planes and directions passing through the body, respectively, to three planes and axes of the system of rectangular coordinates are used in the anatomical description. Of the three planes, one runs horizontally and is called horizontal plane, and two running perpendicular to it are vertical planes and are called one - frontal plane, another - sagittal plane. The horizontal plane runs parallel to the horizon line; frontal plane - in the transverse direction, corresponding to the plane of the forehead, from where its name came from (frons - forehead, frontalis - frontal); sagittal plane - through the body in the anteroposterior direction (sagitta - arrow). In anatomy, it is conventionally accepted to study the body in a vertical symmetrical position with lowered hands, the thumbs of which are turned outward (supination position).

Sagittal plane, passing strictly in the middle of the body and dividing it into the right and left halves, is called the median or median. axes, going at the intersection of horizontal and frontal planes, are called transverse axes ; going at the intersection of horizontal and sagittal planes - sagittal or anteroposterior; located at the intersection of the frontal and sagittal planes - vertical. Naturally, any number of frontal, horizontal and sagittal planes can be drawn through the body. The exception is the median plane - it can be drawn only one. The frontal plane, passing through the longitudinal axis of the body, divides it into anterior and posterior sections. The anterior is also called abdominal or ventral (venter-belly), and the posterior - dorsal or dorsal (dorsum-back). The surface of an organ facing the anterior surface of the body is called the anterior or ventral surface, and the surface directed towards the back is called the posterior or dorsal. The surface of the organ, which faces the median plane of the body, is called internal or medial (medialis), and the opposite - external or lateral (lateralis). The surface facing the head is called cranial (cranialis - cranial) or upper, and the opposite surface facing the pelvis is called caudal (caudalis - tail) or lower. According to the planes and axes of the body, the directions along which this or that organ is located are also named: upward, or cranially, that is, towards the head; downwards, or caudally, i.e. towards the pelvis; anteriorly, or ventrally; posteriorly, or dorsally; inside, or medially; outwards, or laterally. The terms "cranial" and "caudal" are used only when referring to the trunk and neck. For a limb, terms are used that denote a position of its part that is closer or more distant in relation to the body: respectively, proximal or distal. To define the direction, the terms "proximal" and "distal" are used. The two halves of the body, into which its median plane divides, are constructed according to the type of their mirror image. However, in detail they are not exactly the same. The asymmetry of the body structure especially affects the structure and position of its internal organs. Such unpaired organs as the stomach, spleen, heart and others are asymmetric both in their structure and in their location in the body. If we talk only about the external forms of the body, then they are also not quite symmetrical. For example, right-handers usually have a more developed right hand: it is not only stronger, but also longer than the left, about a centimeter. Lefties have the opposite. You can also note some asymmetry in the structure of the legs. The spinal column is also not built quite symmetrically and has slight bends to the side. Almost all people have some facial asymmetry.

Imaginary axes and planes of the human body are needed to facilitate the description of its structure, diseases. Their references can often be found in the specialized literature on anatomy. Let us briefly touch on the characteristics of all such planes and dwell in more detail on the sagittal plane.

Axes of the human body

There are three axes of the human body, they intersect with each other at an angle equal to 90 degrees:

1. The vertical axis is the longest, it is directly perpendicular to the support on which the person stands.
2. The transverse axis is parallel to the support.
3. Sagittal axis - divides the body from front to back.

It is conditionally possible to draw any number of transverse and sagittal axes through the human body. There is only one vertical axis, which is why it is also known as the main axis.

The axes correspond to the plane of the body - sagittal, frontal and horizontal.

Planes of the human body

Briefly characterize all planes:

1. The sagittal plane coincides with the axis of the same name. She is perpendicular to the transverse.
2. The frontal plane coincides with the vertical axis, it divides the body into two halves: anterior and posterior. Passes at right angles to the support. It got its name because the front parts of the body (front), in particular, the forehead, are parallel to it.
3. The horizontal plane runs in the direction of the transverse axis. It conditionally divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Sagittal plane

This plane, like the other two, is widely used in the anatomy of both humans and animals. The sagittal plane of the body with an imaginary line divides the latter into the right and left sides. As already mentioned, an arbitrary number of such planes can be drawn through the body.

The line that passes through the main axis is the mid-sagittal plane or medial. It divides the human body into two equal halves - left and right. Symmetry is observed not only externally, but also with regards to internal organs. For example, left and right kidney, left and right lung. Unpaired organs violate it. The heart, for example, is located closer to the left side of the sternum, the stomach and spleen also gravitate to this side of the abdominal region.

