Phraseological turns in English. Russian and English phraseological units

Toropova Catherine

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Municipal educational institution secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 52 of the city of Kirov.

Pupils of 10 A class

Toropova Catherine

Head:

English teacher

Klestova Irina Leonidovna.

Kirov, 2009

I. Introduction

II. Main part: “Phraseology and phraseological units of the English language”

2.2. Classification of phraseological units of the English language

2.3. Translation of phraseological units into Russian

2.4 Biblicalisms

2.5.Phraseologisms borrowed from fiction of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

2.6. Phraseologisms borrowed from Shakespeare's works

2.7. The meaning of phraseological units and their geographical value

III. Conclusion

I. Introduction

Phraseologisms are widespread both in spoken language and in fiction. In the learning process, I often come across literary texts, we often turn to them in English classes, and analyze excerpts from the works of various writers. In one of these texts I came across such a phrase asto spill the beans, which in translation means - to give out a secret. I had some questions: why the translation of the whole phrase is different from its literal translation, and why in the sentence it was used as a whole. I decided to find the answers to these questions. It turned out that such phrases are called phraseological units or phraseological units. I was interested in this topic, since I have been studying English for nine years, this language is widely spoken at present, its knowledge is necessary for my future profession. In the process of this work, I would like to know whether English phraseological units have equivalents in the Russian language and how the translation of phraseological units from one language to another is carried out.

II. Main part

Phraseology and phraseological units of the English language.

2.1. What is phraseology and phraseology

Phraseology (gr. Phrasis - "expression", logos - "science") is a linguistic discipline that studies stable combinations of words with fully or partially rethought meanings - phraseological units (or phraseological units). Phraseology studies only such combinations of words that exist in speech, the total meaning of which is not equal to the sum of the individual meanings of the words that make up the phraseological phrase (“give in the paw” means giving a bribe, and not something else.).

Phraseologism, or phraseological unit - stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in value phrase that performs the function of a separate lexical unit. Phraseologism is used as a whole, ready-made combination of words, not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow within itself the rearrangement of its parts.

To phraseologisms include phrases of the following types:

idioms (drink till all "s blue (to be drunk to the green serpent), drink smb. under the table (to re-drink smb.), burn the candle at both ends (burn life));
collocation (heavy rain, make a decision, a grain of truth, raise a question);
proverbs (go slower - you will continue, do not sit in your sled); sayings (here you are, grandmother, and St. George’s day; the ice has broken!);
grammatical phraseological units (almost; almost; anyway);
phrases (... he is in Africa ...; to all ... s ...; ... like ...).

As an independent linguistic discipline, phraseology arose relatively recently. The task of phraseology as a linguistic discipline includes a comprehensive study of the phraseological foundation of a particular language. Important aspects of the study of this science are: the stability of phraseological units, the consistency of phraseology and the semantic structure of phraseological units, their origin and basic functions. A particularly difficult branch of phraseology is the translation of phraseological units from language to language, which requires considerable experience in the study of this discipline. Phraseology develops principles for identifying phraseological units, methods for their study, classification and phraseography - descriptions in dictionaries. Phraseology uses various research methods, such as component value analysis. Phraseology offers various types of classifications of the phraseological composition of the language depending on the properties of phraseological units and the methods of their study.
The subject of the history of phraseology is the study of the primary, initial forms and meanings of phraseological units, the determination of their sources from all available monuments, the identification of the areas of their use in different epochs of the existence of the language, as well as the establishment of the volume of the phraseological composition and its systematic ordering in a particular historical era of language development.
Unfortunately, in English and American linguistic literature there are few works specially devoted to the theory of phraseology, but even the most significant works (A. Mackay, W. Weinreich, L.P. Smith) do not pose such fundamental questions as scientifically based criteria for identifying phraseological units , the ratio of phraseological units and words, the systematic phraseology, phraseological variability, phrase formation, the method of studying phraseology, etc. English and American scientists also do not pose the question of phraseology as ngvisticheskoy science. This explains the absence of english language names for this discipline.
Phraseologisms are an integral and especially distinguished component of the language, the most striking, peculiar, unusual, "individual", culturally significant and nationally specific, able to concentrate to express not only the features of a given language, but also its speakers, their attitude, mentality, mentality, national character and thinking style.

2.2 Classification of phraseological units of the English language.

As in any other language, in English phraseological units are a very important and valuable component. There is also a classification of phraseological units. They are divided into three types:

phraseological union
phraseological unity,
phraseological combinations.

Consider these types of phraseological units in relation to modern English.

Phraseological adhesions

Phraseological conjunctions, or idioms, are absolutely indivisible, indecomposable, stable combinations, the general meaning of which does not depend on the meaning of their constituent words:

Kick the bucket (open) - to bend, die; \u003d stretch your legs; send smb. to Coventry - boycott someone, stop communicating with someone; at bay - driven, in a hopeless situation; be at smb.’s beck and call - be always ready for services; \u003d to run errands; to rain cats and dogs - pouring from a bucket (about rain); be all thumbs - to be awkward, awkward; Kilkenny cats are deadly enemies.

Phraseological conjunctions arose on the basis of the figurative meanings of their components, but subsequently these figurative meanings became incomprehensible from the point of view of the modern language.
The imagery of phraseological units is revealed only historically. For example, the words “bay”, meaning “dead end”, and “beck” - “wave of the hand” are archaisms and are not used anywhere other than the above phraseological units. Or, for example, the expression to be all thumbs has historically evolved from the expression one’s fingers are all thumbs. We observe a similar thing in the phraseological units of Kilkenny cats (which, apparently, goes back to the legend of the fierce struggle between the cities of Kilkenny and Irishtown in the 17th century, which led to their ruin).
Thus, in phraseological units the connection between direct and figurative meanings has been lost, the figurative for them has become the main one. That is why phraseological units are difficult to translate into other languages.
Phraseological adhesions have a number of characteristic features:

They may include so-called necrotisms - words that are not used anywhere except for this fusion, and are therefore incomprehensible from the point of view of the modern language;

Joints may include archaisms;
- they are syntactically indecomposable;
- in them, in most cases, rearrangement of components is impossible;
- they are characterized by impermeability - do not allow additional words in their composition.

Having lost its independent lexical meaning, “... the words included in the structure of the phraseological union grow into the components of a complex lexical unit, which approaches the meaning of a single word” (No. 32 p. 73). Therefore, many phraseological units are synonymous with words: kick the bucket - to die; ; send smb. to Coventry - to ignore, etc.

Phraseological Unities

Phraseological unity - these are such stable combinations of words in which, in the presence of a common figurative meaning, the signs of semantic separation of components are clearly preserved:

to spill the beans - give out a secret; to burn bridges - burn bridges; to have other fish to fry - have more important things to do; to throw dust into smb.’s eyes - to speak teeth; to burn one’s fingers - burn yourself on something; to throw mud at smb. - pour mud; to be narrow in the shoulders - do not understand jokes; to paint the devil blacker than he is - to exaggerate; to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel - insert sticks into wheels; to hold one’s cards close to one’s chest - to keep something secret, not to disclose something, keep quiet, ~ keep your mouth shut; to gild refined gold - gilding pure gold, trying to improve, decorate something that is already good enough; to paint the lily - tint the color of a lily, try to improve or decorate something that does not need improvement.
in contrast to phraseological units, portability is recognized from the point of view of the modern language.

The characteristic features of phraseological units:
one). vivid imagery and the consequent possibility of coincidence with parallel existing phrases (to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to be narrow in the shoulders, to burn one’s fingers, to burn bridges);
2). preservation of semantics of separate components (to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel);
3). the inability to replace one component with another (to hold one’s cards close to one’s chest);
4). emotionally expressive coloring plays a decisive role (to throw dust into smb .’s eyes, to paint the devil blacker than he is);
5). the ability to enter into synonymous relationships with individual words or other idioms (to gild refined gold \u003d to paint the lily).

