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The forever young character is Peter Pan. The tale of how the mouse got lost Where the lost boys live from the fairy tale

15.12.2020

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Pirate covered in tattoo from head to toe

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Jung the Inventor and Gunner

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Fairy boy, friend of Tinker Bell

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Lost boy. Very silent

Wendy moira angela darling

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Girl. Once in Neverland, she became a mother for Peter Pan and the lost boys. Returning home and growing up, she became a mother of real children and forgot about Peter and Neverland and stopped believing in them

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A fairy with a talent for fast flight. Independent, rather cruel, sometimes rude, strives for leadership

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Lost boys, twins

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The girl who lives on the moon and is responsible for the change of day and night

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Daughter of Wendy Darling. Initially, I did not believe in magic, Neverland and fairies at all

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Wendy Darling's younger brother, lived with her in Neverland

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Father of Wendy, John and Michael Darling

Tinker Bell, Tink

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The most famous of the fairytale fairies. For humans, it looks like a flying golden dot. He loves to fix all kinds of copper things (pots, teapots). At first glance, vindictive and spiteful, but deep down she is very kind and ready to give her life for Peter Pan

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Lizzie Griffiths father

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Fairy of pirates. Smart and ambitious, curious and addicted, capable of fraud. Alchemist of Fairy Dust, has a talent for researching the properties of pollen and creating pollen with new qualities

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Fairy of light. It helps to properly distribute sunlight so that every plant, even a small sprout, has enough of it. Very intelligent and disciplined, but easily annoyed over trifles

James hook

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The leader of the pirate team. Well known for his ruthless and nefarious nature

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Older brother of James Hook, killed by him many years ago because they did not share the booty. Peter, John and Lightly summoned his spirit, who vowed to avenge his death

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Pirate. They say that he is the brother of the famous bloody Black Murphy, but this has not yet been proven

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The funniest and most resilient of the lost boys

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Lost boy. A desperate mischief, often punished for his own and even someone else's mischief

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Pirate. A mediocre cook. Greek, can not sing at all

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Little girl with an unshakable faith in magic

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Younger brother of Wendy and John Darling. Shows great courage for his age

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Lost boy. It seems to him that he remembers well the time when he was not yet lost, and therefore looks down at everyone.

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Mother of Wendy, John and Michael Darling

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Dog, nanny for Wendy, John and Michael Darling

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Huge pirate Negro, who took over as names, that does not remember his name

Peter pan

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The boy who does not want to grow up and remains young forever. Charming, impudent, very fond of pranks and adventures. Dressed in clothes as if made of leaves

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A powerful princess of light, she has a dark and powerful alter ego that she hides, an anime character

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Pirate. Very superstitious and suffers from ground sickness

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Children often become the main characters in the works of writers. But this does not mean that such books are intended for the category of young readers, for example, in the same "" one can trace the political subtext.

So the eternally young character Peter Pan is needed in order to show parents the classic problem of fathers and children. But this tale is also suitable for little book lovers: children plunge into the magical land of Neverland, which is contrasted with the boring and prosaic everyday life of adults.

History

Peter Pan has become the same cult character as the girl from the fairy tale "Thumbelina". Few people think about who wrote about a cheerful boy with baby teeth. But he first appeared not in cartoons. A short six-chapter story, Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens (1902), was part of The White Bird, a novel by Scottish playwright James Barry.


The author of the work invented an unusual concept: there is an Island of Birds in the world, where winged warm-blooded animals are born, which later turn into children. If parents decide to have a child, they send a note to this heavenly place, and then wait for a parcel with a boy or girl.

But freedom-loving Peter Pan did not want to be under the care of his parents, so he found a way to stay in the garden, where elves, fairies and the wise raven Solomon live. The work of James Barry was in demand, so the genius of literature already in 1904 staged a play called "Peter Pan" on the stage of the London theater, and then other works about the radiant boy began to appear from the writer's pen.


In 1953, the cartoon studio Disney took up the character of James Barry, giving the world Mickey Mouse. The role of the protagonist was voiced by Bobby Driscoll. In the first cartoon, which was released in 1953, the brave Peter Pan met the girl Wendy.

Form

Who is Peter Pan, is described on the first pages of the work. James Barry mentioned that all children who are born can fly from the beginning, so they only think about running away from home, like birds that sit in an iron cage. So Peter Pan was no exception: as soon as the boy had the opportunity, he immediately flew out the window, remaining only half human because of his action.


It is noteworthy that Disney artist Milt Kalu sometimes complained to the bosses of the cartoon studio: if depicting an ordinary flight is not difficult, then animating Peter Pan floating in the sky in zero gravity was really difficult.

James Barry gave free rein to the imagination of the readers: the writer did not describe the appearance of his character in detail. All that is known from the book is that the cheerful adventurer has not yet lost his pearly white milk teeth.

