Scientists have discovered the secret of Leonardo da Vinci's genius. Everything That Makes Our Lives Easier Manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci

One of the most outstanding figures, far ahead of his time. He is a great artist, sculptor, architect, remarkable scientist and writer, a great inventor, a mysterious and attractive person.

The author of the famous La Gioconda, the Last Supper, the inventor of the parachute, machine gun, hang-glider, helicopter, bicycle, car, tank, catapult, crossbow, searchlight and even a robot, the author of many scientific treatises and works of art, the architect of London ... Leonardo da Vinci is a striking example an incredible man! He was a mystery for people of his time and for posterity, little is known about his life. For contemporaries of Leonardo, his inventions were completely uninteresting. People believed that he was just wasting time on entertainment, but could paint wonderful pictures. Leonardo was a vegetarian, did not like to sleep long, was superbly built, possessed physical strength, was an excellent rider and dancer, and had excellent control of both hands. There is not a single image of Leonardo himself. Scientists have proven that the famous portrait of a sanguine, which allegedly depicts Leonardo in old age, is not. This is just a sketch of the head of one of the apostles of the Last Supper.

In this article I want to write only his biography. And in the next episodes I will tell you more about each of his achievements.

Childhood and youth

Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in the family of Pierrot, a notary and a peasant woman named Caterina. Leonardo was an illegitimate son. The first years of his life he lived with his mother. The father married a rich bride, but she turned out to be childless and Piero took Leonardo for himself. When Leonardo was 13 years old, his father's wife died, he soon married another woman, but she did not live long. Leonardo didn't have a last name. Da Vinci means originally from Vinci - the place where Leonardo was born. His full name is Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, that is, Leonardo, son of Pierre of Vinci.

His father wanted Leonardo to continue to do the family business, but Leonardo was more eager to draw. At the age of 14, he was sent to the private school of the best artist and sculptor of that time - Andrea del Verrocchio. When Leonardo was 20 years old, Verrocchio was commissioned to paint a picture of the Baptism of Christ. The minor figures were usually drawn by students. The colors were very dull at the time. Leonardo decided to paint his character with new oil paints. When Verrocchio saw the work of Leonardo, he said that the student had surpassed him and now wants only Leonardo to paint all the faces in his paintings. During his studies, Leonardo mastered all drawing techniques, and at the age of 21 he was accepted into the guild of painters of St. Luke. And at the age of 24 he already opened his own workshop. He was soon charged with sadomey and arrested. Still, the court acquitted him.

Milan

At the age of 30, Leonardo leaves for Milan from Florence at the invitation of the ruler Ludovico Sforza. Initially, Leonardo designs costumes and masks for court celebrations. But gradually he attracts the audience with his mechanical wonders. Leonardo's salary is much less than that of a court dwarf, although there are a lot of responsibilities. Leonardo is a military engineer, a hydraulic engineer, a court painter and an architect. But this situation suits him, because no one bothers him to work for himself. It takes him a long time to invent science and technology for which he was not paid. Nobody even paid attention to them. Even when 50 thousand inhabitants of Milan died of the plague, and Leonardo realized that the reason was the overpopulation of the city and the dirt in the narrow streets, he proposed to build new areas with sewers, wide streets, the duke rejected Leonardo's idea. Although later this ingenious plan was recognized by the State Council of London and the city was completely rebuilt according to its drawings.

Leonardo opened the Academy of Arts in Milan. For this academy, he wrote treatises on painting, light, shadows, movement, theory, practice. Perspective, human body proportions and so on. Before him, no one tried to do this. All this was published only in the 19-20 centuries.

In Milan, no one bothers Leonardo to study the flying mechanism of birds for his inventions. Finally, Leonardo comes up with the famous airplane.

Leonardo keeps detailed diaries. Unfortunately, only 7,000 pages have survived to this day. The manuscripts disappeared after the death of Leonardo's student. And we only managed to collect separate fragments around the world. Their characteristic feature was that all the notes were made in a mirror image, because he wrote with his left hand from right to left. And since his inventions were not of interest to his contemporaries, their owners did not attach much importance. And only by the 19th century it was possible to bring together all the surviving priceless diaries of Leonardo da Vinci.

Leonardo never married, had no children. Not a single affair with any woman is attributed to him. He hid this part of life from everyone in every possible way. The only permanent relationship in his life was with a young man named Giacomo Caprotti, on whose estate he had lived since 1490, to whom Leonardo forgave everything. After Leonardo's death, Caprotti inherited almost all of his paintings. Giacomo was Leonardo's model. It was from him that Leonardo painted John the Baptist. There is also a version that it was Giacomo who was the model of the famous La Gioconda. According to Leonardo's will, this painting belonged to Giacomo.