Phraseological combinations

Phraseological combinations are stable turns, which include words with both free and phraseologically connected meanings:

A bosom friend - a bosom friend, a pitched battle - a fierce battle, (to have) a narrow escape - save by a miracle, to frown one's eyebrows - make eyebrows, Adam's apple - Adam's apple, a Sisyfean labor - Sisyphean labor, rack one's brains - rack their brains (think hard, remember), to pay attention to smb. - pay attention to someone, etc.
In contrast to phraseological units and phraseological units with integral indecomposable meaning, phraseological combinations are characterized by semantic decomposability. In this respect, they come closer to free phrases.
The characteristic features of phraseological combinations:
one). the variability of one of the components is permissible in them (a bosom friend is a bosom friend, a bosom buddy is a bosom friend);
2). possible synonymous replacement of the core word (a pitched battle - a fierce battle, a fierce battle - a fierce battle);
3). the inclusion of definitions is possible (he frowned his thick eyebrows, he frowns thick eyebrows);
4). permutation of components is permissible (a Sisyfean labor - Sisyphus labor, a labor of Sisyphus - Sisyphus labor);
5). necessarily the free use of one of the components and the associated use of the other (a bosom friend is a bosom friend: the bosom cannot be an enemy or anyone else).

2.3. Translation of phraseological units into Russian.

Translating phraseological units into English is a very difficult task. Imagery, locality, integrity determine their significant role in the language. Phraseologisms give speech originality and expressiveness, therefore they are widely used in artistic and oral speech. It is very difficult to translate phraseological units from English into Russian, because it is necessary to convey the meaning and reflect the figurativeness of phraseological units.

Phraseological equivalents can be full or partial.
Full phraseological equivalents are those ready-made English equivalents that coincide with Russian in meaning, lexical composition, imagery, stylistic coloring and grammatical structure; for example: to rest (rest) on laurels - rest on one's laurels, the salt of the earth - the salt of the earth, play with fire - to play with fire, the time has come - one's hour has struck, there is no smoke without fire - there is no smoke without fire, hardworking like a bee - busy as a bee. With this translation, the meanings of phraseological units in different languages \u200b\u200bmay slightly differ.

Partial phraseological equivalents can be divided into three groups.
The first group includes phraseological units that coincide in meaning, stylistic coloring and are close in figurativeness, but diverging in lexical composition: promise golden mountains - to promise wonders, to promise the moon; good at home and better at home - East or West, home is the best; buy a pig in a poke - to buy pig in a poke; first swallow - the first portent (sign); The game is not worth the candle. Some of these revolutions are translated using the antonymic translation, i.e. a negative value is transmitted by the translator using the affirmative construction or vice versa (chickens in the fall consider don’t count your chickens before they are hatched).

The second group includes phraseological units that coincide in meaning, imagery, lexical composition and stylistic coloring; but they differ in such formal signs as the number and order of words, for example: play into the hands of someone - to play into smb.’s hands (here the discrepancy is in number); not all that glitters is gold - all is not gold that glitters (discrepancy in word order); beyond the trees do not see the forest - not to see the wood for the trees (discrepancy in word order).

The third group includes phraseological units that coincide in all respects, with the exception of imagery. In Russian we say - go to the side, while the English equivalent will be the usual - to go to bed. In Russian there is a turn - to be in full view, and in English in such cases it is customary to say - to spread before the eyes, to be an open book.

When translating, first of all, it should be established what phraseology is: full or partial. We should not forget also that phraseologisms are also characterized by homonymy and polysemy. For example, the phrase to burn one’s fingers has the meaning 1. burn your fingers and 2. burn yourself on something, make a mistake. “Don’t mention it” may mean “Don't remind me of this” and “Don't be thankful, please.”

Of particular difficulty for translation are the author's transformations, which may consist in:

1. Introduction to the phraseological circulation of new components. For example, to put the cart before the horse (do the opposite) - “Let’s not put the cart too far ahead the horse” (E.S. Gardner).

2. updating the lexical and grammatical composition of phraseology as a result of the replacement of its individual components with other words. For example, to have a millstone about one’s neck (wear a heavy stone on the heart) - have an albatross about one’s neck (literally - wear an albatross on the neck)

3. splitting phraseologism and using its component (or components) as part of a variable phrase.

reduction of phraseology is not complete, while retaining only part of the components.

2.4 Bibleisms

The Bible is the main literary source of phraseological units. This greatest work enriched phraseological units not only the English language, but also many other languages \u200b\u200bof the world. She had a significant impact on the formation of attitude and linguistic consciousness of different peoples of the world. The Book of Books has become a source of an infinite number of quotes and allusions, many lexical units and stable expressions, as well as symbolic notations.

Recently, researchers have begun to show more interest and attention to biblicalism. Reference dictionaries appear, explaining the origin of many biblicalisms, as well as works devoted to them, both in separate languages \u200b\u200band in several languages. However, a holistic multidimensional description of these phraseological units, as well as a comparative analysis of biblicalisms in such kindred, but heterogeneous systems, such as English, Spanish and Russian, has not yet been undertaken.
The study of phraseological units of biblical origin in several languages \u200b\u200bis of particular interest due to their specificity: on the one hand, biblicalisms have all the properties of phraseological units, and on the other, they are a phraseological microsystem, the basis for combining into which is a common source - the Bible. For centuries, the Bible has been the most widely read and quoted book in England. The number of biblical turns and expressions included in the English language is so great that to collect and list them would be a very difficult task. The expressions used in modern English speech and whose biblical origin is firmly established include the following:

The apple of Sodom - a beautiful, but rotten fruit; deceptive success;

The beam (the mote) in one’s eye - “beam” in one’s own eye; own big flaw;

The blind leading the blind - the blind leads the blind;

By the sweat of one’s brow - in the sweat of his face;

The camel and the needle’s eye - a hint of the gospel saying, received the following translation from Latin: It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven.

Can the leopard change his spots? - leopard change his spots;

A crown of glory - the crown of glory;

Daily bread - daily bread, livelihood;

A drop in the bucket - a drop in the sea;

A fly in the ointment - a fly in the ointment in a barrel of honey;

Loaves and fishes - earthly blessings (bread and fish with which Christ, according to the gospel tradition, fed hundreds of people gathered to listen to him);

No man can serve two masters - do not serve two masters;

The prodigal son - the prodigal son;

The promised land - the promised land;

A prophet is not without honor, save in his own country - there is no prophet in his own country.

Biblical phraseologisms often diverge in meaning from their biblical prototypes. This could be due to the fact that over time the biblical prototypes are rethought, in them some words are replaced by others. For example, to kill the fatted calf in the parable of the prodigal son is used in the literal meaning “to slaughter a well-fed calf”. Later this turnover acquired a new meaning to treat the best that is at home.

2.5. Phraseologisms borrowed from fiction of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

In addition to phraseological units taken from the Bible, in English, as well as in the languages \u200b\u200bof other European peoples that are the heirs of ancient culture, there are many proverbs, aphorisms and figurative expressions that arose among the ancient Greeks and Romans. For example:

the golden age - the golden age;

the apple of discord - apple of discord;

Pandora’s box - Pandora’s box;

Achilles ’heel - Achilles heel;

the thread of Ariadne - ariadne thread, guiding thread, a way to help get out of a predicament;

a labor of Sisyphus - Sisyphus labor;

Homeric laughter - homeric laughter (turnover is associated with the description by Homer of the laughter of the gods);

to blow hot and cold - hesitate, do mutually exclusive things, take a dual position.

Phraseological units that came into English from the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome are endowed with extraordinary brilliance and expressiveness, which explains their prevalence not only in English, but also in other languages \u200b\u200bof the world.

2.6. Phraseologisms borrowed from the works of Shakespeare.

In modern English, there are many phraseological units whose main function is to strengthen the aesthetic aspect of the language. Many phraseological units occurred in connection with customs, realities, historical facts, but most of the English phraseological foundation one way or another arose thanks to literary works.
The works of the famous English classic W. Shakespeare are one of the most important literary sources by the number of phraseological units that enriched the English language. Their number is over one hundred. Examples of some of the most common Shakespeares:

“Macbeth”
To make assurance double sure - that which fills life, everything in life;

The milk of human kindness - - “balm of good nature” (irony), compassion, humanity;

To win golden opinions - earn a favorable, flattering opinion of yourself;

“Hamlet”
To be or not to be? - To be or not to be ?;

To cudgel one’s brains - puzzle over (anything);

To be hoist with one’s own petard - fall into your own trap;

From whose bourne no traveler returns - where no one has returned from yet (i.e. in the realm of death);

“Othello”
The green-eyed monster - “the monster with green eyes”, jealousy;

To chronicle small beer - celebrate trifles, non-significant events, engage in trifles;

The seamy side - the unsightly side, the wrong side of something;

Curled darlings - wealthy suitors, “golden youth”, wealthy loafers;

“King Henry IV”

To eat one out of house and home - to ruin a person, living at his expense;

The wish is father to the thought - desire gives rise to thought; people willingly believe what they themselves want;

The better part of valor is discretion - one of the adornments of courage is modesty;

Midsummer madness - insanity;

“Romeo and Juliet”

A fool’s paradise - a fantasy world; ghostly happiness;

Neither rhyme nor reason - neither a warehouse nor a fret, without any meaning;

In modern English, Shakespeares can be used with some changes. For example, the expression to wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve for days to peck at (“Othello”) - flaunt your feelings (This phraseology is associated with the medieval knightly tradition of wearing the colors of your lady on the sleeve). In modern English, it is usually used in abbreviated form: to wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve. Also, instead of the preposition upon, another preposition may be used - on. Many Shakespeares acquire lexical variations over time. In modern English speech, Shakespeares are also used, which include obsolete words, i.e. archaisms that are not used anywhere except this phraseological unit. For example, from whose bourne no traveler returns - where no one has returned from yet (i.e. in the realm of death). The word bourne is archaism and denotes a boundary or limit; it is used in modern English only within the framework of this phraseological unit.
A large number of phraseological units created by Shakespeare came into general use, which testifies to the linguistic genius of Shakespeare and its enormous popularity.