James also hinted that the child appeared on the pages of the book in clothes made of dry leaves and transparent resin, while in the Disney cartoon, Peter Pan's costume is somewhat reminiscent of the outfit of the defender of disadvantaged people. Although others see a curious elf in a boy with pointed ears and in a green cap with a red feather.


It is worth saying that in theatrical productions, where the role of the hero fell to the representatives of the beautiful half of humanity, the resin was replaced by a spider's web.

Not all readers will guess that Peter Pan had real prototypes. After the deaths of cancer friends of the writer Sylvia and Arthur Davis, James became the unofficial guardian of five boys, the so-called "Davis Boys". The writer became close to orphans, becoming a native person for them. He was not even intimidated by the media antics, falsely hinting at an intimate relationship.

But when the young men crossed the line of childhood and stepped into the adult world, joy gave way to sadness. Two died at a fairly early age: one drowned, the other died in the war. The third committed suicide at 63. That is why James Barry did not want his carefree youth to end, and tried to stop time at least in his work.


As for the true age of Peter Pan, it is a secret sealed with seven seals. A possible prototype of the character is considered to be 13-year-old brother Barry, who died in an accident the day before his birthday, remaining in the hearts of his parents as an eternally young son. The writer hinted in The White Bird that the hero is seven days old, but in other books he has grown older, and the cartoon Peter Pan is 10 to 13 years old.

James Barry, who knows firsthand about the difficult nature of children, endowed Peter Pan with conflicting qualities: on the one hand, the boy is a loyal friend who is ready to give a helping hand, and on the other hand, a braggart, the personified childish selfishness.

Once Peter Pan made a wish to return to his mother, so he flew home with the help of the pollen of the fairy wings. Despite the fact that the woman yearned for her son, the young man did not appear to her. When Peter Pan plucked up the courage and returned to his home, the window was closed, and another child was sleeping next to his mother.

Actors

The famous director loosely interpreted the 1911 novel Peter Pan and Wendy by James Barry. The plot of the film "Captain Hook" (1991) tells about the adult "Peter Pan" - Peter Benning (), who is so passionate about his work that he cannot devote time to raising children.


A forty-year-old man lives an ordinary life, until one fine moment the fairy Tink-Dilin flies into his adult world and convinces Peter to return to his native Neverland. The boy grew up, but the old enemies did not bury the ax of war: the main character will have to meet the insidious pirate Captain Hook. The brilliant cast includes film gurus: Bob Hoskins, and other stars.

The 2003 film Peter Pan stars Jeremy Sumpter. In the story, an eternally ageless boy fights against villainous pirates who want to seize the magical land of Neverland.


In 2011, the series Once Upon a Time was released, in which you can meet anyone: whether it be Snow White, Pinocchio, Little Red Riding Hood or Cinderella. In this serial film, the role of Peter Pan is played by Robbie Kay, and the directors showed him as a negative character.


In 2015, Levi Miller took on the role of Peter in the film Peng: A Journey to Neverland. The young man worked on the same set with famous colleagues in the workshop: Garrett Hedlund, and other actors.

Quotes

“And my mother also had something in her character ... well, just amazing, almost magical. I'll try to explain to you now. You know, there are such boxes. You open one, and in it - another, and in another - a third. And there is always one more box in reserve, no matter how much you open. "
"You just think of something good, your thoughts will make you light and you will take off."
"To die is also a great and interesting adventure."
“They even seem to like him. Why do they like him? Maybe because he is in shape? The boatswain was always in good shape, although he himself did not know about it. And not to guess - this is the best form! "
“Strange things happen to us sometimes in life. And we don't even notice that they are happening. "
  • The actor played James Barry in the biopic "Fairyland" (2004), which tells about the relationship between the writer and the boys Davis. The film also starred Julie Christie and.
  • Disney artists often copied their characters from live actors. The prototype of the blonde fairy Tink-Dilin is the typical "cover girl".

  • James Barry's relationship with the foster boys was not always smooth. George, Michael and Nicholas adored the writer, but the rest had a dislike for the guardian.
  • On the night of April 30, 1912, a monument to Peter Pan was erected in Kensington Gardens, commissioned by the writer from the sculptor George Frampton.
John Galsworthy (1867-1933) - English playwright and prose writer, author of the famous cycle The Forsyte Saga. , Henry James, Mark Twain, Arthur Conan Doyle and other contemporaries. Barry is a controversial figure: melancholic and silent (sometimes obscenely), he had many friends and easily found a common language with children.

Barry was born into a simple family - his father was a weaver - in the small Scottish town of Kirrimyur and achieved everything his parents could only dream of. Thanks to the help of his older brother, James graduated from the University of Edinburgh. His writing career was extremely successful, he received the title of baronet Baronet - a title of nobility in England, constituting a transitional stage between the lower and higher nobility., was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews and received many other honors. However, he has experienced many losses and tragedies, and this breakdown permeates almost all of Barry's texts, including the tale of Peter Pan.

Chronology

The Russian reader knows "Peter Pan" primarily from the story "Peter Pan and Wendy". But in fact, this is a cycle of texts in various genres, written from 1901 to 1928.