Throughout his life, Leonardo lived in Venice, Florence, Mantua, and Milan. But he spent the last years of his life in Paris. Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519 at the Castle of Clu in France in the arms of King Francis I.

early years

The biographer Vasaris, in his book Biographies of Famous Painters, Sculptors and Architects (Le Vite de ‘piu eccellenti pittori scultori ed architettori da Cimabue insino a’ tempi nostri ”), gives a story from the early years of Gaa Vinci's life. A peasant asked Da Vinci's father to decorate a shield in Florence. The father entrusted this to his son. Young da Vinci was pondering what kind of shield could be given to fulfill its terrifying function. He took the shield back to his room, where he had a large collection of beetles and snakes. To achieve a terrifying effect, he created compositions from these creatures and stylized them. Then he drew in smoke and flames. As a result, countless monsters appeared on the shield. This work took a lot of time. When the father first looked at the shield, he was frightened. Da Vinci said: "To scare the enemy, the picture must be appropriate." The father was surprised at the talent of his son and did not want to give this work of art just like that. So he gave the peasant another shield that he bought. His son's work was sold to a merchant in Florence for a hundred guilders. Subsequently, the Duke of Milan bought it for 3,000 guilders.

Although this is just an anecdote, it gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe creative possibilities and the seriousness that has been characteristic of da Vinci since childhood. If he took up some kind of work, then he did it thoroughly. He was very skillful and spent a lot of time inventing. He didn't stop until he was perfect.

"The Last Supper"

One of his masterpieces is the Last Supper fresco in the refectory of the Santa Maria Dele Grazie monastery in Milan. In order to depict a scene from that era, he studied the traditions of that time in advance. He also spoke with theologians.

Anywhere thoughts are busy with painting

One contemporary Italian writer wrote about da Vinci: “Usually da Vinci climbed onto his platform in the morning. From sunrise to night, he did not let go of his hand. He even forgot to eat and sleep. It happened that for 3-4 days he did not make a single stroke, he just silently looked at the canvas for 1-2 hours, pondering the composition of the picture. Sometimes at noon, when the hot sun was at its zenith, I saw that he ran from his house to the monastery and climbed onto the platform only to make a single stroke. "

However, these habits associated with the pursuit of excellence have sometimes led to misunderstandings. The abbot of the monastery saw that da Vinci's work was progressing very slowly, and decided that he was not working hard. He complained to the duke.

The artist had to answer and explain that the artist first racks his brains over how to bring what was conceived to perfection, and only then can he start working. At that time, only the faces of Jesus and Judas the traitor were not ready, and the search for a model should have taken a long time. But the abbot continued to insist on finishing the work earlier, and da Vinci depicted the face of Judas from the abbot. The Duke laughed and didn't bother the artist anymore.

It took many years to create this masterpiece of the era. Perhaps, if not for the abbot, even more time would have been spent. Many historians are of the opinion that the end of The Last Supper coincided with the heyday of the Renaissance. Human art has reached its highest maturity.

The pursuit of excellence

Striving for "truthfulness" and "perfection" in da Vinci has always acted as the credo of his face. To depict plants, he studied the structure of plants, studied biology, and then studied the characteristics of plant growth. To depict the human body, he dissected corpses, studied the relationship between muscles, bones and movements of the human body. His interest in life led him to another branch of medicine: he investigated the work of the heart and circulatory system, the physiology of various organs, and so on. This was knowledge that there was no particular need to possess. But on the path of finding truth and striving for perfection, da Vinci was often carried away by details and went roundabout ways. And this he could not get rid of. His long-term scientific research distracted him from artistic creativity, and his penchant for experimentation sometimes led to failure. The huge project of the equestrian statue of the Sforza is one example of his misuse of technique. Thus, da Vinci left relatively few completed works. This was reproached to him during his lifetime, and angered his customers.

In the later years of his life, da Vinci lived in Rome. Pope Leo X ordered him. Da Vinci accepted the order, but did not start work, but began to purify the oil so that it could be used as a protective varnish for the painting. The Pope, who had already heard about the peculiarities of da Vinci, stated: "Oh, this man never has anything ready!" After that, he no longer made any orders for him, but preferred the young talented artist Raphael.

Truthfulness and perfection

Not long before his death, he asked himself the question over and over again: "What useful have I done for the world?" He was convinced that he angered people and gods, because he did not do everything he could for art.

However, the turning point by which da Vinci influenced the development of human art was perfection and maturity. He left not only his masterpieces, but also his spirit, strove for truth and ideal. In his manuscripts, you can find his ideas, learn about the creative process and how to create a real masterpiece.