The position of the organs relative to the planes

Depending on the proximity of the location to a particular plane, the organs are described by the following terms:

• cranial: those closer to the skull, head;
• lateral: external, lateral, distant from the medial plane;
• caudal: organs that are located closer to the lower half of the body;
• medial: located closer to the main axis;
• ventral: organs that are located on the abdominal, anterior half;
• dorsal: located on the dorsal, back of the body.

If we talk about limbs, then the following formulations apply:

• distal: remote from any part of the body;
• proximal: on the contrary, closer to it.

Posture: concept, norm

Ozhegov describes posture as a manner of holding oneself. Medical dictionaries characterize this concept as a familiar, relaxed, relaxed posture of a standing person. Posture is determined by two important factors: the level of muscle development and the position of the pelvis.

The sagittal plane of posture should be symmetrical. Correct, normal posture is characterized by:

• strictly vertical position of the head, slightly raised chin;
• strictly horizontal passage of the forearm line: symmetrical relative to each other angles that form the lateral surfaces of the neck and outlines of the shoulder girdle;
• symmetrical with respect to the medial plane of the chest, which does not protrude or sink;
• vertical abdominal region: the navel is located strictly on the line of passage of the median plane;
• shoulder blades pressed to the body, symmetrical with respect to the spine;
• parallel lines drawn through the popliteal fossa and gluteal folds;
• when viewed from the side: inverted abdomen, raised chest, straight lower limbs, the angle of inclination of the pelvic region is not more than 30-35 degrees.

Posture defects

Posture disorders (deviations from its normal state) are functional changes in the human musculoskeletal system, characterized by the appearance of new conditioned reflex connections that fix the abnormal position of the body.

Common causes of posture defects:

• the habit of sitting in the wrong postures;
• weakened body: from rickets, bronchial asthma, childhood infections;
• insufficient physical development.

Violations of posture are visible in two planes: frontal and sagittal. The first type is associated with the lack of symmetry between the parts of the body - the so-called asymmetric posture. The second - with a deviation from the normal curvature of the spine. In particular:

1. Increased curvature of the spine: stooping, round or round-arched back.
2. Curve reduction: flat and flat-concave back.

Let's take a closer look at these changes.

Violation of posture in the sagittal plane

Description of each defect:

1. Slouch. An increase in the forward curvature of the spine with a simultaneous decrease in its backward curvature. The legs are slightly bent when walking, the angle of the pelvis decreases. Characterized by a protruding belly, pterygoid shoulder blades, raised shoulder girdle.
2. Round back. With this form, the increased curvature of the spine is visible to the naked eye. In addition to the pterygoid shoulder blades, a protruding abdomen, there is also a head tilted forward, a retracted chest, arms hanging at some distance in front of the body.
3. Round arched back. All physiological curves of the spine increase. At the same time, the legs are slightly bent when walking, the stomach can not only protrude, but also hang. Raised forearms, sometimes pterygoid scapulae are observed. The head is slightly pushed forward.
4. Flat back. Reducing all the curves of the spine, the angle of the normal inclination of the pelvis. The chest moves forward, the lower abdomen protrudes slightly. The winged shape of the shoulder blades is often observed.
5. Flat back. Reduction of the forward curvature of the spine while maintaining the norm or increasing its posterior curvature. The line of the cervical vertebra is often flattened, the shape of the shoulder blades can be in the form of a wing. The pelvis is displaced backwards, the legs are slightly bent when walking, and the knees are overbent in an unnatural direction.

Vertical, horizontal, sagittal plane - these concepts are often used in anatomy. They are also indispensable in characterizing the manifestations of a number of diseases, developmental defects, in particular, posture disorders.

Axes and planes of the human
body basic anatomical terms

When describing the external forms of the body, the axes and planes adopted in the system of rectangular Coordinates are used.
There are three axes bodies: vertical, transverse and sagittal. They all intersect each other at right angles.
The vertical axis is the longest and perpendicular to the plane of the support. The transverse axis runs parallel to the plane of the support. The sagittal axis, named after the Latin word "sagitta" - an arrow, is directed from front to back.
Any number of transverse and sagittal axes can be drawn, but only one vertical axis. Therefore, the vertical axis is called the main axis.
The axes correspond to three planes - sagittal, frontal And horizontal.
The sagittal plane runs in the direction of the sagittal axis and perpendicular to the transverse axis. Any number of sagittal planes can be drawn through the body. One of them, the one that passes through the vertical main axis, is called middle, or median. It divides the body into two symmetrical halves - right and left.
The frontal plane goes in the transverse direction and is perpendicular to the sagittal axis. Any of the frontal planes divides the body into back and front parts. The frontal plane is perpendicular to the support and parallel to the front surface of the body, the surface of the forehead, which is the reason for its name (Latin "front" - forehead).
The horizontal, or transverse, plane runs in the direction of the transverse axis, parallel to the plane of the support and perpendicular to the vertical. Any of the transverse planes will divide the body into upper and lower halves.
According to the axes and planes, the position of body parts, the location of internal organs is determined.
The human body has symmetry. This is especially clearly revealed when mentally drawing the median sagittal plane through the body.
Symmetry is also observed in the arrangement of internal organs. There is a right lung and a left lung, a right kidney and a left kidney. However, in relation to a number of internal organs, this principle is violated. We know that the human heart is located in the chest.

Axes and planes of the human body
ABSD- sagittal (median) plane; ERON- frontal plane perpendicular to the sagittal; KLMN horizontal (transverse) plane perpendicular to the previous two; ah- sagittal axis; in-in- front axle; s-s- vertical axis

the cell is larger on the left than on the right, the stomach and spleen are unpaired organs and are located only on the left.
The position of body parts in relation to the main axes and planes is indicated by special terms.
The main ones are:
medial- located closer to the median axis, internal;
lateral- located further from the median axis, lateral, external;
cranial- located in the direction of the head, skull;
caudal- located in the opposite direction, tail;
dorsal- located on the back, dorsal side;
ventral- located on the anterior, ventral side.
In relation to the limbs, the terms are used: proximal- lying closer to the body and distal-located farther from the body. For example, the lower leg is located proximally in relation to the foot, and distally in relation to the femur.

sagittal- sagittal, sagittal (scientific, anat.). Dividing (body) longitudinally into the right and left halves (about a line, plane, section). Sagittal plane. Sagittal section of the body. A large dictionary of foreign words. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

SAGITTAL- (from lat. sagitta arrow) in anatomy located in the anteroposterior direction, for example. sagittal suture. Sagittal planes (imaginary) cut the body longitudinally from front to back. The middle, or median, sagittal plane divides the body into the right and ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SAGITTAL- SAGITTAL, sagittal, sagittal (from lat. sagitta arrow) (scientific, anat.). Dividing (body) longitudinally into the right and left halves (about a line, plane, section). Sagittal plane. Sagittal section of the body. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

sagittal- arrow-shaped Dictionary of Russian synonyms. sagittal adj., number of synonyms: 2 dividing (22) ... Synonym dictionary

SAGITTAL- (from lat. sagitta arrow), located in the anteroposterior direction, for example. S. seam, S. axis, S. planes (imaginary) run vertically from front to back along the body; the median S. plane divides it into two symmetrical halves. (see BODY) fig. at st ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary

sagittal- oh, oh. Specialist. Dividing (body) longitudinally into two halves. S line. C axis. From the th plane. * * * sagittal (from lat. sagitta arrow) (anat.), located in the anteroposterior direction, that is, from the head to the end of the body, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Sagittal- sagittal plane (from lat. sagitta arrow), a term used in the anatomy of animals and humans to refer to a plane running through the body in the anteroposterior direction. S. a plane passing longitudinally strictly along the middle of the body and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

sagittal- sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal, sagittal,… … Word forms

SAGITTAL- (from lat. sagitta arrow) (anat.), located in the anteroposterior direction, i.e. from the head to the end of the body, for example. S. seam. C. planes (imaginary) cut the body longitudinally from front to back. The middle, or median, S. plane divides the body into right and ... ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

sagittal- sagittal ... Russian spelling dictionary

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW! The only way to quickly get rid of OSTEOCHONDROSIS AND BACK PAIN, recommended by Dr. Bubnovsky! ...

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal caused by a combination of degenerative-dystrophic changes. Because of this, there is pressure on the spinal cord, as a result of which pain, numbness, and lameness can occur. Before analyzing the pathology, it is worth delving a little into the anatomy of the spine.

Since stenosis of the spinal canal is most often observed at the level of the lumbar region, then this department will have to be disassembled. The human spine consists of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, spinal canal, facet joints. The human spinal cord is located in the spinal canal. The neck is the junction of the medulla oblongata with the spinal cord. It starts from the level of the I vertebra of the cervical region and ends with the I-II vertebrae of the lumbar region.

At the level of the lumbar region, it ends, forming a ponytail. This cauda equina is a collection of groups of roots of the spinal cord. The roots go to various internal organs of the pelvis, innervating them. They are divided into motor and sensory and perform the same functions - they set the muscles in motion and make it possible to feel. Usually, there is enough space in the spinal canal to accommodate the brain inside it. The anteroposterior size is normal - from 15 to 25 mm. The norm for the transverse size is 26-30 mm.

The narrowing of the sagittal size to 12 mm is already a valid reason to make a diagnosis of spinal stenosis. If the size is another 2 mm smaller, then this can already be called absolute stenosis. Stenosis can be divided into 3 types depending on the location of the narrowing:

central; lateral; combined.

With central stenosis, the sagittal size decreases. In these cases, it is the brain that suffers. Lateral - a decrease in the intervertebral space, while only the roots are compressed. Combined is the worst option, since both the roots and the brain itself are affected, which can lead to more serious consequences.

What are the causes of spinal stenosis? This pathology can be either congenital (idiopathic) or acquired. Idiopathic stenosis is quite rare compared to acquired.

Its causes can be various deviations and anomalies in the development of the vertebrae: thickening and shortening of the arches, a decrease in the size of the vertebra itself or its individual parts. If we talk about acquired stenosis, then we can note the causes of its occurrence of a different nature:

1. Any degenerative process or a combination of them: arthrosis, osteophytes, protrusions (protrusions), various intervertebral hernias, osteochondrosis, spondylosis, compaction of the intervertebral ligaments, displacement of the vertebrae. 2. Injuries: industrial, sports. 3. Post-surgical: the result of the removal of the vertebrae or their parts, implantation and fixation with the help of various structures and parts to support the spine, the formation of scars on the ligaments or adhesions. 4. Damage to the spine from other diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, neoplasms, failures in the synthesis of growth hormone (acromegaly), etc.

Very often there are degenerative changes in the structure of the spine. The elderly are the most affected. Their intervertebral discs wear out and become less elastic, the ligaments thicken, and the bone tissue can become deformed against the background of osteochondrosis. All this is bad for the back.

A combination of congenital with acquired stenosis cannot be ruled out. Congenital, as a rule, does not show any negative consequences, however, any degenerative process (even to the smallest extent) can lead to a deterioration in well-being.

In addition to the stenosis itself, circulatory disorders in the brain caused by trauma, vascular compression and vascular problems can cause big problems.

Symptoms. As mentioned above, people over the age of 50 most often suffer from spinal stenosis. The male sex is mainly affected due to heavy physical labor that creates a load on the spine. The most specific symptoms for this pathology are the following:

Feeling of pain, tingling, numbness in the legs, which occurs when walking. Such pains do not have an exact localization, and patients often report them as a very unpleasant sensation that does not allow them to walk, because of which they constantly stop while walking to rest. In the sitting position, pain does not manifest itself, even during physical exertion. Pain relief can be achieved by leaning forward slightly, which is why you can meet people who walk bent over. Unpleasant sensations in the lower back, accompanied by pain, even when lying down. Basically, such pains are dull in nature and tend to spread to the legs. Tingling in the legs, a feeling of "goosebumps" (as when sitting out a limb, before their numbness), discomfort. Weakness in the legs, inability to perform certain movements (rising on toes, pulling the toe towards you, walking on your heels). Absence or decrease in leg reflexes (knee reflex, Achilles reflex). Possible violations of the functionality of the pelvic organs: involuntary urination, frequent urge to go to the toilet, or, conversely, anuria, constipation, impotence may occur.

Leg muscle dystrophy caused by a sharp and prolonged decrease in load.

The last two symptoms can be attributed to the late stages of the development of stenosis, and they are a direct indication for hospitalization and surgical treatment.

Diagnostics. The main criteria for differentiating the disease are: questioning the patient for complaints (limping, pain, numbness), external examination (muscle atrophy, lack of reflexes) and data from secondary (additional) examinations.

It is worth analyzing in detail additional studies, as they often confirm the diagnosis. These are MRI and CT methods, as well as radiography. They allow you to assess the state of the spinal canal, the degree of change in size and the location of the focus. Sometimes scintigraphy, myelography may be needed. They allow you to more accurately examine the cause, especially when it comes to tumors and diagnosing the state of the nerve bundles.

Treatment. Therapy depends on the causes, location and degree of development of the pathology. Thus, it is possible to resort to treatment with conservative and surgical methods. Their combination is not excluded.