1901 - photo album with the caption "The Boy Castaways of Black Lake Island"

1902 - The Little White Bird novel

1904 - premiere of The Boy Who Would Not Grow Up

1906 - short story "Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens" (Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens)

1911 - the story "Peter Pan and Wendy" (Peter Pan and Wendy)

1922 - screenplay "Peter Pan" It was never used in the film adaptation.

1925 - short story "Jas Hook at Eton" In 1927, Barry read this text at Eton.

1926 - essay "The Weakness of Peter Pan" (The Blot on Peter Pan)

Addressees of the tale

Arthur Llewelyn Davis with his sons. 1905 yearArthur Llewelyn Davis is holding Nicholas in his arms, Jack, Michael, Peter and George are in front.
Wikimedia Commons / jmbarrie.co.uk

“… I created Peter by rubbing the five of you well against each other, like savages rubbing sticks to strike a spark. He is the spark ignited by you, ”Barry wrote in The Dedication to the play. The five are the Llewelyn Davis brothers: George, Jack, Peter, Michael and Nicholas. All of Peter Pan's adventures are dedicated to them - and for the most part it was their own adventures. Barry considered the Davis brothers to be his co-authors and gave the name of one of them to the main character. Peter Davis suffered all his life from the fact that he was considered "that very Peter Pan", and called the fairy tale "this terrible masterpiece."

In 1897, Barry was thirty-seven years old: he was already a famous writer, his plays were staged on both sides of the Atlantic. After moving from Edinburgh to London, he easily entered the capital's literary circle, bought a house in South Kensington and a summer cottage in Surrey, married the beautiful actress Mary Ansell and started a St. Bernard.


George, Jack and Peter Llewelyn Davis. Photo by James Barry. 1901 year Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University

While walking his dog in Kensington Gardens, he met the Davis brothers. There were three of them then: five-year-old George, three-year-old Jack and baby Peter. Soon, the writer met with their parents - lawyer Arthur Llewely-Nine Davis and his wife Sylvia, nee du Maurier The famous writer Daphne Du Maurier was Sylvia's niece, daughter of her brother Gerald.... Barry was fascinated by Sylvia and soon practically adopted the whole family: he took the Llewelyn Davies to theaters and to dinner parties, took them on trips and invited them to Surrey, taking an active part in the fate of the boys. They called him "Uncle Jim". This caused a lot of gossip, but Barry did not attach any importance to it. Michael and Nicholas were born in 1900 and 1903.

The novel "White Bird"


For the first time, Peter Pan appears in the inserted chapters of the adult and not too funny novel "The White Bird", which Barry published in 1902 with a dedication to "Arthur and Sylvia and Their Boys - My Boys!" In the center of the plot is a lonely bachelor who is trying to "appropriate" a boy named David, making him his child. He takes care of a young family, trying to keep his participation in secret, but he fails: David's mother guesses everything.

Illustration by Arthur Rackham for James Barry's Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens. London, 1906 Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge

The novel also contains several inserted chapters about Peter Pan, the infant who flew from the nursery to Kensington Gardens. Davis told the boys about his adventures, and it was these stories that became the basis of the texts about Peter. At the beginning of their acquaintance, Barry assured George that his brother Peter can still fly, since his mother did not weigh him at birth, and George long and unsuccessfully tried to track down the baby during night flights. On another occasion, George asked what the letters WSM and PP mean on the white stones in Kensington Gardens. The stones served as the boundary between the parishes of Westminster St. Mary's and Parish of Paddington, but Barry thought they were the graves of children - Walter Stephen Matthews and Phoebe Phelps. The story of the hero of "The White Bird" about Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens ends like this: “But how strange it is for parents who hurried to the Gardens to open the gates to find their lost children, to find cute little tombstones in their place. I really hope Peter is in no hurry with his shovel. It's all pretty sad. " Translated by Alexandra Borisenko. This episode flashed in the second edition of the Russian translation by A. Slobozhan (the first edition - 1986, the second - 1991) and disappeared in subsequent editions. In the translations of G. Grineva (2001) and I. Tokmakova (2006), it is completely absent..


Children dance around the Peter Pan statue in Kensington Gardens. Photo by James Jarshet. London, 1935 Royal Photographic Society / Science & Society Picture Library

In 1906, the plug-in chapters from The White Bird were released as a separate edition with illustrations by the then famous artist Arthur Rackham. These illustrations have become classics: for all their fabulousness, they accurately reproduce the topography and views of Kensington Gardens (there is even a map in the book). Rackham here follows Barry, who has created a kind of guidebook, mythologizing the paths, ponds and trees of his beloved park and turning them into a sightseeing. However, Kensington Gardens are forever associated with Peter Pan not only for this reason. On the night of April 30 to May 1, 1912, a statue of Peter Pan with fairies, hares and squirrels by the sculptor Sir George Frampton suddenly appeared on the shore of the lake. The Times announcement clarified that it was a gift to children from James Barry. And although he installed the sculpture without permission and without any permission, it still stands there. Barry had his own key to one of the gates of Kensington Gardens - he received it as a reward for his book..