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City festival of creativity of younger schoolchildren

"Rainbow of talents"

Nomination "First Steps to Science"

Formation of a genius personality

in primary school

(based on the example of the genius of the Renaissance era Leonardo da Vinci)

4 "B" class, MBOU gymnasium number 8

Head: Olga Nikolaevna Punantseva,

Primary school teacher

MBOU gymnasium number 8

Murmansk

2012

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………… .3

MAIN PART…………………………………………………………………………. 4

CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS GENIUS
CHAPTER 2. "FEATURES (CRITERIA) OF GENIUS"

CURIOSITY
CONCENTRATION OF ATTENTION
CHAIN \u200b\u200bMEMORY

CHAPTER 3. WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT OF GENIUS

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

ANNEXES

Theme

Formation of a genius personality in primary school

(on the example of the genius of the Renaissance era Leonardo da Vinci)

4 "B" class, MBOU gymnasium №8

annotation

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that the phenomenon of genius has been of great interest for several centuries, but, despite this, the topic has not been fully studied. The path of becoming a genius goes through several stages: inclinations, abilities, giftedness, talent-genius. Among elementary school students, there are capable and talented children for whom this work will help develop the makings of genius. On the example of the generally accepted genius of Leonardo da Vinci, three signs of genius are considered: curiosity, concentration of attention and memory, as conditions for the development of the inclinations of genius in primary school students.

The combination of techniques and methods led to the achievement of this goal.

Obtained data: the material was studied and systematized in the form of a collection of exercises for training concentration and memory, diagrams were compiled

Conclusions: In the course of this study, it was possible to establish that it is possible to begin to form the makings of genius already in elementary school. And with the right diet, smart exercise, and daily exercise, concentration and memory can be improved.

INTRODUCTION

For the first time, I thought about the topic of my research work in the lesson of the world around us, when we were going through the Renaissance and its most prominent representatives. Leonardo da Vinci struck me the most

It turned out that he was not only a great artist, but also an engineer, sculptor, inventor, mechanic, chemist, philologist, one of the best singers, swimmers, horse riders, fencers, architects and even cooks in his time. It became interesting to me, and I thought about the question: Is it possible to begin the formation of a genius personality already in elementary school?

Purpose: to study the features and conditions of the formation of the inclinations of genius in primary school

Tasks:

Research object: the phenomenon of genius

Subject of research: features of genius on the example of Leonardo da Vinci.

Working methods: analysis of literature on the research topic; questioning; observation; method of comparative analysis, analysis of results.

Hypothesis: It is possible to develop the makings of genius already in elementary school.

Relevance of the topic: The phenomenon of genius has been of great interest for several centuries, but, despite this, the topic has not been fully studied. The path of becoming a genius goes through several stages: inclinations, abilities, giftedness, talent-genius. Among my classmates there are capable and talented children, whom this work will help to develop the makings of genius. Using the example of the generally accepted genius of Leonardo da Vinci, we will consider three signs of genius: curiosity, concentration of attention and memory, as conditions for the development of the inclinations of genius in primary school students.

CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS GENIUS.

Genius is the highest degree of manifestation of the creative potential of a person.

Unlike a gifted person, genius is associated with the creation of new creations, discoveries of previously unknown ways of creativity. Genius is expressed in new and unique creations that are recognized as “masterpieces”. Sometimes genius is explained by a new and unexpected approach to the creative process.

As a rule, a genius creates much more productively and faster than his peers, who achieve official recognition in the same field of work.

There are always individual differences in children's abilities. They can manifest themselves in successful studies, in the fact that different children have different inclinations for different subjects, and they master knowledge with different depths. And with the same abilities, success can be different. Abilities develop throughout life. However, for the most part, abilities are revealed and developed in childhood.

Scientists agree that abilities, like muscles, need to be developed through exercise. The veracity of these words can be easily traced to the example of musical ability. Those who study music know that the path to performing skills is through daily hours of lessons, most of which are tedious scales. But these scales are played daily by both novice musicians and great pianists. However, the point is not so much in the amount of exercise as in the strength of the tension, in the consistency of mental work.

Ability can arise and develop only within activity. The variety of activities that a person is engaged in contributes to the most versatile and at the same time complex development of his abilities.

In the 4th "B" grade of gymnasium No. 8, a questionnaire was carried out in order to clarify the interests of students. 28 people took part in it. The results of the survey showed that the greatest interest among the children is the study of the English language -17 hours. (61%), in second place: playing sports -13h. (46%), in third place: music - 7h. (25%). Occupied with several species - 15h. (54%) (Appendix # 1)

Thus, it can be argued that the variety of activities of students 4 "B" provides an opportunity for the complex development of their abilities. And the development of abilities and their training is the path to genius.

CHAPTER 2. SIGNS (CRITERIA) OF GENIUS

2.1 Curiosity

By nature, every person is inquisitive. A small child from 3 to 6 years old asks many questions. Already in elementary school, most children have less desire to ask questions. This is due to the inability to ask questions correctly, and sometimes to the inability to get an answer to them.

Students in Grade 4 B were asked the question: "How much time do you think your parents spend on you?" 28 people took part in the survey. Questionnaire results: up to 1 hour -7 hours (25%); from 3 to 5 hours -10 hours (36%); more than 5 hours -7 hours (25%) (Appendix to chapter 2)

For comparison, the question: "How much time do you spend on your children?" we asked the parents. Survey data: up to 1 hour-1 hour (4%); from 3 to 5 hours - 17 hours (61%); more than 5 hours - 10 hours (36%) (Appendix # 2)

These results indicate that adults and children assess the time spent together differently.