Conservative therapy is carried out with medication, physiotherapy, massage, physiotherapy exercises. Usually, all these methods are used in combination, for the best outcome and a comprehensive impact on the problem.

Of the medicines, both hormonal and non-steroidal drugs can be used. Doctors also prescribe muscle relaxants, vascular agents, anesthetics and vitamin complexes. As already mentioned, medications need to be supported by physiotherapeutic procedures and physiotherapy exercises. This will help improve the mobility of the vertebrae, their blood supply and help restore the spine to some extent.

If the conservative method does not give positive results or the disease progresses strongly, then you should turn to the surgical method. It is possible to remove the problematic parts of the vertebrae, strengthen them with metal structures, eliminate the tumor disease, and remove hernias by surgery. All of these therapies are selected on an individual basis and may be different for people with the same disease. This is due to the fact that each person is unique, may have a secondary diagnosis, and the age of the patient also affects.

Prevention. No one can protect themselves from stenosis, but it is still possible to delay the time of its manifestation or make the course of the disease not so painful. The main measures are:

1. Refusal of bad habits. 2. Leading a healthy lifestyle. 3. Balanced diet. 4. Physical education, sports.

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a very common problem, and many people refuse to treat it. This can lead to a variety of problems: pain, numbness, and even the inability to walk. Don't neglect your health. At the first symptoms, you need to go to the doctor for an examination and begin treatment.

Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the legs may include:

pain in the joints of the legs when walking, swelling and induration appeared on the skin of the legs pain, burning sensation in the legs after the end of the working day

If you have these symptoms, you need to start treatment as soon as possible. How to treat these problems, read the opinion of experts: How and with what to smear and rub your feet correctly>>

Stenosis of the spinal canal of the lumbar spine is a pathological condition in which the size of the canal is reduced. The narrowing of the lumen leads to compression of the structures located in the canal - the roots of the spinal cord. Symptoms of the disease are determined by which roots are compressed. The disease is slowly progressive. Treatment can be conservative and operational. The latter is prescribed in case of ineffectiveness of drug treatment. From this article you can learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of spinal stenosis of the lumbar spine.

Normally, the anteroposterior dimension (sagittal) of the spinal canal at the lumbar level is 15–25 mm, and the transverse dimension is 26–30 mm. At this level, the human spinal cord ends and the so-called cauda equina (a group of roots of the spinal cord in the form of a bundle) is located. Reducing the sagittal size to 12 mm is called relative stenosis, which means the following: clinical manifestations of narrowing may or may not occur. When the anteroposterior size is 10 mm or less, then this is already an absolute stenosis, which always has clinical signs.

From the point of view of anatomy, there are three types of spinal stenosis at the lumbar level:

central: decrease in anteroposterior size; lateral: narrowing in the region of the intervertebral foramen, that is, the place where the spinal nerve root exits the spinal canal between two adjacent vertebrae. Lateral stenosis is considered to be a decrease in the size of the intervertebral foramen up to 4 mm; combined: reduction of all sizes.

Stenosis of the lumbar spine can be congenital or acquired.

Congenital (idiopathic) stenosis is due to structural features of the vertebrae: an increase in the thickness of the vertebral arch, shortening of the arch, a decrease in body height, shortening of the pedicle, and similar changes.

Acquired stenosis is much more common. It may be due to:

degenerative processes in the spine: osteochondrosis of the lumbar spine, deforming spondylosis, arthrosis of the intervertebral joints, degenerative spondylolisthesis (displacement of one vertebra relative to another), protrusions (protrusions) and herniated discs, calcification and, accordingly, thickening of the ligaments of the spine; injuries; iatrogenic causes (as a result of medical interventions): after laminectomy (removal of part of the vertebral arch), arthrodesis or spondylodesis (fixation of joints or vertebrae, respectively, using additional devices, such as metal structures) as a result of the formation of adhesions and postoperative scars; other diseases: Pagett's disease, Bechterew's disease (ankylosing spondylitis), rheumatoid arthritis, lumbar tumors, acromegaly and others.

Degenerative changes in the spine are the most common cause of lumbar spinal stenosis.

Quite common is the situation when the patient has both congenital and acquired narrowing of the spinal canal.

In the development of symptoms of stenosis of the spinal canal of the lumbar spine, in addition to the narrowing itself, a violation of the blood supply to the roots of the spinal nerves, which occurs as a result of compression of the vessels, a violation of the venous outflow, can play a role.