Play


James Barry and students at Dumfries Academy after the show. Dumfries, early 20th century Peter pan moat brae trust

Two years after the novel was published, in 1904, Barry decided to take Peter Pan onto the stage, creating a play full of wonder and adventure. It soon became clear that such a production would require huge investments. The producer-rom was Barry's friend, American Charles Frohman: he fell so in love with the text that he agreed to the most incredible and expensive ideas. Barry wanted the characters to fly, and John Kirby, a specialist in creating the illusion of flight on stage, was brought in to implement this idea. But his equipment seemed too primitive to Barry, too visible. He asked Kirby to make a new apparatus that would really give the impression of flight, and he agreed. The actors required serious training - it was especially difficult to take off and land. At first, everyone was delighted with notes like “Rehearsal at 12.30. Flight ", but when the artists were asked to insure their lives, the excitement noticeably subsided.... However, not all of Barry's ideas were implemented. For example, he wanted the audience to see the Tinker Bell fairy through a reducing lens, but this turned out to be technically impossible, and then they decided that the fairy on the stage would be portrayed by a light, and the audience would hear her voice.


Theatrical program for the play "Peter Pan" at the Empire Theater on Broadway. November 1905

According to the author's plan, Peter Pan was supposed to be played by a boy, but Frohman hoped that the famous actress Maud Adams would play this role in America, and persuaded Barry that a woman should also play Peter Pan on the English stage Actress Nina Busikolt.... Since then it has become a tradition. According to another tradition, Captain Hook and Mr. Darling are played by the same actor. In the first production, it was Gerald du Maurier, Sylvie's brother, thanks to whom Hook became one of the most complex characters from a stilted villain, inspiring both horror and pity.

Maud Adams as Peter Pan. 1905 yearMuseum of the City of New York

Nina Busikolt as Peter Pan. 1900sThe peter pan chronicles

The premiere took place at the Duke of York's London Theater on December 27, 1904. There were much more adults in the hall than children, but from the first minute it became clear that everything was successful. In a telegram to Frohman, who at that moment was in America, the English manager wrote: “Peter Pan ok. It seems like a great success. "

During rehearsals, Barry constantly made changes, something changed as a result of improvisation. Several ending options have survived. In one of them, Wendy agreed to stay with Peter in Kensington Gardens, they found a forgotten baby there, and Wendy was glad that he would take care of Peter when she grew up. In another, a dozen mothers took the stage to adopt lost boys. But the famous ending with the adult Wendy and her little daughter, to whom Peter Pan flies, was written separately, rehearsed in secret from the director and completely unexpectedly performed in 1908 at the last performance of the fourth season - and Barry even appeared on stage Barry has done the same with his other plays. For example, while performing the play "Dear Brutus" in 1919, the "Letter from the author" was suddenly read from the stage.... This was the only time such an ending was performed during the author's lifetime, and it was she who later became canonical.

Where did that come from

Peter Pan

Illustration by Francis Donkin Bedford for James Barry's Peter Pan and Wendy. New York, 1911

All his life Barry thought about childhood and constantly returned to this topic in his work: the eternal childhood of those who died before growing up; eternal childhood of those who cannot grow up; eternal childhood as a refuge and a trap.

When James was six years old, his brother David died: while skating, he fell and hit his head. To comfort his mother, James began to wear his brother's clothes, imitate his whistles and habits. Later in the novel about his mother, "Margaret Ogilvy," he described a heartbreaking scene: he enters the room, and the mother asks hopefully: "Is that you?", And he replies: "No, Mom, it's me." Some researchers believe that in the image of Peter Pan, David was bred, who never grew up, because he died. However, to a greater extent it is Barry himself. He did not grow in the literal, physical sense - his height was 161 centimeters - and he always recalled his childhood with extraordinary nostalgia. He was constantly fascinated by the game: he staged performances with brothers and sisters, studied at the school theater, and played novels about travel and adventure with friends. “When I was a boy, I realized with horror that the day would come when I would have to leave the games, and I did not know how to do it,” he wrote in his novel Margaret Ogilvy. "I felt like I would continue to play, but in secret."

Isle


James Barry album page with photos of the Llewelyn Davis family Sotheby's

The Llewelyn Davis family spent the summer of 1901 with Barry in Surrey. Barry played with the boys as Indians and pirates on an island in the middle of Black Lake, near which his cottage stood. He also used this island for games with his grown-up friends: the cricket team he created, which included Arthur Conan Doyle, HG Wells, Jerome K. Jerome, Rudyard Kipling, Allan Milne, G.K. Chesterton and many others, gathered here. The team was called Allahakbarries ("Allahakbarriz") - someone told Barry that "Allah Akbar" means "God help us.".


