abstract
on physical education
on the topic:
« Athletics»
Pupils of 6 "A" class
Lyceum №35
Ignatyeva Alina
Rzhev 2014
Plan
Introduction
1.1 Running for short distances (sprint). Relay race
2.2 Long Jump
3. Projectile throwing
3.1 Grenade Throwing
3.2 Shot put
Introduction
The Greek word "athletics" in translation means struggle, exercise. In ancient Greece, athletes were called those who competed in strength and dexterity. Currently, athletes are called physically developed, strong people.
Modern athletics is a sport that includes exercises such as walking, running, jumping, throwing, and all-around combined from the above exercises. For numerous athletics exercises, sporting events are held, and athletes are trained. Athletics is an important means of physical education for young people.
The topic of my lecture is relevant at present, since millions of people are involved in athletics. A variety of exercises and their high efficiency, ample opportunities for regulating physical activity, simple equipment - all this allowed athletics become a mass sport accessible to everyone. Not by chance athletics called the "queen of sports."
Walking, running, jumping and throwing raise strength, speed, endurance, improve joint mobility, and promote the development of strong-willed qualities. Track and field exercises increase the functional capabilities of the body, its performance. Classes are held, as a rule, in the open air - at the stadium, in the park, in the forest. Hence the highly effective healing effect of athletics exercises. Athletics are of great educational importance. They contribute to the formation of character, habits of a healthy regimen. Participation in athletics competitions educates athletes in the will, a sense of teamwork and responsibility.
The applied and defense importance of athletics is determined by the fact that the qualities and skills acquired with its help are vital for a person in his daily labor activity, and for young men, moreover, in the service in the Soviet Army.
The positive impact of athletics on the health and physical development of students predetermined their widespread inclusion in the physical education program of students in secondary specialized educational institutions.
In the subject of my essay, athletics competitions such as running at various distances, throwing various shells, and jumping are deeply dedicated.
1. Short, medium and long distance running techniques
- Short-distance running (sprint). Relay race
Short-distance running (sprint) is characterized by performing short-term work of maximum intensity. Running at a distance of 30 to 400 m refers to it. For the convenience of studying, it is customary to conditionally divide the running technique into four parts: the start of the run (start), the start run, the distance run and the finish.
The start of the run (start) is done as quickly as possible. The fraction of a second lost at the start is difficult, and sometimes impossible to play at a distance. The most profitable low start. It allows you to quickly start running and reach a maximum speed in a short distance (20-25 m).
For better emphasis on the feet at the start, a starting machine or pads are used. Depending on the length of the body and the characteristics of the runner’s technique, the front block (for the strongest leg) is installed at a distance of 35-45 cm from the start line (1-1.5 feet), and the back is 70-85 cm (or at a distance from the front leg to the leg) pads). Starting blocks located close to each other provide simultaneous repulsion by both legs at the start of a run. The support pad of the front shoe is inclined at an angle of 45-50 °, and the back - 60-80 °. The distance (in width) between the axes of the blocks is usually equal to 18-20 cm.
A low start is carried out in the following sequence: after setting the pads, the runner steps back 2-3 meters and focuses his attention on the upcoming run. At the command “To the start!” The runner approaches the blocks, crouches and puts his hands on the track. Then, the foot of the weaker leg rests on the supporting platform of the back block, the foot of the other leg - on the front block and falls on the knee behind the standing leg. The last thing he puts his hands behind the starting line is shoulder width or slightly wider. Hands at the start line rest on the thumb, forefinger and middle finger, with the thumbs facing each other, and the arms straightened at the elbows, the head held straight, body weight partially transferred to the hands,
At the command “Attention!” The athlete unbends his legs and tears his knee off the ground, raises his pelvis and shrugs in front. A significant part of the body mass is transferred to the hands, the emphasis in the pads in the foot remains strong enough. The body is slightly bent, the head is lowered, the gaze is directed down - forward. The runner must maintain this position without moving until the next team. The toes of the feet and the fingers of the starting person must always touch the surface of the track. The time interval between the “Attention!” Command and the signal to start the run is not regulated by the rules. The interval is determined by the starter. This obliges the runner to concentrate to perceive the starting signal.
At the command “March!” (Or a shot), the runner vigorously pushes off his legs and performs quick movements with his arms bent at the elbows. Repulsion is made at an acute angle to the track. Movements at the exit from the start are performed as quickly as possible.
The starting run is performed in the first 10-14 running steps. At this distance, the runner should gain the highest speed. In the first two or three steps, he seeks to most actively straighten his legs when pushing away and makes sure that the feet do not rise high above the track. The length of steps gradually increases. The length of the first step will be equal to 4.5-5 feet, if measured from the back block, the second step - 4.5, the fifth - 5, the sixth - 5.5 feet, etc. And so on up to 8-9 feet in a step. The length of the steps largely depends on the individual characteristics of the runner: leg strength, body length, physical fitness, etc. Acceleration ends as soon as the step length becomes constant. A good running step would be such a step, the length of which is 30-40 cm longer than the runner's body. In this case, the body is gradually straightened, hand movements gain maximum amplitude.
Distance running. Typing maximum speed, the runner seeks to keep her all the way. The transition from a starting run to a distance run is performed smoothly, without abruptly straightening the body and without changing the rhythm of the running steps. Running along the distance of the master sprinter is characterized by wide and frequent steps with powerful repulsion. An important role is played by the rapid extension of the thigh forward and upward, which creates the prerequisites for setting the foot on the track with an active raking movement. Mastering the technique of sprinting, an athlete should strive to run from the first lessons on the front of the foot, almost without touching the heel of the track. Vigorous work with hands should not cause a rise in shoulders and stoop of the back.
Finishing is the effort of the runner in the last meters of the distance. Running is considered to be completed when the runner touches the imaginary finish plane with any part of the body. The finish line is run at full speed, performing the “throw” on the ribbon at the last step with the chest or sideways. Beginners are advised to run the finish line at full speed, not thinking about throwing on a ribbon.
In 200 and 400 m runs, start is usually taken on the turn of the treadmill. This allows you to run the initial distance in a straight line: it is easier to develop maximum speed. When running up to a turn to fight centrifugal forces, the sprinter gently tilts the body to the left and slightly turns the feet in the same direction. The higher the running speed and the greater the curvature of the track, the more the body tilts to the center of the circle.
Relay race
Relay race - a team type of competition in which participants alternately run segments of the distance, passing the baton to each other. According to the rules of the competition, the relay stick has a weight of at least 50 g, a length of 30 cm and a diameter of 4 cm. Transfer of the relay stick is allowed only in an area of \u200b\u200b20 m in length. The technique of running with a relay stick is practically the same as running in distance. Of great importance in relay running is the relay stick technique, which occurs at high speed in a restricted area.
A team is considered to have completed the running distance if the relay stick is carried from start to finish without violating competition rules. It is passed from hand to hand, throwing it or rolling it along a track is not allowed. If the relay stick is dropped during the transfer, the transmitter must pick it up. When transferring sticks, any help from one participant to another is prohibited.
Participants in the first stage, as in short-distance running, can start running from a low start position. The baton receiver can make on the track from the side of the transmitter the control mark at a distance of 7-9 m from the place of its start. This distance is specified during the training. Having made a mark, the receiver becomes at the beginning of the transmission zone in the position of a high or semi-low start and, focusing on the control mark, expects the runner of his team.
At stages up to 200 m long when running on separate tracks, the receiving relay is allowed to start 10 m before the start of the transmission zone. The control mark in this case is made 7-9 m from the start of the host runner.
It is very important for the receiving relay to correctly calculate the start of their run so that the transfer of the relay baton takes place in the transmission zone and at full speed. As soon as the receiver will notice that the transmitter has reached the control mark, he quickly starts to run, developing the greatest possible speed. Towards the middle of the zone, the transmitting baton should approach the receiver at a distance of outstretched arms, the running speed of both should be equal. This position is the best for passing the baton. The voice transmitter gives a conditioned signal (“Hop!” Or others). At this signal, the receiver, without reducing the running speed, lowers his hand back. In this case, the palm should be lowered down, and the thumb is directed to the thigh. At this moment, the transmitter, with a movement from below, puts the baton in the receiver's palm. Such a transfer would be ideal when the runners, keeping up, at full speed and without violating the rhythm of the hands, without taking a single step with outstretched arms, pass the wand in an instant.
The athlete who has completed the stage must remain on his track. He can leave it only when he is convinced that he will not interfere with the rest of the runners. In short relay races (4X60, 4X100) the wand is carried in the hand in which it is received, without shifting it from hand to hand. In this case, this method of transferring the baton is used: the person starting at the first stage holds the baton in his right hand and runs as close as possible to the inner line of the track; the second runner awaiting him stands closer to the outer edge of his lane and takes the baton with his left hand; he runs a straight line (second 100 m) on the right side of his track and passes the baton with his left hand to the right hand of the third participant running on the left side of the track; the fourth takes the baton with his left hand and finishes.
In other types of relay race, the athlete, taking the wand with his right hand, shifts it to the left during the run; the transfer of the baton from the left hand to the right hand of the receiver.
1.2 Running in the middle distances. Cross
When running in the middle distances (500-2000 m), athletes usually use a high start.
On a call from the start judge, runners enter the gathering line, usually 3 meters from the start line. By the command “To the start!” They come to the start line and occupy the most favorable position to start the run. At the same time, the runner puts his strongest leg at the starting line, putting the other back. A bent arm opposite the forward leg is extended forward. Some runners lean with this hand on the ground (to the starting line). When running in the middle distances, the “Attention!” Command is not given. At the command “March!” Or a shot, the runners rush forward.