Having got acquainted with the biography of Leonardo da Vinci, we found out that he had a wide range of interests. Hiseducation was the same as that of any boy from a good family living in a small town: reading, writing, the beginning of mathematics, Latin. In later years, he was carried awaybotany, geology, observationsthe flight of birds, the play of sunlight and shadow, the movement of water. All this testifies to his curiosity.

We analyzed the list of subjects studied by a genius and compared it with the subjects studied at the initial stage of the gymnasium. (Application). A number of objects coincided, in addition, a new range of objects appeared, which contributes to the physical and aesthetic development of the individual.Modern schoolchildren have the opportunity to answer questions: by reading books, visiting a museum, theaters, circles, using the Internet.

Thus, to develop curiosity, you need interest, intrigue, the ability to ask questions and patiently, available to answer them. Students in grade 4 B in the gymnasium and in the family have every opportunity to satisfy and develop curiosity.

2.2. Concentration of attention

Concentration of attention is the ability to control your attention. Where there is attention, there is a result. It is important to focus your attention on what is really important to you.

Returning to the personality of Leonardo da Vinci, let us pay attention to the fact that he could

to comprehend some tasks for years. Then he returned to those of them that had not been resolved at one time and achieved a result.

A person can live a completely normal life, but at the same time continue to comprehend some problem. It is this ability to concentrate some parts of your intellect on a global problem that serves as a striking characteristic of genius.

After examining the data of the study of the attention of pupils in grade 4 "B" when entering grade 1 and comparing them with the results in grade 4, we obtained the following data: high level 13 hours (54%) - 20 hours (83%); good 3 hours (13%) - 3 hours (13%), average 4 hours (16%) - 1 hour (4%); low 4h (17%) - 0h (0%). Improvement of the result - 11h. (46%). The number of examined people is 24 people.

Having studied the special literature on this issue, it was possible to find and systematize exercises for training and concentration. (Application)

Thus, it can be argued that concentration of attention should be studied in dynamics. The results of the study of students in grade 4 "B" showed good dynamics, and the selected exercises can help further develop attention.

2.3. Chain memory

Memory is one of the most complex and sufficiently studied processes, including the stages of imprinting, storing and retrieving incoming information.

Memory is the basis of personality. Among many outstanding personalities, there are examples of phenomenal memory. For example: Leonardo da Vinci. He could closely observe a whole group of people, how they rejoice and laugh, and then go to his workshop and sketch their faces from memory with incredible accuracy.

The development and improvement of memory does not pass over time, but only increases.

To reveal the tenacity of the memory of students in grade 4 "B" observation was carried out. During the week, several items in the class were rearranged in different places. At the end of the week, students were asked to remember where these items stood on a specific day. Results: accurately reproduced everything - 15 hours (54%); partially reproduced - 11 hours (39%); did not cope with the task - 2 hours (7%).

Studying the special literature, we have picked up some interesting exercises and games. (Application)

You can also train your memory in the classroom: writing from memory, memorizing poetry, memorizing historical dates, memorizing the dates of the life of writers.

Thus, with prolonged and systematic training, it is possible to improve memory. Pupils of 4th "B" grade showed a good level of visual memory. CHAPTER 3 WAYS TO DEVELOP GENIUS

The decision to become a genius is a great goal. Of course, it is hardly possible to grow to the limits of Leonardo da Vinci's genius, but still ... The recipe for the formation of such a personality is complicated, the work is great, but the result is always an actively working brain. The daily pursuit of learning new things, playing music, foreign languages, physical education will help you get closer to your goal. There are several steps to developing genius:

Proper nutrition of gray matter. He needs a variety of elements,

but no frills. The diet should be dominated by fruits and vegetables.

In order to have a flexible brain, you need to have a flexible body. People,

those involved in sports have a better memory. It is good to go jogging, swimming. It is important that sports should be combined with good sleep. During sleep, our brains reproduce new ways of remembering.

Daily workouts. It is necessary to fight monotony or persistent

Conscious habits, such as brushing your teeth while holding the brush in your left hand if you normally brush with your right. Mental gymnastics, which consists in games and exercises for attentiveness, visual and auditory memory, for the speed of reaction, logic and counting, is another type of training.
Where to start training? From learning a new language. Speakers of several languages \u200b\u200bare more intelligent. It is better to choose a language that is completely far from Russian (Korean, Chinese, Japanese). Chinese, Koreans, Japanese are intellectually more advanced peoples, thanks to the complexity of the language, the study of which develops the brain in all areas. Another way to train your brain is to learn to play a musical instrument. In our class there is an in-depth study of the English language, the children attend classes at the linguistic centers "Lingua" and "Logos". 7 people are engaged in the vocal ensemble "Notki", 6 people are trained to play musical instruments. Athletes of the class are winners and prize-winners of competitions, holders of youth categories.