James Barry playing cricket for his Allahakbarries team. Early 20th century The Conan Doyle Estate Limited

Barry photographed a lot that summer and then printed a kind of photo book about the adventures of the boys on the island. This album existed in two copies. The first Arthur Llewelyn Davis forgot on the train (his son Nico thought it was no coincidence), the second is kept in the Yale University library.... The memory of that summer will later turn into a plot about the island of Neverland - in various Russian translations, the island is Nowhere, Unprecedented, Somewhere-there, No-and-will-not-be.

Captain Hook


Michael dressed as Peter Pan with James Barry portraying Captain Hook. August 1906 JMBarrie.co.uk

The theme of Captain Hook's relationship with education appears already in the first texts about Peter Pan. In the play, Hook dies with the words: "Floreat Etona" (translated from Latin "Long live Eton!"), And in one version he pursues Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, pretending to be a school teacher. In the story, Hook's obsession with his school past reaches epic proportions. The fact is that four of the five Davis brothers studied at Eton, and Barry was very enthusiastic about the boys' school life. He was fascinated by the world of the old famous school, he went to all sports games, asked about the rules and traditions, memorized the jargon. This language also penetrated the text of the story: Hook mentions the "wall game", which is played only in Eton, the elite Pops club and typical Eton phraseological units like "send up for good" - for the special achievements of students were called to director for praise.


The game of "Eton wall" rugby-pioneers.blogs.com

In addition, Barry drew on a literary tradition begun in 1857 with Thomas Hughes' novel Tom Brown's School Years. In the middle of the 19th century, a reform of public schools took place in England, and in numerous magazines for boys they began to print stories about school life, in which the heroes learn not only Latin and mathematics, but also master the "moral code of a gentleman" - the very "good form Captain Hook is so worried about. Particularly popular were Talbot Reed's stories about St. Dominic's School. Later friends Barry Woodhouse and Kipling paid tribute to this genre. For example: Rudyard Kipling. Stalky & Co, 1899; P. G. Wodehouse. Tales of St. Austin's, 1903..

In 1927 at Eton, Barry gave a speech that was entirely about Captain Hook. The director suggested to him the topic: "Captain Hook was a great Eton, but he was not a good Eton." Barry altered it somewhat - in his version, Hook was not a great Etonian, but was a good Etonian. The plot is as follows: Hook, under cover of night, makes his way to Eton to destroy all traces of his stay there - all the most precious memories of his life - so as not to compromise his beloved school.

Wendy, pirates and Indians

Wendy's prototype is Margaret Henley. Around 1893 Wikimedia Commons

Adventure literature was another popular genre in 19th century English literature. As a child, Barry read Coral Island by Robert Ballantyne (1857), Fenimore Cooper and Walter Scott - in the episodes about the Indians and pirates, there are clearly parodic fragments. Direct references in Peter Pan can be found to Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson (1883): Captain Hook claims that the Ship Chef himself was afraid of him, "and even Flint was afraid of the Ship Chef."

Harold B. Lee Library / Brigham Young University

Illustration by Francis Donkin Bedford for James Barry's Peter Pan and Wendy. New York, 1912Harold B. Lee Library / Brigham Young University

Barry knew Ballantyne, but they never met Stevenson, although they corresponded and admired each other. Stevenson wrote to Barry: "I am proud that you are also a Scotsman", and in a letter to Henry James called him a genius "I am a capable writer and he is a genius."... Stevenson spent his final years on Upolu Island Upolu - an island in the South Pacific Ocean, part of Samoa. and invited Barry there: "You get on the ship to San Francisco, my house will be the second from the left." When Wendy asks Peter where he lives, he replies: "Take the second turn to the right, and then straight ahead until morning." And even Wendy's name is indirectly related to Treasure Island. This is what Barry called Margaret Henley, the daughter of the one-legged poet, critic and publisher William Henley, a friend of Stevenson's who became the prototype of John Silver. Instead of the word "friendy", "friend", she pronounced "fwendy-wendy". Margaret died at age five, in 1894, and Barry named Wendy in memory of her.

Dead children and living fairies


Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge

Although technically all works about Peter Pan were created in the 20th century, Barry himself and his work belong to the Victorian era. His attitude towards children and childhood is also typically Victorian. Following the romantics, the Victorians believed that childhood is not only a time of innocence, but also a time when a person is especially close to nature and "other worlds." Topics such as the death of children were familiar and commonplace for the literature and life of that time. Barry himself was one of ten children: before the birth of James, two of his sisters died (his brother's death was not the first loss of his parents).