2.7. The value of phraseological units and their geographical value

The geographic value of English phraseological units is very high, because when one gets acquainted with a foreign language, assimilates, studies it, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture and receives enormous spiritual wealth stored by the language being studied. In particular, a Russian schoolboy, student, simple layman, mastering foreign language, in this case, English, gets a highly effective opportunity to join the national culture and history of the people of Great Britain. Phraseology, as an integral part and a kind of treasury of any language of the world, can especially greatly contribute to this familiarization. Phraseologisms and phraseological combinations reflect the centuries-old history of the English people, the uniqueness of its culture, way of life, and traditions. Therefore, phraseological units are highly informative units of the English language. For the most part, idiomatic expressions were created by the people, so they are closely related to the interests and everyday activities of ordinary people. Many phraseological units are associated with beliefs and traditions. However, most English phraseological units arose in professional speech. All peoples, all people should protect and preserve the integrity of phraseological units, because they are a real treasure that helps to comprehend all the secrets and mysteries of the language.

III.Conclusion

As a result of this work, I expanded my knowledge of English. I also answered all my questions about phraseology. I found out that in Russian there are equivalents of English phraseological units. Translation of English phraseological units into Russian is a very complicated process, since it is necessary to take into account the stylistic features of the phraseological unit and preserve its lexical meaning. English is a rich and beautiful language that is filled with various phraseological turns. They give the language imagery and expressiveness.

List of references:

Amosova N.N. Fundamentals of English phraseology. - L., 1989.
Zakharova M.A. The strategy of verbal use of figurative phraseological units of the English language. - M., 1999.
Komissarov V.N. Modern translation studies. - M., 2001.
Kunin A.V. English-Russian phraseological dictionary. 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Russian language, 2001.
Litvinov P.P. English-Russian phraseological dictionary with thematic classification. - M .: Yakhont, 2000.
Slide captions:
Phraseologisms of the English language The work was completed by a student of grade 10A of the secondary educational institution of secondary school No. 52 Toropova Ekaterina Head: Klestova Irina Leonidovna
What is phraseology and phraseology Phraseology (gr. Phrasis - "expression", logos - "science") is a linguistic discipline that studies stable combinations of words with fully or partially rethought meanings - phraseological units (or phraseological units). Phraseologism, or phraseological unit - stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in value phrase that performs the function of a separate lexical unit.
To phraseologisms include: idioms (burn the candle at both ends to burn life); collocation (heavy rain, make a decision); proverbs (go quieter - you will continue); sayings (here you are, grandmother, and St. George’s day); grammatical phraseological units (almost; almost; anyway); phrases (Y he and in Africa Y).
Classification of phraseological units of the English language Phraseological accretions; Phraseological unity; Phraseological combinations.
Translation of phraseological units into Russian It is very difficult to translate phraseological units from English into Russian, because it is necessary to convey the meaning and reflect the figurativeness of phraseological units. When translating, first of all, it should be established what phraseology is: full or partial. We should not forget also that phraseologisms are also characterized by homonymy and polysemy.
Bibles The Bible is the most important literary source of phraseological units. This greatest work enriched phraseological units not only the English language, but also many other languages \u200b\u200bof the world. Biblical phraseologisms often diverge in meaning from their biblical prototypes. The blind leading the blind - the blind leads the blind; By the sweat of one’s brow - in the sweat of his face;
Phraseological units borrowed from the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome Phraseological units that came into English from the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome are endowed with extraordinary brilliance and expressiveness, which explains their prevalence. the golden age - the golden age; the apple of discord - apple of discord;
Phraseologisms borrowed from the works of Shakespeare. The works of the famous English classic W. Shakespeare are one of the most important literary sources by the number of phraseological units that enriched the English language. Their number is over one hundred.
Examples of some of the most common Shakespeares: To make assurance double sure - that which fills life, everything in life; To be or not to be? - to be or not to be?; The seamy side - the unsightly side, the wrong side of something; To eat one out of house and home - to ruin a person, living at his expense; A fool’’s paradise - fantasy world; ghostly happiness.
The value of phraseological units and their regional geographical value The regional geographical value of English phraseological units is very high, because when one gets acquainted with a foreign language, assimilates, studies it, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture and receives enormous spiritual wealth stored in the language being studied. All peoples, all people should protect and preserve the integrity of phraseological units, because they are a real treasure that helps to comprehend all the secrets and mysteries of the language.
Thanks for attention

One of the sources of introducing schoolchildren studying foreign languages \u200b\u200bto the samples of figurative and expressive speech in English and Russian is, undoubtedly, the phraseological fund. Integration in the study of languages \u200b\u200ballows not only to increase the motivation of educational activities, but also significantly expand the linguistic horizons of students. The work is devoted to the problem of interlanguage phraseological universals.

Learning English is widespread in our country. Getting acquainted with a foreign language, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture. And a good knowledge of the language is impossible without knowledge of its phraseological units. The world of phraseology in Russian and English is large and diverse. But is there something in common in the phraseological units of these two languages? Or are they different? The aim of this work is to establish the similarity of the verbal-conceptual apparatus and differences in phraseological units of English and Russian languages. The tasks are to find and identify the most expressive images in two languages, their origin and comparison of images in the phraseological units of the Russian and English languages. That is, the object of study selected phraseological expressions of English and Russian languages. The subject of the study is the similarity and difference of images in phraseological units of the native and English languages.

Phraseology (Greek phrasis - “expression”, logos - “teaching”) is a section of linguistics that studies stable combinations in a language. They are called phraseological units or phraseological units. Phraseologisms are ready-made combinations of words. They are not produced in speech like free phrases such as: a new home, a hot summer, but are reproduced. If the speaker needs to use phraseologism, then he extracts it from the reserves of his memory, and does not build it anew. This indicates the predictability of the components of phraseological units. Another important property of phraseologisms is that the meaning of each does not add up to the meanings of the words included in it. Most often, phraseological units do not admit additional words into their composition; it is impossible to rearrange components in them.

Researchers of phraseology drew attention to a national peculiarity. Therefore, phraseological units are defined by the term “idiom”, which in Greek means “peculiar”. In English, they are also called “idioms”. Some linguists at first even claimed that phraseological units were untranslatable into other languages. Indeed, we found a huge layer of phraseological units that have no analogues in the English language: hang your nose, one like a finger, without a king in your head, your soul is gone, your lip is not stupid, it’s written on your forehead, and Vaska listens and eats, an elephant I didn’t notice, a little snout in the feathers, a monkey, labor, a disservice. Many of them were born in the works of Russian writers. The treasury of phraseological units was I. A. Krylov, from whose fables a large number of phraseological units came to our phraseology. The rest were created by the pagan people.

When comparing other phraseological units in English and Russian, we found phraseological units similar in structure. When analyzing them, a similarity was found in the structure, imagery and stylistic coloring:

Play with fire - to play with fire;

burn bridges - to burn bridges;

there is no smoke without fire;

hardworking like a bee - busy as a bee

live like a cat and dog - a cat and dog life

affair of the heart - affair of the heart

affair of honor - affair of honor

knight without fear and reproach - knight without fear and without reproach

cream of society - the cream of society

the game is worth the candle

the reverse side of the coin - the reverse side of the coin.

Some of these idioms are already international, and different languages \u200b\u200bclaim their originality, i.e. in each language they are considered to be their own.

