In order to lead us to what the author himself sees as a solution to the problem, he several times turns to the image of a miner working in "a certain space surrounded by layers of impenetrable black stone." This is his limitation. But another, less experienced miner works nearby, and his limitations are greater.
Likewise, the relative scarcity of people who read a certain number of books. There is no person who has read all the books, there is no "sage who knows as much as mankind knows." Even such scholars as Aristotle, Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci did not possess such knowledge, the “capsule” of which approached the “capsule” of all mankind and, perhaps, even coincided with it ”.
Consequently, the author concludes, "about everyone we can say that he is a limited person." Limitedness is a relative concept. You can have great specific knowledge and be a limited person. And you can meet a person who is not armed with a whole arsenal of accurate knowledge, but with a breadth and clarity of ideas about the external world.
V. Soloukhin's point of view is quite clear to me, I cannot but agree with it. I think the ability to see the world not only within the framework of your own idea of \u200b\u200bit, but somehow wider, taking into account the vision of other people, is a special gift. I would like to add that it is good when a person is able to notice his “boundaries”.
This is the first step towards expanding them. And only the person himself can take this step. Any “help” from outside is usually not accepted. It still seems to me that everyone can follow this path, if, of course, he has such a need.
In Russian classical literature, you can find images of people who can be called limited, but there are heroes who are aware of their limitations and strive to expand their horizons. An example of images of people of the first type can, I think, serve as Chichikov from the poem "Dead Souls" by N. V. Gogol.
His little world is limited by the need to become richer. He follows the behest of his father: "And most of all, take care of a penny, you will break everything with a penny." But aren't the limited people Khlestakov, Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky and other characters of Gogol's "Inspector General" ?!
Let us recall another hero of Russian classical literature. Evgeny Bazarov in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" seeks to expand his knowledge, he is busy with science. But at the same time, we can call this hero a limited person: he does not recognize the beauty of nature, considers reading fiction a useless occupation, claims that “Raphael is not worth a dime” ... We know that this side of Bazarov's worldview is wrong.
In the novel by Lyudmila Ulitskaya "The Kukotsky Case" there are reflections similar to what V. Soloukhin wrote about: "A profession is a point of view. A professional sees one piece of life very well and may not see other things that do not concern his profession. " But Ulitskaya herself emphasizes that one cannot be limited only to professional knowledge, the main thing is to always remain human.
Yes, a person cannot know everything, in some ways he is really limited, but you need to strive to expand your horizons, not to consider yourself better and smarter than others. Then hardly anyone would think of calling you a limited person.
Essay on the topic "Limited person" updated: October 4, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru
Text №44 According to V. Soloukhin. We sometimes talk about other people: "Limited person"
| (1) We sometimes say about other people: "Limited person." (2) But what can this definition mean? (3) Each person is limited in his knowledge or in his idea of \u200b\u200bthe world. (4) Humanity as a whole is also limited. (5) Imagine a miner who has developed a certain space around himself in a coal seam, surrounded by thick layers of impenetrable black stone. (6) This is its limitation. (7) Each person in the invisible, but nevertheless impenetrable layer of the world and life has developed around himself a certain space of knowledge. (8) He is, as it were, in a capsule surrounded by a boundless, mysterious world. (9) “Capsules” vary in size because one knows more and the other less. (10) A person who has read a hundred books presumptuously speaks of someone who has read twenty books: "The Limited Man." (11) But what will he say to someone who has read a thousand? (12) And there is no, I think, a person who would read all the books. (13) Several centuries ago, when the information side of human knowledge was not so extensive, there were scientists whose "capsule" approached the "capsule" of all mankind and, perhaps, even coincided with it: Aristotle, Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci ... (14) Now it is impossible to find such a sage who would know as much as mankind as such knows. (15) Therefore, we can say about everyone that he is a limited person. (16) But it is very important to separate knowledge and ideas. (17) To clarify my point, I return to our miner in the coal seam. (18) Let us assume conditionally and theoretically that some of the miners were born there, underground, and never crawled out. (19) They have not read books, have no information, no idea about the external, transcendental (outside their slaughter) world. (20) So he worked out a rather vast space around him and lives in it, thinking that the world is limited by his slaughter. (21) Another, less experienced miner, whose mined area is smaller, also works underground. (22) That is, he is more limited by his slaughter, but he has an idea of \u200b\u200bthe external, terrestrial world: he swam in the Black Sea, flew in an airplane, picked flowers ... (23) The question is, which of the two is more limited? (24) That is, I want to say that you can meet a learned person with great specific knowledge and soon become convinced that he is, in essence, a very limited person. (25) And you can meet a person who is not armed with a whole arsenal of accurate knowledge, but with a breadth and clarity of ideas about the external world. (According to V. Soloukhin) |
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Main problems:
1. The problem of human limitation. What kind of person can be considered limited?
1. Limitedness is a relative concept. A person can have great concrete knowledge and remain limited if he does not have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe external world. At the same time, the space not cognized by man is so large that each person and humanity as a whole can be considered limited.
What kind of person we can call limited is the problem raised by V. Soloukhin in the text.
The author, arguing about which of us is limited in our knowledge or in our idea of \u200b\u200bthe world, draws an interesting parallel. He believes that today it is impossible to find a sage who would know everything, as it was in the days of Aristotle, Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, because the volume of human knowledge has grown immeasurably. So everyone today can be called a "limited" person? Yes. But one, according to V. Soloukhin, is limited by knowledge of a topic of interest only to him, but the other, “not armed with a whole arsenal of accurate knowledge,” will have a broad and clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe outside world.
V. Soloukhin believes that a “limited person” is one who has withdrawn into the study of only one kind of science, not noticing anything but it.
Sasha Black."Books"
There is a bottomless box of the world
From Homer to us.
To know at least Shakespeare,
It takes a year for smart eyes.
Quotes
1. We can as much as we know (Heraclitus, the ancient Greek philosopher).
2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers).
3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist).
4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet emerged from us (A. Regulsky).
5. Jack London. Martin Eden
Limited minds only notice limitation in others.
D. London "Martin Eden"
The protagonist of the novel of the same name by American writer Jack London Martin Eden - a working guy, a sailor, a native of the lower classes, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation of English words and awakens in him an interest in literature. Martin finds out that magazines pay decent royalties to the authors who are published in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he managed to fall in love. Martin composes a self-improvement program, works on his language and pronunciation, reads many books. Iron health and unbending will move him towards the goal. In the end, after going a long and thorny path, after numerous refusals and disappointments, he becomes a famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is so, just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that fulfilling a dream does not always bring happiness)
6. Jack London.
I'm just shy when I see my human limitations preventing me from covering all sides of the problem, especially when it comes to the fundamental problems of life.
It was an eternal tragedy - when limitation seeks to guide a true mind, broad and alien to prejudice, on the path.
7. Miguel de Cervantes. There are people for whom knowledge of Latin does not prevent them from being donkeys.
8. Evgeny Zamyatin. The novel "We". I am not afraid of this word - "limitation": the work of the highest thing in man - reason - is reduced precisely to the continuous limitation of infinity, to the fragmentation of infinity into convenient, easily digestible portions - differentials. This is precisely the divine beauty of my element - mathematics.
9. M.V. Lomonosov. Evening meditation on the majesty of God ...
…A black shadow ascended the mountains;
The beams bent away from us;
Opened abyss stars full;
To the stars numbers no, abyss bottom.
The early Middle Ages are commonly referred to as the "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of the ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among the commoners, but also among the people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is originally inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during the campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the prospector wrote letters.
The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and physics, giving only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
Limited - SYNONYMS
stupid; close; restrictive, finite, finite, one-sided, narrow, insufficient, tied, constrained, reduced; scanty, narrow-minded, narrow-minded; meager, narrowly professional, narrowly specific, narrowly industry-specific, silly, stripped-down, narrow-minded, modest, compressed, local, sequestered, does not vomit stars from the sky, highly specialized, sequestered, stupid, localized, limited, narrow-minded, short-sighted, not conditioned mind, small, narrowed, stupid, chicken brains, there are not enough stars from the sky, contingent, stupid, localized, limited, incomplete, procrustes, restrained, reduced, not unlimited, servitude, oppressed, empty-headed, foolish, sequestered, rustic, conditional, collapsed, insignificant. Ant. wide, versatile, multifaceted
problems
The problem of correlation between the knowledge of an individual and human knowledge of the whole world.
The problem of the importance of the process of cognition in human life.
Both during the golden age of Russian literature and today, many writers disclose in their works the problem of the need for scientific knowledge in human life.
An example of the inseparability of knowledge from a person is the work of a Russian writer I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" ... One of the heroes of the work, Andrei Stolts, has been persistently improving his knowledge from early childhood. He developed his knowledge every minute. Knowledge of the world was his main goal. Thanks to his desire to reveal the secrets of the world, he became a man capable of solving any issue.
A very clear example - Evgeny Bazarov from the novel "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev ... The hero was formed as a person thanks to his craving for knowledge, he became a man of a firm and deep mind.
Undoubtedly, a person should show a true desire and desire for knowledge, and not pretend to be a person who knows the world, as presented in the work D.I.Fonvizina "Minor" ... Before society, the main character Mitrofanushka appears as a man thirsty for knowledge, but in fact he was just an ignoramus.
The problem of defining the concept of limitation in his text is considered by V.A. Soloukhin, poet, prose writer, publicist.
The author, reflecting on the problem, writes that a person who has read a hundred books considers those who have read twenty books to be limited people. He asks himself: what will this person say to someone who has read a thousand? In addition, the narrator compares the most experienced miner, who spent his whole life underground, and the less experienced miner, who has an idea of \u200b\u200bthe external, terrestrial world. By this he wants to say that each person is limited in his knowledge or in his idea of \u200b\u200bthe world.
A person cannot be limited to any one area of \u200b\u200bknowledge, it is necessary to be able to pay attention to different issues, only then is it possible to have a broad understanding of the reality around us.
The problem of defining the concept of limitation was considered by many Russian writers and cultural figures. The hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov "The Man in the Case" teacher Belikov lives by prohibitions, practically isolated from the world. He has a narrow circle of interests, he is afraid of everything that does not correspond to what is written in the circulars. Belikov has nothing to talk about with other people, he goes to visit only in order to sit in silence and leave.
It is symbolic that he teaches Greek, which is considered dead.
As a second argument, I would like to cite as an example the novel by Ivan Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Evgeny Bazarov is engaged in scientific activities, striving to expand his knowledge. Paying attention to science, he completely does not pay attention to such things as love and art. This is its limitation. The theory of nihilism is wrong, because it denies things necessary for a fulfilling life.
In conclusion, I would like to note that a person needs to expand his horizons, and then he will live a full and eventful life.
The hero of the story V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", Peter, born blind, had to go through many obstacles on the way to happiness. The inability to see the light, the beauty of the world around him upset him, but he imagined it thanks to his sensitive perception of sounds.
At different stages of history, people treated people with disabilities differently. For example, in Sparta, newborns with disabilities were killed.
In the esoteric thriller "The Way of the Fool" S. Secorisky writes that "physically strong by nature are rarely smart, since their minds are replaced by fists."
The famous Russian writer, publicist V. Soloukhin writes in one of his essays that limitation is a relative concept. The space not known by man is so large that all of humanity as a whole can be considered limited.
A convincing proof of the validity of V. Soloukhin's opinion is the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was a very intelligent man with vast life experience. Still, his knowledge was limited and gave rise to many contradictions.
* The genius psychiatrist A. Adler believed that this complex "is even useful, because a person, solving his problems, is forced to improve."
* F. Iskander in his essay “Soul and Mind” writes that humanity can be divided into “poor” and “beasts”. The destiny of the former is to do good during a short life, since "they are doomed to perish." The second, however, has nothing to do but admit the loyalty to the life position of the "poor" and return back to the shell of self-defense.
* N. Gumilyov in the poem "Fragment" wrote:
Christ said: The poor are blessed,
The fate of the blind, crippled and beggars is enviable,
I will take them to the villages above the stars,
I will make them sky knights
And I will call the most glorious of the glorious ...
The problem of the moral health of the nation
* Famous writer and publicist V.P. Astafiev wrote in one of his essays that the moral health of a nation depends on each of us. People should understand that it is not necessary to look for the causes of vices on the side. The fight against drunkenness, lies, etc. in society should be started with in order to eradicate such things in oneself.
The problem of fathers and children
* Contemporary publicist A.K. Perevozchikova believes that the constant repetition of the generational conflict is inevitable. The reason often lies in the fact that young people try to deny the experience accumulated by their fathers. The older generation should hire a position of greater compromise due to the fact that they are able to better analyze the situation, because they have more life experience and more information about similar situations in the history of mankind.
* The problem of intergenerational relations is one of the most important in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Change of generations is always a difficult and painless process. The "children" take from the "fathers" as an inheritance all the spiritual experience of mankind. At the same time, there is a certain reassessment of values. Experience is being rethought. In the novel, the rejection of the experience of the "fathers" is embodied in Bazarov's nihilism.
In this collection, we have collected interesting and frequently encountered problems concerning the personality and its relationship with the outside world. For each problem, literary arguments for the composition for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language are selected. All of them are available for download in table format (link at the end of the article). Happy viewing!
- Society always strives to suppress personality. A similar example can be found on pages comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"... Chatsky is almost the only sane person who openly speaks about his vices and false ideas. For him, Molchalin is an empty and hypocritical careerist; Famusov is a selfish and vicious master; Skalozub is an ignorant soldier. However, everyone around does not want to listen to his revelations, on the contrary - the interlocutors convince the guest that it is not all right with him, and they live righteously. Alexander is unable to endure the "politics" of the Famusov house, so he leaves this swamp of limited people, thereby defending the individual's right to individuality. His example proves that you should not follow the lead of the majority, even if you are the only warrior in the field.
- However, not every person can be strong in soul. Sometimes the society still wins in the struggle for the right to "own personality". Dmitry Startsev, main character the story of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", fell into the circle of selfishness, vulgarity and lies, called "the values \u200b\u200bof the county life." From a pleasant and kind young man, Dmitry turns into a semblance of a person who is usually called "Ionych". He loses not only his name, but also his personality, forgetting that he dreamed of another destiny - serving science and people. Therefore, in the finale, he is disappointed in himself and in his former ideals, finding the world around him empty and banal. This is what happens when a person succumbs to the pressure of the majority.
- To destroy a person's right to individuality is not yet the worst thing; it is much more terrible to kill in him the opportunity to follow his heart. For example, the heroine a. Kuprin's story "Olesya" - a girl who has lived all her life away from a peasant village, knowing neither the behavior nor the way of life of the people living there. She met true love, but chose to give up her feelings, faced with the threats of a raging crowd. After beating up the "witch" who came to the church, people thought that she had sent them a spontaneous revelry that ruined the harvest as revenge. Then they decided to go to storm the dwelling of the "witch". Olesya was forced to flee. But she knew that she could not connect life with the master, because the peasants would turn their anger on him too, so she left without saying goodbye. Obeying convention and prejudice, she lost her personal happiness.
The problem of personality formation
- A sense of responsibility helps a person to develop the ability to self-sacrifice and self-confidence. The main character of the story possesses such qualities. K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow"... Alexey Yastrebov brought up courage and exactingness in himself under the yoke of danger. Alexei is well aware of the fact that a real personality is able to save not only the Motherland, but also the right to personal interests and beliefs - that is why he rises to meet the German tank and wins not so much over him as over his “I”.
- Personal development is a difficult and long process, but the cherished "finish" is worth the effort and patience. The protagonist survived the path of mistakes, losses and moral experiences novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" - Pierre Bezukhov. He thrashed from side to side, like the wind that does not know which direction it needs to reach its goal. Pierre survived betrayal, captivity and war, but this not only did not break him, but tempered his character for new victories. In the final, he matured, settled down and found happiness in love, and discovered his destiny in the family and at home, where the fate of his wife and children depends on his ability to lead a course in a big voyage.
The role of personality in history
- Often, the problem of personality in history is a twofold situation: on the one hand, a person can be a hero, and on the other, a villain. However, in both cases, he makes an invaluable contribution to history, or a series of actions that entailed a whole host of different interpretations. For example, in the work of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Emelyan Pugachev is a liberator for the insurgent peasants, and a murderer for the nobles and soldiers of the empress. The cruelty with which he cracks down on the nobility is not at all consistent with the mercy shown to Masha Grineva - this is the main problem of the role of an outstanding personality in history. It is difficult to assess it objectively and unambiguously, because the power of the rebel was sometimes more humane than the tyranny of the empress, and in their approaches to the enemies they are completely indistinguishable. But the chronicles of the past years are written by the winners, and the image of the bloody Pugachevism was painted by the hand of Catherine the Great.
- Leo Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" reveals the problem of the role of personality in history on the example of Kutuzov and Napoleon. There is no doubt that both military leaders were distinguished by unprecedented courage and courage, but they were distinguished by their commonality with the people. According to Tolstoy, Kutuzov was united with the interests of society, while Napoleon thought only about his own greatness. In addition, in the case of the Russian commander, the author's point of view on the problem posed is visible: history is made by the people, and not by its leader. The Russian field marshal only expresses the will to victory common to all, he does not strive to personally get into the front ranks of the historical arena. But the French emperor tries to decide the fate of the world alone and suffers a well-deserved defeat. Tolstoy always gave the decisive role to society, collective, ethnos, and not to one representative of the human race. And this is correct, because not two commanders fought and won victories, but two peoples.
- In the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" the king's favorite insulted the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. Then the man stands up for the honor of the family and strikes a blow before the battle, telling Kiribeyevich about the upcoming battle. Naturally, he wins the duel, but dies from the "justice" of the tsar, refusing to give out the reason for his retribution, so as not to defame his wife. This example shows that a person cannot change the course of history, it goes on as usual: a harsh time makes an honest merchant a victim of arbitrariness. However, the heroism and courage of such people for decades still change the vector of development of society, because now the morals are much softer, and the court is less biased. This means that a person can contribute to history, only he will be modest, and the result is gradual.
- A person can rebel against society and do it extremely successfully, if you look at it from the point of view of the “layman”. So, for example, Grigory Melekhov is the main the hero of the novel "Quiet Don" by M. Sholokhov - goes against the foundations of the society where the “fathers” rule, and not the younger generation; where marriage and work are valued above all else, and treason is considered an impermissible "trick". Gregory violates everything that his family built, not recognizing either moral principles or life values. He is alone in his views, but not in life. However, fate, ground by war, still leads him to the tragedy of loneliness: he loses everyone who was dear to him. Due to the eternal throwing, he could not save any of the women, and in the final we see him as a driven and disillusioned man.
- By no means all people who are “separated” from society are capable of being happy. He writes about this on the pages of his the novel "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev, opposing the "old" views on the structure of life "new", which is shared by Bazarov. He does not find support either among the nobility, or among such "close" peasants. Bazarov was lonely not only in his views, but also in his personal life, having received a refusal from his beloved woman, moving away from his family and losing a friend. On his deathbed, Eugene realizes that the country does not need him either.
- On the example of Pechorin, the protagonist of M.Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time", one can see how an outstanding, but superfluous person is alone. Pechorin is indeed an exceptional personality, but far from simple: he plays with the fate of other people, without taking into account either their feelings or the possibility of changing their fate. And he performs all these actions only in order to get away from the concepts and stereotypes of society. He entertains himself in an attempt to appease the need for a really close and understanding person. He is very lonely, and we see confirmation in the scene where Gregory throws himself on his knees and weeps, having lost his Faith forever. Of course, he himself is largely the cause of his misfortunes, but still we feel sorry for this lost wanderer, innocent of his fatal exclusivity, separating him from society.
- Does a person have a chance to break out of the vicious circle of social evils? This question was posed by in the play "At the Bottom" M. Gorky... Opposing the defender of the truth - Satin - and the new inhabitant of the shelter - Luke, the author declares the high destiny of people, their strength, which is revealed only when there is truth. If the poor opened their eyes to what brought them to the bottom, what does not let them out, they would get out into the light. But, drowning in fantasies and consolations, they become slaves to inventions and their own impotence. According to Gorky, it is necessary to soberly assess the situation, look for ways out of it, and not indulge oneself with illusions and excuses, inventing other chances and worlds. Only in this way does a person acquire freedom and the proud right to be called a “man”.
- V. Bykov's story "Obelisk" contains the story of a real person who is ready to defend his moral convictions, despite life circumstances. Teacher Moroz, who has always taught children about honesty and justice, stands on the verge of good and evil, where evil is the rejection of one's own words, and hence of oneself. If the opportunity to be saved meant limiting his principles, then death, which he preferred, was nothing more than "the moral freedom of the individual." He overstepped his fears, conquered doubts and became who he always wanted to be.
- When asked about freedom and permissiveness of the individual, he answered F.M. Dostoevsky in the novel "Crime and Punishment", where the main character - Rodion Raskolnikov - killed the old woman-pawnbroker in order to prove the correctness of his theory. He believed that he had the right to dispose of the destinies of this world, but the writer does not recognize such a right even for a talented young man, because such a kind of justice on blood opens up the personality of permissiveness, anarchy, which destroys not only the person himself, but also the world around him. Independence ends where the freedom of another living being begins. This is a golden moral rule that defines the boundaries of our will.