Illustration by William Heath Robertson for Charles Kingsley's Children of the Water. Boston, 1915New York Public Library

Illustration by Arthur Rackham for James Barry's Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens. London, 1906Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge

In the middle of the 19th century, a genre emerged that is today called "fantasy". Almost simultaneously, several writers create magical worlds, thanks to which the Nowhere Isle of Barry, and later - and Middle-earth, appeared. Barry's obvious literary predecessor is Charles Kingsley with his famous Water Children Water Babies, 1863.... In this tale, the chimney sweep Tom drowns and ends up in an underwater kingdom where fairies and tragically dead children live. Another writer to whom Barry owes a lot is George MacDonald. We will meet with him a dying child who is carried away by the North wind. At the Back of the North Wind, 1871., and a flying baby The Light Princess, 1864., and of course fairies. Another lover of fairies was Lewis Carroll, who changed children's literature forever. Undoubtedly, and he had a significant impact on Barry. Carroll was a close friend of George du Maurier, Sylvia's father, and photographed her when she was little. The last performance Carroll watched in his life was Barry's Little Minister. On November 20, 1897, he wrote in his diary: "I would like to watch this play again and again.".

"The Curse of Barry"


The Llewellyn Davis family. Photo by James Barry. Late 19th - early 20th century Sotheby's

Many people close to Barry died tragically, which led some of the writer's biographers to talk about the so-called Barry curse. His sister's fiancé fell from the horse that Barry had given him and crashed to death. In 1912, Barry helped fund Captain Scott's polar explorer's expedition, during which Scott himself was killed. One of the seven farewell letters that Captain Scott, freezing in the tent, wrote, is addressed to Barry.... In 1915, the producer Charles Frohman died on the Lusitania liner, and, according to the testimony of survivors, refusing a place in the boat, he quoted Peter Pan's phrase that death is the greatest adventure.

But the fate of the Llewellyn Davis family was especially unhappy. In 1907, Arthur died of sarcoma, in 1910, Sylvia died of cancer. Barry became the guardian of the boys and paid for their education. He survived some of them: in 1915, George died in the war, in 1921, Barry's favorite Michael drowned in Oxford. Peter Davis committed suicide - 23 years after the death of Barry himself.

Peter Pan Translations

Cover of James Barry's novel Peter Pan and Wendy, translated by Nina Demurova. Moscow, 1968 Publishing House "Children's Literature"

Peter Pan came to Soviet children's literature relatively late, in the late 1960s. There was a translation of Peter Pan and Wendy, made in 1918 by L. Bubnova, but it was not reprinted.: For quite a long time the fairy tale in the Soviet Union remained under suspicion - it was believed that unbridled fantasies were harmful to children.

Peter Pan was discovered to the Soviet reader almost simultaneously (and independently of each other) by two of the best translators of the English children's classics, Boris Zakhoder and Nina Demurova. Boris Zakhoder translated the play - at first it was translated by several Youth Theaters, then, in 1971, it was published as a book.

As always, Zakhoder translated quite freely, with great passion and sensitivity to the text. Zakhoder translated the play, which is lighter, more dynamic and more fun, and in his translation it is devoid of the tragic and ominous notes that Barry has.... In the preface, he explains the freedom of handling the text in the interests of the addressee-child: “The translator tried to be as close as possible to the original, more precisely: to be as faithful to it as possible. And where he allowed himself small "liberties" - these were liberties, caused by the desire to be faithful to the author and to be understandable today - young! - to the viewer " It is interesting that, despite the general tendency towards simplification, he did not miss Hook's last exclamation, although he replaced it with another, more famous and understandable Latin phrase - Hook dies with the words "Gaudeamus igitur", thereby making it clear to the reader that Hook received a university degree..

The first translation of Peter Pan and Wendy had to sit in a desk for ten years. Nina Demurova saw the English "Peter Pan" in the early sixties in India, where she worked as a translator. She liked Mabel Lucy Atwell's illustrations, bought the book and sat down to translate it. This was her first translation experience, and she naively sent it to the Detgiz publishing house. To no avail, of course. But ten years later, when Demurova became a famous translator thanks to the translation of Alice, she received a call and was offered to publish Peter.

Cover of James Barry's Peter Pan and Wendy, illustrated by Mabel Lucy Atwell. London, 1928 Hodder and Stoughton

Detgiz was going to seriously censor the text. Actually, this was to be expected: it is difficult to imagine a work that is more distant from the Soviet concept of childhood (joyful, vigorous, creative and devoid of "tearful sentimentality").

Children's literature was no less censored than adult literature, and for the most part the rules of the game were known to everyone in advance. The translator himself removed and smoothed out in advance what would probably not be missed For example, Demurova immediately removed the phrase that the boys want to remain loyal subjects of the king.... But there were also surprises: for example, "Detgiz" demanded to completely remove from the narrative the servant Lisa, who is only ten years old, - after all, the goodies, to which the editorial board ranked Darlings, should not exploit child labor. Demurova joined the fight and even turned to Korney Chukovsky.

Nina Demurova in Delhi. Late 1950s Personal archive of Nina Mikhailovna Demurova

"Detgiz" made concessions, and in 1968 the story "Peter Pan and Wendy" was published in translation by Nina Demurova. But in 1981, the same publishing house released a new translation by Irina Tokmakova: it does not mention the age of the unfortunate Lisa, there are no scenes of "excessive cruelty", everything is too sad (like mentions of death), too incomprehensible (all the torments of Captain Hook are completely released and all his school past), too adult (a kiss on the corner of Mrs.Darling's mouth is replaced by a smile, the spouses do not discuss whether to leave the child for them), the ambiguity of the characters is smoothed out.