We analyzed how the chosen field of activity affects academic performance. Among children interested in English -16 hours (94%) studies at 4 and 5. Among children who go in for sports - 10 hours (77%) studies at 4 and 5. Among the children involved in music - 6 hours. (86%) study at 4 and 5.

Thus, it can be argued that with proper nutrition, sports and daily training of attention, memory, it is possible to begin the development of genius at any age. And the guys of the 4th "B" class have all the prerequisites for this. CONCLUSION

For almost five centuries, not only the artistic heritage has been of constant interestLeonardo da Vincibut also his theoretical works, discoveries and inventions... The great Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci left many mysteries and secrets to descendants.

A creative personality, talent, genius are the ascending stages of a person's creative development, different measures of assessing his achievements. Genius is the highest stage that completes the development of a creative personality. Genius is always talent, its fullest and deepest manifestation. But not every talent is a genius.

And although not everyone can reach the heights of Leonardo da Vinci, everyone should strive for this. In the course of this study, it was found that students in grade 4 "B" are engaged in a variety of activities: language learning, sports, music, and some even several types. They have all the prerequisites for the development of curiosity. And with proper nutrition, exercise and daily exercise, concentration and memory can be improved. After all, everyone can develop these signs of genius. This requires only 1 percent talent and 99 percent labor. (Thomas Edison) And the earlier the training of attention and memory begins, the more we show curiosity, the closer we will be to the highest stage of creative development.

Thus, the hypothesis put forward that the development of the inclinations of genius is possible in elementary school has found its confirmation. It is planned to carry out observations, compare the obtained data and study this topic, because only three criteria of personality genius have been considered.

Based on the research and the collected data about Leonardo da Vinci, we prepared a class hour, a presentation that can later be used in the lessons of the surrounding world when studying the topics: "Renaissance", "Great people". We have collected and systematized in the form of a collection of exercises material for the development of memory and concentration. It can be useful to both teachers and students of our gymnasium. The collected, systematized and processed material about the interests and hobbies of classmates can be used next year by the new class teacher. BIBLIOGRAPHY

(write later)

Insert literature and format the text as required! The theory is all, we finish applications and with God !!!

He seemed to know the evolutionary keys to the secrets of the human psyche. So, one of the secrets of Leonardo da Vinci was in a special sleep formula: he slept for 15 minutes every 4 hours, thus reducing his daily sleep from 8 to 1.5 hours. Thanks to this, the genius immediately saved 75 percent of his sleep time, which actually lengthened his life time from 70 to 100 years!

"A painting from a painter will not be perfect if he takes the pictures of others as an inspiration; if he studies the subjects of nature, he will produce good fruit ..."

Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, all this is Leonardo da Vinci. Wherever such a person turns, his every action is so divine that, leaving behind all other people, he is something given to us by God, and not acquired by human art. Leonardo da Vinci. Great, mysterious, attractive. So distant and so modern. Like a rainbow, the master's fate is bright, mosaic, multi-colored. His life is full of wanderings, meetings with amazing people, events. How much has been written about him, how much published, but it will never be enough. The mystery of Leonardo begins with his birth, in 1452 on April 15 in a town west of Florence. He was the illegitimate son of a woman of whom almost nothing is known. We do not know her surname, age, or appearance, we do not know whether she was smart or stupid, whether she studied anything or not. Biographers call it a young peasant woman. Let it be so. Much more is known about Leonardo's father, Piero da Vinci, but not enough. He was a notary and came from a family that had settled in Vinci at least in the 13th century. Leonardo was brought up in his father's house. His education, obviously, was the same as that of any boy from a good family living in a small town: reading, writing, the beginning of mathematics, Latin. His handwriting is amazing, He writes from right to left, the letters are inverted so that the text is easier to read with a mirror. In later years, he was fond of botany, geology, observation of the flight of birds, the play of sunlight and shadow, the movement of water. All this testifies to his curiosity and also to the fact that in his youth he spent a lot of time in the fresh air, walking around the outskirts of the town. These surroundings, which have changed little over the past five hundred years, are now almost the most picturesque in Italy. The father noticed and taking into account the high flight of his son's talent in art, one day he selected several of his drawings, took them to Andrea Verrocchio, who was his great friend, and urged him to tell him if Leonardo would achieve any success by taking up drawing. ... Struck by the enormous inclinations that he saw in the drawings of the novice Leonardo, Andrea supported Ser Pierrot in his decision to devote him to this business and immediately agreed with him that Leonardo should enter his workshop, which Leonardo did more than willingly and began to exercise not only in one area, but in all those that include the drawing.