The following expressions are very similar in Russian and English:

Only the first step is difficult - it is the first step that costs;

look for a needle in a bottom of hay;

appetite comes with eating;

marriages are made in heaven - marriages are made in heaven;

eyes - the mirror of the soul - the eyes are the mirror of he soul;

if youth knew, and old age could - if youth but knew, if age but could.

These phraseological units are perceived in the Russian and English languages \u200b\u200bas assimilated, i.e. lost their connection with the source language. However, they are accurate French tracing papers. And almost all of them have their own author, for example: appetite comes with eating - Raspe; all for the best in this best of the worlds - Voltaire; To understand is to forgive - De Stael.

The widely used winged expressions in Russian, which some linguists also attribute to phraseological units, have lost their connection with the source language, but they had authorship.

All is well, beautiful marquise - from a French song.

Get up, Count, great things await you - Saint-Simon awakens the owner.

Every nation has the government that it deserves.

To determine the origin of this or that expression, linguistic scholars use not only facts of languages \u200b\u200bin the present and past, but also historical data, ethnographies, reflecting the peculiarities of the people's life. The researcher should know the mores and customs of the people, their beliefs and superstitions, since this helps to establish the origin of phraseology.

It is interesting to note that many Russians and english expressions go back to one original source - the Bible. The Bible is the richest source of phraseological units. This greatest work enriched both Russian and English with similar units. Here are just a few of them:

The beam in one’s eye - a beam in his own eye.

Daily bread - daily bread.

Poverty is no sin - poverty is not a vice.

Throw nature out of the door, it will come back again - Drive nature out the door, she will enter the window.

Look not a gift horse in the mouth - They don’t look at the gift horse in the mouth.

A storm in a tea-cup - A storm in a glass of water.

These phraseological phrases are presented in the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian language as borrowed from Latin through French. This allows us to conclude that they are Russian and English tracing-paper from the French language.

Interestingly, the French phraseology Cherches la femme (A. Dumas) is widely used in both Russian and English. But if in Russian its tracing paper is used (look for a woman), then in English, not tracing-paper functions, but a turnover that reveals the meaning of a foreign expression:

There is a woman in it - A woman is involved here.

In the English language, and later in Russian, there were units endowed with extraordinary brilliance. This explains their prevalence in both languages \u200b\u200band the similarity of images.

V. Shakespeare: To be or not to be - to be or not to be.

Salad days - young green.

The English writer W. Thackeray is the author of phraseological units:

Vanity Fair - Vanity Fair

A skeleton in the closet - a skeleton in the closet (about family secrets hidden from strangers).

The Danish storyteller G.Kh. Andersen supplemented the Russian and English languages \u200b\u200bwith the expressions:

The emperor has no clothes - And the king is naked.

An ugly duckling - an ugly duckling (about a man who was rated below his dignity, but changed unexpectedly for those around him).

It turned out that the names of body parts are one of the most frequently used words in the formation of phraseological units. They have a symbolic character and images that are understandable for native speakers of both Russian and English: apparently, using the names of body parts in a figurative meaning, a person tries to convey his thoughts more fully and make a greater impression of what was said. And most interestingly, the images are similar in languages.

To have a good head on the shoulders - Have a head on the shoulders.

To wash one’s head - lather the head (neck).

One "s hair stood on end - Hair stood on end.

To be all eyes - look in both.

Not to see beyond the end of a nose - Do not see beyond your own nose

To look down a nose at somebody - turn up your nose

A tooth for a tooth - tooth for tooth

Armed to the teeth - armed to the teeth

To have lost a tongue - swallow tongue

To wag a tongue

To have heart of gold - have a golden heart

To have heart of kind - have a good heart

With a heavy heart - a stone on the heart, with a heavy heart

Thus, if languages \u200b\u200bgo back to the same source by their borrowings, we can talk about the figurative and stylistic similarity of such phraseological units that have become so familiar to both Russian and English that we do not think about their origin.

However, when translating from language to language, imagery often changes. This is such an interesting phenomenon for English and Russian. So we observe the difference in images in the following phraseological units:

Laugh in the beard (laugh in the “beard”) - laugh in the fist

Nothing new under the sun - nothing is new under the moon

Buy a pig in a poke (buy a piglet in a bag) - buy a cat in a bag

Head to head, face to face (head to head, face to face) - face to face

As two peas (like two peas) - like two drops of water

To be born with a silver spoon in the mouth (born with a silver spoon in the mouth) - born in a shirt

To make a mountain out of a molehill (make a molehill from a molehill) - make an elephant out of a fly

Not worth a bean (not worth a bean) - not worth a penny

The rotten apple injures its neighbors (rotten apple spoils the neighbors) - black sheep spoils the whole herd

A piece of cake - a trivial matter

As cool as a cucumber (cold as a cucumber) - calm as a boa constrictor

In hot water - to be in worries, troubles

It is not my cup of tea (not my cup of tea) - not for me

Thick as blackberries (as thick as blueberries) - at least a dime a dozen

To swim like a stone - swim like an ax

As sure as eggs is eggs (true, like the fact that eggs are eggs) - true, like two

Animals that symbolize human qualities in Russian and English have much in common, but there are differences. The similarity is explained by common sources, namely the Bible, and the differences are explained by the peculiarities of life of each people.

Human qualities	Symbols in Russian phraseology	Symbols in English phraseology
Industriousness, endurance	Ox, bee, horse	Bird
Cruelty	Wolf	Wolf
Mental disability	Ram, donkey, goat, bull, pig	Goose, mule, cuckoo
Cunning, cunning	Snake, fox, really	Rook
Untidiness	Pig	Pig
Humility, humility	Sheep	Dog Cat

Thus, with the help of phraseological expressions that are similar to images in Russian and English, and which are not translated literally, but perceived rethought, the understanding of the language is strengthened. The study of phraseology is a necessary link in the acquisition of language and improving the culture of speech. The correct and appropriate use of figurative speech gives it a unique originality, expressiveness and accuracy. Such expressions will bring a lot of worries to students of our languages. The study of phraseologisms in many ways helps to understand the culture and life of peoples, to master a foreign language. On the example of the units considered, one can clearly imagine how diverse and expressive the phraseological units of modern English and Russian languages \u200b\u200bare, how similar and different they are. Unlike those phraseological units that have acquired interlanguage equivalence due to borrowing, the similarity of phraseological units in figurative and stylistic coloring is due to a simple coincidence. The general and distinctive properties of the imaginative means of the native and English languages \u200b\u200bhelped us to see the unity and originality of linguistic units, because the ratio of these images is a very interesting phenomenon in linguistics.

English idioms

Communicating using stable expressions that are understandable only to native speakers is quite typical for people of any nationality. Therefore, in order to correctly understand your interlocutor, it is important to remember which can be used in dialogs.

Let's look at a few examples using such phrases.

goes in one ear and out of the other

English expression similar to ours “Flew into one ear, flew into the other”. That is exactly how it is translated in most cases into Russian.

For the tired husband, everything the wife nags about goes in one ear and out of the other.
To a tired husband, all the wife's grunts fly into one ear, fly into the other.

my lips are sealed

English analogue of Russian “I have my mouth shut.” Many times I wondered how to say “mouth shut” in English, and finally came across this expression in one book.

You can tell me everything. My lips are sealed, and I promise not to tell anyone.
You can tell me everything. I keep my mouth shut and promise not to tell anyone.

no pain, no gain

Fans of sayings will translate this expression as “you like to ride, love to carry a sleigh” or “water does not flow under a lying stone”. In a sense, the expression is similar to “you can’t take a fish out of a pond without difficulty”. Literally, it translates as "no pain, no gain." So what proverb is best attributed to this expression, you decide for yourself. All of them are similar in meaning.

If you want to lose weight, you’ll have to exercise and eat less. Remember, no pain, no gain.
If you want to lose weight, you must exercise and eat less. Remember, you can’t easily take a fish out of a pond.

kill two birds with one stone

This expression is similar to our “kill two birds with one stone”. Only they have birds that are killed with one stone. As you can see, the expressions in Russian and English are very similar.

By making a big meal, I’ll have enough for dinner and lunch tomorrow. I’ll kill two birds with one stone.
I’ll cook more, and I will have food for lunch and tomorrow's lunch. I will kill two birds with one stone.

here goes nothing

You can compare with our phrase "was not." Such an expression is usually pronounced before committing an act, the consequences of which may be unfavorable. Usually we are talking about risky actions.