The start of the run is the same as in the sprint, but with less effort. The torso is straightened faster, and the runner switches to free distance running.
During the run, the body is slightly tilted forward, the head is held straight, the movements of the shoulder girdle and arms are easy and relaxed, fingers are freely folded. Stride length and running speed decrease as distance increases. For middle-distance runners, the length of the steps exceeds the length of the body by 15-20 cm, and for long-distance runners - by 10-15 cm. Setting the legs on the track when running at medium distances is carried out elastically from the front of the foot, followed by lowering to the entire foot .
Essential in running middle and long distances is the rhythm of breathing. At low running speeds, one respiratory movement (inhale and exhale) is performed in 6 steps. With increasing speed, the respiratory rate increases; one respiratory movement is performed at 4, and sometimes 2 steps.
Cross country running (cross) is one of the applied types of athletics. Running in natural conditions on the ground strengthens the body, positively affects the nervous system, is an important means of training athletes in many sports; they use cross-country running during their training.
Cross is not only an auxiliary tool for training athletes, but also an independent type of sports running. A distinctive feature of this type of running is the significant duration and high intensity of muscle work. The technique of cross-country running is basically the same as medium-distance running. But the cross-country runner also has to take into account the terrain and skillfully adapt to them. All this causes a number of changes in running technique. When climbing a mountain, for example, the torso tilts forward, movements become more frequent, a step is shorter, hands are more active. When running under a slight slope, the length of the steps increases, the foot is placed on the entire foot or on the heel, followed by a roll to the toe, and the torso is inclined forward. With steep slopes, the length of the steps decreases, and the body even deviates a little back.
Cross-country running is carried out along a common track from a high start. The cross-country distance is laid across fields, forests and ravines. There may be natural and artificial obstacles on them: ditches, ditches or hedges no higher than 1 m. When running in the forest, you must carefully look under your feet, and with your hands protect your face, neck, shoulders and body from blows from branches. When running on clayy, damp and slippery ground, it is better to run in small, frequent steps, placing your feet soles apart slightly more than usual.
2. Technique of high jump, length in various ways
Bounce - This is a way to overcome horizontal or vertical obstacles. Jumps are performed from a place or from a start. In track and field athletics, jumps in height with a take-off run, long with a take-off run, triple and with a pole were widespread. The purpose of jumping is to teach the athlete to jump higher and further. To do this, students get acquainted with the theoretical foundations of the technique of jumping in general and, on the basis of this knowledge, master the technique of the chosen jump.
Four successive phases are clearly visible in the jumps - take-off, repulsion, flight and landing. The effectiveness of all jumps is determined by the takeoff speed and the repulsive force.
Jump start is made with acceleration in order to achieve the highest speed in the last steps. The foot is put on the site of repulsion quickly and energetically.
Repulsion is made by the strongest (jerk) leg. This is the most important phase in jumping. At the moment of contact with the ground, the jerk leg, experiencing a large load, cushioning, bends and resembles a compressed spring. Repulsion consists in the fact that the jumper straightens it instantly, vigorously pushing away from the support. In this case, the leg should be fully straightened. The repulsion effect is enhanced by the rapid raising of the arms and fly leg. The role of the fly leg in jumping is very large due to the great strength of its muscles and mass, as well as the long path of its movement. The repulsion angle when jumping is different: it is larger when jumping high and less when jumping long.
In the phase of flight, the body of the jumper moves along the trajectory given by the takeoff speed and repulsive force, experiencing the action of gravity and air resistance.
2.1 High Jump
In practice, there have been several methods of jumping, in height with a running start: "step over", "roll", "wave", "flip", "fosbury-flop". The most effective in sports are the “flip-flop” and “fosbury-flop”.
The jump over the “step over” method is familiar to students from school. The run starts at the side at an angle of 30-45 °. The repulsion is carried out by the foot farthest from the bar. First, the fly leg is transferred through the bar, and then, when the fly leg falls behind the bar, the push leg is carried. In this case, the body leans forward to the bar. The push leg through the bar is carried in an arcuate motion with the foot turned outward. This helps to turn the torso towards the bar and take the pelvis behind it. The jumper lands on the fly leg, face or side to the bar.
The jump-over method is considered one of the most effective. Many powerful jumpers use it. The take-off run with this method is performed from the side of the jogging leg at an angle of 25-30 ° and consists of 7-9 running steps. Active run: running steps are continuously lengthening, running speed is increasing; the jumper, as it were, “runs his feet forward,” significantly ahead of his shoulders. The last three steps before repulsion are most important: the longest is the penultimate one, it is 10-20 cm longer than the previous one, the last step is 30-40 cm shorter than the penultimate one. The jerked foot is brought to the place of repulsion, first with the knee forward, then with a quick movement of the lower leg it is sharply unbent and almost straight is placed from the heel to the ground. Hands with simultaneous movement through the sides are retracted.
Repulsion consists of quick and complete extension of the jerk leg, straightening the torso and active lifting of the shoulder girdle, arms and fly leg along the arc forward and up. Under the weight of the body, the jogging leg bends slightly. The fly leg, bent at the knee joint, passing by the jerky leg, straightens and carries away the pelvis. The jolted leg straightens from heel to toe, instantly straightening, pushing the body up. A quick wave of the hands along with the fly leg significantly increases the effectiveness of repulsion. Both the altitude of the jumper's take-off and the coordinated transition through the bar in many respects depend on the agreed wave of the hands and the fly leg.
At the moment of crossing the bar, the body of the jumper is in a horizontal position with his chest down to the bar. The fly leg turns its toe inward and falls behind the bar. The bent push leg is laid aside, bending around the bar. The successful transfer of the jogging leg is largely dependent on the rotation that the body of the jumper receives from the "dive" with his head over the bar.
Landing takes place on the shoulder and back. When jumping in this way you can not jump on the sand, you must have a high soft "pillow" at the landing site. To an even greater extent, this warning applies to the Fosbury-flop jump, in which a landing occurs on the back, neck and head.
The sequence of studying and improving the technique of high jump with a running start depends on the method of jumping, the preparedness of the athlete, the availability of conditions, etc.
For independent improvement of the jumping technique using the “step over” method, the following exercises can be recommended.
Definition of a jogging leg.
Improving the technology of takeoff and repulsion.
Jumping over the bar from a place, with one and three running steps.
Marking the take-off from 7-9 running steps (make reference marks for 3-5 steps and at the repulsion site).
Improving the technique of crossing the bar with three steps and with a full take-off. Jumping to the result.
The study and improvement of the jumping technique using the “cross over” method is recommended (in the presence of safe conditions) in this sequence.
To improve the technique of jumping, to educate the physical qualities necessary for the jumper, a number of special exercises of the high jumper can also be recommended. You can include them in the plan of self-training.
Tactical preparation of a jumper for competitions is an integral part of his training. It is very important to cultivate the ability to quickly and correctly assess the prevailing situation, to show independence. To do this, you need to know your rivals and correctly evaluate your capabilities.
When determining the place in the high jump competitions, the initial height and the number of attempts spent are taken into account. Therefore, you must strive to overcome the height on the first try and show the best result with the least number of attempts. In competitions, the athlete must start jumping from such a height that his highest working capacity falls on jumping to the maximum height. Experienced jumpers show their maximum abilities on the seventh-eighth jumps. Therefore, it is advisable to start the competition with a jump of 20-25 cm below its limit. If the attempt is unsuccessful, you need to calmly analyze the failed jump, find the error and try to correct it in the next jump.
2.2 Long Jump
Significant difficulty in performing long jumps is the combination of a quick run with a powerful push. The main efforts of the jumper in length should be directed towards the improvement of precisely these elements. All four phases of the long jump - takeoff, pushing, flying and landing - are interconnected and equally important.
Running in long jumps is like running over short distances. Its length varies for men from 35 to 45 m, for women from 30 to 35 m. For beginners, the run-up is shorter, for qualified athletes it is longer. It is very important that a constant run length is determined during training and training. This will allow the jumper to choose a stable running rhythm and confidently hit the push bar on the push bar.
The length of the take-off and control marks can vary depending on the ground, wind, athlete's well-being. As you accelerate, the tilt of the body is constantly decreasing and toward the end of the take-off the body takes an almost vertical position. To the control mark, the athlete must achieve the highest take-off speed. Squatting is performed at the moment of the penultimate, biggest step. The last step is 20-30 cm shorter than the previous one. This allows the jumper to accelerate the setting of the pushing leg on the block. The setting of the leg is carried out resiliently, as if by a raking motion under oneself, avoiding a blow. The foot is placed flat on the bar, while touching the ground with the heel and spikes.
Repulsion is very fast and abrupt. It is accompanied by coordinated and vigorous movements of the fly leg and arms: the fly leg, bent at the knee joint, is extended forward and up to the horizontal position of the thigh; shoulders rise; hands make an energetic wave - one forward and somewhat inward, the other - to the side and back. The repulsion ends with the straightening of the pushing leg in all joints.
Having pushed off from the bar, the jumper performs a series of movements to maintain a stable position in flight and prepare for landing.
According to the movements of the jumper in flight, it is customary to distinguish the following methods of long jumps: “bending the legs”, “bending” and “scissors”.
When jumping with the “bent legs” method, there are rotational movements of the body forward and to the side of the push leg. Twisting forward forces the jumper to land prematurely, which reduces the result of the jump. To reduce rotation, it is advantageous to stay a little longer in the “step” position in the air. In the second half of the flight, the jumper pulls the pushing leg to the flywheel, raises his knees to his chest and lowers his hands forward - down or leaves them extended forward.