It can be said that the Russian-speaking reader has some idea of \u200b\u200bVictorian children's literature thanks to Nina Demurova, who completely ignored the adaptation strategies usual for Soviet practice and left English literature of the 19th and early 20th centuries with all its inherent complexity, sadness, sentimentality and eccentricity.

The Darling family has three weather children. The eldest is Wendy, then John and then Michael. They have an unusual nanny - a big black diver dog named Nena. One evening, going into the bedroom of the children already in bed, Mrs. Darling sees a boy flying in through the window, followed by a strange glowing speck. She cries out in surprise, and Nana runs up to the scream. The boy manages to flutter out the window, but his shadow remains in Nana's teeth! Mrs.Darling rolls it up and puts it in a dresser drawer.

In a few days Mrs and Mr Darling are going to visit. In a hurry, Mr. Darling runs into Nana, and his trousers are in trouble! - wool remains. Mr. Darling kicks Nana out into the yard and puts her on a chain. As soon as the parents leave home, a small light flies to the children - this is the Tinker Bell fairy, she is looking for a shadow. Peter Pan appears next to her. At a signal from Tinker Bell (the fairy cannot speak, she makes a melodic ringing), Peter discovers a shadow and tries to attach it back, but nothing comes of it. Peter begins to cry, and his sobs wake up Wendy. After finding out what the matter is, Wendy sews the shadow to Peter's heels. It hurts a little, but he endures. Feeling trust in Wendy, Peter tells her about himself: he ran away from home, deciding never to grow up. He lives on the island of Netine and will be with the lost boys (“when a child falls out of the stroller, he goes to the country of Netine”). At the same time, something is revealed about fairies: it turns out that fairies are born from children's laughter and each child has his own fairy. But as soon as someone thinks "stupidity, there are no fairies in the world" - and the fairy dies.

Learning that Wendy knows how to tell fairy tales, Peter invites Wendy to the island ("I'll teach you how to fly, and we will fly together") to tell stories and be the mother of all lost boys. Wendy hesitates but agrees. John and Michael fly with her.

The inhabitants of the island are preparing to meet with Peter. The boys are looking for the place where Peter will land. Pirates led by Captain Jez Hook are looking for boys, Redskins (their leader is the Great Little Panther) are looking for pirates, and wild beasts are looking for Redskins to eat them.

Alerting Wendy's arrival, the Tinker Bell fairy appears. She (out of jealousy!) On behalf of Peter orders the boys to shoot Wendy with a bow. They have no reason to doubt, and one of them fires. Wendy falls to the ground and lies as if dead. But she did not die, she was saved by an acorn hanging around her neck, a gift from Peter Pan, and an arrow stuck into it. But Wendy is very weak, and all the boys, led by Peter who has flown in, build her a house, erecting it right around her. The house turns out to be very pretty. Wendy takes her responsibilities seriously: she cooks, does laundry, darns and, of course, tells stories.

The pirates don't leave the boys alone. Captain Hook - his name has been that since Peter cut off his arm, instead of which he had to attach an iron hook - cannot forgive this to Peter, especially since the hand was swallowed by a crocodile who liked it so much that he constantly hunts for Hook It’s good that you can hear it by the ticking of the captain’s wristwatch, which has not stopped walking in a crocodile belly. The captain comes up with an idea to bake a poisoned cake for the death of the boys, but he cannot achieve anything in this way - Wendy does not allow them to eat sweets, and the cake safely stale in the clearing until the captain himself stumbles over it in the dark and falls to the ground. One day the pirates want to tie the Indian princess Tiger Lily to a rock in the lagoon so that the tide will flood her. Peter Pan manages to trick the pirates by ordering them (in the voice of Captain Hook) to let her go. Then Peter has to fight with Hook, and he wounds him. Peter is saved by a bird No.

One evening, Wendy tells the boys their favorite fairy tale - about how there lived one gentleman and one lady, whose children once flew to the island of Netine will. And how they always kept the window open so the kids could fly home.

Peter objects to Wendy: he used to think that way about mothers too, so he was in no hurry to return. And when he arrived, the window was closed, and another boy was sleeping in his bed.

Then John and Michael, Wendy's brothers, understand that they need to hurry home. Wendy invites the rest of the boys with her, confident that her parents will certainly adopt them as well. Everyone agrees, except for Peter Pan, who doesn't want to get big. Peter asks the Indians to accompany Wendy and the boys, but the pirates intervene again. They manage to dishonestly defeat the Indians and take Wendy and the boys prisoner. Peter learns about this from Tinker Bell and rushes to help. A decisive battle ensues between Peter Pan and Captain Hook. The pirates have been defeated. The boys and Wendy are flying home.