The brave man said: "Here goes nothing" before he skied down the mountain for the first time.
The brave man said: “There wasn’t” and the first time he rolled down the mountain.

on cloud nine

As many might have guessed, this is the same as the Russian "in the seventh heaven." Only in English it is ninth, unlike ours. But it means the same delight that we experience when we say that we are in the seventh heaven.

Yesterday, I was on cloud nine: I got a salary raise, bought a new car, and went out with a beautiful woman.
Yesterday I was in seventh heaven: they raised my salary, I bought a new car and went on a date with a beautiful woman.

there are plenty of other fish in the sea

When English speakers utter this phrase, they want to say that there are many other people in the world. For example, when a girl leaves a young man, his friends will probably want to cheer him up with the phrase that she is not the only one in the world, that there are many other girls. In the same way as fish in the sea (if you literally translate the English analogue). You can also translate this phrase into Russian as “white light did not converge on him / her,” which corresponds to the common Russian expression.

Though all my friends keep telling me, "There are plenty of other fish in the sea," I still miss my ex-girlfriend!
Although all my friends say that one light did not converge on her, I still miss my ex-girlfriend.

These were just a few of the examples. In fact, there are a lot of expressions. You can always get to know them better in the articles on this site.

Labutina Anastasia, a student of grade 9

This work is a systematic material on Russian and English phraseological units. Many examples of phraseological units are given. The source of information is Internet resources.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution "Gymnasium No. 2 of Torzhok"

Russian and English phraseological units. Comparative Analysis Experience.

Scientific and practical work in the Russian language

Labutina Anastasia, grade 9

Head Marchenkova I.M., teacher of Russian language and literature

Torzhok 2013

What phraseology studies ……………………………………………………………… p.1
What linguoculturology studies ……………………………………………… ..p.2
Russian linguists who worked in the field of phraseology ……………………… p.3
National Features of Phraseologisms ..................................... p. 4-6
Phraseologisms built on the basis of comparison …………………………… p.7
Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………… .p.8
List of references………………………………………………………………. page 9

Appendix No. 1 English phraseological units with translation and their equivalents in Russian ……………………………………………………………………… p.10-11

What phraseology studies

A good knowledge of the language is impossible without knowledge of its phraseological units. The world of phraseology in Russian and English is large and diverse. But is there something in common in the phraseological units of these two languages? Or are they different?

The purpose of this work is the establishment of similarities and differences in phraseological units of English and Russian languages.

The tasks are

finding and identifying the most expressive images in two languages
the origin and comparison of images in phraseological units of the Russian and English languages.

Object of study phraseological expressions of English and Russian are selected.

Subject of study is the similarity and difference of images in phraseological units of the native and English languages.

Phraseology is a section of linguistics that studies the phraseological composition of a language in its current state and historical development. The phraseological composition of the language includes phraseological units (phraseological units) or idioms. If the speaker needs to use phraseologism, then he extracts it from the reserves of his memory, and does not build it anew. This indicates the predictability of the components of phraseological units.

Phraseologism has one distinctive feature - it is impossible to deduce its meaning by adding the meanings of its components (words). That is, phraseologism is an indivisible semantic unit in meaning. Also, phraseological units have such an obligatory quality as the presence of figuratively figurative meaning. For example:"eat the dog", "headlong", "under the fly", "the cat cried" ...

A lot of scientific papers have been written and are being written on phraseological units, their varieties, categories, etc. Another interesting problem is the translation of phraseological units. Due to the indivisibility of the meaning of phraseologism, it is necessary, knowing precisely its meaning, to select a similar phraseologism in your language.

Sometimes a single phraseologism corresponds to several "translations":"Who breaks, pays" - Himself brewed porridge, yourself and sip.

And there are phraseologisms in both Russian and English, which have not only a similar meaning, but also a translation of the words that make up them:"Like teacher, like pupil" - What a teacher is, so is a student.

What linguoculturology studies

Linguoculturology1 studies the totality of cultural values, explores the relationship and interaction of culture and language and reflects this process as an integrated system.

The tasks of linguoculturology include the study and description of the relationship of language and culture, language and ethnos, language and national mentality. Language not only reflects the human world and its culture. The most important function of a language is that it preserves the culture and passes it from generation to generation. That is why language plays such a significant role in the formation of personality, national character, ethnic community, people, nation.

Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings and most clearly illustrate the way of life, and geographical location, and history, and traditions of the people.

The quantity and quality of idioms reflecting a positive or negative assessment of certain qualities can be considered an indicator of ethical standards, the rules of social life and behavior in society, relations through its culture and language to the world, other peoples cultures.

For example, quality likelaziness. A quality that prevents everyone, including students, from achieving serious results in any activity.

Both Russian and English logical units express a negative attitude towards laziness, but in Russian there are much more such phraseological units than in English:

Chasing the loafer (dogs);

Sit in one's hands;

Idleness is the mother of vices;

Human labor feeds, and laziness spoils;

You will become lazy, you will drag with a bag;

Whoever rises earlier lives twice;

Who gets up early, he takes the fungi, but sleepy, but lazy

follow the nettle.

Business before pleasure;

Satan finds some mischief still for idle hands to do

easy to incite to evil);

Dog-lazy (lazy like a dog);

To goof off;

To work with the left hand

Interestingly, in the Russian language there are idiomatic expressions expressing a negative attitude to work:

You cannot redo all affairs;

You won’t work out for the world;

Work is not a wolf; he won’t run away into the forest;

The ratty horse does not live long;

In English phraseology, such topics are not observed!

www.pglu.ru/lib/publications/University.../uch_2008_

L.N. Pereyashkina Russian and English phraseological units in an ethnolinguistic context

Russian linguists working in the field of phraseology

Linguistics knows many definitions of a phraseological unit, but not
one did not find universal acceptance.

Some linguists rightly believe that the definition of a phraseological unit is as complex as the definition of a word. This complexity lies, first of all, in the fact that it is difficult for the word and phraseologism to establish common features that could be attributed to each of them without exception.

The development of phraseology as a field of linguistics contributed to the work

A.Shakhmatova, F. Buslaev, A.Potebni, F. Fortunatov, I. Sreznevskyand others.
The objects of phraseological studies have become many national languages,
including Western European.

Academician made a significant step forward in developing the theory of stable phrases

V.V. Vinogradov. In 1946, he published the article "Basic Concepts of Russian Phraseology as a Linguistic Discipline." In 1947, a new article by V. V. Vinogradov "On the main types of phraseological units in the Russian language" appeared. The scientist identifies four main groups of phraseological units, which he refers to
phraseological unions, phraseological unities and phraseological combinations.

F.I. Buslaev argued that phraseological units are peculiar microcosms that contain "both a moral law and common sense, expressed in a short saying, which bequeathed to the ancestors to guide descendants."
Famous Russian linguistB.A. Larin wrote: “Phraseologisms always indirectly reflect the views of the people, the social system, the ideology of their era. Reflected - how the light of morning is reflected in a drop of dew. ”

Phrasebook- A dictionary containing the phraseology of the language. In 1892, S.V. Maksimov's collection “Winged Words” was published, containing an interpretation of 1290 words and expressions (stable combinations of words, sayings, etc.). Russian phraseology was presented with great completeness in 1967. under the editorship of A.I. Molotkova "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" containing over 4,000 entries. Phraseologisms are given with possible components, an interpretation of the meanings is given, and forms of use in speech are indicated. Each of the meanings is illustrated by quotes from fiction and journalism. In some cases, an etymological reference is given.

National features of phraseological units

Researchers of phraseology drew attention to a national peculiarity. Therefore, phraseological units are defined by the term “idiom”, which in Greek means “peculiar”. In English, they are also called “idioms”. Some linguists at first even claimed that phraseological units were untranslatable into other languages. Indeed, we found a huge layer of phraseological units that have no analogues in the English language: hang your nose, one like a finger, without a king in your head, your soul went off in your heels, your lip is not stupid, it’s written on your forehead, and Vaska listens and eats, an elephant I didn’t notice, a little snout in the feathers, a monkey, labor, a disservice. Many of them were born in the works of Russian writers. The treasury of phraseological units was I. A. Krylov, from whose fables a large number of phraseological units came to our phraseology. The rest were created by the pagan people.

Play with fire - to play with fire;

burn bridges - to burn bridges;

there is no smoke without fire;

hardworking like a bee - busy as a bee

live like a cat and dog - a cat and dog life

affair of the heart - affair of the heart

affair of honor - affair of honor

knight without fear and reproach - knight without fear and without reproach

cream of society - the cream of society

the game is worth the candle

the reverse side of the coin - the reverse side of the coin.