Painting Madonna in the grotto. 1483-86

In nature, everything is wisely thought out and arranged, everyone must do his own thing, and in this wisdom is the highest justice of life. Leonardo da Vinci

Painting by Mona Lisa (La Gioconda). 1503-04

By 1514-1515 refers to the creation of a masterpiece by the great master - the painting of La Gioconda. Until recently, it was thought that this portrait was painted much earlier, in Florence, around 1503. They believed the story of Vasari, who wrote: “Leonardo undertook to make for Francesco del Gioconde a portrait of Monna Lisa, his wife, and after working on it for four years, left it imperfect.This work is now with the French king in Fontainebleau.By the way, Leonardo resorted to the following method: since Madonna Lisa was very beautiful, while painting the portrait he kept people who played the lyre or sang, and here constantly there were jesters who supported her gaiety and removed the melancholy that painting usually imparts to portraits performed. "

Where the spirit does not lead the hand of the artist, there is no art.

Painting Madonna with a flower (Madonna Benois). 1478

Thinking that I am learning to live, I have learned to die.

Painting by Madonna Litta. 1490

Painting "Madonna of the Pomegranate". 1469

Painting Madonna. 1510

Painting Lady with an Ermine. 1483-90

Painting Portrait of Ginevra de Benchi. 1474-76

Painting Annunciation. 1472-75

The Last Supper. 1498

Painting of John the Baptist. 1513-16

Woman's head. 1500?

"Vitruvian Man". 1487

Virgin Mary with a child and St. Anne

Portrait of a musician

The greatest scientist of his time, Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost every field of knowledge with insightful observations and guesses, but how surprised a genius would be if he found out that his many inventions are used even 555 years after his birth. Oddly enough, only one invention of da Vinci received recognition during his lifetime - a wheel lock for a pistol, which was started with a key. At first, this mechanism was not widespread, but by the middle of the 16th century it gained popularity among the nobles, especially in the cavalry, which even affected the design of the armor: for the sake of firing pistols, Maximilian's armor began to be made with gloves instead of mittens. The wheel lock for a pistol, invented by Leonardo da Vinci, was so perfect that it continued to be found in the 19th century. But, as often happens, recognition comes to geniuses after centuries: many of his inventions have been supplemented and modernized, and are now used in everyday life. For example, Leonardo da Vinci created a device capable of compressing air and driving it through pipes. This invention has a very wide range of applications: from lighting stoves to ... ventilation of rooms. He was educated at home, played the lyre masterly, was the first to explain why the sky is blue and the moon is so bright, was ambidextrous and suffered from dyslexia. He masters several drawing techniques: italian pencil, silver pencil, sanguine, nib. In 1472 Leonardo was admitted to the guild of painters - the guild of St. Luke, but stayed to live in the house of Verrocchio. He opened his own workshop in Florence between 1476 and 1478. April 8, 1476 Leonardo da Vinci was accused of sadomey and arrested along with three friends. At that time in Florence, sadomeya was a crime, and the highest measure was burning at the stake. Judging by the records of that time, many doubted Leonardo's guilt, neither the prosecutor nor the witnesses were found. The fact that among those arrested was the son of one of the nobles of Florence was probably also helped to avoid a harsh sentence: there was a trial, but the guilty were released after a small flogging. In 1482, having received an invitation to the court of the ruler of Milan, Lodovico Sforza, Leonardo da Vinci unexpectedly left Florence. Lodovico Sforza was considered the most hated tyrant in Italy, but Leonardo decided that Sforza would be a better patron for him than the Medici, who ruled in Florence and disliked Leonardo. Initially, the duke took him as the organizer of court celebrations, for which Leonardo invented not only masks and costumes, but also mechanical "miracles". The magnificent festivities worked to increase the fame of the Duke of Lodovico. For a salary lower than that of a court dwarf, in the castle of the Duke Leonardo acted as a military engineer, hydraulic engineer, court artist, and later - an architect and engineer. At the same time, Leonardo "worked for himself", engaged in several areas of science and technology at the same time, but he was not paid for most of the work, since Sforza did not pay any attention to his inventions. In 1484-1485, about 50 thousand inhabitants of Milan died from the plague. Leonardo da Vinci, who believed the reason for this was the overcrowding of the city and the dirt that reigned in the narrow streets, suggested that the Duke build a new city. According to Leonardo's plan, the city was to consist of 10 districts of 30 thousand inhabitants each, each district had to have its own sewage system, the width of the narrowest streets had to be equal to the average height of a horse (after several centuries, the State Council of London recognized the proportions proposed by Leonardo as ideal and gave the order to follow them when laying out new streets). The project of the city structure, like many other technical ideas of Leonardo, was rejected by the Duke. Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned to found an Academy of Arts in Milan. For teaching, he compiled treatises on painting, light, shadows, movement, theory and practice, perspective, movements of the human body, proportions of the human body. The Lombard School, which consisted of Leonardo's students, was founded in Milan. In 1495, at the request of Lodovico Sforza, Leonardo began painting his "Last Supper" on the wall of the refectory of the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. July 22, 1490 Leonardo settled in his house the young Giacomo Caprotti (later he began to call the boy Salai - "Demon"). Whatever the young man did, Leonardo forgave him everything. Relations with Salai were the most constant in the life of Leonardo da Vinci, who had no family (he did not want a wife or children), and after his death, Salai inherited many of Leonardo's paintings.
After the fall of Lodovic Sforza, Leonardo da Vinci left Milan. Over the years, he lived in Venice (1499, 1500), Florence (1500-1502, 1503-1506, 1507), Mantua (1500), Milan (1506, 1507-1513), Rome (1513-1516). In 1516 (1517) he accepted the invitation of Francis I and left for Paris. Leonardo da Vinci did not like to sleep for a long time, he was a vegetarian. According to some testimonies, Leonardo da Vinci was perfectly built, possessed enormous physical strength, possessed good knowledge of knightly arts, horse riding, dancing, and fencing. In mathematics, he was attracted only by what can be seen, so for him it primarily consisted of geometry and the laws of proportion. Leonardo da Vinci tried to determine the coefficients of sliding friction, studied the resistance of materials, was engaged in hydraulics, and modeling. Areas of interest to Leonardo da Vinci included acoustics, anatomy, astronomy, aeronautics, botany, geology, hydraulics, cartography, mathematics, mechanics, optics, weapons design, civil and military construction, and urban planning. Died Leonardo da Vinci May 2, 1519 at the castle of Clu near Amboise (Touraine, France).

If you happen to fly, then from now on you will walk on the earth, turning your eyes to the sky, for there you were and there you will always strive.

Leonardo da Vinci.

Leonardo da Vinci is a genius whose inventions undividedly belong to the past, present and future of humanity. He lived ahead of his time, and if even a small part of what he invented was brought to life, then the history of Europe, and possibly the world, would be different: already in the 15th century we would drive around in cars and cross the seas on submarines. Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and guesses. But how surprised a genius would be if he knew that his numerous inventions are used even centuries after his birth.

I present to your attention a couple of inventions by Leonard da Vinci: Military equipment, Aircraft, Hydraulics, Various mechanisms.

The most audacious dream of Leonardo the inventor was without a doubt the flight of a man. One of the earliest (and most famous) sketches on this topic is a diagram of the device, which in our time is considered to be a prototype of a helicopter. Leonardo proposed to make a propeller with a diameter of 5 meters out of thin flax soaked in starch. It had to be set in motion by four people rotating the levers in a circle. Modern experts argue that the muscular strength of four people would not be enough to lift this device into the air (especially since even if it was lifted, this structure would rotate around its axis), but if, for example, a powerful spring were used as the "engine" , such a "helicopter" would be capable of flight, albeit a short one.

After a long and careful study of bird flight, which he began while still in Milan, Leonardo designed in 1490, and possibly built the first model of an aircraft. This model had wings like a bat, and with its help, using the muscular efforts of the arms and legs, a person was supposed to fly. Now we know that in such a formulation the problem is insoluble, because a person's muscular energy is not enough for flight.

The drawing of the device turned out to be prophetic, which Leonardo himself described as follows: "If you have enough linen fabric sewn into a pyramid with a base of 12 yards (about 7 m 20 cm), then you can jump from any height without any harm to your body." ...

The illustration shows an underwater breathing apparatus with air intake and exhaust valve parts.

Webbed Swimming Gloves - To speed up swimming, the scientist developed a schematic of webbed gloves, which over time evolved into the well-known fins.

Diving suit. Leonardo's diving suit project was connected with the problem of finding a person by submarine. The suit was made of waterproof leather. It was supposed to have a large chest pocket that was filled with air to increase volume, which made it easier for the diver to rise to the surface. Leonardo's diver was equipped with a flexible breathing tube.

Lifebuoy - One of the most essential things for teaching a person to swim is a lifebuoy. This invention of Leonardo remained practically unchanged.

Water Walking System: Leonardo's water walking system included swim boots and poles.

Optics was popular in Leonardo's time and even had a philosophical connotation. There are several mirror and lens making machines here. The second from the top is designed to create concave mirrors, the third is for polishing them, and the fourth is for the production of flat mirrors. The first and last machines make it possible to grind mirrors and lenses, to make their surface smooth, while simultaneously converting rotary motion into alternating one. Also known is the project (made by Leonardo between 1513 and 1516 during his stay in Rome) of a large parabolic mirror with many faces. It was conceived to heat boilers in a laundry room by concentrating solar energy.

It is better to be deprived of movement than to be tired of being useful.

Leonardo da Vinci.

The Milan Museum of Science and Technology Leonardo da Vinci is the largest in Europe. Leonardo da Vinci is known for creating the ideal image of a person and expressing the ideal of female beauty in his painting "Mona Lisa", written in 1503. Leonardo da Vinci, often known only as an artist, was a genius who made numerous discoveries, developed innovative projects, and carried out research in the exact and natural sciences, including mathematics and mechanics. Leonardo handwritten more than 7 thousand sheets during the development of his projects. Leonardo da Vinci made discoveries and guesses in almost all areas of knowledge, and his notes and sketches are considered as sheets from a natural philosophical encyclopedia. He became the founder of a new natural science, which made conclusions based on experiments. Leonardo's favorite subject was mechanics, which he called "the paradise of the mathematical sciences." Leonardo believed that by unraveling the laws of mechanics, you can learn the secrets of the universe. Having devoted a lot of time to the study of bird flight, he became the designer and creator of some flying machines and parachutes. Once in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum, you will immerse yourself in a world of interesting discoveries that will make you think about the infinity and ingenuity of the human mind.

