, that is, , glider, tanker, glider, and in the designation of the protagonist - on the last: driver, watchman, combiner.
The lack of consistent use of the letter "ё" is more of an artificial factor than a natural one. And this factor slows down the natural development of the language, generating and supporting the existence of pronunciation variants that are not conditioned by intralinguistic reasons.
Reading complication
The current Rules do not recommend writing the letter “e” where the context does not require it. The writer himself must determine the width of the required context, however, under the influence of the tendency to save mental effort, the inevitable transfer of all semantic analysis to the reader takes place. As a result, texts are printed in large numbers, upon reading which the gaze “stumbles”, and the reader is forced to return to the beginning of the phrase:
- Andrey, what is asked, tell me?
Ah, repeat the cases?
All over again, in order?
Well, hold the phone,
I'll look for a notebook.
In this fragment it is not easy to determine whether to read “everything” or “everything” also for the reason that in this case the writing system does not provide a sign that facilitates the choice of sound [e] when reading. The current rules recommend, in doubtful cases, to use the letter “ё” to mean [o]. But for the designation of [e] there is no sign that would indicate that it is precisely [e] and not [o]. It is possible to use the accent mark for this purpose.
The consequences of the mandatory use of the letter "ё"
Possible reading complications
Opponents of the letter "ё" believe that its continuous use interferes with reading, as the eye "stumbles" on a superscript.
According to others, it is the characters that go beyond the line that help to read, since the person perceives not individual letters, but the picture of the word as a whole [Note 18]. Those who agree with this position believe that if the letter “ё” is used everywhere, the average reading speed would increase, since there are few characters in the Russian letter (especially after the spelling reform of 1917-1918) that go beyond the line and make the picture of the word more recognizable. In this sense, only eight lowercase letters, not counting “e”, “help” reading: “b”, “e”, “y”, “p”, “y”, “f”, “c” and “u” , and most of them are very rare, while in the Latin alphabet of letters with protruding elements half: 13 of 26 (b, d, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, p, q, t, y), and they are contained in almost every word.
Violation of the uniform appearance of morphemes
Many see the problem as violating the phonemic principle of Russian writing - “designate one phoneme by one letter” (in the terminology of the Leningrad Phonological School, the principle should be called morphonematic) Example:
- in word forms key — keys we write the same letter in shock and in unstressed position yu;
- foxes — a fox - same letter and.
Write the same letter ё in both shock and unstressed forms (e.g. a tear — tears), would mean a radical change in the historical use of the letter ё only in shock position. In an unstressed position, it will begin to attract stress, and the phonetic appearance of words will inevitably be distorted.
The problem can be solved if you write in the same part of the word without stress eand under stress ё. In the Russian letter, a whole system of alternating vowels in the roots of the verbs has already formed: to aboutrmit — perek butfeeds, spr aboutsieve — redirect butsewing; as well as regular alternations of consonants (loan cs - zay hir, pyro gand - pyro welloK); in thousands of words in the same morpheme, in the position of the best discrimination of sounds, one letter is written, then another. Several thousand words interleaved her Weaken, of course, to some extent the phonemic principle of recording. But this alternation objectively exists in the language, and the absence of its display on the letter (as is happening now) does the phonemic principle more substantial harm.
Edition of texts of the XVII — XIX centuries
“It would be very difficult (and in some cases impossible) to solve the question of writing или or при when publishing the texts of many authors of the 17th – 19th centuries.”
In the old days, after sizzling, they wrote the letter “e”, since they pronounced the sound “e” (for example, go el eshh, psh enn, be el, w en) Currently, the pronunciation of the phoneme “o” in such words is considered normative. Therefore, spelling / non-spelling of “dots over e” in this case can serve to distinguish between historical and modern pronunciation of words. At the same time, recommendations to use the letter “ё” led to the opposite erroneous effect. For example, at the beginning of Ivan Krylov’s fable “Swan, Pike and Cancer” in the textbook for the 2nd grade, “Native Speech” (M., 2004), it says “it won’t” (and then the pronunciation was “will”), although in In this pronunciation, the word does not rhyme with the word "no": "When there is no agreement in the comrades - / Will they not get along well?”
If the “historical” problem e / e is not solved when writing the text, its solution is postponed until the moment of reading. The reader cannot simply let through and not at all wear out the dubious word. Every time he has to make a choice. If a specialist (editor, publisher) cannot decide the question of writing e / e in old texts, then it is even more difficult to correctly solve such a problem for the general reader.
"Ё" and computer technology
Sorting
When sorted alphabetically, “e” and “e” are considered the same letter [Note 19]; if two words differ only in the position of the letter “e” / “e”, then the word with “e” is put first. However, with a computer implementation, this algorithm requires some additional efforts from programmers, as a result of which sometimes simpler methods are used, but not quite correct ones; as a result, the words with the letter “ё” may appear at the very end or at the very beginning of the alphabet, or “ё” appears, even in its alphabetical place, in the status of a completely separate letter (that is, the words in “ё-” go after all words on “e-”, words on “le-” - after all words on “le-”, etc.). This is due to the fact that the symbol "ё" is separate from (and after) all other Russian letters in the extended ASCII table.
In some programs for creating pointers (xindy), this problem has been successfully resolved.
Automatic spell check
The letter “ё” is supported by the “ORFO” spellchecking module of the Informatic company, which is embedded, in particular, in the popular text editor Microsoft Word (earlier versions did not support the letter “ё” when checking spelling).
For semi-automatic replacement of the texts “e” with “ё”, specially developed programs known as “qualifiers” are used.
The words with the letter “ё” are added to the spell checking system of the Google Chrome Internet browser, however, this system is extremely inefficient and does not recognize many correctly written words containing the letter “ё” [Note 21].
Code table
| Encoding | Register | Decimal code |
16 rich code |
Eight code |
Binary code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The main encoding is GOST, Alternative (CP866) |
Uppercase | 240 | F0 | 360 | 11110000 |
| Lowercase | 241 | F1 | 361 | 11110001 | |
| Unicode (monolithic) |
Uppercase | 1025 | 0401 | 002001 | 00000100 00000001 |
| Lowercase | 1105 | 0451 | 002121 | 00000100 01010001 | |
| Unicode (decomposition) |
Uppercase | 68485896 | 0415 0308 | 00405201410 | 00000100 00010101 00000011 00001000 |
| Lowercase | 70583048 | 0435 0308 | 00415201410 | 00000100 00110101 00000011 00001000 | |
| ISO 8859-5 | Uppercase | 161 | A1 | 241 | 10100001 |
| Lowercase | 241 | F1 | 361 | 11110001 | |
| KOI-8 | Uppercase | 179 | B3 | 263 | 10110011 |
| Lowercase | 163 | A3 | 243 | 10100011 | |
| on en oh at all. Since 1994, Windows started using a layout in which it was moved to the fourth row, to the left of key 1. At the same time, two types of keyboards were used in parallel for a long time, and although these keyboards were compatible, many users did not know where the letter ё was located if they had an old-style keyboard. All these reasons definitely reflected in a decrease in the frequency of use of this letter. Although the letter “ё” is not included in the current Ukrainian alphabet, it was contained in the standard Ukrainian keyboard layout for Windows, while the layout did not contain the apostrophe used for typing Ukrainian texts, and the letter “” was available from the little-known AltGr + G key combination. Only in Windows Vista, this misunderstanding has been fixed. Interesting Facts Story:
Statistics:
Notes
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