Meanwhile, in London, Mrs and Mr Darling continue to wait for the children and never close the nursery windows. And Mr. Darling can’t forgive himself for driving Nana out of the house that terrible evening and putting her on a chain. Therefore, he vowed to live in a doghouse until the children returned, he was taken to work in it and brought from work. Mrs Darling sits down at the piano and starts playing. At this time, Peter and Tinker Bell arrive. They close the window so that Wendy decides that her mother is no longer waiting for her and does not love her, and would return with Peter to the island. But there is great sadness in the sound of the music, and Peter opens the window again. Wendy, John and Michael fly through the window and climb into their beds. Mother discovers them, calls for their father, and Nana also runs into the room. Everyone is happy. And the boys are waiting downstairs for Wendy to tell her parents about them. Having counted to five thousand, they enter the house and line up in front of Mrs Darling. Of course, both Mrs and Mr Darling decided to adopt them! Peter flies back to the island. He promises Wendy to fly next year, but forgets about it. And when Peter reappears, Wendy is already married and has a little daughter, Jane.

Not noticing the change, Peter calls Wendy with him, but she refuses with a sigh, because she is already an adult. Wendy leaves the room to calm down, while Peter Pan sits on the floor crying. Jane is awakened by his sobs.

And everything is repeated again.

When Jane grows up, her daughter Margaret is born, and now Margaret flies with Peter Pan to Netine Island ... And this will continue until the children stop being so cheerful, incomprehensible and heartless.

Retold

Date of first publication 1911 Publisher Hodder & Stoughton Previous White bird [d] and Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Following Peter Pan in crimson Quotes on Wikiquote Media files at Wikimedia Commons

"Peter and Wendy" (also "Peter Pan and Wendy" or simply "Peter Pan") - a fairy tale by James Barry, one of the most famous works about Peter Pan - a boy who ran away from home shortly after birth and did not want to become an adult. The story was published in 1911 and has since become an English and then a world children's classic. The plot of the story goes back to the play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Didn't Want to Grow, staged in London in 1904. In turn, the events of the play and the book continue the earlier story of Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, published in 1902 as part of Barry's novel The White Bird.

The story "Peter and Wendy" has been translated into many languages \u200b\u200band has been repeatedly filmed. There are several Russian translations, of which the most famous are an abbreviated retelling of Irina Tokmakova and a complete translation by Nina Demurova; the play was published in translation by Boris Zakhoder.

Plot

Main characters

Peter Pan will be on Netine Island

  • Peter Pan - a boy who did not want to grow up, the captain of lost children on the island of Netine will be
  • Wendy - the eldest daughter in the Darling family
  • John - Wendy's younger brother
  • Michael - younger brother of Wendy and John
  • Mr George Darling - father of children, bank employee
  • Mrs Darling - mother of children, housewife
  • Nana - Newfoundland, nanny of the Darling children
  • Ding Ding (Repair) - Peter's fairy, jealous of him for Wendy
  • Chatterbox, Tip, Baby, Curly, Twins - the lost boys on Netine Island will be
  • Captain James (Jez) Hook - the leader of the pirates on the island of Netine
  • Cecco, Bill Jucks, Starkey, Mass media and other pirates (total 16 people)
  • Tiger lily - Princess of the Redskins, daughter of a leader named Great Little Panther
  • Bird No (English Never Bird), who saved the wounded Peter during high tide, giving him his nest, on which he swam to shore
  • Crocodileto whom Peter fed Captain Hook's severed hand
  • Mermaidsliving in Mermaid Lagoon near Netine Island will

Problematic

Reviews

Russian translations

The first Russian translation of the story about Peter Pan and Wendy belonged to L. A. Bubnova and was published by the Moscow publishing house "Children's Book" in 1918. The translation was called "The Book with Pictures about Peter Pan" (the title on the cover is "The Adventures of Peter Pan") and was made according to the publication The peter pan picture book 1907 - a prosaic presentation of Barry's play, performed by Daniel O'Connor (in turn, the 1907 edition was an enlarged edition of the book Peter pan keepsake 1906). The peter pan picture book became the first illustrated publication about Peter Pan, 28 color drawings for him were created by the artist Alice Woodward ( Alice B. Woodward) and in black and white are reproduced in the Russian edition.

Until the 1960s, new translations of the book did not appear. In 1967, the play was published in translation by Boris Zakhoder (republished in 1971 with illustrations by May Miturich). In 1968, a translation of the story by Nina Demurova was published, in 1981 - an abridged retelling of Irina Tokmakova. In addition, until the 1990s. both translations of the story were published only as part of collections of English fairy tales, and on the whole remained little familiar to the Soviet reader. Since the 1990s. stories about Peter Pan began to be reprinted several times.

Comparison of proper names in Russian translations

The names of the main characters (Peter Pan, Wendy, John, Michael, Mr. and Mrs. Darling) look the same in all translations, with the exception of the translation by L. A. Bubnova (“Peter Pan” and “Mikael”). In the translation of a number of other proper names, especially "speaking", there is a significant variety: