Perspective (from lat. Perspicere clearly to see, comprehend) in the visual arts is a system of ways of depicting space on a plane. Perspective in a drawing is a way of depicting three-dimensional figures, conveying their own spatial structure and location in space. In the visual arts, perspective is used as one of the artistic means to enhance the expressiveness of images.
Perspective is linear, airy, and inverse. Linear perspective is a way of depicting the surrounding reality on a plane with the transfer of volume and depth. Linear perspective is the most traditional because responds to the natural perception of the surrounding world.
Reverse perspective is a method of image in which the vanishing lines are directed not into the depth of the picture, but towards the viewer. This kind of perspective was used by ancient Russian painters in icon painting and frescoes. With this projection, the center of the world was placed inside the artist and the viewer, and the parallel lines converged not outside, but inside the observer. Of two identical objects, the one that turned out to be the largest when depicting space on a plane in this system. which is located further from the viewer.
All objects below this plane, below the horizon, we see from above; all objects that are above the horizon are seen from below. Every horizontal plane below the horizon has an upper surface; at a plane above the horizon, we see the lower surface. All horizontal lines that are below the perspective horizon, that is, visible from above, as they move away, as it were, rise and approach it, but they never cross it. All lines located above the horizon, moving away, seem to descend and approach it. They don't cross it.
Class: 4
Objectives:to consolidate the previously acquired knowledge about the interior and linear perspective; develop skills in working with various art materials; instill an artistic taste; use a game form of the lesson that promotes the development of imagination and fantasy.
Lesson equipment:
- for the teacher -teaching aids on linear perspective, illustrations for fairy tales with the image of fairy tale characters against the background of the interior; pedagogical drawing of the room.
- For students - an individual visual arts workbook "Journey to the Land of Fantasy", or A-3 paper, paints or colored pencils and felt-tip pens, brushes, a glass of water.
Dictionary: Interior, linear perspective.
Lesson steps:
- Organizational moment - 2 min.
- Explanation of a new topic - 15 min.
- Practical work - 25 min.
- Lesson summary - 3 min.
I. Organizational moment.
Checking student readiness for a lesson . Greeting.
II. Lesson topic message.
Today we will remember what perspective and interior are. Using fantasy and imagination, we will turn an ordinary interior into a fabulous one.
III. Communication of theoretical information.
So what is it perspective?
Perspective Is the exact science of conveying depth and space on a plane.
There are two kinds of perspective - linear and air. Air perspective Is the color change as it moves away.
Linear perspective - this is a construction taking into account the rules and laws, the closer, the larger; objects decrease as they move away. Linear perspective is divided into frontal and corner.(slide number 2)
Now let's move on to the interior . What is called an interior? Interior called the internal view of the room as a whole or its individual parts. This also includes furniture, decorative ornaments and much more involved in the design. Word "interior" translated from French as "inside". The interior has three dimensions: height, width, depth. The interior is especially common in painting and graphics, as well as in theater painting.
In these paintings, the interior is a background that solves complex problems and helps to reveal the content. The compositions are convincing, because the artists took into account all the features of building an interior:
The foreground is large and clear.
2. Lines extending into depth converge at one point, which is on the horizon.
3. Vertical lines contract at a distance, but remain vertical and parallel to each other.
To draw an interior, it is important to know the horizon line and the vanishing point, because this gives rise to the task of conveying the depth of the room in the drawing. For this, we use the means of linear perspective. (slide number 3)
What skyline?
In nature, if it is not closed by houses, it is clearly visible. Where is she in the room?
The horizon line is an imaginary line, and it is always at the level of our eyes, wherever we are.
The interior is divided into: frontal and angular... The frontal interior is when we see three walls: left, center and right, as well as the floor and ceiling.
Parallel lines in perspective will converge into one point descent.
The artist in the compositional solution of the picture can change the height of the horizon line and the main point of the picture (left or right from the center of the picture). If the point of view is in the center of the picture, the image is called central frontal perspective... If the point of view is located to the right or left of the center of the picture, the image is called lateral frontal perspective.
What is called a frontal perspective of an interior? A perspective view of an interior in which one of the walls is parallel to the plane of the picture is called frontal perspective.
In order to find out the interior of which fairy-tale character we will draw, guess the riddle that was invented by the student of our school, Sophia Zavyalova: (slide number 7)
Old sorceress
Lives in a forest in a hut,
The hut is not simple
But it's a pity that it doesn't fly.
A hut on two legs
And walks along the edge.
And the old woman is happy
Living in such a hut!
(Baba Yaga)
That's right guys! Today we will draw the interior of the hut on chicken legs, in which Baba Yaga lives.
IV. Pedagogical drawing.
1. Build a room using the horizon line and one vanishing point.
2. Characteristic features of a wooden hut (drawing of log walls, wooden floor and ceiling)
V. Independent work of students.
Before you are old and modern interior items (table, chair, bench, stool, mirror, bed, carpet, stove, mortar and pomelo, chest, cuckoo clock). Place them correctly in the hut of a fairytale character, giving the interior an old or modern look. You can come up with and add your own objects, as well as draw the main character in the interior.
The task on perspective in the interior "Visiting a fairy tale" is performed by the students in the working album "Journey to the land of fantasy" or on a sheet of A-3 paper using pencils, markers or paints of your choice.
Vi. Lesson summary.
Exhibition and evaluation of students' work.
Homework: Draw your room on a large piece of paper. Arrange items correctly using linear perspective.
I wish you success!
List of used literature and didactic material.
1. Arnina N.L. "Lessons from Beauty".
2. Kuzin V.S. “Fine arts and methods of teaching it at school”. Moscow "Agar" 1998.
3. Vygotsky L.S. “Imagination and creativity in childhood”, psychological sketch.
4. Subbotina L. Yu. Development of children's imagination. A popular guide for parents and teachers / Artist Kurov V. N. - Yaroslavl: "Development Academy", 1997. - 240 p. - / Series: "We learn, play together" /.
5. Elkonin D.B. "Psychology of the game". M .: Pedagogy, 1978.
6. Russian folk tales.
Objectives:
- Introduce the rules of perspective.
- Learn to portray a landscape according to the laws of perspective with the transfer of the depth of space.
- Improve the technique of working with raw watercolors.
- To instill love for a small homeland, develop the ability to see and appreciate the beauty of native landscapes.
Equipment:a scheme for changing the height of the horizon line, a scheme for determining the horizon line on the picture plane, a demonstration card manual "Find mistakes in perspective", samples of pedagogical drawing, reproductions of paintings by landscape painters, photographs of views of the native village, poems by the local poetess Neretina M. I.
Dictionary:landscape, linear and aerial perspective, horizon line, picture plane, point of view.
Lesson plan:
- Organizational part.
- Lesson topic message.
- Repetition of the material studied.
- Learning new material.
- Anchoring.
- Statement of the artistic task.
- Physical education.
- Independent work.
- Check of knowledge.
- Lesson summary.
During the classes
No, it's not the landscape that attracts me
I'm not trying to notice colors,
And what shines in these colors.
Love and joy of being
It is spilled everywhere ...
She is wherever beauty is.
I. Bunin
1. Organizational part.
- greeting;
- checking the readiness for the lesson.
2. Message of the topic of the lesson.
Teacher. Guys, today we will talk about the landscape, about the nature of our native land. Let's get acquainted with the laws of perspective. Let's learn to show the depth of space.
3. Repetition of the studied material.
Let's remember what the concept of landscape means? That's right, this is a genre of fine art, the subject of which is the image of nature, a type of area. It is true that the homeland of the landscape is Holland, and as an independent genre, it appeared in the 17th century. You know that landscapes are divided into rural, urban, architectural, industrial, park, and marine.
4. Learning new material.
Today we will talk about the rural landscape, since we live in the countryside and this landscape is most dear to us. Each person has a small homeland, the place where he was born. Russian wisdom says: "Where he was born, there he came in handy." For most of you, your small homeland is the Maslovsky settlement of the Novousmanskiy District.
Any of you probably knows our local poetess Maria Ivanovna Neretina. Let's listen to one of her poems.
The student reads.
I walk the meadows, I walk the fields
And along the bank of the blue river.