What Leonardo was not fond of! Incredibly, among his interests were even cooking and the art of serving. In Milan, for 13 years, he was the steward of court feasts. Leonardo invented several culinary devices to make life easier for chefs. This is a nut cracker, a bread slicer, a left-handed corkscrew, and a mechanical crusher for garlic "Leonardo", which is still used by Italian chefs. In addition, he invented an automatic spit for frying meat, a kind of propeller was attached to the spit, which was supposed to rotate under the action of streams of heated air going up from the fire. A rotor was attached to a series of drives with a long rope, the forces were transmitted to the spit using belts or metal spokes. The more the oven warmed up, the faster the spit rotated, which protected the meat from burning. The original dish "from Leonardo" - thinly sliced \u200b\u200bmeat stewed with vegetables laid on top - was very popular at court feasts.
Leonardo da Vinci is a brilliant artist, a remarkable experimenter and an outstanding scientist who embodied in his activity all the most progressive tendencies of the Renaissance. Everything about him is striking: absolutely extraordinary versatility, and the power of thought, and scientific inquisitiveness, and a practical mindset, and technical ingenuity, and a wealth of artistic imagination, and the outstanding skill of a painter, draftsman and sculptor. Reflecting the most progressive aspects of the Renaissance in his work, he became that great, truly folk artist, whose historical significance far outgrew the framework of his era. He looked not to the past, but to the future.

1. Leonardo encrypted a lot so that his ideas were revealed gradually, as humanity “matures” to them. The inventor wrote with his left hand and in incredibly small letters, and even from right to left. But this is not enough - he turned over all the letters in a mirror image. He spoke in riddles, sprinkled with metaphorical prophecies, adored making puzzles. Leonardo did not sign his works, but they have identification marks. For example, if you look at pictures, you can find a symbolic bird flying up. There are apparently a lot of such signs, so one or another of his brainchildren are suddenly discovered through the centuries. As was the case with Madonna Benoit, who for a long time as a home icon was carried with itinerant actors.

2. Leonardo invented the scattering principle (or sfumato). The objects on his canvases do not have clear boundaries: everything, as in life, is blurry, penetrates one into the other, which means it breathes, lives, awakens imagination. The Italian advised to practice such scattering, looking at the stains on the walls, ash, clouds or dirt arising from dampness. He specially fumigated the room where he worked in order to look for images in clubs. Thanks to the sfumato effect, a flickering smile of Gioconda appeared, when, depending on the focus of the gaze, the viewer thinks that the heroine of the picture either smiles tenderly, or grins predatory. The second miracle of Mona Lisa is that she is “alive”. Over the centuries, her smile has changed, the corners of her lips rise higher. In the same way, the Master mixed the knowledge of different sciences, so his inventions find more and more applications over time. From the treatise on light and shadow, the beginnings of the sciences of penetrating force, vibrational motion, and wave propagation originate. All of his 120 books were scattered (sfumato) around the world and are gradually being revealed to humanity.

3. Leonardo preferred the method of analogy to all others. The approximation of an analogy is an advantage over the accuracy of a syllogism, when a third inevitably follows from two inferences. But one thing. But the more bizarre the analogy, the further the inferences from it extend. Take at least the famous illustration of the Master, proving the proportionality of the human body. With outstretched arms and legs apart, the figure of a person fits into a circle. And with closed legs and raised arms - in a square, while forming a cross. This “mill” gave impetus to a number of different thoughts. The Florentine turned out to be the only one from whom the projects of churches came, when the altar is placed in the middle (the navel of a person), and the worshipers are evenly around. This church plan in the form of an octahedron served as another invention of the genius - the ball bearing.

4. Leonardo liked to use the rule of contrapost - the opposition of opposites. Contrapost creates movement. Making a sculpture of a giant horse in Corte Vecchio, the artist placed the horse's legs in a counterpost, which created the illusion of a special free ride. Everyone who saw the statue involuntarily changed their gait to a more relaxed one.

5. Leonardo was never in a hurry to finish a work, because incompleteness is an obligatory quality of life. To finish is to kill! The slowness of the creator was the talk of the town, he could make two or three strokes and leave the city for many days, for example, to improve the valleys of Lombardy or create an apparatus for walking on water. Almost every of his significant works is "unfinished". Many were spoiled by water, fire, barbaric treatment, but the artist did not correct them. The Master had a special composition, with the help of which he seemed to specially make “windows of unfinishedness” on the finished painting. Apparently, in this way he left a place where life itself could intervene, to correct something.