When jumping in a “bent over” way, an athlete in flight has a more stable position, which allows him to take his legs further forward upon landing and thereby increase his athletic performance. The jumper in the air makes a move with his swing leg, trying to step forward in the air as far as possible. After such a “flight in a step”, the jumper flexes vigorously: this facilitates the subsequent extension of the legs upon landing. Lowering his hands forward - down and actively moving both legs forward, the athlete tries to touch the sand surface as far as possible. Scissor jumping is the most effective. All the strongest jumpers jump in this way. Its essence lies in the fact that after repulsion, the jumper, as it were, continues running movements in flight.
Landing with all methods of long jumps from a run is made simultaneously on both legs in a sand pit. It ends with a deep squat and going forward or falling forward - to the side. Whatever way the athlete jumps, he must take out (“throw out”) his legs as far forward as possible before landing, tilting his body forward and pulling his hands back. The “grouping", in which the jumper is in a “sitting” position, would be most beneficial. At the moment the heels touch the sand, the legs are slightly divorced and, as soon as they get the stop, they bend at the knees. Shoulders and arms are sent forward to avoid falling backwards.
The sequence in the study and improvement of the technique of long jump with running in various ways is basically identical and can be as follows.
Long jumper tactics in competitions. You need to come to the place of competition in such a way that you can change clothes without fuss and haste, specify the time of your performance, start the warm-up and finish it in a timely manner. Preparing for the performance, the athlete should carefully look at the conditions, test the place of the competition and make the necessary amendments to the run. After the challenge, you should focus on the referee's commands and on the exact execution of the jump.
In the process of performing the jump, it is important to remember the plan, focusing on the difficult elements. Part of the time between attempts should be used for rest, part; to prepare for the next attempt. Resting is better than reclining, and about 5 minutes before going on a jump, it is recommended to start preparing for the next attempt - to walk, do jumps, short runs and muscle relaxation exercises. If in the previous jump some technical detail failed, do the failed element several times.
3. Projectile throwing
Athletic projectiles in track and field are made at a range. The result of throwing depends on the skills of the athlete, the strength and speed of his movements. Throwing is carried out in various ways: from behind the head (ball, grenade, spear), with rotation (disk, hammer), pushing (core). Sports equipment for throwing have a certain mass and shape, they are used taking into account the gender and age of those involved.
The following factors affect the range of the projectiles: initial projectile departure speed; departure angle; the height of the point at which the projectile leaves the hand; air resistance.
The initial projectile departure speed depends on the effort exerted by the thrower on the projectile, on the length of the path traveled by the projectile in the thrower’s hand, and on how long the projectile travels this path. The larger the path and the shorter the time the force is applied, the higher the initial projectile departure speed. The preliminary velocity of the projectile is created using the take-off, turn, jump thrower. This is achieved by "overtaking" the projectile in the final part of the takeoff run. Discus throwers perform such “overtaking” in the process of turning, javelin throwers and grenades in the takeoff run, core pushers in the jump.
Reducing the time of the impact of the thrower on the projectile with a constant path depends on the strength of the thrower and the speed with which it affects the projectile. Therefore, one of the main tasks of training a thrower is to improve strength and speed.
Increasing the speed of the projectile to the limit, the thrower in the final part of the movement (run, turn, jump) produces additional effort and releases the projectile at a certain angle to the horizon.
The projectile angle has a big influence on the result. Theoretically, the longest flight range can be achieved with a departure angle of 45 °. In practice, the angle of departure, as a rule, is slightly less (from 30 to 43 °).
The height of the projectile's departure point depends on the thrower body length and the length of his arms. It has no significant effect on the result.
Air resistance reduces horizontal velocity and projectile range. For shells that have a planning shape (disk, spear), air resistance can play some positive role. As you know, the air environment in these cases creates a lifting force, which increases the time, and therefore the projectile range. On the result of throwing heavy shells (hammer, core), the air has a slight effect.
3.1 Grenade Throwing
Grenade throwing is performed from a place or from a start. The maximum throwing range is achieved when throwing from the takeoff.
The thrower holds the grenade by the lower half of the handle, the little finger is under its base, and the thumb is located along the axis of the projectile.
The take-off run consists of two parts: from the start (starting position) to the control mark (15-20 m); from the control mark to the bar (7-9 m). In the first part of the take-off, the thrower picks up speed, in the second part it “overtakes” the projectile and rolls.
The run starts with a light run with a gradual acceleration. The thrower hits the control mark with his left foot (when throwing with his right hand), after which he begins to lead and "overtake" the projectile. The steps in this part are called throwing. There may be 4, 6 or more. The most common option is 4 steps. The grenade can be pulled back in two ways: an arc forward-down-backward or straight-backward. The advantage of the first is the natural movement of the arm with the shell.
At the first throwing step, the shoulders turn to the right and lean slightly in the same direction, the hand with the grenade begins to lead. By the end of the second throwing step, the shoulder turn ends and the thrower is in the position with the left side to the take-off direction. Hand with a grenade fully retracted and straightened. The third step is especially important for throwing the thrower to a position convenient for throwing. It is called “cross”, since the right leg overtakes the left and is placed crosswise in front of the left foot from the heel to the outside of the foot with the toe out. The throwing arm remains straight. The shoulders and pelvis are deployed to the right, and the left arm, bent at the elbow joint, is located in front of the chest. In this case, the left leg is pulled up to the right and is ready to perform the next, fourth step. The fourth step is performed by the left foot, which, as if ahead of the actions of the right foot, is quickly carried forward and elasticly placed on the heel with the subsequent transition to the entire foot with the toe inward. Finishing the fourth step, the athlete takes the starting position for the final effort - “jerk”.
In the phase of the final effort, the leg muscles are first turned on, and then the torso and arms, and the thrower must maintain stable support on the legs throughout the throw. The optimum projectile angle is about 40-42 ° to the horizon; a grenade in flight usually rotates vertically in the plane of flight.
After a throw to maintain balance, the thrower takes a quick step with his right foot forward with the toe turning inward and, bending the leg at the knee joint, inhibits the body's forward movement. At the same time, he can make several jumps on his leg without touching the bar. Balance is maintained by the movements of the arms and left foot.
Acquaintance with throwing technique.
Holding a grenade and throwing.
Mastery of the final effort when throwing from a place and from a step
left foot.
Learning the technique of throwing steps and returning to the starting point
throw position.
Free running with a grenade in hand.
Improving the technique of throwing grenades with a take-off.
When throwing it is necessary to strictly observe safety measures. There should be no people in the throwing area. Throwing is carried out only in one direction, shells to the place of throwing should be carried in hands (do not throw).
In the initial study of throwing techniques, we recommend using a grenade with a long handle; it can be made of wood or other material itself. To develop the speed of movements when throwing a grenade, lightweight shells and tennis balls can be used.
3.2 Shot put
Shot is performed with one hand from the shoulder from a place or from a jump.
In the initial position, the athlete stands on his right foot in the far part of the circle with his back to the side of throwing. The left one is put on a toe a small step back. The left arm is raised forward and upward, the back is straight. The core lies on the base of the fingers of the right hand, and its mass is evenly distributed on the index, middle and ring fingers, and the thumb and little finger support the core from the sides. The hand presses the core to the neck, the elbow is withdrawn from the body and slightly lowered.
Performing the starting group, the athlete crouches on his right foot and jumps to the center of the circle on it. The work of the right leg is enhanced by an energetic swing with the left foot towards the front edge of the circle. The right leg is instantly pulled by the shin “under itself” with the toe inward, placed on the front of the foot in the center of the circle. The left leg quickly lowers close to the segment and is placed elastically on the inner arch of the foot.
The final effort begins after lowering the left foot to the ground. From this moment on, the thrower actively pushes the core. Straightening his right leg, he energetically sends his right thigh forward, turns his torso towards the sector and pushes the core, ending with his fingers. The final effort is performed energetically and quickly.
After the push, the thrower jumps to the right and changes the position of the legs, inhibiting the forward movement of the body. Hopping helps maintain balance and stay in a circle.
The jump is important to start as far as possible from the back of the circle. The inclination of the body allows you to place the core outside the boundaries of the circle, thereby increasing the path of the impact of the thrower on the projectile. The length of the jump from the right foot to the right is within U0 cm; the path of the application of force to the nucleus from the moment of landing on the right foot to the departure of the nucleus is from 1.5 to 1.7 m. The projection angle is about 40 °.
Some throwers instead of jumping use a rotation that resembles a rotation in discus throwing.
The study and improvement of the shot put technique is carried out in this sequence.
Acquaintance with a technique of a shot put from a place and from a jump.
Holding and pushing the core.
Exercises with kernels of different masses, mastery of the technique of pushing the nucleus from a place and from a step.
Learning the technique of jumping without a core and with a core.
Improving the shot put technique as a whole.
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Ozolin N.G., Markov D.P. Athletics. Textbook. - M.: Physical education and sport, 1972
Shedchenko A.K. Running for everyone: Compilation. - M.: Physical education and sport, 1984
Athletics is a sport that combines disciplines such as walking, running, jumping (long, high, triple, with a pole), throwing (disc, spear, hammer, and shot put) and athletics all-around. One of the main and most popular sports. Athletics is a very conservative sports. So the program of male disciplines in the program of the Olympic Games (24 types) has not changed since 1956. The female species program includes 23 species. The only difference is walking for 50 km, which is not on the women's list. Thus, athletics is the most medal-intensive kind of all Olympic sports.
The indoor championship program consists of 26 types (13 male and 13 female). At official competitions, men and women do not participate in joint starts.
In English-speaking countries, athletics is divided into two groups of competitions: track and field. Each type of athletics has its own history, its triumphs, its own records, its own names.
Types of athletics are usually divided into five sections: walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around. Each of them, in turn, is divided into varieties.
Walking - 20 km (men and women) and 50 km (men).Walking is a cyclic locomotor movement of moderate intensity, which consists of alternating steps, in which the athlete must constantly make contact with the ground and at the same time, the forward leg should be fully straightened from the moment the ground touches to the moment of verticality.
Running - short (100, 200, 400 m), medium (800 and 1500 m), long (5000 and 10 000 m) and extra long distances (marathon - 42 km 195 m), relay race (4 x 100 and 4 x 400 m), hurdling (100 m - women, PO m - men, 400 m - men and women) and hurdling (3000 m). Running competitions are one of the oldest sports, according to which the official rules of the competitions were approved, and have been included in the program from the very first Olympic games of 1896. For runners, the most important qualities are: the ability to maintain high speed at a distance, endurance (for medium and long), speed endurance (for a long sprint), reaction and tactical thinking.
Cross-country types are included in the track and field disciplines, as well as in many popular sports in separate stages (in relay races, all-around). Running competitions are held at special athletics stadiums with equipped tracks. In summer stadiums, usually 8-9 tracks, in winter 4-6 tracks. The width of the track is 1.22 m, the line separating the tracks is 5 cm. Special markings are applied to the tracks indicating the start and finish of all distances, and the corridors for relay stick transmission. Competitions themselves almost do not require any special conditions. Of particular importance is the coating of which the treadmill is made. Historically, at first the paths were earthen, cinder, asphalt. Currently, stadium tracks are made of synthetic materials such as tartan, recortan, regupol and others. For major international starts, the IAAF Technical Committee certifies the quality of the coating in several classes.
As shoes, athletes use special running shoes - studs that provide good grip. Running competitions are held in almost any weather. In hot weather, long-distance running can also be organized for eating points. During the run, athletes should not interfere with each other, although when running especially at long and medium distances, runner contacts are possible. At distances from 100 m to 400 m, athletes run each on its own track. At distances from 600 m - 800 m start on different paths and after 200 m go to the common path. 1000 m and more start the start with the general group at the line marking the start. The athlete who first crosses the finish line wins. At the same time, in case of disputes, a photo finish is involved and the athlete whose part of the body is the first to cross the finish line is considered the first. Since 2008, the IAAF began the gradual introduction of new rules, with the aim of increasing the entertainment and dynamism of the competition. In the middle, long distance and steeplechze shoot 3 worst athletes in time. In a smooth run at 3000 m and a stipplechee in sequence for 5, 4 and 3 laps to the finish line. In running 5000 meters there are also three for 7, 5 and 3 circles, respectively. Starting from the 1966 European Championships and the 1968 Olympic Games, electronic timekeeping is used to record running results in major competitions, evaluating the results to the nearest hundredth of a second. But even in modern athletics, electronics is duplicated by judges with a manual stopwatch. World records and lower level records are recorded in accordance with the rules of the IAAF.
Results in running disciplines at the stadium are measured with an accuracy of 1/100 sec., In road racing with an accuracy of 1/10 sec.
Jumping is divided into vertical (high jump and pole vault) and horizontal (long jump and triple jump).
High jump with a running start - the discipline of athletics relating to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are run, preparation for repulsion, repulsion, crossing the bar and landing. It requires athletes to jump and coordinate movements. It is held in the summer and winter season. It is the Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928. High jump competitions take place in the jumping sector, equipped with a bar on the holders and a place for landing. The athlete at the preliminary stage and in the final is given three attempts at each height. The athlete has the right to miss the height, while attempts not used at the missed height do not accumulate. If the athlete has made an unsuccessful attempt or two at any height and does not want to jump at this height anymore, he can transfer unused (two or one) attempts to the next heights. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, but it can not be less than 2 centimeters. The athlete can start jumping from any height, having previously informed the judges about it. The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing site are 3 x 5 meters. When trying, the athlete must push off with one foot. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if: as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks; the athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing place, located behind the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the racks by any part of his body before he crossed the bar.
The judge marks a successful attempt by raising the white flag. If the bar fell off the racks after raising the white flag, the attempt is considered counted. Usually, the judge records the height not earlier than the athlete has left the place of landing, but the final decision on the moment of fixing the result formally remains with the judge.
Pole vault - discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types of athletics program. Requires athletes jumping, sprinting qualities, coordination of movements. Pole vaulting among men has been an Olympic sport since the First Summer Olympics of 1896, among women - from the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney. Included in athletics multiathlon. High jump competitions take place in the sector for jumping equipped with a bar on the holders and a place for landing. The athlete at the preliminary stage and the final is given three attempts at each height. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, it can not be less than 5 centimeters. Typically, at low altitudes, the bar rises in steps of 10-15 cm and then the step goes to 5 cm. The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing site are 5 x 5 meters. The length of the runway for at least 40 meters is 1.22 meters wide. The athlete has the right to ask the judges to adjust the position of the racks for the strap from 40 cm in front of the rear surface of the box for the pole, up to 80 cm in the direction of the runway. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if: as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks; the athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing place, located behind the vertical plane passing through the far edge of the box for emphasis, any part of the body or pole; the athlete in the phase of flying with his hands tried to keep the bar from falling. The judge marks a successful attempt by raising the white flag. If the bar fell from the racks after raising the white flag, it does not matter anymore - the attempt is counted. If during the attempt the pole breaks, the athlete has the right to try again.
Long jump is a discipline related to horizontal jumping of technical types of athletics program. Demands jumping ability, sprinting qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competition program of the ancient Olympic Games. It is a modern Olympic discipline of athletics for men since 1896, for women since 1948. Included in athletics multiathlon. The athlete's task is to achieve the greatest horizontal length of the running jump. Long jumps are carried out in the sector for horizontal jumps according to the general rules established for this kind of technical species. When performing the jump, athletes in the first stage take a run along the track, then push off with one foot from a special board and jump into a sand pit. The range of the jump is calculated as the distance from the special mark on the repulsion board to the start of the hole from landing in the sand. The distance from the repulsion board to the far edge of the landing pit should be at least 10 m. The repulsion line itself should be located at a distance of 5 m from the proximal edge of the landing pit. For male world-class athletes, the initial speed when pushing away from the board reaches 9.4 - 9.8 m / s. The optimum angle of departure of the athlete’s center of mass to the horizon is considered to be 20-22 degrees and the height of the center of mass relative to the normal position when walking is 50-70 cm. Athletes usually reach the highest speed in the last three or four steps of the run. The jump consists of four phases: take-off, repulsion, flight and landing. The greatest differences, from the point of view of technology, affect the flight phase of the jump.
Throws - shot put, javelin throw, discus throw and hammer throw. In 1896, the discus and shot put were included in the Games program; in 1900 - hammer throwing; in 1906 - spear throwing.
All-around - decathlon (male type) and heptathlon (female type), which are held for two consecutive days in the following order.Decathlon - first day: 100 m run, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400 m run; second day: running m with barriers, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw and 1,500 m run. Heptathlon - first day: 100 m hurdles run, high jump, shot put, 200 m run; second day: long jump, javelin throw, 800 m run. For each kind, athletes receive a certain number of points, which are awarded either according to special tables, or according to empirical formulas. The IAAF all-around competitions at official starts are always held in two days. Between the species, an interval for rest is necessarily defined (usually at least 30 minutes). When carrying out separate types, there are corrections characteristic of all-around: in running types it is allowed to make two false starts (instead of one as in ordinary running types); in the long jump and throwing, the participant is given only three attempts.
In addition to the listed Olympic types, running and walking competitions are held at other distances, cross-country, in the athletics arena; in throwings for youths use lightweight shells; All-around is carried out in five and seven types (men) and five (women).
The rules in athletics are quite simple: the winner is the athlete or team that showed the best results in the final race or the final attempt at technical disciplines.
First place in all types of light Athletics, except for multiathlon, marathon and walking, are held in several stages: qualification, Ѕ finals, ј finals. Then the finals are held, in which the participants who won prizes are determined. The number of participants is determined by the rules of the competition.
Athletics has long held the unspoken title of "Queen of Sports." At the moment, 47 sets of medals are being drawn in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in Athletics, which is significantly superior to other Olympic disciplines. The closest view by medal filling is swimming, with 34 sets of medals. And it is jumping in athletics, along with running disciplines, that form the basis of this most popular sport.
Jumping in athletics is a technical sport. Athletes with high coordination of movement and high speed data are successful in it.
Athletics is structurally divided into the following disciplines: running, technical, walking and all-around. The jumping part refers to the so-called technical disciplines. Characteristically, jumping competitions are held for both men and women.
Jumping in athletics is considered a technical discipline, but preparing for them is worth a lot of work.
Types of athletics jumps
Jumping in athletics, in turn, is conditionally divided into the following types: these are vertical jumps, which include high jumps and pole vaults. Horizontal jumps include long jumps and a triple jump.
If we consider the nuances of refereeing, then the principle is almost the same for all jumping competitions. At major competitions, there are two stages of jumping in athletics. At the first qualifying stage, the panel of judges sets the qualification standard. If the number of participants who completed it is below 12, then the required number is obtained by the best results that have not fulfilled the norm. The victory in the competition is awarded to the athlete who has shown the best result in the final stage of the competition.
The most famous jumpers in track and field history
If we take apart each jumping species separately, then over the years of the competition, these disciplines gave us their heroes, people who turned our ideas about the possibility of the organism. A photo of Bob Beamon, an American long jumper who won the Olympic Games in Mexico City, with a phenomenal result of 8 meters 90 centimeters, the next day was in almost all the newspapers in the world. This record was broken by another American athlete Michael Powell only in 1991. Long jumps in athletics gave our country another record. Our compatriot, Galina Chistyakova, performed a jump of 7 meters 52 centimeters. At the moment, her record is not broken by anyone.
Another view where records have been held for a long time is high jumps. Cuban athlete Javier Sotomayer, having a height of 195 centimeters, managed to overcome the bar at an altitude of 245 centimeters. This record is now 23 years old. In women, the record belongs to the Bulgarian jumper, Stefka Kostadinova. In 1987, at competitions in Rome, she took a height of 209 centimeters.
For our athletes, jumping in athletics brings a lot of gold medals and other awards.
Pole vaulting remains the most mesmerizing sight in athletics. It is impossible to look away from athletes flying up to the height of a two-story house. The famous video from the Beijing Olympics: a crowded stadium, a plank at a height of 5 meters 5 centimeters, and Elena Isinbaeva, who hid under a blanket in the center of the stadium. The attempt to concentrate, to isolate oneself from the thousands of fans, was justified in this way - the height was taken. The Soviet pole vaulter school is rightly considered the best in the world. Sergey Bubka, the first person on Earth to overcome the six meter mark. And his record achievement of 6 meters 14 centimeters is still not subject to anyone.
The triple jump includes a combination of four elements:
- Take-off run;
- Jump;
- Bounce.
The triple jump in the cohort of jumping disciplines, at first glance, is inferior to its more advanced colleagues. But, nevertheless, the value of Olympic medals in this discipline is also great. Soviet jumper Viktor Saneev won three Olympics, and one became a silver medalist. Among the current athletes, Tatyana Lebedeva, the owner of the world record in triple jump in enclosed spaces. In men, the world record belongs to the Englishman Jonotan Edwards. This record was set in 1995 and is equal to 18 meters 29 centimeters.
Athletic Hops
Jumping categories in athletics are awarded at the same level as in the other track and field disciplines. There is a kind of division into mass sports categories and sports. Mass sports categories begin to be assigned from the age of ten, although, as an exception, it is possible to get a category even before this age is fulfilled. The list of jump categories is as follows: III, II, I - youthful, III, II, I - adults. When receiving a category, some nuances should be taken into account: to receive the III and II category it is enough to participate in competitions at any level, while getting the I category is possible only with participation in competitions approved by the athletics calendar.
No matter what discipline you choose, training will be carried out both in long jumps and high jumps, until the trainer reveals your “horse” and abilities. Sometimes they can be combined and these qualities can be applied in the all-around
Youth categories can be obtained until a certain age is reached: III category up to fourteen years old, II category up to sixteen years old and I category up to eighteen years old. Obtaining adult categories does not have age restrictions; to get an adult category you need to get into the necessary standards.
Athletic categories in athletics are valued much higher than mass ones. And, accordingly, getting them is much more difficult. You can become a candidate for master of sports from the age of fourteen, and a master of sports not earlier than fifteen. To obtain a sports category, it is not enough to show any necessary result. There are a number of necessary requirements, compliance with which may make it possible to obtain the title of candidate for master of sports (CCM) or master of sports. These requirements include: the level of competition, the place occupied in these competitions, the presence of at least three judges with a republican category in the panel of judges. There is a Single All-Russian Sports Classification (EWSC), which clearly spells out all the ranks and ranks that exist on the territory of Russia.
High jumps in the open air take place in any weather, even in the rain ... Do not forget about these options, because you must be able to take a run in a puddle and land in a puddle ...
The types of jumps in athletics are quite diverse, and each novice athlete can make his choice in favor of a particular kind. It is important to remember that in order to become a successful jumper, it is not enough to develop the basic quality - jumping ability. Success is achieved with the combined growth of all the basic qualities: speed, flexibility, coordination of movements. Jumping in athletics for young athletes require a special training base equipped with athletics equipment for this discipline.
Abstract on the topic:
Characteristics and types of jumps
Prepared by Olkhovskaya Julia, 11c
Introduction
1. High jump
2. Pole Vault
3. Long jumps
4. Triple jump
5. The basics of jumping technology
Introduction
An integral part of the Olympic Games and athletics competitions are jumps.
In athletics, there are 4 types of jumps: high jump, pole vault, long jump and triple jump.
1. High jump
The so-called royal jump through several horses standing nearby was popular among the ancient Germans. And for some tribes inhabiting Central Africa, from time immemorial to this day, the main event of the national festivals are competitions in high jump from running. At the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, the Olympians ran, threw a disc, jumped in length, fought, competed in chariots, fought, but never in all 293 Olympiads did not jump in height. The first mention of high jump sporting events dates back to the 19th century.
High jumps owe their origin not so much to athletics as to gymnastics. In German gymnastic societies, athletes included in the program of their performances along with such equipment as rings, parallel bars, a horse, a crossbeam, and high jumps. And then they jumped from a direct run with two legs forward.
In the chronicles of the XIX century, the name of the jumper Karl Müller from Berlin is mentioned. According to eyewitnesses, he was a strong, agile man and easily jumped over the height that reached him to the chin. It is a pity that no one bothered to measure at what height was Karl Mueller's chin.
High jumps quickly spread throughout Europe. Especially a lot of their fans turned out to be in England. And there, at the first official competitions in 1864, the winner Robert Maych jumped 1m in height. 67.4 cm
However, another result is considered the first world record. A medical student from London Robert Gooch in 1859 overcame the bar at a height of 1m. 70 cm. But the point here is not even the height, but the way Robert jumped. Unlike other athletes, he did not take a run at a right angle to the bar, but under a sharp side, and in the air his legs moved like scissors.
Fosbury Flop or Fosbury Flop
Take-off starts with the fly leg. It should occur at a fast pace and along an arcuate line. This line is most bent at the last 3 steps of the takeoff run. After repulsion, the push leg is very quickly straightened, and vertically upwards. At this stage of repulsion, the back does not yet turn toward the bar. The fly leg performs a swing up. She is bent at the knee joint, the jumper guides her forward and upward and inward. Due to this, the jumper begins to turn with his back to the bar. The head turns over the shoulder from the side of the fly leg, against the direction of movement. After repulsion, the relaxed fly leg is brought to the push leg, which is also not tense. The body straightens and thanks to this quickly turns its back to the bar, taking the desired position. With a sharp movement, the body rushes forward. After that, the shoulders of the jumper are behind the bar and the jumper performs bending over the bar - a bridge. When the pelvis also passes above the bar, the hip joints bend quickly and the legs straighten. The jumper falls on his back, legs straight.
This method was invented by an American athlete named Dick Fosbury when he was 16 years old. In 1968, at the Summer Olympics in Mexico, Dick Fosbury, using a new method, won a gold Olympic award, setting a new Olympic record (2.24 meters). Almost all modern high jumpers use the fosbury flop.
2. Pole Vault
Pole vaulting is an athletics discipline in which athletes compete in the jump height using long flexible poles (currently the poles are made of fiberglass or carbon fiber) to overcome the horizontal bar fixed on two masts at a considerable height (up to 6 m and above) . Competitions in pole vaults were held already in Ancient Greece, as well as by the Celts and residents of ancient Crete. Pole vaulting among men has been an Olympic sport since the First Summer Olympics of 1896, among women - from the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney.
The world record in the men's pole vault belongs to Sergey Bubka, who climbed a height of 6 meters and 14 centimeters on July 31, 1994. The world record in the women's pole vault belongs to Elena Isinbaeva, who conquered a height of 5 meters 3 centimeters on July 11, 2008.
In 2004, our girls had two medals - the gold of Elena Isimbaeva and the silver of Svetlana Feofanova.
3. Long jumps
At the beginning of the 20th century, long jumps were also made from a place.
Long jump discipline related to horizontal jumps of technical types of athletics program. Demands jumping ability, sprinting qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competition program of the ancient Olympic Games. It is a modern Olympic discipline of athletics for men since 1896, for women since 1948. Included in athletics multiathlon.
The athlete's task is to achieve the greatest horizontal length of the running jump. Long jumps are carried out in the sector for horizontal jumps according to the general rules established for this kind of technical species. When performing the jump, athletes in the first stage take a run along the track, then push off with one foot from a special board and jump into a sand pit. The range of the jump is calculated as the distance from the special mark on the repulsion board to the start of the hole from landing in the sand.
The distance from the repulsion board to the far edge of the landing pit should be at least 10 m. The repulsion line itself should be located at a distance of 1 to 3 m from the proximal edge of the landing pit.
Long jump is one of the most conservative sports. So the 8 meter line (8.13) for men was first overcome by Jesse Owens back in 1935 and to this day with this result you can win major international competitions at the Grand Prix level.
The legend was the jump of Bob Beamon at 8.90 meters at the Olympics in Mexico City (1968). Until then, an unknown athlete surpassed the previous world record by 55 cm at once. This record was broken by Mike Powell at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo and remains unsurpassed to this day.
An absolute but unconfirmed record in the history of long jumps was the jump of Mike Powell (USA), in one of the attempts of the finals of the 1991 World Cup in Tokyo, by 8.99 meters. Also recorded is the jump of Cuban Ivan Pedroso at 8.96 meters. These jumps were not ratified by the IAAF as world records, due to the fact that the wind speed was above 2 m / s or the measurement of wind speed itself was made with violations.
In 2004, at the Olympics, the whole pedestal of women in this discipline was ours! Tatyana Lebedeva, Irina Simagina and Tatyana Kotova listened to the Russian anthem - one for three.
The Ryazan athlete Irina Simagina achieved great success at the Athens Olympics. She won the silver medal in long jump with the result of 7 meters 5 centimeters, losing to the compatriot Tatyana Lebedeva. Coaches athlete Oleg Kapatsinsky.
4. Triple jump
The triple jump for men belonged to the modern Olympic program from the very beginning of the Olympic Games in 1896, and in the Olympic Games of 1900 and 1904, competitions were also held in a triple jump from the spot. James Connolly became the first modern Olympic triple jump champion for men. Since 1996, the triple jump has also become an Olympic sight for women.
The best jumpers in the triple jump achieve results of about 18 m (in men) and about 15 m in women. World records currently belong to Jonathan Edwards (18.29 m) and Inessa Kravets (15.50 m).
Technically, a triple jump consists of three elements:
"Leap"
"bounce"
The jumper runs along a special lane or track to the mark used to repel him while jumping. This mark is the beginning of the jump when measuring its length, and from this mark the jump starts. First, the first element is performed - a jump, while the first touch behind the mark should occur with the same foot with which the jumper began to jump. Then follows the second element of the jump - a step (touching the ground should occur with the other foot). The final element is the jump itself, and the jumper lands in a sand pit as if in a long jump.
Two methods of jumping are practically possible: from the right foot - “right, right, left” and from the left foot - “left, left, right”. The mark for pushing away during the jump is at least 11 m from the pit filled with sand. Each jumper is given 6 attempts to complete a triple jump.
5. The basics of jumping technology
Athletics jumping are divided into two types: 1) jumping with overcoming vertical obstacles (jumping in height and pole vaults) and 2) jumps with overcoming horizontal obstacles (long jumps and triple jump).
The effectiveness of the jump is determined in the repulsion phase, when the main factors of the effectiveness of the jump are created. These factors include: 1) the initial speed of departure of the body of the jumper; 2) the angle of departure of the body of the jumper. The trajectory of the MTC in the flight phase depends on the nature of the repulsion and the type of jump. Moreover, the triple jump has three phases of flight, and the pole vault has the supporting and unsupported parts of the flight phase.
Track and field athletics in their structure belong to the mixed form, i.e. there are both cyclic and acyclic motion elements.
As a holistic action, a jump can be divided into its component parts:
take off and prepare for repulsion - from the beginning of the movement to the moment the jogging foot is placed on the repulsion site;
repulsion - from the moment of setting the jogging leg to the moment of its separation from the place of repulsion;
flight - from the moment of separation of the jogging leg from the place of repulsion until it touches the place of landing;
landing - from the moment of contact with the place of landing to a complete stop of the movement of the body.
Take off and prepare for repulsion. Four types of jump (in height, length, triple jump, pole vault) have their own characteristics in the run, but also have certain common features. The main objectives of the take-off is to give the body of the jumper an optimal take-off speed corresponding to the jump, and to create optimal conditions for the repulsion phase. In almost all forms, jumps have a straightforward shape, except for a high jump using the “fosbury-flop” method, where the last steps are performed in an arc.
The take-off run has a cyclic motion structure before preparing for repulsion, in which running movements are somewhat different from the start-up movements. Run rhythm must be Permanent, i.e. it should not be changed from attempt to attempt.
Usually, the run corresponds to the physical abilities of the athlete, which are observed with him at this time. Naturally, with the improvement of physical functions, the take-off run will change, the speed, the number of steps (up to a certain limit) will increase, but the take-off rhythm will not change. These changes are associated with two main physical qualities of the jumper, which should be developed in parallel - this is speed and strength.
The start of the run should be familiar, always the same. The jumper can start the run either from a place, as if starting, or from the approach to the control mark of the start of the run. The task of the jumper in the take-off run is not only to pick up the optimal speed, but also to get to the place of repulsion by the pushing foot precisely, therefore, the take-off run, its rhythm and all movements must be constant.
There are two types of take-off run: 1) uniformly accelerated take-off run and 2) take-off run with speed maintenance. With uniformly accelerated take-off the jumper gradually picks up speed, increasing it to the optimum at the last steps of the run. When running with speed almost immediately, in the first steps, the jumper picks up the optimal speed, maintains it throughout the entire run, increasing somewhat at the end in the last steps. The use of one or another version of the take-off depends on the individual characteristics of the jumper.
Distinctive features of the last part of the run (preparation for repulsion) depend on the type of jump. A common distinguishing feature is an increase in the take-off speed and the movements of the body links in this run-up segment, the so-called run-in.
In long jumps with a take-off run and a triple jump with a take-off run in preparation for repulsion, a slight decrease in the length of the last steps and an increase in their frequency occur.
In pole vaulting, in preparation for repulsion, the pole is brought forward and also the step frequency is increased while the step length is reduced.
In high jump with a run, this stage depends on the style of the jump. In all jump styles that have a linear run-up (“step over”, “wave”, “roll”, “flip”), preparation for repulsion takes place at the last two steps, when the fly leg takes a longer step, thereby lowering the JMC, and pushing the foot takes a shorter quick step, while the shoulders of the jumper are retracted behind the projection of the MTC. In the “Fosbury Flop” jump, preparation for repulsion begins at the last four steps, performed in an arc with the body body deviating away from the bar, where the last step is somewhat shorter and the frequency of steps increases.
It is very important to most effectively perform the preparation technique for repelling the last part of the run. Takeoff speed and repulsion speed are interconnected. It is necessary that between the last steps and pushing away there should be no stopping or deceleration of movements, no loss of speed. The faster and more efficiently the last part of the run is completed, the better the repulsion will be.
Repulsion - The main phase of any jump. It lasts from the moment the pushing leg was placed on the support until it was separated from the support. In jumping, this phase is the shortest and at the same time the most important and active. From the point of view of biomechanics, repulsion can be defined as a change in the speed vector of a body of a jumper during the interaction of certain forces with a support. The repulsion phase can be divided into two parts: 1) creating and 2) creating.
The first part creates conditions for changing the velocity vector, and the second implements these conditions, i.e. the jump itself creates, its result.
One of the factors determining the effectiveness of translating horizontal speed to vertical is jogging angle. In all jumps, the foot is put in place of repulsion quickly, energetically and firmly, at the moment the foot touches the support, it should be straightened in the knee joint. Approximately the setting angle of the jogging leg is determined by the longitudinal axis of the leg connecting the location of the setting with the surface line. In high jumps it is the smallest, then in ascending order there are triple jumps and long jumps, the largest angle is in pole vault jumps (Fig. 44).
The more you need to translate the horizontal speed into vertical, the smaller the angle of the leg (sharper), the foot is placed farther from the projection of the MTC. Rigid and quick setting of a straightened jerk leg is also connected with the fact that a straight leg is easier to carry a large load, especially since the pressure on the support in the first part of the repulsion exceeds several times the weight of the body of the jumper. At the time of setting, the leg muscles are tensed, which contributes to elastic cushioning and more effective stretching of the elastic components of the muscles with the subsequent release (in the second part) of the energy of elastic deformation to the body of the jumper. From anatomy, it is known that tense muscles, when stretched, subsequently create great muscle effort.
In the first part of the repulsion, an increase in the pressure forces on the support occurs due to the horizontal speed and the stop motion of the pushing leg, the inertial forces of the movements of the fly leg and arms; there is a decrease in MTC (the magnitude of the decrease depends on the type of jump); stretching of the tense muscles and ligaments that are involved in the subsequent part is performed.
In the second, constructive part, due to an increase in the reaction forces of the support, a change in the velocity vector of the body of the jumper occurs; pressure forces on the support decrease, closer to the end of repulsion; the stretched muscles and ligaments transmit their energy to the body of the jumper; the inertial forces of the movements of the fly leg and arms also take part in changing the velocity vector of the movement. All these factors create the initial speed of departure of the body of the jumper.
When characterizing the amount of muscular effort at the moment of transferring a part of the horizontal velocity to the vertical, it is necessary to say not about the net magnitude of the efforts, but about the impulse of force, i.e. magnitude of effort per unit time. The greater the magnitude of muscle effort and the shorter the time of their manifestation, the higher the momentum of the force that characterizes the explosive strength of the muscles. Thus, in order to increase the result in jumping, it is necessary to develop not just the strength of the muscles of the legs, but explosive force, characterized by an impulse of force. This feature is clearly expressed when comparing the repulsion time in high jumps with the styles of “flip-flop” and “fosbury”. In the first style, the repulsion time is much longer than in the second, that is, in the first case, force repulsion is observed, and in the second - high-speed (explosive) repulsion. The results of high jumps in the second case are higher. If we look at the anatomical signs of these differences, we will see that jumpers of the "cross over" style are larger, with greater muscle mass of the legs, than jumpers of the "fosbury" style, who are thin and with less muscle mass of the legs.
Departure angle depends on the angle of setting of the jogging leg and the magnitude of muscle efforts at the moment of transfer of speed, as mentioned above.
Flight. This phase of the holistic action of the jump is unsupported, except for the pole vault, where the flight is divided into two parts: basic and unsupported.
It is necessary to immediately understand that in the phase of flight the jumper will never be able to change the trajectory of movement. Why does the jumper perform various Movements with his hands, feet, change the position of the body in the air? Why learn flight technique? The answers to these questions are the goal of this phase of the jump. In high jumps, the athlete, with his movements, creates optimal conditions for overcoming the bar. In pole vaulting in the first supporting part it is the creation of optimal conditions for bending and unbending the pole (for the most efficient use of its elastic properties). In the second unsupported part - the creation of optimal conditions for overcoming the bar. In long jumps - maintaining balance in flight and creating optimal conditions for landing. In a triple jump - maintaining equilibrium and creating optimal conditions for the subsequent repulsion, and in the last jump the same goal as in long jumps.
Landing. Each jump ends with a landing phase. The goal of any landing is, first and foremost, to create a safe environment for the athlete, excluding the receipt of various injuries.
The body of the jumper at the moment of landing experiences a strong impact, which falls not only on the parts of the body that are in direct contact with the place of landing, but also on the distal links farthest from it. Internal organs are also subjected to the same impact, which can lead to various kinds of disturbances in their vital functions and diseases. It is necessary to reduce the harmful effects of this factor. There are two ways: the first is to improve the landing; the second is mastery of the optimal landing technique. The first path was reflected in high jump and pole vault. At first, the athletes landed in the sand, the level of which was raised above the repulsion surface, but still it was hard to land, and the athlete devoted much time to studying safe landing techniques. Then came the age of foam rubber, and the landing site became much softer, the results increased, appeared the new kind in high jumps (“fosber-flop”), fiberglass poles appeared. It became possible to devote more time to the jumps themselves, without thinking about landing.
A more conservative landing site remained in long jumps and triple jumps. Here, as they jumped into a sand pit, they continue to jump, although the results are growing, but here the second way was reflected - creating optimal conditions for landing and a rational landing technique.
Why is soft landing occurring? The first is due to landing at a sharper angle to the surface and on a larger path. Gradually compacting loose sand, the athlete slows down; the more loose sand ahead, the softer the landing. The second - due to the shock-absorbing stretching of tense muscles, gradually yielding to the effects of gravity and body speed, thereby the speed is not extinguished sharply, but gradually.
131525.rtf
Abstract on the topic:Characteristics and types of jumps
Prepared by Olkhovskaya Julia, 11c
Content
Introduction
High jump
Pole vaulting
Long jump
Triple jump
The basics of jumping technology
Introduction
An integral part of the Olympic Games and athletics competitions are jumps.
In athletics, there are 4 types of jumps: high jump, pole vault, long jump and triple jump.
1. High jump
The so-called royal jump through several horses standing nearby was popular among the ancient Germans. And for some tribes inhabiting Central Africa, from time immemorial to this day, the main event of the national festivals are competitions in high jump from running. At the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, the Olympians ran, threw a disc, jumped in length, fought, competed in chariots, fought, but never in all 293 Olympiads did not jump in height. The first mention of high jump sporting events dates back to the 19th century.
High jumps owe their origin not so much to athletics as to gymnastics. In German gymnastic societies, athletes included in the program of their performances along with such equipment as rings, parallel bars, a horse, a crossbeam, and high jumps. And then they jumped from a direct run with two legs forward.
In the chronicles of the XIX century, the name of the jumper Karl Müller from Berlin is mentioned. According to eyewitnesses, he was a strong, agile man and easily jumped over the height that reached him to the chin. It is a pity that no one bothered to measure at what height was Karl Mueller's chin.
High jumps quickly spread throughout Europe. Especially a lot of their fans turned out to be in England. And there, at the first official competitions in 1864, the winner Robert Maych jumped 1m in height. 67.4 cm
However, another result is considered the first world record. A medical student from London Robert Gooch in 1859 overcame the bar at a height of 1m. 70 cm. But the point here is not even the height, but the way Robert jumped. Unlike other athletes, he did not take a run at a right angle to the bar, but under a sharp side, and in the air his legs moved like scissors.
Fosbury Flop or Fosbury Flop
Take-off starts with the fly leg. It should occur at a fast pace and along an arcuate line. This line is most bent at the last 3 steps of the takeoff run. After repulsion, the push leg is very quickly straightened, and vertically upwards. At this stage of repulsion, the back does not yet turn toward the bar. The fly leg performs a swing up. She is bent at the knee joint, the jumper guides her forward and upward and inward. Due to this, the jumper begins to turn with his back to the bar. The head turns over the shoulder from the side of the fly leg, against the direction of movement. After repulsion, the relaxed fly leg is brought to the push leg, which is also not tense. The body straightens and thanks to this quickly turns its back to the bar, taking the desired position. With a sharp movement, the body rushes forward. After that, the shoulders of the jumper are behind the bar and the jumper performs bending over the bar - a bridge. When the pelvis also passes above the bar, the hip joints bend quickly and the legs straighten. The jumper falls on his back, legs straight.
This method was invented by an American athlete named Dick Fosbury when he was 16 years old. In 1968, at the Summer Olympics in Mexico, Dick Fosbury, using a new method, won a gold Olympic award, setting a new Olympic record (2.24 meters). Almost all modern high jumpers use the fosbury flop.
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2. Pole Vault
Pole vaulting is an athletics discipline in which athletes compete in the jump height using long flexible poles (currently the poles are made of fiberglass or carbon fiber) to overcome the horizontal bar fixed on two masts at a considerable height (up to 6 m and above) . Competitions in pole vaults were held already in Ancient Greece, as well as by the Celts and residents of ancient Crete. Pole vaulting among men has been an Olympic sport since the First Summer Olympics of 1896, among women - from the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney.
The world record in the men's pole vault belongs to Sergey Bubka, who climbed a height of 6 meters and 14 centimeters on July 31, 1994. The world record in the women's pole vault belongs to Elena Isinbaeva, who conquered a height of 5 meters 3 centimeters on July 11, 2008.
In 2004, our girls had two medals - the gold of Elena Isimbaeva and the silver of Svetlana Feofanova.
^ 3. Long jumps
At the beginning of the 20th century, long jumps were also made from a place.
Long jump discipline related to horizontal jumps of technical types of athletics program. Demands jumping ability, sprinting qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competition program of the ancient Olympic Games. It is a modern Olympic discipline of athletics for men since 1896, for women since 1948. Included in athletics multiathlon.
The athlete's task is to achieve the greatest horizontal length of the running jump. Long jumps are carried out in the sector for horizontal jumps according to the general rules established for this kind of technical species. When performing the jump, athletes in the first stage take a run along the track, then push off with one foot from a special board and jump into a sand pit. The range of the jump is calculated as the distance from the special mark on the repulsion board to the start of the hole from landing in the sand.
The distance from the repulsion board to the far edge of the landing pit should be at least 10 m. The repulsion line itself should be located at a distance of 1 to 3 m from the proximal edge of the landing pit.
Long jump is one of the most conservative sports. So the 8 meter line (8.13) for men was first overcome by Jesse Owens back in 1935 and to this day with this result you can win major international competitions at the Grand Prix level.
The legend was the jump of Bob Beamon at 8.90 meters at the Olympics in Mexico City (1968). Until then, an unknown athlete surpassed the previous world record by 55 cm at once. This record was broken by Mike Powell at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo and remains unsurpassed to this day.
An absolute but unconfirmed record in the history of long jumps was the jump of Mike Powell (USA), in one of the attempts of the finals of the 1991 World Cup in Tokyo, by 8.99 meters. Also recorded is the jump of Cuban Ivan Pedroso at 8.96 meters. These jumps were not ratified by the IAAF as world records, due to the fact that the wind speed was above 2 m / s or the measurement of wind speed itself was made with violations.
In 2004, at the Olympics, the whole pedestal of women in this discipline was ours! Tatyana Lebedeva, Irina Simagina and Tatyana Kotova listened to the Russian anthem - one for three.
The Ryazan athlete Irina Simagina achieved great success at the Athens Olympics. She won the silver medal in long jump with the result of 7 meters 5 centimeters, losing to the compatriot Tatyana Lebedeva. Coaches athlete Oleg Kapatsinsky.
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4. Triple jump
The triple jump for men belonged to the modern Olympic program from the very beginning of the Olympic Games in 1896, and in the Olympic Games of 1900 and 1904, competitions were also held in a triple jump from the spot. James Connolly became the first modern Olympic triple jump champion for men. Since 1996, the triple jump has also become an Olympic sight for women.
The best jumpers in the triple jump achieve results of about 18 m (in men) and about 15 m in women. World records currently belong to Jonathan Edwards (18.29 m) and Inessa Kravets (15.50 m).
Technically, a triple jump consists of three elements:
"Leap"
"bounce"
The jumper runs along a special lane or track to the mark used to repel him while jumping. This mark is the beginning of the jump when measuring its length, and from this mark the jump starts. First, the first element is performed - a jump, while the first touch behind the mark should occur with the same foot with which the jumper began to jump. Then follows the second element of the jump - a step (touching the ground should occur with the other foot). The final element is the jump itself, and the jumper lands in a sand pit as if in a long jump.
Two methods of jumping are practically possible: from the right foot - “right, right, left” and from the left foot - “left, left, right”. The mark for pushing away during the jump is at least 11 m from the pit filled with sand. Each jumper is given 6 attempts to complete a triple jump.
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5. The basics of jumping technology
Track and field athletics jumps are divided into two types: 1) jumps with overcoming vertical obstacles (jumps inheight and pole vaults) and 2) jumps with overcoming horizontal obstacles (long jumps and triple jump).