Stenosis of the spinal canal at the lumbar level is a fairly common disease, because with age, every (!) Person develops spinal aging processes, manifested by degenerative changes. More often, stenosis manifests itself after 50 years, men are more susceptible to the disease.

The most characteristic signs of stenosis of the spinal canal of the lumbar level are as follows:

neurogenic (caudogenic) intermittent claudication is a sensation of pain, numbness, weakness in the legs, which occurs only when walking. The pain is usually bilateral in nature, does not have a clear localization (that is, when episodes are repeated, it can be noted in a different place), sometimes it is not even described by the patient as pain, but as an unpleasant sensation that is difficult to delineate, making it impossible to move. Pain and weakness in the legs make the patient stop, sit down, and sometimes lie down right on the street. The pain disappears in the position of slight bending of the legs in the hip and knee joints with a slight tilt of the torso forward. In a sitting position, such sensations do not occur, even when a person performs physical activity (for example, cycling). Sometimes patients with spinal stenosis of the lumbar spine involuntarily move in a slightly bent posture (monkey posture), as this allows walking without increasing pain; pain in the lower back, sacrum, coccyx can be of a varied nature, but more often dull and aching, do not depend on the position of the body, can "give" to the legs; pain in the legs is usually bilateral, the so-called "radicular". This term means a special localization of pain sensation (or its distribution) - strip-like, that is, along the length of the leg in the form of a strip. "Lampas" can pass along the front, side, back surface of the leg. Since several roots of the spinal cord are usually compressed during stenosis, the “lampas” can also be wide. Compression of the roots causes the so-called tension symptoms - Lassegue, Wasserman, which are caused by passive lifting of the straightened leg in various positions; violation of sensitivity in the legs: the sensation of touch is lost, the difference between a sharp and blunt touch is not caught, sometimes with closed eyes it is difficult for the patient to describe the position of the toes that the doctor gave them (for example, bent or unbent). Similar changes can be in the groin, in the genital area; a feeling of tingling, crawling, burning in the legs and similar sensations; violation of the function of the pelvic organs: change in urination by the type of delay or vice versa incontinence, imperative urge to urinate (that is, requiring immediate satisfaction), impaired potency, defecation; decrease or absence of knee, Achilles, plantar reflexes; cramps (painful cramps) in the muscles of the legs, especially after a little physical exertion, involuntary twitches of individual muscle bundles without pain; weakness (paresis) in the legs: this may relate to individual movements (for example, it is difficult for the patient to stand on his toes or walk on his heels), or may be generalized, completely capturing the legs, character; weight loss (thinning) of the legs due to dystrophic changes in the muscles that occur with prolonged compression of the nerve roots.

Dysfunction of the pelvic organs, paresis in the legs and weight loss of the lower extremities are late symptoms of spinal stenosis of the lumbar spine. Usually, in the presence of such changes, the patient is already indicated for surgical treatment.

The diagnosis of stenosis of the spinal canal of the lumbar spine is based on clinical symptoms (especially neurogenic intermittent claudication), neurological examination data (changes in sensitivity, reflexes, the presence of symptoms of tension, paresis, weight loss of the limbs) and data from additional examination methods.

Of the additional examination methods, the most informative are radiography of the lumbosacral spine, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These methods allow you to measure the size of the spinal canal. Of course, CT and MRI are more accurate techniques. In some cases, electroneuromyography, myelography, and scintigraphy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sagittal plane(from lat. sagitta- arrow) - an imaginary vertical plane that runs from front to back and divides the object into left and right parts. Used in human and animal anatomy.

Any number of sagittal planes can be drawn through the body. One of them, the one that passes through the vertical main axis, is called the median, or median. It divides the body into two symmetrical halves - right and left.

see also

• Spatial relations in anatomical terminology

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An excerpt characterizing the Sagittal plane

- Lie down? Yes, okay, I'll go to bed. I'm going to bed now, - said Natasha.
Since Natasha was told this morning that Prince Andrei was seriously wounded and was traveling with them, she only in the first minute asked a lot about where? How? is he dangerously injured? and can she see him? But after she was told that she was not allowed to see him, that he was seriously injured, but that his life was not in danger, she obviously did not believe what she was told, but convinced that no matter how much she said, she would be answer the same thing, stopped asking and talking. All the way, with big eyes, which the countess knew so well and whose expression the countess was so afraid of, Natasha sat motionless in the corner of the carriage and was now sitting in the same way on the bench on which she sat down. She was thinking about something, something she was deciding or had already decided in her mind now - the countess knew this, but what it was, she did not know, and this frightened and tormented her.