It is interesting to note that many Russian and English expressions go back to the same source - the Bible. The Bible is the richest source of phraseological units. This greatest work enriched both Russian and English with similar units. Here are just a few of them:

The beam in one’s eye - a beam in his own eye.

Daily bread - daily bread.

Poverty is no sin - poverty is not a vice.

Throw nature out of the door, it will come back again - Drive nature out the door, she will enter the window.

Look not a gift horse in the mouth - They don’t look at the gift horse in the mouth.

A storm in a tea-cup - A storm in a glass of water.

There is a woman in it - A woman is involved here.

In the English language, and later in Russian, there were units endowed with extraordinary brilliance. This explains their prevalence in both languages \u200b\u200band the similarity of images.

V. Shakespeare: To be or not to be - to be or not to be.

The English writer W. Thackeray is the author of phraseological units:

Vanity Fair - Vanity Fair

A skeleton in the closet - a skeleton in a closet (about family secrets hidden from strangers).

Danish storyteller G.H. Andersen replenished the Russian and English languages \u200b\u200bwith the expressions:

The emperor has no clothes - And the king is naked.

An ugly duckling - an ugly duckling (about a man who was rated below his dignity, but changed unexpectedly for those around him).

However, when translating from language to language, imagery often changes. This is an interesting phenomenon for English and Russian.So we observe the difference in images in the following phraseological units:

Laugh in the beard (laugh in the “beard”) - laugh in the fist

Nothing new under the sun - nothing is new under the moon

Buy a pig in a poke (buy a piglet in a bag) - buy a cat in a bag

Head to head, face to face (head to head, face to face) - face to face

As two peas (like two peas) - like two drops of water

To be born with a silver spoon in the mouth (born with a silver spoon in the mouth) - born in a shirt

To make a mountain out of a molehill (make a molehill from a molehill) - make an elephant out of a fly

Not worth a bean (not worth a bean) - not worth a penny

The rotten apple injures its neighbors (rotten apple spoils the neighbors) - black sheep spoils the whole herd

A piece of cake - a trivial matter

As cool as a cucumber (cold as a cucumber) - calm as a boa constrictor

In hot water - to be in worries, troubles

It is not my cup of tea (not my cup of tea) - not for me

Thick as blackberries (as thick as blueberries) - at least a dime a dozen

Phraseologisms Based on Comparison

Let's pay attention to idiomatic expressions in which there is a comparison1, for example: "Dumb as a donkey" . Here, it seemed, you can easily make a literal translation, and everyone will understand you. Everyone knows that donkeys are stupid animals. “Everyone” is Russian-speaking.

In fact, these are just stereotypes that have become very firmly entrenched in the language of the people, their culture. Someone accidentally imposed a label on a slow-moving animal, and this turned out to be an offensive phraseological unit. But this is a stereotype of Russian culture. In Mexico, for example, the donkey is a highly respected animal, which is actively used in work in vast rural areas. And the comparison with the donkey there is laudatory, and not derogatory. So, the literal translation of such comparisons in most cases will be a failure and will not bring the desired effect.

Hog in England and America is considered "more" awkward than our cow:"As a hog on ice" . And the point here is in the linguistic cultural tradition, and not different naturalistic views. Moles, it seems, are enough everywhere, but:"Blind as a bat" . And the bull is not so strong:"Strong as a horse" . But for a dish-shop the bull is just right:"Like a bull in a china shop" , only here he specifically beats porcelain.

It is very obvious that, both in Russian and in English, idioms with the mention of our smaller brothers prevail over the rest of the topic. There are other comparisons:"Old as the hills" - Sand pours from it.

There are some striking comparisons to the word"door-nail" (doornail)."Dead as a door-nail" - (there is no corresponding Russian idiom) - without any signs of life."Deaf as a door-nail" - Deaf as a stump. "Dumb as a door-nail \\ Dumb as an oyster" - Dumb like a fish.

Once before, these comparisons were not figuratively figurative, but rather concrete. And then, for some coincidence, they acquired a different, idiomatic meaning. The story of almost every idiom is an interesting, fascinating, but long story.

Do not consider it difficult to look for equivalents to foreign idioms. So you will not only increase your knowledge of a foreign language, but also learn something extremely interesting about the culture of another people.

1. http://www.study.ru/support/oh/17.html Ilya Radchenko

6. Conclusions

As a result of the work done, we significantly expanded our knowledge on the following issues:

Which of the Russian linguists was engaged in the study of phraseology.
What points of view exist regarding the definition of phraseological phrases.
What types of phraseological units exist.

Practical research allowed us to compare some Russian and English phraseological units.

In general, the conducted scientific and practical research enriched the idea of \u200b\u200bRussian and English phraseology.

The prepared presentation can be used in Russian and English lessons. The examples given in the work can be used to prepare didactic material when studying the topic “Phraseology”

List of references

Multilingual dictionary of modern phraseology. Ed. D. Puccio. - M.: FLINT, 2012 .-- 432 s.
V.P. Felitsyna, V.M. Mokienko. School phraseological dictionary. Series: Russian - excellent. - M., Publisher: Eksmo-Press, 1999. - 384 s
V.P. Felitsyna, V.M. Mokienko. Russian phraseological dictionary. Over 800 expressions. - M. Publisher: Eksmo-Press, 1999. - 400 p.
A.K. Birikh, V.M. Mokienko, L.I. Stepanova. Dictionary of phraseological synonyms of the Russian language. - M., Publishers: AST, Astrel, 2001. - 496 p.

Electronic educational resources.

http://www.wikipedia.ru - Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
http://www.tapemark.narod.ru - Collection of texts
http://www.frazeologik.narod.ru - Russian phraseology and expressiveness of speech

Appendix No. 1

English phraseological units with translation and their equivalents in Russian

White crow. - Rara avis. (lit .: “rare bird”)
White cash (dec., “Legal cash recorded in financial documents and taxable”) -White cash. (lit .: white cash)
Fight like a fish on ice. -To pull the devil by the tail. (lit .: “pull the line by the tail”)
Sick question. -A sore subject. (letters: "Sore point")
To be in the seventh heaven -To tread on air. (letters: "Walk through the air")
To be out of place. -A round peg in a square hole. (letters: “A round peg in a square hole”)
To be under someone's shoe. -To be under someone’s thumb. (letters: “Be under someone’s thumb”)
To be fooling around - Act the fool. / Play the fool. / Act the ass. / Play the ass. (letters: "Play the fool / ass")
Turn around like a squirrel in a wheel. -To be busy as a bee. (letters: "Being busy like a bee")
Pull yourself together. -To take oneself in hand. (letters: "Pull yourself together")
Fork on the water is written. -It’s still all up in the air. (letters: “It's still in the air”)
Hang in the balance. -To hang by a thread. (letters: "Hang on a thread")
Hang on a phone. -To sit on the phone. (letters: “Sitting on the phone”)
Drive someone by the nose. -To draw the wool over someone’s eyes. (letters: “Pull wool over someone’s eyes”)
You won’t spill water. -As thick as thieves. (letters: “To be as close to each other as thieves”)
That's where the dog is buried. -That’s the heart of the matter. (letters: “This is the heart of the question (case)”)
Get out of bed on the wrong side. -To get out of the bed on the wrong side. (letters: “Get up on the wrong side of the bed”)
Lose temper. - To fly off the handle. (letters: "Get off the handle")
Hungry as wolf. -Hungry as a hunter. (letters: “Hungry like a hunter”)
Goose cinquefoil. (breakdown: "simpleton, simpleton") -A silly goose. (lit. "Silly goose")
To make mountains out of molehills. -To make a mountain out of molehill. (letters: "Make a mountain of molehill")
Money chickens do not peck. -Rolling in money. (letters: "Ride in the money")
Soul wide open. -Open-hearted. (letters: "Soul wide open")
The soul went to heels. -One’s heart sank into one’s boots. (letters: "The heart sank into shoes")
Living like a volcano. -To sit on a powder keg. (letters: "Sitting on a powder keg")
Cover the tracks. -To cover up one’s traces. (letters: Hide Traces)
Nick down. -Put it into your pipe and smoke it. (letters: “Put in your pipe and smoke”)
There are not enough stars from the sky. -He won’t set the Thames on fire. (letters: “He will not set Thames on fire”)

Play with fire. -To play with edge-tool. (letters: "Play with a sharp instrument")
Pour out the soul. - To bare one’s heart. (letters. "Open heart")
Search for a needle in a haystack. -To look for a needle in a haystack. (letters: “Search for a needle in a haystack”)
Drink the cup to the bottom. -To drink the cup to the end. (letters: "Drink the cup to the remainder (sediment)")
What fly have you bitten? (dec., "what bothers you?") -What’s biting you? (letters: "What bites you?")
How blown away by the wind. -To vanish into thin air. (letters: “Fade into clear air”)
Like a bolt from the blue. -Like a bolt from the blue. (letters: “Like a blow (thunder) among the blue sky”)
Like twice two four. -As plain as the nose on your face. (letters: "Clear as a nose on your face")
How about a wall of peas. -You might as well talk to a brick wall. (letters: “You can just as well talk to a brick wall.”)
As a hand took off. -Disappeared as if by magic. (letters: "Gone as if by magic")
Like a herring in a barrel. -Packed like sardines. (letters: Stuffed Like Sardines)
Stone on the heart. -A heavy heart. (letters: "Heavy heart")
A drop in the sea. - A drop in the ocean. (letters: “Drop in the ocean”)
Riding like cheese in butter. -To live in clover. (letters: "Living in clover")
To wedge a wedge a wedge. -Nail drives out nail. (letters: “The nail drives the nail”)
When the cancer on the mountain hangs (or ) After the rain on Thursday (that is never) - When hell freezes (lit .: “When hell freezes”)
Beautiful gesture. -A fine gesture. (lit .: “Beautiful gesture”)
Toughie. -A hard nut to crack. (letters: “A tough nut to crack”)
Buy a cat in a bag. -To buy a pig in a poke. (letters: "Buy a pig in a bag")
Pouring like a bucket. -It rains cats and dogs. (letters: “It rains cats and dogs”)
Catch fish in troubled waters. -To fish in troubled waters. (letters: “To fish in troubled waters”)
Between a rock and a hard place -Between the devil and the deep blue sea. (letters: “Between the devil and the deep blue sea”)
Measure on your arshin (\u003d 0.71 m) - To measure another’s corn by one’s own bushel. (letters: “Measure someone else’s grain with your own bushel”)
The world is small. - It’s a small world. (lit .: “The world is small”)
Click on all buttons. -To pull strings. (letters: "Pull the rope")
Call a spade a spade. -To call a spade a spade. (letters: "Call a shovel a shovel")
On half-bent (dec., "Servile"). -On bended knee. (letters: “On bended knees”)
Not ram sneezed (or) Not a pound of raisins (or ) Not khukh-mukhras (dec., “About something important, essentialv) -Nothing to sneeze at. (letters: “There’s nothing to sneeze at”)
Dumb like a fish. - Dumb as an oyster. (letters: "Dumb like an oyster")
Neither to the village nor to the city. -Neither here nor there. (letters: "Neither here nor there")
Promise the golden mountains. -To promise the moon. (lit .: “Promise the moon”)
Pour from empty to empty. -To beat the air. (lit .: “To beat the air”)
Shove like a tractor (decomp., "Persistently do your job"). -To plow through something.
Swim like a stone. -To swim like a stone. (letters: "Swim like a stone")

Spit on the ceiling. -To sit twiddling one’s thumbs. (letters: "Sit and twirl your thumb")
Pull the tail. -To put one’s tail between one’s legs. (letters: "Place the tail between the legs")
Put on the counter (decomp., Slang) -To turn on the meter. / The meter is running.
Then soup with a cat (open.) -Later-alligator. (letters: "Later - an alligator", the rhymed answer to the word “later”)
Looks like two drops of water. -As like as two peas in a pot. (letters: “Like two peas in a pod”)
Go through fire and water. -To go through fire and water. (letters: “Go Through Fire and Water”)
Verbal diarrhea (dec., "Empty endless chatter") -Verbal diarrhea (lit .: "Verbal diarrhea")
Shooting sparrow. -A knowing old bird. (letters: "Knowing the old bird")
What the doctor prescribed (dec., "What you need") -Just what the doctor ordered. (letters: “Just what the doctor ordered”)
Kill two birds with one stone. -To kill two birds with one stone. (letters: “Kill two birds with one blow”)
Sip Of Sorrow - Smell hell. (lit .: “Smell the hell”
Materials for speech at the scientific-practical conference. Labutina Anastasia, a student of grade 9 MBOU »Gymnasium №2» Teacher Marchenkova I.M.
Russian and English phraseological units. Comparative analysis experience.
What is phraseology. Phraseology is a section of lexicology that studies phraseological units, i.e. complex language units that are sustainable. Phraseological units can perform the functions of various parts of speech, for example: 1. noun (substantive phraseological units): Kazan orphan, a dog in the manger (dog in the manger); 2.verb: beat the buck, to burn the candle at both ends, 3.adjective: (adjective phraseological units): adam's apple. 4. Interjection: gracious me! (like this!); 5. adverbs (adverbial phraseological units): tirelessly; headlong, etc.
Idioms and classification of phraseological units. Researchers of phraseology drew attention to a national peculiarity. Therefore, phraseological units are defined by the term “idiom”, which in Greek means “peculiar”. In English, they are also called “idioms”. Some linguists at first even claimed that phraseological units were untranslatable into other languages. G.O. Vinokur
Buslaev, Fedor Ivanovich (1818-1897) After graduating from high school in Penza (1833), he entered the verbal department of Moscow University. At the end of it (1838) he taught at the gymnasiums of Moscow and gave private lessons. As a home teacher in the family of Count S. G. Stroganov, he lived in Germany and Italy, studied archeology and the history of European art, works on linguistics and the history of V. Humboldt and J. Grimm. He began his university career in 1842, when he was seconded to professors I.I. Davydov and S.P. Shevyrev, from 1847 he began to give lectures, from 1848 - an adjunct, then an extraordinary professor (1850), an ordinary professor (1859), an honored professor ( 1873); corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1852), academician (1860). The author of works on Slavic and Russian linguistics, Old Russian literature, oral folk art, Old Russian fine art. Master's thesis - “On the influence of Christianity on the Slavic language” (1848), doctoral - “Historical essays of Russian folk literature and art” (1861, v. 1-2).
Full idioms: Fusion - idioms that have lost their motivation for meaning (for example, to beat the buck, eat the dog). * To eat a dog - to learn something very well.
Unities are idioms that preserve transparent motivation (for example, from fire to fire, a sparrow shoot). * The shooting sparrow is an experienced person.
Partial idioms: Combinations are expressions in which one of the components is rethought and has a related use (for example, a sensitive issue). * A sensitive issue is a sensitive issue.
Expressions are sentences with rethought overtones (usually proverbs and sayings) (for example, you can’t catch a fish from a pond without difficulty). * Without labor, you can’t even take a fish out of a pond - i.e. every business requires a lot of effort (this is not about fishing).
“Hang your nose” “Alone as a finger” “And Vaska listens, but eats” “I didn’t even notice the elephant” “Rylot down” “Martyshkin labor” “Bearish service” “It is written on the forehead” There is a huge layer of phraseological units, which have no analogues in the English language: Many of them were born in the works of Russian writers. The treasury of phraseological units was I. A. Krylov, from whose fables a large number of phraseological units came to our phraseology.
When comparing phraseological units in English and Russian, we found phraseological units similar in structure. When analyzing them, a similarity was found in the structure, imagery and stylistic coloring:
Play with fire To play with fire Burn bridges To burn bridges No smoke without fire There is no smoke without fire Hardworking like a bee Busy as a bee Live like a cat with a dog The cat and dog life Heart affairs Affair of the heart Affair of honor of honor Knight without fear and reproach Knight without fear and reproach Cream of society The cream of society The game is worth the candle The game is worth the candle The reverse side of the coin The reverse side of coin
It is interesting to note that many Russian and English expressions go back to the same source - the Bible. The Bible is the richest source of phraseological units. This greatest work enriched both Russian and English with similar units. Here are just a few of them:
These phraseological phrases are presented in the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian language as borrowed from Latin through French. This allows us to conclude that they are Russian and English tracing-paper from the French language. The beam in one’s eye Poverty is no sin Look not a gift horse in the mouth A storm in a tea-cup A log in his own eye. Poverty is not a vice. They do not look at a given horse's teeth. Storm in a glass of water.
In the English language, and later in Russian, there were units endowed with extraordinary brilliance. This explains their prevalence in both languages \u200b\u200band the similarity of images. V. Shakespeare: To be or not to be - to be or not to be. Danish storyteller G.Kh. Andersen supplemented the Russian and English languages \u200b\u200bwith expressions: The emperor has no clothes - And the king is naked. An ugly duckling - an ugly duckling (about a man who was rated below his dignity, but changed unexpectedly for those around him). V.I. Chernyshev
Most of the English idioms and phraseological units do not literally make out. For example, not knowing in advance what the phrase “wear more than one hat” means, you can get into a mess by hearing it in a speech or by seeing it in a letter and starting to translate it literally - “wear more than one hat”, while in reality it means “to perform several duties”
Phraseologism "The skin of an unkilled bear" is often used when they want to emphasize anything based on calculations, unfounded hopes. “He shares the skin of an unkilled bear” - this saying became popular after Lafantin’s French fable “A Bear and Two Hunters” was translated into Russian. So this expression comes from a fable? Not everything is so simple, because in France there is a popular proverb, very close in meaning to a fable, which preaches the same moral: "You don’t need to sell the skin of a bear before it is killed." I.I. Sreznevsky
In addition, similar proverbs exist in Germany, which undoubtedly proves the version that not a proverb originates from a fable, but vice versa. Jemendem einen Bären aufbinden - tell fables to someone. Jemandem Honig um dem Bart schmieren - flatter anyone. Man soll das Fell nicht verkaufen, ehe man den Bären hat - you cannot share the skin of an unkilled bear. Einer Sache das richtige Gesicht geben - present the case in the right light. Leben wie Gott in Frankreich - ride like cheese in butter, live happily ever after. B.A. Larin
The study of phraseologisms in many ways helps to understand the culture and life of peoples, to master a foreign language. On the example of the units considered, one can clearly imagine how diverse and expressive the phraseological units of modern English and Russian languages \u200b\u200bare, how similar and different they are. V.I. Dal

In order to create the main palette, you need only three colors: red, yellow, blue. By mixing them, we get the so-called intermediate: green, orange and purple. So? The farther, the more colors and shades, without which life is a black and white film. This is exactly what happens in the language: letters, sounds, syllables, words, phrases and, of course, phraseological units, without which life turns into a black and white silent movie. And English phraseological units are no exception.

Phraseology

What is phraseologism? There is such a high-rise building with many corridors and rooms called Linguistics. We need to get there, knock on one of the audiences, large enough, called "phraseology". It is here that they are engaged in the study of phraseological units - stable, expressive combinations of words that have a single integral meaning and perform one syntactic function.

As an example - phraseological units of the English language with translation: up one’s sleeves - carelessly, carelessly, after the sleeves; in blooming health - “healthy, strong, blood with milk; every inch a king - real, whole, from head to toe and others.

English language

Phraseology is a real treasury of the language, any without exception. Phraseological units in the English language will help us to see this, which for centuries have absorbed the history of the people, their mentality, culture, way of life, and national characteristics. They also help determine the main sources of idioms. By origin, English phraseological units are divided into two groups: native English and borrowed. The latter, in their turn, are divided into interlingual and intralanguage. Here, borrowed idioms in a foreign language form also stand out in a special class.

From the foregoing, the following four categories can be listed:

native English phraseological units;
borrowing from other languages;
intra-language borrowing - phraseological units that came from American, Australian versions of the English language;
idioms borrowed in a foreign language form.

And now in detail about each of the above items.

Natively English phraseological units

This is a fairly large group. You can say a significant part of the phraseological composition of the English language. Within this species, the following subgroups can be distinguished: firstly, these are stable combinations associated with English realities. For example, to be born within the sound of Bow bells, which means "born in London," and literally translates as "born to the sounds of the bells of the church of St. Mary-le-Bow." The fact is that this rather famous church is located in the very center of the capital of England.

Further on are idioms in which the customs and traditions of the British are reflected. As an example, consider such English phraseological units with translation: to cut somebody off with a shilling - leave without inheritance (if only one shilling was left in the inheritance, then this act was committed intentionally); to sit above (below) the salt - occupy a high (low) step in the social hierarchy (according to the old English tradition, the salt shaker was placed in the center of the table, and guests were seated in accordance with their social position: the noble - at the upper end of the table, and the poor - at bottom).

Not without English beliefs: have kissed the Blarney stone - to be a flattering person (according to legend, anyone who kisses a stone located in Ireland in Blarney Castle, that time becomes the owner of the gift of flattering speech).

Bible

A huge phraseological heritage in the English language was left behind by the Bible and the great William Shakespeare.

The number of “biblicalisms,” or biblical ones, is so great that listing them is a rather difficult task. The following expressions can be added to one of the most used in modern English: to bear one’s cross - bear your cross; to kill the fatted calf ”- literally means to kill a fat body (the story of the meeting of the prodigal son), that is, to meet cordially; to sow the wind and reap the whirlwind - sow the wind - reap the storm, cruelly pay for evil deeds; to sit under one’s vine and fig-tree - literally translated means to sit under your vine and fig tree, which means to sit at home in peace and security, to be in your home.

It is necessary to mention here that many meanings of English origin diverge from their book prototypes, which is explained by the rethinking of biblical stories over time, as well as the omission of some archaisms and a change in word order.

William Shakespeare

Another important layer is “Shakespeare”, that is, associated with the works of Shakespeare. Their total number is over one hundred units. For example, midsummer madness - insanity (the play "Twelfth Night"); salad days - young green, time for youthful inexperience (the play "Anthony and Cleopatra"); to win golden opinions - arouse universal admiration (the play "Henry IV") and many others.

There are also some deviations from the texts of the great playwright: rearrangement of words, reduction of sentences, replacement of some words by others. However, there are examples when a particular word has long gone out of use, but has retained its original form, meaning within the framework of “Shakespeareism”. A vivid example of this is the turnover from whose bourne no traveler returns - no one has yet returned from the realm of death, in which the archaism of bourne continues its life - border, limit.

English literature and history

Literature, we can say, has made a huge contribution to the development of the phraseological system of the English language. In addition to Shakespeare, writers such as Jeffrey Chosser, Walter Scott, John Milton, Charles Dickens and many others enriched the English idiomatic foundation. For example, to catch smb. red-handed (Walter Scott) - catch red-handed, capture at the crime scene; fall on evil days (John Milton) - black days, eking out a miserable existence, misery; a bag of bones (Charles Dickens) - skin and bones, to be depleted; man Friday (D. Defoe) - Friday; faithful servant.

In the same group there is a considerable number of phraseological units, which include the names of famous, prominent Englishmen: Hobson's choice - a choice, a forced choice (Robson is the owner of a stables in Cambridge of the sixteenth century, obliging his customers to take only the horse that is closer to the exit)

Borrowing

As mentioned above, there are a lot of borrowed phraseological units in the English language, and they can also be conditionally divided into subgroups. In the first place are steady momentum, which once crossed the ocean from the United States and boldly set foot on the shore of Misty Albion. These are the so-called intralanguage borrowings. As a rule, they are associated with the works of art by American writers: the almighty dollar (V. Irving) - the ironic saying “omnipotent dollar”; the last hurrah (O’Connor) - swan song, last hurray; the last of the Mohicans (F. Cooper) is from the category of “Russian-English phraseological units”, as it has its own analogue in Russian — the last of the Mohicans, the last representative and others.

Then there are antique borrowings - phraseological units that got into English from the pages of ancient authors, as well as from myths of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome: achiles ’heel - a weak spot, the apple of discord - the main cause of hostility or quarrel, an apple of discord; the golden age - time of prosperity, rebirth, golden age.

Further, in descending order are borrowings from French, German, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, Danish, Russian: appetite comes with eating (Francois Rabelais) - appetite comes with eating; blood and iron - the literal translation of “iron and blood” in the meaning of “ruthless use of force” (characteristic of the principles of Bismarck’s policy, which brutally suppressed opponents of the unification of German lands) tilt at windmills (Cervantes) - fight with windmills; an ugly duckling (G.Kh. Andersen) - an ugly duckling, outwardly not attractive, but kind and sympathetic inside, outwardly not promising, but later opening from an unexpected direction; the Sick Man of Europe - this statement can be classified as "Russian phraseological units in English," and it means "a sick man of Europe" (he is attributed to Nicholas I, who called Turkey that).

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Phraseology

English language

Natively English phraseological units

Bible

William Shakespeare

English literature and history

Borrowing