And I whisper quietly that I won't betray you,
Dear, dear Russia.
And in the spring, inhaling the scent of the gardens,
I understand - happy all the same.
My Voronezh region is rich in beauty,
And it is not more expensive in the world.
Listening to these lines, one involuntarily imagines familiar landscapes. Now we will look at the photos of the village, which were prepared by the 10th grade student Fomina Masha.
No wonder they say - mother earth, mother nature. Thus, they express love for their native land. Landscape painters portrayed the beauty of Russian nature in their creations. An example of this canvases by Russian artists - lyricists.
Isaac Levitan Sokolniki.
Fyodor Vasiliev "Dawn", "After the Rain".
Ivan Shishkin "Rain in an Oak Forest", "Morning in a Pine Forest", "Forest Distances".
To correctly paint a picture, you need to have knowledge of perspective.
PerspectiveIs a display system on the plane of the depth of space.
To understand the topic, let's discuss planning in the picture.
Foreground.All objects are perceived in volume, the color is the most contrasting.
Medium shot.Volume and color gradually soften.
Background.Everything merges into an air haze.
(slide 3)
Aerial perspective - a change in objects under the influence of the air environment and space, a change in color, shape and degree of illumination, arising as nature moves away from the eyes of the observer.
(slide 4)
Linear perspective - an exact science that teaches to depict objects of the surrounding reality on a plane so that the impression of reality is created.
(slide 5)
Need to know the laws of perspective.
- As you move away, objects visually decrease.
- The color fades.
- The contrast gradually softens.
- Near objects are depicted in detail, and distant ones in general.
- The distant light objects are darkened, and the dark ones are lightened.
(slide 6)
Consider skyline determination scheme... Let's get acquainted with the concepts - point of view, line horizon, picture plane.
Point of view Is a look from one fixed point.
Skyline - this is the line that is at the level of our eyes.
Picture plane Is an image of visible objects in the order in which we see them.
(slide 7) Discussion with children.
Now let's pay attention to change schemes the height of the horizon line.
(slide 8) Discussion with children.
5. Anchoring
It's time to practice how you learned the material you've learned. To do this, we will use the "Find mistakes in perspective" demo. Let's discuss several options for aerial and linear perspective. Find errors and explain how to fix them.
(slide 9,10,11) Discussion with children.
6. Setting the artistic task.
And now, guys, using the knowledge you have gained, you will draw a landscape using a raw technique.
1st stage of work.
- Create an outline drawing with a simple pencil (slide 13)
2nd stage of work.
- Moisten everything with water and quickly proceed to the color scheme.
- Start from the sky, from background to foreground (slide 14)
Stage 3 of work.
- Finish small details on a dry layer of paint.
- Enhance color contrast (slide 15)
7. Physical education
Close your eyes, relax. Imagine that we are walking along a green meadow along a winding path that is lost somewhere in the distance. Near the path in the foreground, bright flowers delight the eye. The trees in the background lose their clear outlines and appear small. Birds chirp overhead, fluttering in the clear blue sky. Pleasant meetings, a feeling of joy and happiness await you ahead.
8. Independent work.
Pupils independently perform a sketch of a landscape, applying the knowledge gained in practice.
9. Knowledge check.
Choose the correct answer from the options presented
Perspective is ...
- color science.
- an image using the horizon line.
- display system on the plane of the depth of space.
(slide 16)
10. Lesson summary.
Exhibition of works. Well done, guys, the landscapes turned out to be unusually expressive. You were able to express love for your native land, apply the laws of perspective in your works, thereby showing the depth of space. Each of your creations deserves special attention. For further improvement, I recommend that you explore the work of Alexei Savrasov, Vasily Polenov, Igor Grabar and other artists who glorify the beauty of Russian nature.
Homework: write an essay on the work of one of the studied landscape painters.
Lesson fine arts in grade 6
_________________________________
REGULATIONS
Today in the lesson you will learn -
- What is linear perspective
and what are the building rules
frontal and angular perspective.
- What is aerial perspective
and how the color changes
influenced by aerial perspective .
But first, answer the questions:
How did artists of different eras in different countries depict space?
- What is PERSPECTIVE?
- What kinds of perspective
do you know?
Linear perspective – the exact science that teaches to depict objects of the surrounding reality on the plane so that the impression is created as in nature.
- Every drawing has a level from which the object is drawn. The level for the painter will be the line of his eyes , so-called horizon .
The higher the horizon line, the more space opens up to our eyes.
All parallel lines going deep into space, are perceived by the eyes as converging at a point called vanishing point .
TYPES OF LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
- Frontal perspective
Objects are parallel to the plane - frontal position
one vanishing point located on the horizon.
TYPES OF LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
- Angular perspective
Objects are located at an angle to the plane - angular position
All parallel lines will converge at
two vanishing points located on the horizon
right and left.
Aerial perspective conveys perspective changes in some features of objects under the influence of air and space, changes in color, outlines and the degree of illumination of objects that arise as nature moves away from the eyes of the observer.
- In the image, the removal of objects is conveyed by softening the outlines,
loss of clarity, loss of detail in images, decrease in color brightness.
- When depicting objects reflected in water, their length is usually
is equal to the reflection and the shape is preserved. But the image is upside down.
Space transfer schemes It is possible to create the illusion of space on a plane not only in tone, but also in a linear pattern.
A. The usual linear perspective of the space of the earth is conveyed by easing the pressure, thinning the lines.
B. Horizontal lines of various pressures convey the color-air space.
B. Field space is created with vertical strokes and lines that lose their thickness as you move away.
- Perspective
Is a reduction in size
an object as it moves away, i.e., figuratively speaking, it is a look into the distance.
- Correct identification of objects in space helps when depicting landscapes, where it is necessary to pay attention to
distant and near plans .
Fundamental rules building perspective
- Lines below the horizon rise to it, lines above the horizon descend to it, and lines on the horizon become horizontal.
- All parallel lines going deep into space are perceived by the eyes as converging at a point called vanishing point ... There is one vanishing point in the frontal perspective, and two in the angular perspective.
- Lines parallel to the horizon remain parallel (frontal perspective).
- Vertical lines remain vertical.
- The closer an object is to us, the larger it seems.
- Objects of the same color in the distance seem less bright in color than objects close to the painter.
What difference do you see
in the image?
Time of writing
Painting time -
paintings - era
Renaissance
Middle ages
Middle ages
(5-15 centuries)
you can look at the world
to name
vertical - from
land to heaven. During the Renaissance (15-16 centuries) vision
the world has changed. It can be called
horizontal - deep into space
Leonardo da Vinci "The Last Supper" Throughout the centuries, artists
developed imaging techniques
the surrounding world on a plane,
which then turned into
regulations. With one of them we are today and
let's get acquainted.
Linear perspective
is a plane imaging systemdepth of space.
This system includes ways
images that allow
create the illusion of space on
plane. If you paint a landscape on the glass of a window,
which we see outside the window, we get
perspective drawing, and glass in this
case will be the picture plane. Size, shape, clarity of outlines of objects
visually change depending on their
remoteness.
A. Gerasimov.
"Bolshak" distance from our eyes dimensions
items appear to be reduced.
When Horizontal lines,
eg,
railway rails, wires, markings
lanes on highways moving away, as if converging
at one point on the visible horizon.
But the vertical lines of pillars, houses, trees remain vertical, although they also decrease with distance from us.
The horizon line is clearly visible when you standin an open space and look into the distance,
where the sky meets the ground or water.
When climbing a mountain, the horizon line rises and the observed area increases
If you sit on the ground, then the horizon linewill go down and visibility will decrease. Line
horizon always
is at the level
the eye of the beholder. Three main levels of the horizon
Point of view below level
horizon.
Items are above the line
horizon, so they can be seen from below.
A vantage point at the horizon.
Items are on the line
horizon.
Viewpoint above level
horizon.
Items are below the line
horizon, so you can see them
from above. The main conclusions of the lesson
The horizon is a distant line, on
which the sky seems to converge with the earth.
The vanishing point is a section of the horizon on
which railroad tracks
disappear from sight.
The horizon is at the height of your
eye regardless of which
distance from the ground you are.