The effectiveness of the jump is determined in the repulsion phase, when the main factors of the effectiveness of the jump are created. These factors include: 1) the initial speed of departure of the body of the jumper; 2) the angle of departure of the body of the jumper. The trajectory of the MTC in the flight phase depends on the nature of the repulsion and the type of jump. Moreover, the triple jump has three phases of flight, and the pole vault has the supporting and unsupported parts of the flight phase.
Track and field athletics in their structure belong to the mixed form, i.e. there are both cyclic and acyclic motion elements.
As a holistic action, a jump can be divided into its component parts:
take off and prepare for repulsion- from the beginning of the movement to the moment the jogging foot is placed on the repulsion site;
repulsion- from the moment of setting the jogging leg to the moment of its separation from the place of repulsion;
flight -from the moment of separation of the jogging leg from the place of repulsion until it touches the place of landing;
landing -from the moment of contact with the place of landing to a complete stop of the movement of the body.
Take off and prepare for repulsion. Four types of jump (in height, length, triple jump, pole vault) have their own characteristics in the run, but also have certain common features. The main objectives of the take-off is to give the body of the jumper an optimal take-off speed corresponding to the jump, and to create optimal conditions for the repulsion phase. In almost all forms, jumps have a straightforward shape, except for a high jump using the “fosbury-flop” method, where the last steps are performed in an arc.
The take-off run has a cyclic motion structure before preparing for repulsion, in which running movements are somewhat different from the start-up movements. Run rhythmmust be Permanent, i.e. it should not be changed from attempt to attempt.
Usually, the run corresponds to the physical abilities of the athlete, which are observed with him at this time. Naturally, with the improvement of physical functions, the take-off run will change, the speed, the number of steps (up to a certain limit) will increase, but the take-off rhythm will not change. These changes are associated with two main physical qualities of the jumper, which should be developed in parallel - this is speed and strength.
The start of the run should be familiar, always the same. The jumper can start the run either from a place, as if starting, or from the approach to the control mark of the start of the run. The task of the jumper in the take-off run is not only to pick up the optimal speed, but also to get to the place of repulsion by the pushing foot precisely, therefore, the take-off run, its rhythm and all movements must be constant.
There are two types of take-off run: 1) uniformly accelerated take-off run and 2) take-off run with speed maintenance. ^ With uniformly accelerated take-off the jumper gradually picks up speed, increasing it to the optimum at the last steps of the run. When running with speedalmost immediately, in the first steps, the jumper picks up the optimal speed, maintains it throughout the entire run, increasing somewhat at the end in the last steps. The use of one or another version of the take-off depends on the individual characteristics of the jumper.
Distinctive features of the last part of the run (preparation for repulsion) depend on the type of jump. A common distinguishing feature is an increase in the take-off speed and the movements of the body links in this run-up segment, the so-called run-in.
In long jumps with a take-off run and a triple jump with a take-off run in preparation for repulsion, a slight decrease in the length of the last steps and an increase in their frequency occur.
In pole vaulting, in preparation for repulsion, the pole is brought forward and also the step frequency is increased while the step length is reduced.
In high jump with a run, this stage depends on the style of the jump. In all jump styles that have a linear run-up (“step over”, “wave”, “roll”, “flip”), preparation for repulsion takes place at the last two steps, when the fly leg takes a longer step, thereby lowering the JMC, and pushing the foot takes a shorter quick step, while the shoulders of the jumper are retracted behind the projection of the MTC. In the “Fosbury Flop” jump, preparation for repulsion begins at the last four steps, performed in an arc with the body body deviating away from the bar, where the last step is somewhat shorter and the frequency of steps increases.
It is very important to most effectively perform the preparation technique for repelling the last part of the run. Takeoff speed and repulsion speed are interconnected. It is necessary that between the last steps and pushing away there should be no stopping or deceleration of movements, no loss of speed. The faster and more efficiently the last part of the run is completed, the better the repulsion will be.
Repulsion -the main phase of any jump. It lasts from the moment the pushing leg was placed on the support until it was separated from the support. In jumping, this phase is the shortest and at the same time the most important and active. From the point of view of biomechanics, repulsion can be defined as a change in the speed vector of a body of a jumper during the interaction of certain forces with a support. The repulsion phase can be divided into two parts: 1) creating and 2) creating.
The first part creates conditions for changing the velocity vector, and the second implements these conditions, i.e. the jump itself creates, its result.
One of the factors determining the effectiveness of translating horizontal speed to vertical is jogging angle.In all jumps, the foot is put in place of repulsion quickly, energetically and firmly, at the moment the foot touches the support, it should be straightened in the knee joint. Approximately the setting angle of the jogging leg is determined by the longitudinal axis of the leg connecting the location of the setting with the surface line. In high jumps it is the smallest, then in ascending order there are triple jumps and long jumps, the largest angle is in pole vault jumps (Fig. 44).
The more you need to translate the horizontal speed into vertical, the smaller the angle of the leg (sharper), the foot is placed farther from the projection of the MTC. Rigid and quick setting of a straightened jerk leg is also connected with the fact that a straight leg is easier to carry a large load, especially since the pressure on the support in the first part of the repulsion exceeds several times the weight of the body of the jumper. At the time of setting, the leg muscles are tensed, which contributes to elastic cushioning and more effective stretching of the elastic components of the muscles with the subsequent release (in the second part) of the energy of elastic deformation to the body of the jumper. From anatomy, it is known that tense muscles, when stretched, subsequently create great muscle effort.
In the first part of the repulsion, an increase in the pressure forces on the support occurs due to the horizontal speed and the stop motion of the pushing leg, the inertial forces of the movements of the fly leg and arms; there is a decrease in MTC (the magnitude of the decrease depends on the type of jump); stretching of the tense muscles and ligaments that are involved in the subsequent part is performed.
In the second, constructive part, due to an increase in the reaction forces of the support, a change in the velocity vector of the body of the jumper occurs; pressure forces on the support decrease, closer to the end of repulsion; the stretched muscles and ligaments transmit their energy to the body of the jumper; the inertial forces of the movements of the fly leg and arms also take part in changing the velocity vector of the movement. All these factors create the initial speed of departure of the body of the jumper.
When characterizing the amount of muscular effort at the moment of transferring a part of the horizontal velocity to the vertical, it is necessary to say not about the net magnitude of the efforts, but about the impulse of force, i.e. magnitude of effort per unit time. The greater the magnitude of muscle effort and the shorter the time of their manifestation, the higher the momentum of the force that characterizes the explosive strength of the muscles. Thus, in order to increase the result in jumping, it is necessary to develop not just the strength of the muscles of the legs, but explosive force, characterized by an impulse of force. This feature is clearly expressed when comparing the repulsion time in high jumps with the styles of “flip-flop” and “fosbury”. In the first style, the repulsion time is much longer than in the second, that is, in the first case, force repulsion is observed, and in the second - high-speed (explosive) repulsion. The results of high jumps in the second case are higher. If we look at the anatomical signs of these differences, we will see that jumpers of the "cross over" style are larger, with greater muscle mass of the legs, than jumpers of the "fosbury" style, who are thin and with less muscle mass of the legs.
Departure angle depends on the angle of setting of the jogging leg and the magnitude of muscle efforts at the moment of transfer of speed, as mentioned above.
Flight. This phase of the holistic action of the jump is unsupported, except for the pole vault, where the flight is divided into two parts: basic and unsupported.
It is necessary to immediately understand that in the phase of flight the jumper will never be able to change the trajectory of movement. Why does the jumper perform various Movements with his hands, feet, change the position of the body in the air? Why learn flight technique? The answers to these questions are the goal of this phase of the jump. In high jumps, the athlete, with his movements, creates optimal conditions for overcoming the bar. In pole vaulting in the first supporting part it is the creation of optimal conditions for bending and unbending the pole (for the most efficient use of its elastic properties). In the second unsupported part - the creation of optimal conditions for overcoming the bar. In long jumps - maintaining balance in flight and creating optimal conditions for landing. In a triple jump - maintaining equilibrium and creating optimal conditions for the subsequent repulsion, and in the last jump the same goal as in long jumps.
Landing.Each jump ends with a landing phase. The goal of any landing is, first and foremost, to create a safe environment for the athlete, excluding the receipt of various injuries.
The body of the jumper at the moment of landing experiences a strong impact, which falls not only on the parts of the body that are in direct contact with the place of landing, but also on the distal links farthest from it. Internal organs are also subjected to the same impact, which can lead to various kinds of disturbances in their vital functions and diseases. It is necessary to reduce the harmful effects of this factor. There are two ways: the first is to improve the landing; the second is mastery of the optimal landing technique. The first path was reflected in high jump and pole vault. At first, the athletes landed in the sand, the level of which was raised above the repulsion surface, but still it was hard to land, and the athlete devoted much time to studying safe landing techniques. Then came the age of foam rubber, and the landing site became much softer, the results increased, a new look appeared in high jumps (“fosber-flop”), fiberglass poles appeared. It became possible to devote more time to the jumps themselves, without thinking about landing.
A more conservative landing site remained in long jumps and triple jumps. Here, as they jumped into a sand pit, they continue to jump, although the results are growing, but here the second way was reflected - creating optimal conditions for landing and a rational landing technique.
Why is soft landing occurring? The first is due to landing at a sharper angle to the surface and on a larger path. Gradually compacting loose sand, the athlete slows down; the more loose sand ahead, the softer the landing. The second - due to the shock-absorbing stretching of tense muscles, gradually yielding to the effects of gravity and body speed, thereby the speed is not extinguished sharply, but gradually.